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The motivation for this question is considering the helicity of a massless particle in relativistic QFT.
As the definition for helicity operator $h$
$$
h=\frac{\mathbf{J} \cdot \mathbf{P}}{|\mathrm{P}|}
$$
where $J$ and $P$ are three dimensional angular momentum operators and momentum operators respectively.
Now every ... |
Am I correct in understanding that in the cosmological version of Loop quantum gravity, namely Loop quantum cosmology, the universe in all models starts with a big bounce? Are there other models, for example, the pre-big bang condition with unconnected loops?
|
I have two speakers, one is a 6-inch speaker and another one is Peavy PR 10 (Large speaker). What frequency ranges are best suited for each of the speakers and why?
|
I am reading David Tong's gauge theory notes and meet some difficulties.
In section 2.4.2, he uses background field to calculate effective action $S_{eff}$ and Beta function. Simply like follows:
Writting gauge field $A_{\mu}$ as $A_{\mu}=\bar{A}_{\mu}+\delta A_{\mu}$ for $\bar{A}_{\mu}$ being a fixed field, $\delta A_... |
The Hausdorff-Young Inequality relates the size of a function and its Fourier coefficients. What is meant the by "the size of a function"?
|
In Ta-Pei Cheng's Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology book, he stated the equivalence principle as
Physics in a frame freely falling in a gravity field is equivalent to physics in an inertial frame without gravity.
But from wikipedia, an inertial frame is defined as a frame of reference that is not undergoing accel... |
We were given this question. the answer said that when $m$ released, the $y$ component of acceleration of $m$ should be $2$ times the $x$ component of acceleration of $m$. I can get that the $x$ components of acceleration of $M$ and $m$ are equal but I can't understand why $y$ and $x$ components aren't equal. if $m$ m... |
Consider the situation shown in the figure, A cone is set rolling on a cone so there is angular momentum about the vertical and there is an instantaneous angular momentum that is consistently moving in the horizontal plane.
No forces other than gravity, the normal force, and friction are present (but is set rolling wi... |
The second hand of an analog clock has angular velocity $\omega=\pi/30$ rad.s-1. The blue body in the image below mimics the hand's clockwise motion on the Cartesian plane with the center of revolution at $(0,0)$, the radius $r$ being, say, $2$ units, and initial position $(0,2)$. How can we determine the body's coordi... |
Using de Broglie wavelength we can explain the concept of how the electrons moved around in fixed circular orbits by saying those are the standing waves in which the electron moves around the nucleus in resonant conditions.
However, from my understanding, it is still a concept that is used in modern quantum mechanics. ... |
I read multiple sources about raising and lowering indices and Einstein summary notation but am having problems doing it.
Here is an example. I am trying to derive Maxwell's inhomogeneous equations in the Minkowski vacuum
\begin{equation}
\partial_\mu F^{\mu\nu} = 0
\end{equation}
using the alternative form in curved s... |
Suppose I have a hoop of mass m and radius R with a bead of mass M glued onto the hoop's rim. Let $\theta$ be angle between the vertical and the location of the bead. If I work with the center of mass coordinates then the kinetic energy splits up as :
$T = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}m_{i}V_{cm}\cdot V_{cm} + \frac{1}{2}\sum_... |
I have a question on the directionality of the field radiated by an oscillating charge and the directionality of the spontaneous emission of say a two level atom.
When I first started studying physics, the simplest model of the atom I was presented with was that of an electron bound to a nucleus. The electron could be ... |
According to Wikipedia, the Velocity Factor, is the ratio of the speed at which a wavefront passes through a medium to the speed of light in a vacuum.
While the phase velocity is the rate at which a wave propagates in some medium.
