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The Berry-Tabor Conjecture says that for classically integrable systems, the corresponding quantum systems obey the Poisson distribution for their energy-level spacing. But generally, the integrable systems do not show chaos. Does Poisson distribution mean the quantum system may show chaos for large energies?
|
Most introductory quantum field theory books define Wick ordering as rearranging a product of creation and annihilation operators such that all the creation operators appear to the left of any annihilation operators. I understand why this is useful.
In some books they hint at something deeper going on, including the su... |
I am a bit confused when it comes to finding the coordinate maps that can take me from one metric to another.
Consider a metric $g_{\mu \nu}$ and $h_{ab}$. Generally, we have the relation
\begin{equation}
h_{ab}= \partial_a x^\mu \partial_b x^\nu g_{\mu \nu}.
\end{equation}
But I find this formula difficult to apply wh... |
Did the valence band and conduction band really extends upto infinity? Why i am asking this is, because the books use this to find concentration of electrons and holes.
|
Suppose I put a rope over a pulley. I attach one end to an object with the same mass as me and I hold onto the other end. If I try to climb the rope, my position with respect to the ground will not change, while the object on the other end will begin moving upwards. How can I prove that I will not move relative to the ... |
I came across a problem in electrostatics that I couldn't find a solution for, so I was hoping someone could answer my problem.
The setting is a usual mirror charge problem, with a point charge $q$ at a distance $z$ from a half-space conductor (that fills the whole space at $z\le 0$), but with the half-space conductor ... |
Assume we are given two particles of equal masses, with their velocity and position vectors, at some instant in time. Under what relationship of the velocity and position vectors will these masses collide?
|
I have a couple of questions about unitarity and symmetries:
Is unitarity connected to all fundamental symmetries? Is it linked to symmetries like CPT, Lorentz, Poincaré, diffeomorphism, translational and even gauge symmetres?
If unitarity was broken somehow, would all these symmetries break?
|
From my understanding a pseudo-scalar meson has:
$$J^P=0^-$$
That makes sense since the total spin $S=0$ and $l$ must be $l=0$ which makes the parity:
$$ P=(-1)^{l+1}=-1 $$
uneven. Now, for scalar mesons the parity is even. If $S=0$, then to make the parity even $l=1$, but that violates the fact $J=l+S=0$ ?
|
It might be a silly question, but I really don't know. There're 3 things I want to ask:
For example, with Schrödinger's equation $i\partial_{t}\psi = H\psi$ , where $\psi_{n}(x)$ are the eigenfunctions of $H$, what does it mean to apply a Fourier transformation on $\psi_{n}(x)$? What does $\mathcal{F}(\psi_{n})(\xi)$ ... |
If two different gauge transformations of a Lagrangian commute with each other, does it imply anything?
|
Does anyone have resources that include a list or set of descriptions of hypernuclei that been observed, or been proven to be possible hypothetically? Is it possible, even, that there is something like a periodic table of hyperelements?
|
What are some real physical examples of two states $|\psi\rangle$ and $|\phi\rangle$ satisfying $\langle\psi|A|\phi \rangle = 0$ for any observable $A$? Are there any such cases where $|\psi\rangle$ and $|\phi\rangle$ are
two distinct eigenstates of a single observable $O$, in which case
at least $\langle \psi|O|\phi\... |
We often say the Lagrangian is a function of some coordinates and only their first derivatives,
$$
\mathcal{L}(q,\dot{q}).
$$
Even in quantum field theory, the fields are only differentiated once,
$$
\mathcal{L}(\phi,\partial_\mu\phi).
$$
I heard Leonard Susskind mention in his lectures never to include second derivati... |
Can photons of microwave wavelengths be emitted from electron-positron annihilation? If not, which processes, preferably other annihilations or particle collisions, produce microwave photons?
|
Can we make any statement about the universe that is not open to new evidence? For example, we seem to have incontrovertible evidence that the earth is round, but could new technology 500 years from now show that we were mistaken about this?
