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The IGAL ransomware is a malicious program that encrypts the personal documents found on the victim’s computer with the “.igal” extension, then displays a message which offers to decrypt the data if payment is made. As predecessors, I am looking for information on how to remove this malicious program. Is there any prog... |
I was checking my gmail account spam folder and I noticed an email sent by a known sender.
I thought it was flagged as spam by mistake so I opened it. Then I realized the content is the same as another email I sent the same person about a month ago. Even the subject is the same.
The sender's name is correct, but I chec... |
For security reasons, I have this question in mind. I am not a security professional, so I want to ask:
Let's suppose my computer's firmware is hacked. If I disable the wifi driver on windows, can a kind of virus (hidden driver software does not appear in device manager), or the firmware (if infected) use the wireless ... |
Just as the title suggests. I have a PasswordStealer on my PC and I'm afraid that it can do that. AFAIK, that malware can record keystrokes and steal saved passwords which I don't mind because I don't store passwords anywhere and I don't type either. But I left all my social media and mail account logged in by cookies.... |
Is there a reason why OTPs (one-time passwords) are only made up of numbers? I've seen OTPs of varying lengths but all of them are only made up of numbers. Why are they not alphanumeric?
|
Newbie question, I guess. I want to get a cold wallet for increased security. I also want to start using hardware 2FA (e.g. for e-mail). I see that Ledger advertises 2FA capabilities ('FIDO U2F') on their Nano range. Is there a downside to e.g. buying a Nano X and using it for these two totally different functionalitie... |
Due to increasing concerns about privacy online I recently started researching technologies that are supposed to hide our activities from unwanted watchers.
I've been learning about workings of VPN servers and there's one concept I cannot quite get my head around.
As I understand the way VPN works (correct me if I'm wr... |
I am learning TLS handshake and find client/serve will negotiate a cihpersuite during client/server hello.
Usually, the last part of a ciphersuite is a hash algorithm, like SHA256 in ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256. The second part of a ciphersuite is public key algorithm of server certificate like ECDSA. As we know, public ... |
How does one defend, detect and deter golden SAML attacks?
|
As a full-stack cloud-native (AWS, Azure, and GCP) polyglot (Rust, Golang, Python, and Java) microservices developer, the nagging question that I have is if the use of multiple technology frameworks vs single language (e.g., Java) have increased and improved the overall security posture?
Overall, is it more secure to u... |
What is a reasonable timeframe that should be defined and enforced for access token expiry to reduce
the risk of unauthorized access?
|
Let's say that Joe gives his PGP public key to Sue so that Sue can send Joe a secret message.
Sue opens her PGP/GPG program, types I'm in love with Joe! and encrypts the message with Joe's public key.
The result is a blob that only Joe can read, because only he has the private key to his public key.
When Joe receives t... |
We have microservice-based architecture.
Currently, we have APIs which we have exposed over the internet for all users.
Now we want to provide APIs to a specific client and only this specific client should be able to access this API.
What security practices we should follow? I mean what is the best way to secure such A... |
As of this month, the Flash player has been disabled from all mainstream browsers. However, several platforms are still offering ways to use Flash content, most notably the games hosted on said platforms.
How (in-) secure is this method of using Flash? And especially how does this differ from last month?
Considerations... |
Out of curiosity. I am a green as grass programmer coming from other career disciplines and am learning multiple languages right now so play nice and keep it simple please. Interested in simple security protocols for scrambling data before the network. I am curious to know if this very simple, basic method of scramblin... |
I'm curious, as a green programmer, if one used layers of encryption methods, would this be more difficult to crack or impossible?
Example:
Layer 1- encryption method 1 "Encrypt this string"
Apply crypto = "encrypted mumbo jumbo"
Layer 2- encryption method 2 "encrypted mumbo jumbo"
Apply crypto layer 2 = "encrypted mum... |
In a talk about a lost or stolen laptop, it is said that:
even with hard drive encryption, eventually they can crack these secrets
But strong encryption is practically impossible to break. For example, it would take 6 billion years at 100,000 attempts per second to brute force the password of a MacBook using XTS-AES ... |
A simple question which I cannot find any guidance on the RFC6749 (or related) spec.