To me, these two quantities seem to represent the same thing, apart from the normalizatio... |
In Young's double slit experiment, we usually shine a beam of light over two (or more) slits, as a result of which an interference pattern is observed on the screen. This is because as a beam passes through a slit, it acts as a secondary source of light, thus radiating light in all directions, much like what we do in H... |
For two bodies in an elastic collision, the magnitude of the difference in their velocities along the line of collision remains the same before and after the collision. Or,
$$v_1-v_2=v_2^{'}-v_1^{'}$$
where primes ($'$) indicate velocities after the collision. (The LHS is called the velocity of approach, the RHS is the... |
If a person were to touch a live wire while on an insulated platform, the resistance shoukd prevent any current flow. However, I have read that there is capacitative coupling voltage. I have studied capacitors but there is probably something I am missing here since even if I consider my body and the ground as capacitor... |
Does anyone know the physical quantity of the $\vec{k}$ and $\vec{q}$ vectors in this Feynman diagram of a phonon-electron interaction?
|
Note: everything in the context of Bohr theory
In this article by Luca Moneri, it is written:
A standing wave (n integer in the demonstration) interferes constructively with itself and doesn’t show any apparent movement (so there’s no acceleration, no electromagnetic emitted radiation, and no loss of energy).
And I u... |
A proton is accelerated from rest by a uniform electric field, strength is 2x10^5.
calculate the time it takes to travel 0.05 m.
I calculated force to be 3.2x10^-14. I then found wk done is, wk = force x distance = 1.6x10^15.
Next, I used this is equal to 1/2 mv^2. Hence v = 1.91...x10^12.
Then I used t= d/s
Which gav... |
Today in my mathematical quantum theory lecture our professor told us without any explanation, that if $f\in L^1(\mathbb{R}) \cap C^1(\mathbb{R})$ and $f'\in L^1(\mathbb{R})$ it follows that $f\in C_{\infty}=\{f\in C(\mathbb{R})\mid \lim_{R\to\infty} \sup_{∣∣x∣∣>R} ∣f(x)∣=0\}$, where we consider $R$ as a radius.
Is the... |
If we have an operator in a $1+1$ dimension QFT then we get the Hamiltonian, which comes from and generates translations in the $t$ direction and a momentum operator which comes from and generates translations in the $x$ direction.
If we have an operator, in the Minkowski theory,
$$
O(x,t)=e^{-iHt-iPx}O(0,0)e^{+iHt+iPx... |
As an example of a qubit, one take the polarisation of a photon in which the two states can be taken to be vertical and horizontal polarisation, respectively.
Rotation of a photon polarisation would be performed by a unitary operation $\hat{U}$, would it be possible to show that this unitary operation is a superpositio... |
I was wondering if the following statements are correct for a quantum particle in infinite square well
The greater $$, the greater average kinetic energy associated with this wave function.
In the limit of high quantum numbers, the quantum mechanical result reduces to its classical counterpart in the classical domain... |
In collider experiments usually heavier and heavier mass resonances of particles are searched for. Examples: production of W and Z bosons at CERN $Sp\overline{p}S$ or production of the Higgs at LHC. When selecting candidate events for the production of these resonances, the most important "cut" is on transverse momentu... |
In Griffiths', Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 3rd ed, Sec. 4.4.1 Spin 1/2 the author represents the spin state by a spinor
$$
\chi = \binom{a}{b} = a\chi_+ + b\chi_-, \qquad \chi_+ = \binom{1}{0},\quad \chi_- = \binom{0}{1},\quad |a|^2 + |b|^2 = 1
$$
where the latter two represent the spin up and the spin down alon... |
If the projectile that strikes the inclined plane is perpendicular to the surface then why the velocity of the projectile along the plane is zero (down to up projectile in incline plane)
|
Let suppose the capacitor's plates are of aluminium and someone has charged it so that one of the plate is positively charged and the other is negatively charged, also the capacitor is not connected to any e.m.f. source.