I believe this is a scientific question, which is why I'm posting it in the ph... |
I have a set of experimental points that I want to plot to confirm inverse square law, i.e., force $= - G M m / r ^2.$ But I have accelerations or force measured for points of which I know the distance to a fixed point, instead of the original distance from the center of Earth. How can I adjust the data in Excel, what ... |
Say the Earth and a distant galaxy is a distance $l$ away from each other. There is also a spaceship starting its journey at the Earth with a speed $u$ towards the galaxy.
I tried to draw a spacetime diagram of the situation (see below), with the $x$ and $ct$ axes representing a stationary frame of an outside observer,... |
Working through Chapter V of Calkin's "Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics" book. In deriving invariant transformations for free particles, he writes:
I cannot see why/how the two equations
$$\frac{\partial \Lambda}{\partial x'} = -m\frac{da}{dt}$$
and
$$\frac{\partial \Lambda}{\partial t} = (1/2)m(\frac{da}{dt})^2$... |
Does total water flow out of a tube increase if there are some perforations on the tube that have a greater cross sectional area? As per the attached image, let's say we have two tubes:
Tube 1: 10 cm long; 1 cm internal diameter; 100 mmHg pressure difference at the inflow. Both ends are open.
Tube 2: As above, except... |
As is known, in the case of neutron irradiation, sodium is converted into the unstable isotope Na-24.
This isotope is terribly radioactive. And in the event of a nuclear strike on a salt mine or warehouse, will this salt become radioactive?
And will it be a significant additional factor of defeat?
|
I'm developing a VR boxing game and I'm curious about what would be the most accurate calculation to define a damage number for a boxer.
Right now I'm using Collision Response equation by putting values from the physics engine into this equation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_response
So that I'm calculating ... |
Consider the Lagrangian (renormalised + counterterm) of QED:
$$\mathcal{L} = -\frac{1}{4} F_{\mu \nu}F^{\mu \nu} - \frac{1}{2 \xi}(\partial_{\mu} A^{\mu})^2 + \bar{\psi}(i \displaystyle{\not} D - m)\psi -\frac{\delta Z_A}{4} F_{\mu \nu}F^{\mu \nu} - \frac{\delta Z_A}{2 \xi}(\partial_{\mu} A^{\mu})^2 + i\delta Z_{\psi}... |
In black hole thermodynamic topics, the critical points sometimes calculate. They are introduced in different types and calculated in conventional forms.
Recently, in thermodynamic calculations, these critical points have been categorized into zero, first, and second-order phase transitions.
I wanted to fully understan... |
I am not sure if this question has been asked before, but I want to know, why is it the case that, in Newtonian mechanics, knowing the position and velocity of all particles at one instant is sufficient to determine the position and velocity of all particles at all other instants? Why is the acceleration and higher der... |
So, I was watching a video by Michele van Biezen and I stumbled upon an interesting problem. So the problem goes like this :"We have a mass $m$ that is hanging at the lowest point and is given some initial horizontal velocity v on a 10m rope. What is minimum required initial velocity for the object to keep spinning?" P... |
For example, we have inclined flat panel in the plane that is parallel to the wind:
We can split the velocity into V1 = V * sin(α) and V2=V * cos(α)
then calculate two Re numbers and two Cd coefficients from V1 and V2
( for example using the xfoil simulation program )
Then we split the dynamic pressure q = (V^2 * ρ)/2... |
So I don't understand why it's surprising that the universe in an extraordinarily low-entropy state right after the big bang?
