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If a wildcard certificate is provisioned for *.domain.fqdn, and has Client Authentication as a defined usage, does this mean the certificate can be used to essentially impersonate any domain machine?
My understanding is that it is up to the receiving entity in how it validates the certificate to machine, but I have not... |
I'm researching about SOCKS5 protocol. After understanding it, I know that SOCKS5 does not encrypt data from clients to proxy server. Therefore, can we use TLS/SSL to encrypt data? secure SOCKS5?
|
Is there a point-and-click way to generate a forensic image of an EC2 system, rather than having to ssh on and dd?
|
U2F devices store an internal counter to resolve a challenge and the counter value is sent back to the server (source).
I think the counters on the server and on the client must go out of sync from time to time, the internet connection just needs to stop working after the client got the challenge from the server. If th... |
This article tells us that there are two types of STARTTLS: Opportunistic (i.e. optional STARTTLS) STARTTLS and Enforced STARTTLS, which works by the doctrine of "Encrypted connection or drop connection".
We can use checktls.com/TestReceiver to check if the mail server supports STARTTLS.
But how do I find out if it enf... |
How do you verify if two domains are using the same SSL certificate? Two identified two domains are using the same Authority Key ID, but different subject key ID and public key value. Does this mean they are operated by the same user/organisation?
|
I would like some expert insight. I want to know what my vulnerabilities for this model are.
This is a demo project that I will be following in my production app if all works out securely. My production app will include hybrid encryption for ALL user-sensitive data. Nothing sensitive will ever be stored on the server u... |
Imagine you get hold of someone's private SSH key, which is encrypted. Now imagine you also get hold of the unencrypted key (e.g., because some SSH client stores it after decryption).
Can you determine the encryption passphrase using this information?
(I am asking because the passphrase to one of my own keys, which I d... |
I am creating an admin panel for my website. I am coding the entire website by myself. What are some essential security features that I should implement so that only I can access the admin panel and no one else?
|
I am using a syymetric token, a fernet from the python cryptography module. I am trying to make it such that a terminal logs into a website automatically.
I store the serial number and mac address of the terminal.
The terminal authenticates itself by sending the serial number as a user name, and the encrypted messasge ... |
I have configured my proxy chains in /etc/proxychains.conf. Then when just run nmap or even nc without the proxychains prefix, it automatically uses the proxy chains and routes the traffic through the proxies. I have verified that there are no alias for both the commands. Is this the expected behaviour? Does Nmap check... |
I would like to allow users of my app to upload images in different formats that other users can view (including webm videos).
But I would also like to make sure that the images are actual images and not harmful to display.
So heres my 3 concrete question:
Is it enough to check the magic number and the file size to en... |
Recently I started having issues with my home Wi-fi connection. My devices showed as connected to the router, but no Internet was coming through.
While trying to log into the router through my browser (at 192.168...), I found my password no longer worked. It was reset to the default password written on the side of the ... |
It is an obvious security vulnerability to have my API keys out in the open as such when initially developing my app. Parse is setup this way because it’s easy for development and learning I assume.
I’m going on the assumption that accepting only HTTPS will be enough to protect the keys in transit. If this is not the c... |
I'm having some problems with JSON requests in Hydra. I have a wordlist which consists of lots of lines; each with 2 words separated by a space. I run Hydra using the following command:
sudo hydra -l "" -P wordlist.txt example.com http-post-form "/api/:{\"password\"\:\"^PASS^\"}:\"success\"\:false}:H=Accept: */*:H=Acce... |
Websites often enforce HTTPS to prevent snooping of sensitive input. Is there something equivalent while uploading files from local disk onto a desktop app, say the desktop version of Signal?
When I upload a file onto Signal's desktop app, where all does my file travel through? At any stage of that process, can anyone ... |
I have read Incrementally Better Cookies, a couple of web.dev articles and tried to google for "same-origin cookies" but could not find anything so I wonder if this is being worked on.