Now what I want to understand is that if I separated both plates so that the positively charged pla... |
For simplicity, let's look at the case of one particle in one dimension. We usually think of the wave function as a function
\begin{align}
\Psi\colon\mathbb R\times[0,\infty[&\to\mathbb C\\
(x,t)&\mapsto\Psi(x,t)
\end{align}
and Schrödinger's equation has the form
\begin{equation}\tag{1}
\mathrm{i}\hbar\frac{\partial}{... |
Does photons create gravitational waves as they travel through space?
I know that when matter particle moves, they create gravitational waves but does that same thing applies to photons as well and if so then how does it work?
|
An input force $F$ is applied to gear A which causes a torque $T$.
Is the torque on $B$ the same as $A$ i.e. equal to $T$ or
Is the tangent force on $B$ same as the tangent force on $A$ i.e. equal to $F$
$F$ is being constantly supplied. Ignore friction.
|
I have studied physics in high school and like to watch documentaries. I was intrigued with Einstein's concept of gravity and I had this question. I may not be precise asking this question, but I hope you will pay more attention towards intention behind this question rather than my inability to ask question in technica... |
A form of the Navier-Stokes momentum equation can be written as: $$ \rho \left( \frac{\partial \mathbf{u}}{\partial t} + \mathbf{u} \cdot \nabla \mathbf{u} \right) = - \nabla \bar{p} + \mu \, \nabla^2 \mathbf u + \tfrac13 \mu \, \nabla (\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u}) + \rho\mathbf{g}$$
This question feels quite basic, but from... |
Reading the description of the dot convention, I have found that it makes use of the direction of the magnetic flow:
The corresponding terminals are those which, when the current enters through them, produce a magnetic flow of the same direction. They are marked with a dot when represented in a diagram.
This is some... |
I am solving a problem which goes like this:
Solve the diffusion equation:$$\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}$$ for $t>0$ and $x \in
> \mathbb{R}$, with initial condition $u(x,0)=e^{-x}$. Interpret the
result in terms of heat conduction.
I have solved the equation and the solutio... |
I am reading some group theory applied to QCD and they show how by using the lightest 3 quarks in the $l=0$ state we get 9 pseudoscalar mesons and 9 vector mesons. The difference in masses between the 2 classes is explained by the existence of a spin-spin interaction, which seems like a reasonable argument. However the... |
I'm a second grade physics student and I take Electricity and Magnetism course and I have laboratory class. Due to pandemic I can't go to laboratory and find out the answers of my questions by using the equipments in my university so I need to use internet and research about my questions. Unfortunately I couldn't find ... |
I recently saw a Veritasium video on how we aren't able to measure the speed of light in one direction - only in two. He claims that there's no way to know whether light travels at what we think of as "c" in both directions or at c/2 in one direction and instantaneously in the other direction. I'm not understanding why... |
In Introduction to Black Hole Physics by Valeri P. Frolov, Andrei Zelnikov there is a discussion of gravity solutions. They present some examples of solutions with non-spherical horizon topology:
But such solutions are known in 5D.
About the possibility of such solutions in 4D authors say:
In 4D it is believed that t... |
As far as I know, differential operators in Quantum Mechanics (for example the momentum operator) are defined on a subspace of $L^2$ (if $L^2$ is the Hilbert space). This means that they act on equivalence classes - for what subspace and how is the derivative defined?
|
I have this question:
A particle is trapped inside an infinite square well of width L, this particle is in a superposition state n=1 and n=3 such that :
$\psi(x)=\sqrt{2/5}\psi_1(x)+\sqrt{3/5}\psi_3(x)$
At time $t_1$ the probability density looks like the following this:
Then, a short time later, at $t_2$, the probabi... |
I do understand that Lorentz transformations became as a rotation of coordinates as of a hyperbolic rotation. But what is its advantage over real vector? What is the new thing that it introduces and what problems does it fix or ease?
|
My quantum mechanics teacher told us during the class that there were many more "bra" than "kets", but I confess that I don't quite understand this. Indeed, in quantum mechanics, we work in the space of square integrable function $L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$ such that each ket can be associated with a wave function $\varphi \in... |
I was doing some pendulum simulation in python. My pendulum is point of mass attached to pivot with straight line without mass. I initiate movement at angle $\theta=90\deg$ with $\omega = 0$
And I struggled to calculate linear velocity from omega I calculate every step.