The way I see it the second law of thermodynamics forbids almost anything else. The second law and continuity give time a direction. The second law is:
$$ \Delta S_{universe} \geq 0 $$
The $y$- ... |
Let's say a ball moves in an azimuthal path around a rotating disk. The Coriolis force on the ball is given by $-2m \omega \times v$. My intuition tells me that there would be no Coriolis force because the velocity is in the counter clockwise direction as is the direction of rotation. However, when I look at the cross-... |
As I have learnt, electricity and magnetism are analogous in many ways. In terms of formula, capacitors are also analogous to inductors in a circuit. However, I can visualise electrical energy stored in a capacitor as potential energy (due to the potential difference across), but how do I visualise this so-called “magn... |
Consider a standard double-slit experiment using light, where $|\Psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|L\rangle +|R\rangle)$ may represent the superposition state of a single photon passing through 'both slits,' interfering with itself.
Since the above state should be an eigenstate of some Hermitian operators (e.g., $|\Psi\... |
Imagine taking a jar and filling it with water(not completely but say half). Then add a weight to the water. By Archemedis principle, the weight of the object should be equal to the weight of the water displaced. If the object displace some water, the pressure just below the block is same at every point at that height ... |
I know the maximum wavelength line in the Lyman Series in a Hydrogen atom is $n=2$ as transition from $n=2$ (1st excited state) to $n=1$ (ground state) gives the longest wavelength as per the formula $$\frac{1}{\lambda}=Z^2*R(\frac{1}{n_f^2}-\frac{1}{n_i^2})$$
where $\lambda$ represents wavelength, $Z$ represents atomi... |
In a uniform magnetic field, a current currying coil will experience no force, however, when a current curring coil is placed opposite to another current currying coil, it can get attracted or repelled, why?
|
Can mass be negative in Schwarzschild metric? If we use $M<0$, will it still be a solution to EFE? If not, why?
|
I have come across these two equations on Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution:
and
May I please know what the equations are called so I can read up more about them?
|
please see the image attached, I have to calculate torque acting on the disc, and my teacher took the force causing torque T not T +mg, I think it should be T +mg because that block is also exerting force on the string
|
I am a beginner in Physics and my teacher taught us "Relative Motion" yesterday. He said that the "Observer is assumed at rest." Is the observer assumed to be at rest only to simplify calculations, or is there some physical basis for this assumption?
For example, observer A is moving with an acceleration of 2 $\frac{m... |
We know that in pure rolling motion the contact point have zero net velocity. So, why does the ball moves further, if the velocity of contact point is zero?
And what is the role of centripetal acceleration in pure rolling motion and my teacher said that the work done by static friction on contact point is zero in pure ... |
Naively, we can conjecture that Lagrangian of charged particle in EM field is
$$L = \frac{1}{2}m \mathbf{v}^2 - q\varphi\tag{1}$$
where $\varphi$ is scalar potential. But it is known that this is not true and under gauge transform
$$\mathbf{A} \rightarrow \mathbf{A} + \nabla \chi, \quad \varphi \rightarrow \varphi - \f... |
I was reading this explanation of how the EM field can be quantized, where they show that the expression for the Hamiltonian of the EM field, in terms of the ladder operators, results in a commutation relationship between the ladder operators that's the same as in the case of the 1D harmonic oscillator. Then they say
... |
In the most simple case of a closed system with no chemical reaction and interacting with the environment through pressure only, we have:
$$dU=\delta Q+\delta W=TdS-PdV$$
(first law + fundamental equation of thermodynamics)
Reading some elementary texts in thermodynamics, I see the following idea often suggested but I ... |
Considering a 2D fourth-order tensor $C_{IJKL}$ which can be represented in Voigt notation as:
$$
C_{IJKL} = \begin{bmatrix}C_{1111}&C_{1122}&C_{1112}\\ C_{2211}&C_{2222}&C_{2212}\\ C_{1211}&C_{1222}&C_{1212}\end{bmatrix}
$$
and an asymmetric 2nd-order tensor $l_{mM}$ where:
$$
l_{mM}= \begin{bmatrix}
l_{11}&l_{12}\\
l... |
I'm watching this video (the link starts at the relevant timestamp) and am confused about one thing. Let's say I'm going at a constant speed of $0.99c$ in $+x$ direction (w.r.t Earth), and a pulse of light is also moving in the same direction. Of course, I'd see the pulse moving away from me at $c$, since I'm in an ine... |
I am searching for a reference that explicitly displays the content of FIG. 1 (especially, the following equation) mentioned on the Wikipedia site to use as a citation:
$$E = mc^2 \sqrt{\frac{1-r_s/r}{1-v^2/c^2}}. $$
For context, this equation pertains to the energy representation for the Schwarzschild system in Genera... |
The general second-order interactions between two spins can be decomposed into three parts: isotropic Heisenberg interaction, antisymmetric DMI and anisotropic $\Gamma$ interaction.