SameSite=Strict & Lax are a very good protection against CSRF but hacked subdomains remain a way to attack – for example, hacked.exampl... |
I've got information security as high as possible with my Flutter app so far with encryption and proper storage for data at rest as well as data in transit. With this question I'm only aiming for protecting data at rest.
If I did something like in this "sketch" below:
Load data from persistent memory (also decrypt)
Do... |
While I was pentesting a web application, I found out that files that are uploaded to the web application are stored in an AWS S3 instance. Based on my experience, when a web application needs to store all types of files, including files with potential malicious extensions (.php, .exe, .js and etc.), they will not allo... |
An embedded device with Linux supports backup/restore of files encrypted with openssl. The idea of backup is: tar -c .... | openssl smime -encrypt -binary -aes-256-cbc -out backupfile.encrypted -outform DER certificate.key and the idea of restore is: openssl smime -decrypt -binary -in backupfile.encrypted -inform DER -... |
According to PCI standard all businesses that store, process or transmit payment cardholder data must be PCI Compliant.
Taking into account that we are talking about a bank, fields like card number and card holder's name should be obfuscated when displayed on the screen.
What about the URL of the request? Is it accept... |
I have been looking for my lost car key. I have RTL-SDR and I am able to listen to key fobs frequency which varies between 350-444MHZ. I was trying to understand how most of the keyless entry systems work but I'm not sure whether:
Key fob detects a car in proximity and requests and exchanges information
Car detects ke... |
I have a C code project, I want to use .so lib to verify certificate for valid.
I know there is a way to crack .so file by using below tools:
1.IDA_Pro_v6.8_and_Hex-Rays_Decompiler_
2.WinHex
3.ARM_ASM
so, in my opinion, the .so is not a good way to encrypt key verify code.
so is there any good way to avoid cracki... |
I am using an API , made using an AWS service named API Gateway [Which may not be of great importance]. I have gone through various articles mentioning that rather than storing secret keys directly on an APP, you should be retrieving them through an API. I made an API endpoint that triggers a lambda function on call, e... |
We are working on an activity to train staff about security. Is there any way to spoof the company's guest router and ask staff to provide login credentials (as public wifi does) and when they do that, we will have a list of their passwords. so, they can understand that public wifi is not secure enough.
Is there someth... |
Microsoft describes the communication steps to receive a TGS as follows:
client asks Kerberos DC for Ticket Granting Ticket
client receives TGT (if authenticated successfully)
client asks KDC for Ticket Granting Service, to get access to a certain platform
client receives TGS (if TGT was valid)
client accesses the pla... |
I'm reading about TPM, and I'm currently thinking how to visualize their relationships.
Basically, reading from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4302-6584-9_12 (and the TPM documents) I gather the following:
PCR: It is a memory register that stores the output of a hash algorithm. A PCR can store the outp... |
What are some tools or techniques that could be used in external network penetration testing to perform safe scans only that are designed to cause no DoS (Denial of Service) or other interruptions? Or what points should one have in mind?
The scenario is:
External pen test for 20 servers & 150 workstations on the inter... |
There was the notorious attack on the Copay cryptocurrency wallet in 2018. To recap it briefly, the JavaScript based wallet depended on a library, event-stream. Using social engineering, hackers gained ability to change this library and publish its new versions through npm package manager. Injected malicious code was i... |
For my personal use, I bought a domain for internal ssl validation for my pfsense. I was able to get the LetsEncrypt's ACME script to successfully validate my domain and produce an ssl certificate for a subdomain. I setup my pfsense to use my new certificate and alternative host name successfully.
So far, everything wa... |
I am trying to build an automated pipeline to trigger certain inhouse-software events when relevant CVEs of products-of-interest are published. I am trying to utilise NIST NVD datafeeds for this purpose.