I have an eCommerce public client (SPA & mobile), where I want to postpone as much as possible the authentication process (possibly registration too for new customers). I will only ask the customer at the end of his purchase journey to... |
For example how do I turn the payload/windows/format_all_drives into an exe without any other fancy addons?
(I am talking about using msfvenom FYI)
|
As per Exclude or display vulnerabilities for non-running Linux kernels :
It is possible to have multiple kernels detected on a single Linux
host and Qualys will report all vulnerabilities found on all Linux
kernels.
Linux distributions support the parallel installation of multiple kernel versions. When installing a ... |
My employer has a system that clinicians use to capture video data for patient bookings. This comprises two applications running on Windows:
A GUI application (Electron/Javascript)
A local service (C#).
Both applications need to access our API over the internet.
Users must log into our API with their own account and ... |
VPNs can often be useful for obscuring personably identifying information (IP, geolocation, etc.) from remote destination servers.
Traffic is routed through a VPN server and forwarded to the destination. As far as the remote destination servers are concerned, the traffic appears to have originated from the VPN server's... |
I'm currently building a web application that utilises Open Banking through Plaid. This means that it pulls a users banking details through a generated 'access token'.
I've been toying with the concept of how to persist this user data. My reasoning for this is that the Plaid API gets pulled on every web page that requi... |
I've been reading many research articles about RoT - Root of Trust - for establishing a chained root of trust going up from BIOS to the Kernel.
However, most of the article go briefly on how RoT works for different brands.
A good article on RoT is RoT: The Foundation of Security by Lawrence Liu.
However, one of the big... |
I know there are lots of posts on the same origin policy, but I specifically want to understand why it can't be done in this simpler way.
If evil.com makes sends a request to bank.com, browsers will not add cookies (so unauthenticated). Now you could have cross origin requests with no security issues?
|
I have this scenario:
I want to create a WiFi network for a hotel that the customers should pay to gain access to the internet.
I tried Captive portal, but captive portal is very vulnerable against MAC spoofing.
So I tried wpa2-enterprise without Captive Portal. But NAS(Access Point) in wpa2-enterprise doesn't enforc... |
I apologize if this isn't the best exchange to be asking in, but I'm a little new at this.
Problem: A close relation outside my local area with declining cognitive function is demonstrating increasingly poor infosec practices. I have a plan to try preserver their online freedom while keeping them reasonably safe, but h... |
I am currently reading the network exploitation section of the book Hacking: The art of exploitation. The book covers ARP spoofing attack in brief, but doesn't go over much detail.
Before starting I would like to tell what kind of system/peripherals I would be using.
I use a System that accesses internet via Ethernet ... |
Like the question says, I am wondering if there are some viruses that do not write machine code themselves, but instead output assembly code and invoke an external assembler? That sounds like a plausible attack on Linux systems, where as (GNU Assembler) is usually present in the PATH.
I know that assemblers and linkers... |
One problem with passwords is that if they can be broken as follows:
pick a random password
hash it
compare that hash to other known hashes
This way, you have broken the password. Then if you can access the hash of a password, you can reverse-engineer it to find out the password.
However, isn't this easily fixed by t... |
Many IOT devices and routers manufacturers hardcode plaintext default passwords in their devices.
Why don't they store the hashed password instead?
For what functionality do they need the plaintext password?
|
I was practicing bruteforce attacks using John The Ripper. I want to crack a zip file. I obtained the hash and stored it in a zip file but when I attempt to crack the zip file it is giving me an error saying No password hashes loaded
This is the hash inside my passwordFile
Traffic.zip:$pkzip2$2*2*1*0*8*24*9fd8*23cd*ef... |
I'm receiving long hexadecimal requests on my webserver, such as: /f588069cda088c9a0fc25509fc4ed8418fe47a447683243395e649753d2d4b87cce9c4b3cc16cb5f44068e6da475dbffa9689b9ad237b5c941bb9ad2aa6759f7e4e39ba3012202cdce328f7eccc7efa48642eec1870e15c39924bc3c790ba04c
I've tried to decode them using hexadecimal convertor tools,... |
I have PDF, Word and MP4 files on my site and I want to protect them from illegal downloading even if my site hacked. I want to put executable code in the files, so if someone downloads and opens them, the code is run to check if the file location is not the server or a specific location that I define. If not, the file... |
I want to know the status of remote, code executing vulnerabilities of old Windows operating systems that are left unfixed, if they exist at all.