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{H} = \sum_{ij}J_{ij}\mathcal{S}_i\cdot\mathcal{S}_j + d_{ij}\cdot\left(\mathcal{S}_i\times\mathcal{S}_j\right) +... |
(The unit of position, mass, time is m, kg, s.)
On a horizontal line, a force $F=-6x$ (where $x$ is in meters) is applied to a particle of mass $M=3$. When $x=3$, the velocity $v=6$. What is the particle's velocity when $x=4$?
This is my solution.
$$F=Ma(x)=-6x \Leftrightarrow a(x)=-2x$$
$$v(x)=v(0)+\int_0^xa(x)dx=v(... |
While reading this piece about symmetry breaking, in section 3 I came across the term "anomalous symmetry breaking", which happens when a symmetry is broken by quantum fluctuations:
Let us turn to another kind of symmetry breaking, which has so far not received much philosophical discussion, namely anomalies. Anomalie... |
A 180° pulse appears to be an RF pulse that is equivalent to rotating the direction of the magnetization vector by exactly 180° in MRI or NMR observations; That is, it may invert the direction of the macroscopic magnetization vector of nuclear spins placed in a certain uniform static magnetic field by 180° from the pos... |
According to this excellent ScienceClic video, satellites don't fall straight towards the center of the Earth, but rather, take a curved path, due to the Earth rotating. A similar thing for black holes rotating.
But this seems...off to me, though @.@. Imagining the Earth was a completely uniform homogenous sphere (equa... |
In uniform circular motion, an object is said to move tangentially along a circular path with a changing tangential velocity but a constant tangential speed. The velocity changes because the direction of it is constantly changing at every point of its journey. This is said to be due to the "centripetal acceleration" wh... |
An isothermal process is one in which temperature of the gas is constant throughout the process.
From my physics textbook:
the state of a gas is described by specifying its pressure $p$, volume $V$ and temperature $T$. if these parameters can be uniquely specified at a time, we say that the gas is in thermodynamic equ... |
In Ashcroft and Mermin's first chapter, equation (1.13), they write the Lorentz force law as (due only to a magnetic field)
$$\textbf{F} = \frac{-e}{c} \textbf{v} \times \textbf{H}$$
rather than as
$$\textbf{F} = \frac{-e}{c} \textbf{v} \times \textbf{B}$$
as I would have expected in Gaussian units. Why is this? I don'... |
What is difference between static pressure and hydrostatic pressure. If both are same then is it the pressure due to weight of water in fluid static and dynamic condition
|
I have been working on an axiomatic approach to thermodynamics, and tried to follow the footsteps of Theodoro Frankel using his little book, The Geometry of Physics.
The passage appears before introducing the first law of thermodynamics. In case you don't have a copy on hand, I put an extract below:
Consider, for exam... |
I have been trying to show that $T^{0\nu}_{;\nu} = 0$, where $T$ is the stress-energy tensor, reduces to the flat spacetime continuity equation in weak gravitational field.