I keep encountering situations where recently published CVEs are without CPEs for Known Affected Software Configurat... |
I am trying to understand the FIDO2 standard. I know that a Relying Party has to implement a mechanism that checks the counter of the respective credentials. Most of the time, a counter is stored in the database of the server, which has to be smaller/equal to the sent counter. After a successful login, the counter is i... |
After some time in the Cyber Defense field, I am noticing that there are different learning paths to take depending on the OS you choose (for example you can learn how to use PowerShelll and lots of Windows tools to use with the Event Viewer, but this won't be useful, at least as far as I know, with Linux).
Given the d... |
I am evaluating security benefits of requiring employees (in enterprise context) to use multiple passwords (or passphrases) vs single strong randomly generated passphrase (minimum of 8 words) when paired with FIDO U2F (using YubiKey).
Option 1: multiple passwords (or passphrases) one password or passphrase for device ... |
I wish I'd taken a screenshot of the connection request, but it basically was asking to connect to my work laptop and I could either accept or reject the request.
The requesting computer is using an older OS (Mojave - because I still use a 32 bit app (a media server that gets its content from a USB dongle) that's not s... |
I've been messing around with John, and when I attempt to crack an SSH hash, I receive this output.
Any clue why the cracked hash is displaying the gibberish??
I used ssh2john to convert the key to a crackable hash, then used the output in John.
I'm running Kali 2021.2 on a VM, which is fully updated.
I also receive t... |
A man in the middle attacker can intercept and send a different certificate (a self-signed one, maybe) to the browser. In this case, browser will show warning to the user and doesn't display's the green pad lock near the URL.
If a single user bypasses the warning, will he still be prone to a man in the middle attack?
H... |
We are running a virtual private cloud, in other words a vendor-hosted intranet. (In this case the vendor is AWS, but it could be Azure, Digital Ocean...) The intranet does not have public-facing access. We connect from local machines on home networks via Wireguard + SSH.
If this were a physical office network, I would... |
I want to attach a valid ssl subdomain to my pfsense. I would check it (with warnings) via my the pfsense's IP 192.168.11.1 .
I used multiple tutorials to come up with the following:
Bought a domain
Set the domain's namespace to cloudflair
Setup an cloud flair API key with dns zone edit rights and collected various cl... |
If anyone has heard of Ippsec and watched his videos, you'll see that when he extracts a password hash from a machine, he doesn't crack it in his own computer, rather, he uses SSH to connect to his other machine called Kracken, and then cracks the password with hashcat or john. Are there any benefits to this? Why would... |
When I am using this command to auto renew my ssl certificate(acme.sh version is 3.0.0):
#!/usr/bin/env bash
export Ali_Key="123456"
export Ali_Secret="123456"
/root/.acme.sh/acme.sh --issue --dns dns_ali \
-d poemhub.top -d *.poemhub.top -k ec-256 --debug
shows this error:
[Sat Jul 17 11:55:19 CST 2021] url='https:/... |
I received phishing email that contains base64 encrypted JS code in the attachment. I decrypted it but can't understand it because of obfuscation. Do you guys have any clue what this code is trying to do?
<script>
eval(function($nbrut, $utnbr, $nbr, $ut, $uyn, $yun) {
$uyn = function($charCode) {
return ($c... |
My knowledge about these topics is very elementary, please "school me" if I said something completely wrong, it would surely help me understand these things better. Now, to my issue.
Now that I have a laptop and didn't encrypt the entire disk during installation I was looking for ways to encrypt some particular folder ... |
I'm a software dev working on an open-sourced password manager(dev lib, gui and cli) for educational and eventually usefulness purposes. There doesn't seem to be all that much information regarding vault-based password managers and the security they build on/attack vectors and common practices to protect against them.
... |
I use bettercap2 http proxy and arp spoof to inject one-line js alert into http pages. It works fine, however what about https? I couldn’t find any working method to inject it without the browser’s self-signed warning.
HTTPS allows to import https source scripts only, so I tried apache2 + ngrok for green lock server wi... |
I'm trying to intercept traffic between an Andriod App and a Router interface. I'm using a rooted device.