Exploits like EternalBlue or BlueKeep wreaked havoc on many systems, but Microsoft did issue a patch even for Windows versions that are past EOL.
Seeing that I wonder what th... |
I am building a system where the clients should be able to communicate with each other.
However I want all the data to be hidden from the server where the information is stored in a database.
How can the users invite more users and share the encryption key without that the server also get the key?
First user creates a... |
I generated an RSA Private Key using openssl genrsa -out mykey.pem 2048
To extract the public key I have found 2 commands, one using openssl :
openssl rsa -in mykey.pem -pubout > mykey.pub
And the other using ssh-keygen:
ssh-keygen -y -f mykey.pem > mykey.pub
However I noticed that boths outputs doesn't look anything... |
I have an Android 11 device and many of my apps and system apps use MD5withRSA or SHA1withRSA as signature algorithm by default.
Why should I take my apps SHA256withRSA or SHA512withRSA? Are there any advantages, if so what are they? Are there also performance and stability issues?
|
After reading about Emails a browser extension developer gets from scammers (and the comments here) I understand that there are people who try to convince good addon developers to introduce shady (or outright malicious) code into their extensions.
This means that the users of addons have to be extremely careful to make... |
We've received several rua reports indicating that one of our direct competitors is sending emails with our domain in the mail from headers.
I do not have access to the actual emails sources, and I have no idea what would cause this. The one cause I can think of is that somebody at the competitors company is sending ou... |
I am using Chrome 87 with Jitsi Meet 2.0, but I have noticed this behavior too with other setups. When I first enter a room, Chrome asks for the following permissions:
Even if I click "Block" to deny these permissions, Jitsi still appears to have access to my entire screen when I click the "Share your screen" button, ... |
The following CSP directive violation is reported:
[csp-report]
(
[document-uri] => https://mysite.com/my-page/
[referrer] => https://www.google.com/
[violated-directive] => img-src
[effective-directive] => img-src
[original-policy] => img-src 'self' https://various.uris <but... |
According to multiple sources such as snyk and infoq, preventing a "Zip Slip" vulnerability in Java can be achieved by denying writes outside the target directory:
String canonicalDestDirPath = destDir.getCanonicalPath();
File destfile = new File(destDir, e.getName());
String canonicalDestFile destfile.getCanonicalPath... |
I finally found a Chromium fork which appears to have made a serious effort to remove all the Google cancer. Sadly, I see this: https://ungoogled-software.github.io/ungoogled-chromium-binaries/
IMPORTANT: These binaries are provided by anyone who are willing to build and submit them. Because these binaries are not nec... |
This article on thomas-krenn.com states:
Because an ATA trim will be performed by NTFS with Windows 7 or when formatting using Ext4 from mke2fs 1.41.10 or XFS from xfsprogs 3.1.0, the secure erase procedure is no longer necessary [...].
From my understanding, the SSD's garbage collector will run some time after the S... |
While working on packaging my Python app, I attempted to install it locally from the parent directory by typing the following command:
pip install cms/
However, I instead typed the following command:
pip install cms
Which unintentionally installed this package from PyPi. I have looked through the installed source cod... |
If I use a VM on a laptop which is connected to a work or public wifi, can the host machine be accessed by anyone also connected to wifi?
I'm thinking along the lines of if I were to use my laptop on a public or work wifi to connect either to the internet or to my home network. I'd be using a using a VPN so I'm reason... |
I'm Studying at a University that has a public network around campus that all students use. This network is even available at the dorms. Since all devices are connected to the same network, is my private information (Banking info, private photos, etc) in danger? Could someone spy on me through my webcam? I found that y... |
I am considering switching over to Brave and maybe also use it's sync feature for settings, and maybe even passwords if it's good enough. I do use a password generator but out of laziness I happen to sometimes store passwords locally.
In their FAQ they state that they use a seed that's then stretched with scrypt(N = 2... |
I have read about TPM that these are the secured ways of storing cryptographic keys. I want to know how can I use it. I have an application running on a PC which has TPM. This application has hard coded symmetric key in it.AS the hard coding the keys are not recommended from security point of view , I want to store my ... |
I am testing my application SSL configuration in Qualys SSL Labs and as a result, I have this cipher suites labeled as weak:
But according to https://ciphersuite.info/ all of these cipher suites are secure or even recommended.