Taking the metric to be $ds^2 = -(1+2\phi)dt^2 + (1-2\phi)dx^idx^i$, with $\phi$ being the static Newtonian potential, I worked out the Christoffel... |
In these lecture notes on QM by Simon Rhea & Richie Dadhley based on the first lecture Frederic Schuller, the following is mentioned on page-2:
Recall that in classical mechanics an observable is a map $F : Γ → R$, where $Γ$ is the phase space of the system, typically given by the cotangent space $T^{*}Q$ of some conf... |
I have done research on mass-loaded vinyl (MLV), and it says it absorbs sound. I thought that acoustic foam was the only one of the two that absorbed sound, but apparently I am wrong. If the sources that say MLV absorbs sound are correct, then why is MLV better and reducing (quieting) sound transfer through walls than ... |
I am trying to obtain the expression for the scale factor $a(t)$ in the Einstein-de Sitter universe, that is, in a universe with a single fluid component, which corresponds to matter. To do that, I start with the Friedmann equation, simplified for the case of a single fluid component, which is the following:
$$\dfrac{\... |
is natural gas transported as a liquid or supercritical fluid?
I am curious as to what phase natural gas is in when being transported in pipelines over long distances. Both liquid and supercritical fluid phases seem to have their own set of unique difficulties involving temperature pressure and feasibility of use. Whic... |
I need some information about upper mode and lower mode in photonic crystal fiber sensor.
What conditions should be provided for core mode and defected mode to be formed?
|
How do I construct a matrix rep. of a reflection operator for spin 1/2 particle.
Reflection operator ($\hat R_z$ : reflection about x-y plane i.e, along z-direction) acts in following way:
$U^{\dagger}S_z U\rightarrow -S_z,\\
U^{\dagger}S_x U\rightarrow S_x,\\
U^{\dagger}S_y U\rightarrow S_y.$
I started with assumptio... |
Assuming $c = 1$, consider the standard Lagrangian density for a scalar field $\phi$ and a stationary particle at $(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0)$ with coupling constant $g$:
$$\mathcal{L} = \frac{1}{2}\left(\phi_t^2 - \phi_x^2 - \phi_y^2 - \phi_z^2\right) - g\phi \delta^3(x).$$
We obtain the Euler-Lagrange equation:
$$\phi_{tt... |
If we assume that the cause of the astrophysical jet is the magnetism of the BH than an object falling towards the BH in counterdirection of 'polar jet' emitions should not feel any strong deflection of its trajectory but has that kind of events been observed so far? (I am asking this question as I am concerned only by... |
I am asking if anyone could assist in my research on the development or procurement of a thin, economical, optical sheet/lens [ approx. size 300 mm square] that can rotate an image 90 degrees. I do not want to edit or modify the original image , but to rotate it 90 degrees. Image distance is small, less than 150 mm. As... |
Is the magnetic field calculated from $B=\frac{μ_{0}nI}{2}(\sin α+\sinβ)$ the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular solenoid only or at any point on the circular cross section whose center point is the point on the axis?
|
I've read this answer regarding the difference between mere reflection and absorption followed by emission and I am struggling to understand some concepts. To begin with, we have some matter-light interactions that are notable:
Emission: occurs when an excited electron emits a photon at a random direction (that explai... |
I understand the classical model of light polarization in terms of two complex numbers, known as Jones vector.
In the quantum case, for example, consider photons sent through two polarizers, the first one at an angle $\theta$ with the second one, aligned on the $x$-axis (perpendicular to the $y$-axis).
According to The... |
Let $B_1$ be RF pulse.
According to the following lecture, $B_1^e$ represents the "envelope" of $B_1$ and under the labo-frame coordination, following be satisfied;
$B_1\left(t\right)=B_1^e\left(t\right)\exp{\left(-j\left(\omega_0t-\theta\right)\right)}$
https://www.coursera.org/learn/mri-fundamentals/home/week/2
My q... |
I am attempting to plot the natural log of a set of values against another set of data on the x-axis in Python.
However when I code the error propagation, as the error for $\ln(\alpha)$ is given by the error in $\alpha$ over its value, then the error on the y-axis will always be the same as shown in the 2D plot. This i... |
The time-evolution in quantum mechanics is given by Schrödinger's equation. For time-independent Hamiltonians, one searches for solutions of the problem $\hat{H}\psi = E\psi$.