They communicate on port 6699 which I believe is typical for nginx.
I've tried setting up Burp to capture the traffic but all it sees is the data the App sends/receives remotely (API calls to the cloud) and nothing... |
I have an SQL query like "select * from records where record like '%" + user_input + "%'" My goal here is to get all the records. So far everything I have tried involves using comments to bypass the whitespace filter, but with / and - disabled that did not work.
Does this mean my SQL query is safe? Is there any way som... |
The Trident memory zero-day, zero-click vulnerabilities (exploits critical to NSO Pegasus success) were supposedly patched on iOS by Apple:
CVE-2016-4657
CVE-2016-4655
CVE-2016-4656
Android phones are presumably still vulnerable. And since 1000s of phones were recently found to be infected by Amnesty International, p... |
Is there an efficient way to hide nginx from Nmap's Version Detection scan (nmap -sV)? The following is a sample result, we are trying to hide the nginx (reverse proxy) string.
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
80/tcp open http nginx (reverse proxy)
There's a way where Nginx manually filters nmap requests through the r... |
The recent NSO scandal made me think, how could I design a system which enables encrypted communication even if the devices are use are compromised. I came up with this idea: take two Raspberry Pis or similar devices. On on of them, I physically destroy the chips which enable wireless communication, the other one I con... |
How strong is Android security in 2021 in situations where your phone gets stolen?
My main concern is internal storage. Is there any specific security progress since Android 7.0?
Is there a possibility of leaking pictures and other data from salvaging parts like internal storage?
|
I'm looking to setup an integration between GitHub and Service Now and I can use OAuth2 using JWT Tokens, the steps to take can be found here.
There is a specific step that states:
Create a CA signed certificate using the GitHub App private key
I've followed the steps and a self-signed certificate is created based on... |
I have an AWS EC2 instance with docker installed, running a default nginx container - docker run -it --rm -d -p 8080:80 --name web nginx.
I have an rsyslog setup that successfully captures the auth.log file for the host, so I can capture any login attempts to that machine. However, I'm wondering if there is any way I c... |
An application has the following javascript code which is triggered whenever an user tries to upload a file.
a.html(fileName)
then if the user uploads a file named <img src=x onerror=alert()> the javascript code is executed.
Does this qualify as a Low-severity DOM-XSS? I mean, usually I see DOM-XSS which exploit URL g... |
First of all I want to say that this question is not a duplicate.
What I want to know(And possibly get reasons) is if it's able to edit SSL certificates.
In more depth, let's say I have a server on my computer where when someone connects to it(and sends the HTTP request) the server get's the Host HTTP parameter(I shoul... |
I made a fatal mistake
I encrypted my mobile SD four years ago.
The phone had a problem a few days ago and I did a factory reset without decoding. The decryption key is no longer active in the settings!
My camera folder contains over 5,000 photos and videos up to 40 GB in size. These are family memories. I recorded all... |
My Facebook account has had its password changed four times today, and I'm wondering what to do.
The first time, was at 5:02pm. I received an email saying that my password had been changed. I recently moved to Canada (from Australia), but the email informed me that someone from Perth, Australia had changed my password.... |
I have setup a VM on our internal network and it is assigned an internal IP address. The VM requires connectivity to a couple of internet sites mainly Microsoft and ports are generally 80 and 443. This is to run Power Automate.
All connections are instigated from the VM.
All connections traverse our perimeter firewall... |
I have a folder with a private key file, certificate file, and a subfolder with several root certificate files.
I have concatenated the latter into the file $DIR/Root Certificates/all.crt.
If I create a pkcs12 certificate out of this using:
openssl pkcs12 -out WILDCARD_clientco_com.pfx -export -passout file:password.tx... |
A similar question has be answered here already, but I have a very specific scenario in which it didn't fulfil my requirements.
I am setting up an environment which includes a web-service running on an intranet domain.