How should I interpret this? Do you think that all these "weak" cipher suites should be disa... |
I have this configuration
GATEWAY1 <----> ROUTER <---> GATEWAY2
I am on the compromised router, and I want to intercept/block the packets that come from G1,edit them , and forward on Gateway 2,acting as a MiTM.
I know that I can edit packets with Scapy, but how I can stop them to reach the original destination?
Gatewa... |
It was mentioned in this thread that kernel exploits usually use syscalls to trigger undesired behavior:
How can you detect kernel exploits?
Are there any ways or known examples which do not use syscalls?
What about programs beyond the kernel?
|
I know the best way to prevent SQL-injection is parameterized queries. But this is not possible in the specific use case because the client has to be able to input SQL statements directly.
So what my client did was to use a blacklist, which could be easily circumvented (e.g. use 'DEL'+'ETE' instead of DELETE to prevent... |
I have experienced an unauthorized login into my Gmail and Facebook account, while I was logging into the accounts and doing school assignments. Suddenly, I got an email from Facebook about "303231123127639 is your Facebook account recovery code". And my Gmail and Facebook passwords are changed. I immediately changed b... |
We have an ASP.NET WEB API 2.0 that will be accessed by an MVC Core site. We want to restrict access to the API only to the MVC Core site (both sites will run on our VMs in Azure). Is it sufficient from an authentication and security perspective to pass a simple username and password in plaintext inside each HTTP reque... |
To be able to use mobile data (e.g. 4G/ LTE) and mobile telephony (e.g. VoLTE) services on my smartphone, I need to put a SIM card into my smartphone (I know embedded-SIM/ eSIM exists but let's ignore that here). This SIM card is provided to me by a mobile network operator or mobile virtual network operator.
Let's assu... |
I implemented a simple chat that (tries to) encrypt messages end-to-end. I approached this problem by making both parties generate an ECDH keypair (P-384) and consequently share their public keys. Then, using one's own private key and the other's public key, I derive an AES shared key to encrypt and decrypt my messages... |
I am trying to work on cutting down on the amount of spam, phishing, and malicious emails coming through via AmazonSES burners.
Has anyone devised a method or certain IOCs to block on?
|
I bought a pair of USB flash drives made by Huawei and I want to know if there are any tools in existence for verifying that the firmware on these drives is secure. I bought them for researching this exact thing.
All of my normal web searches for trying to find this out, come back with the standard warnings not to inse... |
Basically if I have exe1 encoded with base64 and I copy that encoded source into a powershell script as a variable. I want to be able to decode it and execute the source exe without writing the exe to disk. is this possible? if so how can it be done.
|
I'm writing a sci-fi story that includes a malicious app that spreads globally. The developer publishes an app without knowing it's infected, and it spreads because it forces phones to download it. Are there any mechanisms that might make this happen?
Of course, it's sci-fi so it can all be theoretical but I'd love to ... |
I had to create a self-signed certificate for client-server application
but I do not understand what each file and command means and how the client and server work together to do the mutual SSL handshake.
I follow those commands:
creating csr.conf:
[req]
default_bits = 4096
prompt = no
encrypt_key = yes
default_md = sh... |
Is there a way to protect IP Address and location from Twitter after having logged in ? All I want Twitter to know is my email and password and nothing else. No IP Address, no location. Is that possible somehow ? What is the best way to do this ? VPN or Tor or something else that works for this purpose ?
|
What really is the difference between a physical TPM and any implementation of a fTPM?
I get that both adhere to the same specification and in my mind should be the same thing, but then, I don't understand why there even are 5 or so different types of TPM - discrete, integrated, firmware, virtual, and, well, software, ... |
Discussion under this answer in Space Exploration SE links to items in NAIF; NASA Planetary Data System Navigation Node links for MacIntel_OSX_64bit
I'm looking at these two.
spy: https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/utilities/MacIntel_OSX_64bit/spy
spy.ug: https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/utilities/MacIntel_OSX_64bit... |
What are the best practices for supply chain risks reduction for java applications? In my opinion java dependency management has the following downsides:
Java applications use 3rd party dependencies and compiled jar files are usually downloaded from artifactory (in compliled form, not like source code);
Although jar f... |
I use a shared hosting plan which allows me to add multiple websites with one account/purchase. I have one website in the same plan for my work, and one for personal works. I can see both of them in my file manager and they seem to be related (in administration part).