The physicist point of view
Physicists solve $\hat{H}\psi = E\psi$, which is an eigenvalue problem, to obtain a basis of eigenvectors of $\hat{H... |
This question was asked and is similar to what I am asking. Why don't photons split up into multiple lower energy versions of themselves?
However, that question got answered on the basis of considering an isolated photon decaying into low energy photons. I am not asking that.
Consider a photon undergoing Compton scatte... |
I read in a textbook that the Coriolis acceleration will deflect an eastward-moving object towards the south and north for a westward-moving object. However, when I work out the cross products myself, I find that the Coriolis acceleration has components in the $y$- and $z$-directions when it should just be the $y$-dire... |
I was reading Why the Principle of Least Action? and the top voted answer says
You can go further mathematically by learning the path integral formulation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics and seeing how it leads to high probability for paths of stationary action. [emphasis added]
That seems to imply that, while p... |
Can zero resistance and perfect diamagnetism in a type-1 superconductor be related somehow? Because we know that having infinite conductivity alone doesn't decide the material to be a superconductor
|
I'm currently working on my physics project about guitar pickup coils and I can't find any articles about coils with different shapes then solenoids or toroids. Even finding consistent information about multiple layer coils is difficult. So I've been thinking if there is any way to calculate inductance of coil if only ... |
Suppose I have a neutral spherical conductor with a cavity inside. Suppose there's a $+q$ point charge inside the cavity.
I know that the electric field $\vec{E}$ is zero within the conductor, also know that there will be a $-q$ net charge in the inner surface of conductor with the cavity.
But I still don't understand ... |
The rotation speeds of nearby galaxies like M31 or our own milky way are determined by observations. And we know there that luminous mass does not explain the rotation curve. Are there any galaxies whose rotation speeds we do not know? Maybe there are galaxies whose rotation curves have not been observed and luminous m... |
Consider the following Dirac Lagrangian
\begin{align}
L = \bar{\psi} (i \gamma^{\mu}{\partial_{\mu}} - m) \psi
\end{align}
Suppose I extend $\psi = \psi_L + \psi_R$, with the projectors $P_L, P_R$ so that $\psi_L = P_L \psi, \psi_R = P_R \psi, P_L + P_R=1, P_L^2=P_L, P_R^2=P_R$, which is the projections $P_{L,R} = \fra... |
On page 416 of Peskin and Schroeder, the book says to find the explicit expressions for the Callan-Symanzik functions of QED, we must write expressions for the counterterms $\delta_1,\delta_2,\delta_3$. However here we must now reevaluate for massless fermions and renormalization at $-M^2$ where $M$ is the renormalizat... |
I have seen a problem calculating the magnetic field of just one electron rotating in a circular loop, the calculation went like this, if n is the number of revolutions the electron makes per second, then $$ B=\frac{μ_{0}ne}{2r} $$
My question is how I=ne is the steady current?
|
Textbooks giving an intro to field theory (and sometimes advanced quantum mechanics) often casually remark (in chapter one or two) that ordinary Coulomb scattering, or that classical electrostatics, or even classical electrodynamics, can be understood in the form of the exchange of "an infinite number" of "soft photons... |
Whats the difference between the white light bulbs and yellowish tinted light bulbs what makes the color yellowish? Do they both emit multiple wavelengths of all the colors or does one of them emit different wavelengths than the other?
|
The whole question is mentioned in the title but here I would add the conjecture that I am affraid that the answer(s) should be similar to a possible question about Michelson and Morley experiment...
|
I am trying to find out why the Hubble radius, defined as the distance at which cosmological objects recede from the observer at the speed of light because of the expansion of the universe, is equal to $cH_0^{-1}$. How can I prove it?