Sorry if I have used wrong tags
Symbols
$\theta_... |
I am a beginner to spin algebra. I am trying to represent $S_x*S_y$ in terms of $S_+$ and $S_-$ basis. What would this representation look like? I know that the Pauli properties for spin 1/2 does not apply to Spin 1 matrices.
|
In quantum mechanics, we work with the space $\mathcal{H} = L^2(\mathbb{R})$ of functions with complex value square integrable. Thus Hermitian operators will play a central role since they have a real mean, to which we can give a physical interpretation:
$$\overline{\langle A\rangle} = \overline{\langle x|Ax\rangle} = ... |
Let us place two blocks having mass $m_1$ and $m_2$ in contact with each other on a frictionless surface. Let us assume that one of the blocks is pushed by a force $F$ which in turn pushes the other block in the same direction in which it is being accelerated.
In such a scenario why do we always assume that both the bl... |
The cosmological expansion of the universe tends to occur in the space between galaxies or even clusters of galaxies. The distinction is whether the systems are gravitationally bound or not. The following is a crude attempt to define "gravitationally bound" based in just Newtonian mechanics.
The gravitational interact... |
I am trying to solve this problem and I seem to misunderstand the idea of kinetic friction.
A block is placed on a plane inclined at angle $\theta$. The coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is $\mu = \tan \theta$. The block is given a kick so that it initially moves with speed $V $horizontally along... |
I noticed earlier today whilst washing a wire rack with dish soap that when running hot tap water through some soap membranes that formed in the rack, although most of the membranes broke immediately (within tenths of a second or less), some exhibited a lot of stability (at least as long as thirty seconds, before I rem... |
To balance a lever, as we know, fulfills $f_1l_1=f_2l_2$, what is the condition that fulfills both $f_1l_1=f_2l_2$ and $f_1+l_1=f_2+l_2$?
|
This question was posted on mathoverflow (here) without too much success.
I'm hoping to read the famous Kapustin-Witten Paper "Electric-magnetic duality and the geometric Langlands program" and the related "The Yang-Mills equations over Riemann surfaces".
The following statement serves to explain the origin of my troub... |
I'm trying to solve this problem:
A GaAs LED is at $ 300 K $ when the current density is 100 $A/cm^2$
. The width of the active region is $ 1 µm $. Assume that, for that current, we are in the strong injection regime, and
that the bimolecular coefficient is $10^{-10} cm^3
/s $.
Calculate the cut-off frequency for that... |
Albert is at rest with respect to the ground. Hermann is in a carriage that is moving with speed v relative to Albert in the direction shown. Two flashes of light are emitted from the back and the front of the carriage. According to Hermann’s clock they arrive at Hermann’s position simultaneously.
Explain with referen... |
I am new to the idea of chiral algebra, so I only have one specific Lagrangian to refer to for my question.
Let's consider $\psi(x) = \begin{pmatrix} u(x) \\ d(x) \end{pmatrix}$, a quark field where $u(x)$ and $d(x)$ are 4 components spinor each.
Assuming the quarks are massless, the associated Lagrangian is:
$\mathcal... |
The twin paradox is a thought experiment. But real experiments (such as Hafele & Keating experiment and others like it) show asymmetrical kinematical time dilation!
If we look at other examples, such as GPS satellites and the ISS, surely we find asymmetrical kinematical time dilation? Note that, even though they are no... |
Why is it we can discover patterns? Like math, chemistry, physics, biology, etc.