I want to know if any random person on the internet... |
I understand that 2FA increases security if you are using two different devices, for instance a computer and a mobile phone.
I fail to understand how these security measurements help if you are doing everything on your mobile device.
Imagine if I login to my bank website with username and password om my mobile phone. I... |
Im developing an application and i want this application to connect to my server via ssl (using openssl currently). I want this application to verify my servers certificate. The problem is i dont really know how to do that.
Do i store the full certificate chain in the applications binary and then verify the servers cer... |
Surveillance software allows employers to monitor all activity on PC and Android devices including screen, voice and chat. All of them, like FlexiSPY and Neatspy (compared here), endlessly list all the things they can do, but never mention how they are installed.
How can an employer even access someone's PC or Android ... |
This article on forensicfocus.com says the following about Deterministic Read After TRIM (emphasis mine):
As a result, the data returned by SSD drives supporting DRAT as opposed to DZAT can be all zeroes or other words of data, or it could be the original pre-trim data stored in that logical page.
The sentence makes ... |
I have noticed this issue while using Google's Gmail with Thunderbird. When I send an email from Gmail's web front end at https://mail.google.com/ my internal and external IP address are not included in the email header.
However, I would like to use Mozilla Thunderbird to send emails from my local machine via Gmail. I ... |
First of all,I am new to security as a whole and taking my first formal course on it.So sorry if any major errors are present.
I had a scheme for remote file storage as an attempt to use my course topics:
I have a few google accounts(say 2 = N) to which seperate firebase storage instances(2 again) are there
within eac... |
If an application's code contains even minor and subtle inaccuracies, it can open up the entire database to SQL injection. In this example (see section 'Delete All Method'), the entire Users table gets deleted with a trivial SQL injection ("1) OR 1=1--").
This had me wondering, have any white hats / bounty hunters (per... |
I was searching for some articles on google using my iphone 11, IOS version 14.4 >> and i find a link inside google search result >> then i click on the link which is from a trusted site >> but after that while the page was loading i got redirected to this link:-
https://vpndefence2plus.com/2/10/vml/index.html?clickcos... |
I'm trying to implement a simple demo - to better understand XXE and SSRF techniques.
I have written these two files below in an attempt to set this up.
I currently intercept the AJAX POST request and modify the data (params) by appending:
<!DOCTYPE foo [ <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd"> ]>
<foo>&xxe;</foo>
*... |
First, I am a beginner in IT security. I hope my question is not too dumb.
I use a program that can show a live feed from a security camera. You can import a project file, that sets up user accounts and settings. After importing, you can log in with a user account and view the live feed (without the need of entering an... |
Does it make sense to store the 2FA seeds (i.e: the codes used to generate a time based OTP) in my password manager?
If my password manager has a strong password and 2FA using a third-party app, is storing 2FA seeds for the accounts saved in my password manager poor practice?
Ultimately I would expect hacking my passwo... |
I was learning how antiforgery tokens work behind the scenes and wrote this article on the possible values a token can have.
When the byte array is converted to base64, there are four left over bits which have two zeros appended to get a group of 6 bits, which can then be converted to a base64 character.
The problem is... |
How is the reward amount determined on different bug bounty platforms like Bugcrowd, HackerOne or Synack?
As a bug bounty program owner I can maybe define some rules for the rewards. What are the common, established rules and how do the different platforms support them?
|
A friend of mine called me in panic mode to tell me that "a message told her her computer was infected, and that she should call the phone number". So did she. Apparently, a lady made her install Team Viewer and did stuff on her computer, during something like one hour. My friend is using a mac, but I have no idea whic... |
I have a file which is encrypted using AES 128 and I have a key file whose size is 48 bytes. How can I decrypt the file using the key file?
The key file has no extension, I opened it in notepad and it has bizarre text.
I have IV as 0x496daa1c6914000e408c65cead91fc29.