Certain partitions are available to the public through port forwarding which impose higher security r... |
So I am using Tor and I try to log into a certain web site. It gives me a message saying that my IP address was used for spamming and does not let me log in. I think ok, probably the exit node is compromised. So I create a new circuit for the web site, no luck, exit node IP changes, but receiving the same error.
Tried ... |
Currently in the news is yet another hack, this time from NSO and it is reported that an attack vector is via a web link. This is far from unique, as we have got used to advice to not click on "dodgy" links. From this we can derive that web browsers allow remote code access to many if not all functions of the device.... |
I need to verify a MAC for something signed with HMAC-SHA512/256, however, the language I'm using (Salesforce's Apex language) doesn't have support for that algorithm. It does have HMAC-SHA512 and HMAC-SHA256 though – is there a way to transform one into the other, or somehow emulate the truncated version via other ari... |
In working on a vulnerable box, I found a field in a database table where one can insert php code. Based on this exploit:
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/24044
I tried to use this code to make a php webshell:
?php $cmd=$_GET['cmd'];system($cmd);?
It fails (results in the white screen of death). However, if I cha... |
Background
I've recently joined a rapidly growing small business (from 4 to 20 people in last 12 months) with a very DIY IT setup. It's fallen to me (I'm a developer so I just happen to be sitting nearest IT world...) to improve their security and specifically we are aiming to achieve compliance with Cyber Essentials (... |
RODCs can be deployed in locations where physical security cannot be guaranteed, to improve the security. This is the primary use case where a RODC should be deployed.
An other scenario would be to deploy a RODC in an insecure network segment (e.g. where client systems resides), disable or not allow credential caching ... |
What are the indicators of compromise (IoCs) that indicate methods used by the Pegasus spyware on mobile phones?
How is penetration still possible when the latest and up-to-date OS of the phone is used?
|
I'd like to know if some measure is possible to prevent the capturing of packets that are being sent on Android.
I'd need the solution to work via code (cannot rely on external tools).
Packets are already encrypted, but it would be a nice plus if they couldn't be captured, or, at least, that it would be difficult to.
I... |
At the company I work at, we use the output of the Guid.NewGuid method as a session id. So when a customer logs into our website, the output of Guid.NewGuid becomes the customer's session id and is used to authenticate all subsequent requests (until the expiry date).
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.g... |
I was reading about host header injection and found many reports on hackerone.
Assume that if you inject X-Forwarded-Host header to specific requests, you may cause a redirect which can impact the people on the network (eg:https://hackerone.com/reports/158019). But how could this be possible? Because from what I know i... |
I am aware of a bank (redacted for obvious reasons) that has the following password policy.
Only English alphanumeric characters
Min of 8, max of 14 characters
No special characters (ex. !@#$%^&* are all forbidden)
Passwords must be changed every year
Account lockout after 4 bad attempts
What are the specific problem... |
Say I have an endpoint to create a username:
https://example.com/api/create_user/foo/1234/ or
https://example.com/api/create_user/?name=foo&token=1234
Where username = foo and the api token is 1234:
Surely since foo and 1234 is encoded in the URL, it is public? My research says TLS encryption only encypts the body be... |
I am trying to understand the security problems when working with a game that needs an account for its players.
What is the problem of using a self-signed certificate?
If I understand the problem correctly, it's just that if the server private key is compromised, the users will still trust the certificate and the guy t... |
First of all, I'm running ZAP in a Docker container and will automate ZAP scans using Jenkins.
The official docker image seems to have a script that performs spidering and active scans but does not do any fuzzing. Is there a way to fuzz through the command line? I can't do the manual way of going to the GUI and running... |
I have an old let's encrypt (but disregard that, it could be any) certificate that is no longer active.
How may I check if it was valid at the time?
|
When working with x509 certificates and a public and private key pair, let's say you generate a private key that is 4096 bits. Is it possible to have a public key that is only 2048 bits then? Or are the public key and private key sizes always the same?