Why does the universe never fail us? For example in one second I'm standing next to you, the next I'm still standing there due to gravity. It's not like gravity suddens disappears and I'm flying somewhere or that I suddenly turn into a gas... |
Two masses of equal length are attached to each other with a rope over a frictionless pulley. One of the masses is on an incline surface of 40 degrees. Supposing that the only forces on the masses are the tension of the rope, the friction of the incline surface and the mass and the gravitational force, does it make sen... |
A uniform chain of mass per unit length labda is suspended in the vertical plane from point-A and point-B as shown in the figure. Length of chain is L. Find the radius of curvature at point A and point B
|
I was wondering that relative velocity can be computed easily due its directional nature.
but what about speed?
Speed is not directional so now we cant find relative speed of objects in different directions!
Isn't it
|
Do I understand correctly that for the existence of virtual particles, a single physical object is needed - a quantum field? And virtual particles are excitations of this field that fills all space. In this case, what are virtual strings, because in string theory there is no "string field" from which they could be born... |
If I weigh myself, I'm about $45$ Kg. Now I'm classifying mass into two catogories. First the mass due to energy I have. It means kinetic, potential and quark potential energy and so on. The other category is mass due to the interaction of particles with the Higgs field. Let's suppose I want to know not the mass I have... |
This is an amazing spacetime diagram of a round-tripper with acceleration.
Note that when the round-tripper is at rest in the pink area before the journey, the horizontal simultaneity lines outside the pink area are CURVED DUE TO THE MOTION IN THE FUTURE!
I think this is overlooked evidence for the block universe beca... |
Which waves could be narrow compared to medium where they propagate and be also directional? Except for electromagnetic. My guess is that we know no such waves/mediums, electromagnetic propagate in such a way due to wave-particle duality.
I could not find the answer via google. The question raised in my mind due to id... |
This is a circuit problem I am working on, and I was trying to figure out the impedance (both as a complex and real solution) of the circuit as a whole. I was looking at this tutorial and I am not sure what the RR notation is in the calculation. Does anyone know what it is, and how they could write up a solution using... |
Let $E_{FV}$ be the Quasi-Fermi level of the valance band, $E_{FC}$ be the Quasi-Fermi level of the conduction band and $E_g$ be the band gap (the energy difference between valance and conduction band).
On my book it is written that, in order to achieve the condition $E_{FC}-E_{FV}\ge E_g$, in a semiconductor, we need ... |
I would be glad if someone can explain to me the concepts and the applications of Reynolds number in real-life.
My handout has this explanation and I cannot understand it clearly...
Reynolds number denoted by $N_R$ is an experimentally deduced relationship which is used to determine whether the flow is laminar or turb... |
I encountered this question and has put me into thinking that, "why does not our eye lens have any aberration?". I seem to be confused by optics. I also found that 'since lenses are made up of prisms, thick lenses have a greater angle of the prism than that of thin lenses'. Is that the answer?
|
I had 2 ideas to solve this problem. The first one was the standard integration technique and this is where I have an issue. Basically I considered elemental rings and using the result of electric field along the axis of a ring I wrote the electric field at the required point and integrated it. Here is my work.
This is... |
I'm having a discussion about the pressure in a flexible line. The concern is there is a rigid connector joining two flexible lines of the same diameter but the connecting piece is $40$ % smaller than the two transfer lines. The pump output is variable and at maximum flow rates, the pressure preceding the rigid connect... |
In inner product spaces in $\mathbb R$ we have an axiom stating that:
$$ \langle x, x\rangle \geq 0\ \ \text{and} \ \ \langle x, x\rangle = 0 \iff x = 0$$
In Griffiths' textbook for Quantum Mechanics, they have stated that,
$$ \langle\alpha|\alpha\rangle \geq 0\ \ \text{and} \ \ \langle\alpha|\alpha\rangle = 0 \iff... |
My book quotes a very complicated definition (for me) about magnitude. I got stuck in some doubts:
Suppose a body has mass 5 kg.
Is the magnitude 5 or is the magnitude 5 kg?
Next, if we say a body is displaced 90 m to the north.