I don't know the cipher used for encryption but my g... |
I want to digitally sign messages with strict size limitations. I am looking for digital signature algorithm providing very short signatures. (as short as possible)
Which secure algorithms can I choose? The digital signature check will be performed on server-side (JAVA) as well as on client-side (Android, iOS).
|
I have a certificate for my web service issued with Let's Encrypt.
Another service that communicates with my web service requires that my certificate must be signed with theirs, otherwise their client will abort the connection attempt.
Questions:
is it possible for them to "add" their signature to my certificate? Woul... |
I'm about to launch my first ever SaaS product on AWS and am thinking through security.
I have my main server, which is obviously public on :80 and :443, and then I have a bunch of other infra that I need access to as a developer (typically on :22) but that I don't want to be fully public.
I was thinking I would rent a... |
ISP sent a message telling that they've detected some bot network characteristic traffic from a router's IP address. Recommended countermeasures have already been taken, i. e. connected laptop's malware scan, router factory reset, router's admin credentials changed (from default) and router firmware updated.
I want to ... |
I think one of my students faked the modified date of his word file. He's last modified date was exactly the deadline of 13:00:00 (even the seconds are zero). How do i figure this out?? I want to know if he's lying or not.
|
We have a very heavy endpoint on our server, that takes a few hours to respond. Of course, this would result in a timeout, so we added an "asynchronous" functionality to it.
To summarize, a client will start the request like this:
POST https://our.server/api/long-running-query
{
search: '....',
callback: 'http... |
This is an observation of SSL/TLS Resumption that maybe someone can help explain why SSL/TLS resumption is NOT shared between static assets and Javascript.
Basically, I tested using two pages: pageA and pageB.
First visit pageA, which does TLS initial connection as expected for the image.
Then clicking pageB, the "img... |
In mutual TLS, during client-authentication phase, a client proves its identity to the server by sending its client certificate (Certificate message). Additionally, it signs all previous handshake messages using its private key and sends the resulting hash (CertificateVerify message). Server uses this hash to validate ... |
I remember using jtr in metasploit. jtr_crack_fast is no longer available for me along with other jtr commands. Yes i can still get regular jtr stand alone or just git but still.
What happen to jtr in metasploit?
|
An application is running in a customer's environment on a single server and consists of a collection of Windows Services that communicate with each other using (unencrypted) TCP messages.
Although these messages can't be viewed across the network, I am conscious that someone could theoretically run a tool like Wiresha... |
I'm a bit lost in here and need some direction.
According to the EU GDPR, the PII data should never leave the EU.
But, Can they be taken out and processed outside? such as in a server that is situated in the US and put the data back again in the EU?
Is this something people do or is the process I mentioned above accept... |
My target requires the Authorization header with credentials to get into. I have the credentials but the module I'm using (multi/http/mediawiki_thumb) doesn't seem to have an option for Authorization.
I've tried setting RHOSTS to user:pass@example.com but that gives the error [-] Exploit failed: One or more options fai... |
I am an old fashioned person and have never heard of wifi enabled laundry machines until recently, I don't care for it and have trouble seeing the benefits outweigh unknown risks.
I don't know if there's a security risk posed, or if it could eat up my bandwidth, additionally I would hope it wouldn't be reliant on being... |
I have a private CA which provides certificates for three types of IoT devices (Type1, Type2 and Type3). On the IoT device certificate's subject DN, which attribute can be used for specifying this type information? Is there any existing use cases similar to this?
PS: CN field contains the device identifier. Looking on ... |
How can we disable sudo on CentOS 6 to prevent CVE-2021-3156?
We cannot remove RPMs or similar.
We can only change a configuration.
Do we have another fix for CVE-2021-3156 on CentOS 6, except disabling sudo?
Will we be able to execute su - after disabling sudo?
|
All my security senses are tiggling when I wrote the title, but here's the scenario:
When a user wants to connect to their account, but can't remember their password, they can use the "Lost password" form, which will send an email that contains a 6 digit code that expires in 15 minutes.
The interface, when the user hit... |
Am trying to understand the phase where the symmetric key is getting generating. From what I am understanding Diffie-Hellman is used to derive the symmetric key in TLS1.3
I am reading this tls explanation and so many keys are derived
Is the shared secret the symmetric key and from it, we can generate the following keys... |
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