I'm confused about which type of distance we are considering here: physical distance,... |
From Schwartz "QFT And The Standard Model", section 8.2.2.
$$
\ L=-\frac{1}{2} \partial_\nu A_\mu \partial_\nu A_\mu+\frac{1}{2} m^2 A_\mu^2.\tag{8.17}
$$
The author says that this is not a Lagrangian for a spin-1 particle, but for four scalar particles. Whereas the Lagrangian
$$
\ L=\frac{a}{2} A_\mu \square A_\mu+\fr... |
I have been doing problems based on earthing of a circuit but I have never understood as to why earthing(just a single point) doesn't affect the current flow.
I'm confused because if we have a cell whose negative terminal potential is taken as 0 and then earthing also changes the potential of a point to 0 then why is t... |
I am having some issues while setting my experimental error in a ripple tank experiment where we are studying the interference in multiple slit.
I already know that it is not the most accurate experiment (The resolution is a bit better than in the photo but it has been downgrade while uploading), but as you can see th... |
In many structures, the amount of squeezed light is expressed in dB. I wanted to know what is meant by squeezed light in dB.
For example, 10 dB of squeezed light is equivalent to how much squeezing in different directions?
What other scales is this equivalent to?
|
Will a pointed lightning rod disperse the ground charge into the air sufficient enough to prevent the ground charge from building and attracting a lightning bolt?
|
I am referring to S4G database (https://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/SPITZER/S4G/overview.html ).
The information on the length of galaxies, and various length parameters are given in terms of pixels.
Is there a simple way to convert the pixel information to kpc?
I am just learning this field, so any information on how t... |
I'm doing a lab report. I have to find the charge integrating some pulses. Unfortunately some pulses are partially saturated (see the photo). My idea is trying to find the charge in function of something from the "full pulses" and find the missing charge. I would like to this in python. Anyonr has any idea? I can't sol... |
In a viscous fluid, $σ_{ij}$ denotes a force per unit area in the direction $i$, on a surface with a normal pointing in the $j$ direction. So $i=j$ describes pressure forces and $i\neq j$ is for tangential/shear forces.
Viscous forces arise due to friction so occur only when different parts of the fluid have different... |
Exceptional Jordan Quantum mechanics is an interesting case in which observables are modelled with $3\times3$ Hermitian octonion matrices $\mathbb{J}_3(\mathbb{O})$. There is the Jordan product $A\circ B = (AB+BA)/2$ which preserves Hermiticity. The algebra is non-associative.
Now, although interesting, it appears that... |
While I come across some explanations on why KCL works, it is usually attributed to the Law of Conservation of Charge. But by the statement of KCL, it states that the current entering and leaving a node are equal. For this to hold true, the charge entering and leaving the node must be equal (This is guaranteed by the L... |
The original system is a free particle, and there are no restrictions on its space.
Assume that the perturbation potential is
$\epsilon \frac{\mu\omega^2}{2} x^2$ so that
$$
\hat{H}=\hat{H}_0+\epsilon\hat{H}'=-\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu}\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+\epsilon\frac{\mu\omega^2}{2}x^2\,.
$$
Assume that the wave function of a... |
Consider a one-dimensional chain of atoms as shown in the figure. Let the spacing between the atoms be $a$. Assume that the onsite energy is the same at each point and is equal to
$0$ (without any loss of generality), but the hopping terms are of two types:
$w$ denoted by a single bond and $v$ denoted by the double bon... |
If a fluid flows in a horizontal pipe it apply a force due to its weight in downward direction but why fluid apply force normally in upward direction on pipe
|
If I have a 3-level system like:
Now, I want know how to measure the two-photon detuning in this system, and I known that Δ2 and Δ3 are the two- and on-photon detunings, like this paper said:
my questions are below:
How do other researchers measure these two parameters?
They measure the beat frequency of probing lig... |
I'm starting to become curious about AdS/CFT since hearing that condensed matter theorists use it as a 'dictionary' to find gravity duals of things from condensed matter physics. How exactly does this dictionary work?
Also, are there other promising theories that link gravity in bulk to a conformal field theory at the ... |
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