What is the magnitude here?
Is it 90, 90 m Or 90 m to the North?
Please specify the reasons... |
Topologically non-trivial materials are insensitive to perturbations or defects. How can I prove it mathematically?
I thought of making the first-order perturbation term zero.
$$\left< \psi \right|H'\left| \psi \right>=0$$ Where $H'$ is the perturbation applied.
But I am unaware of the starting assumptions or condition... |
Suppose you have a container of volume V containing some gas with energy E and N particles. Let's assume the container to be isolated for now.
The microcanonical ensemble tells us that all microstates are equally likely. So a specific state in which all the molecules are at the top is as likely as a specific state in ... |
When a ball is thrown upwards and there is no air resistance, the resultant force while going up is downwards, so why is the ball moving upwards? Could someone please clear my confusion? Is it because the force on a moving object changes the speed, not the direction?
|
A Lorentz boost $\Lambda\in SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ acts on a quantum field $A_i(x)$ via a unitary $U(\Lambda)$ as follows:
\begin{equation}
U(\Lambda)^\dagger A_i(x) U(\Lambda)= \sum_j S_{ij}(\Lambda)A_j(\Lambda^{-1}x), \tag{1}
\end{equation}
where $S_{ij}$ is a matrix rep of $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$. Meanwhile, $U(\Lambda)$ has... |
We happen to live in the only number of (large space-like) dimensions that permits an equivalence between skew symmetric tensors, like the magnetic field, and vectors. Similarly (equivalently? not sure) we live in the only dimension with a defined cross product that maps two vectors to a third.
Are there any theories a... |
A uniform cylinder of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping down a slope of
angle a(theta) to the horizontal. The cylinder is connected to a spring constant K while
the other end of the spring is connected to a rigid support at P The cylinder is
released when the spring is unstretched. The maximum distance that t... |
In statistical physics, we get equivalent results for an ideal gas in a 3D box either if we fix the particle wavefunctions to be 0 on the box walls, or if we impose periodic boundary conditions so $\psi(0) = \psi(L)$ for a box of side-length L.
Similarly in condensed matter physics for a 1D harmonic chain it seems that... |
The rule for Einstein notation is that the same dummy index cannot be repeated twice. However suppose I want to compute Christoeffel symbols:
$$
\Gamma^{\alpha}_{\beta\gamma} = \frac{1}{2}g^{\alpha\sigma}(\partial_\beta g_{\gamma\sigma}+\partial_{\gamma}g_{\sigma\beta}-\partial_{\sigma}g_{\beta\gamma})
$$
Now if my met... |
When using Rindler co-ordinates, the motion of accelerated objects is drawn on the right hand side of a light cone. See the image in the "Characteristics of a Rindler Frame" section in this wikipedia article with the pink lines:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindler_coordinates
But when I learned special relativity I le... |
Kaluza-Klein theories of a five-dimensional spacetime yield not only the equations of general relativity and electromagnetism, but also a scalar field. This scalar field, sometimes quantised as the radion or dilaton, is thought not to exist.
Given today's twin puzzles of Universal expansion, dubbed dark energy, and gra... |
As far as I know Magnetic Flux is a scalar quantity being the dot product of two vectors.
$$\displaystyle{\phi_B = \int{\vec{B}\cdot d\vec{A}}}$$
Now my question might not be so clear to you. So let me explain, I am high schooler learning about Electromagnetic Induction. So in one of the classes of Lenz's Law, my teach... |
I have some confusion about potential energy in Newtonian mechanics and field energy in classical Field mechanics. I have many questions but they are all strongly related.
In Newtonian mechanics, we analyze a system of two particles A & B attracted to each other by a conservative force, and say that there is kinetic en... |
During head on collisions where the transfer of K.E is instantaneous.
The impulse,
$$∆mv=F×∆T$$
The time of collision is zero here therefore force must be infinite .
Is this correct ? Something doesn't feel right here. Can Infinite force act ?
|
Today in my mathematical quantum theory lecture our professor told us without any explanation, that if $f\in L^1(\mathbb{R}) \cap C^1(\mathbb{R})$ and $f'\in L^1(\mathbb{R})$ it follows that $f\in C_{\infty}=\{f\in C(\mathbb{R})\mid \lim_{R\to\infty} \sup_{∣∣x∣∣>R} ∣f(x)∣=0\}$, where we consider $R$ as a radius.
Is the... |
1 charge $Q$ is moving with velocity $v$, to a lab observer is has a magnetic field, and an electric field with curl due to the changing magnetic field around it
But from the charges perspective, itself is stationary and has no magnetic field which means that it has no curl and simply follows coulombs law.
But apparent... |
I am reading a book and the author threw the question of the title for us to reflect. After he gave us some example to state that if the velocity of an object is zero it doesn't mean that the accelarion is zero.
"For example, when you put your foot on the gas pedal of your car which is at rest,
the velocity starts fro... |
What would the electric field and potential of three point charges (for example -q, -q and +2q, equally spaced) look like in the far-field regime as opposed to the near-field regime? We are only being taught about the near-field regime and I'm curious to know what happens when you 'zoom out'!
|
In general relativity exist very famous no-hair theorem:
The no-hair theorem states that all black hole solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell equations of gravitation and electromagnetism in general relativity can be completely characterized by only three externally observable classical parameters: mass, electric charge, ... |
Suppose J1 and J2 are angular momentum of two different particles or different kinds of for same particle then we define coupled and uncoupled basis for them and in both cases we say that J1 and J2 commute because they are from different Hilbert spaces. I can't really understand what is meaning of coupling here becaus... |
I'm looking for the error in the following because it is impossible :
Bell set up the classical covariance :
$$C(a,b)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi}A(a,x)B(b,x)dx$$
Now it should have the following properties : $C(a,a)=-1$, to depend only on relative angle : $C(a,b)=C(a-b)$ and finally to be quantum $|3C(\pi/4)-C(3\pi/4)|... |
imagine a closed vessel filled with gas with a piston and stones on top of piston. The system will be at constant pressure and is at equilibrium. That means the weight of stones are perfectly balanced by the pressure exerted by the gas.If the system is to do work by lifting the stones then the internal pressure should ... |
I am trying to understand how to integrate the probability current in order to get the probability of the particle moving through a certain point. I have a particle moving in a potential which is made up of equally spaced wells. The formula I am given is the following :
I am unsure of the format of the integral that I... |
Consider the reaction $p^{+} + \pi ^{-} \to n + \pi^{0}$, or in terms of quarks $(uud) + (du^{*}) \to (udd) + (uu^{*})$. The reaction is just a quark exchange $u \iff d$. Is this how I draw a Feynman diagram for a quark exchange:
|
Ridding an atom of all of its electrons may be a good idea to measure the charge of its nucleus but I don't know whether it is applicable for heavy nuclei or it is the only way. Could you please explain in some detail how is that done or at least give a hint, or mention some reference.
Thanks in advance!
|
I just began learning about the topic of sound energy in physics and I already have lots of question that is not being explained with a simple google search. In my research so far, I have learned that in the mechanics of the propagation of sound, it is not the molecules/particles that travel but the energy that is tran... |
The question I have is that of computing the impulse in a collision between two objects in real life (or in a scenario that is very close to real life). I wish to simulate collisions of objects of varying materials (such as rubber, concrete, marble, etc.)
As an example, suppose I drop a ball onto a table. How high shou... |
If we consider light falling on a surface seperating two media. For instance light falling on a watersurface or a normal glass window. We can exactly say that half of the photons will get transmitted while half will get reflected (ignoring absorption) but we cannot predict the fate of an individual photon.
What if in t... |
I know it is a closed system, but it seems like being short would be advantageous for turning/acceleration.
|
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