Specifically I'm referring to the output of openssl x509 -text -noo... |
Yesterday, Msgr. Jeffrey Burrill of the U.S Council of Catholic Bishops resigned because an investigation by Pillar, a Catholic newsletter, alleged that he had used Grindr to find hookups. Fairly standard stuff, but the truly perplexing part was the investigation method:
According to commercially available records of a... |
If I connect to a network, is the network admin able to identify user phone numbers used by Whatsapp through the network traffic? In other words, are phone numbers used to signup by messaging apps such as Whatsapp or Telegram viewable by network admins?
|
For generating PDFs in our web application we have a simple service that accepts a chunk of HTML from the client, wraps it in a standard template, does a couple of simple transforms (like replacing image URLs with inline base64 strings) and renders it as a PDF.
For testing and debugging it is often useful to see what H... |
We are looking to implement some REST services to be called from partner servers (not end users via a browser).
The out-of-the-box implementation seems to flow thusly:
Partner server passes a client id and client secret to our OAuth server, which will use them to generate and pass back an access key
Partner passed the... |
In a corporate context, mobile apps exist that require a user to enter the server address to connect to a specific instance of this vendor's application.
The vendor sells software that it's customers deploy on premise (or on a private cloud). The end user download the vendor's generic mobile app from an app store and c... |
If we plan to log script block logging, module logging and transcription logs in Active Directory using group policy, what/where is the best place to secure these logs so we can be assured of their integrity?
|
I manually found an injection point, on CTF VM, located on POST form. I found it with the following manual payload :
1' OR SLEEP(1)-- t
I would like to use sqlmap. I ended with following call :
sqlmap -u "http://shop.home/shop/administrator/" --data "username=1&password=2" --level=5 --risk=3 --dbms mysql --technique T... |
I'm building my own authentication and deciding on the signup/login flow. I'm would like some security feedback on this type of flow:
User submits email address.
6 character alphanumeric one-time-code is generated and sent to the provided email. OTP is saved in database along with the email and an expiration (5 min).
... |
This is a follow on from this question:
"Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange" in plain English
In the answer to that question, the standard Diffie Hellman key exchange equation is derived:
(g^a mod p)^b mod p = g^ab mod p
(g^b mod p)^a mod p = g^ba mod p
In this answer, only the generator g and a prime number p are used. Wha... |
If we want to detect all Antivirus/Endpoint protection currently installed on a Windows machine?
What is the best approach?
Is there a list of registry locations we can read/iterate? Industry standards?
We see each vendor has its own logic, but maybe there is a unified solution?
We can gather a list of all antivirus an... |
I'm trying to intercept traffic from an Andriod app.
I've forwarded ports 80, 443, 6699 and 6698 on Kali to a listener port and set up arp-spoofing. I'm using BurpSuite on the same computer to listen and intercept (invisible proxy).
Certificates have been installed properly on both host and device and are working for a... |
I use Yahoo Mail from Android devices. In my Sent box over the last few weeks I see a handful of completely blank e-mails (no subject and no contents) being sent to very strange addresses such as: return-a1756-676244-676247-ba1aedb9=136622015=8u@dha.biznes1.com
Other addresses include ...@snip.prikn.com, ...@tej.ruhour... |
I don't know anything about security.
I want to download the videos I like from twitter. And I'm not going to do it by writing a program. I will manually find the necessary link in the html document and download it. Could there be malware in the video I downloaded?
|
Is there a way to associate the state of an arbitrary file to a tpm2 PCR value? I want to seal a secret pass-phrase onto the TPM, and I want the TPM to be able to unseal it only if the file is not tampered with. I read through a related article in the link which talks about protecting the boot process using the TPM. Fu... |
I'm going through my first ISO27001 implementation and I can't seem to find a definitive list of what policies are required. I realise Annex A is "optional".
I've found lists online a few times on a few different sites. I've dumped it into a table and grabbed the descriptions and headings from the actual ISO27001/27002... |
In a browser I want to use SublteCrypto (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/SubtleCrypto) to create a key pair and store it locally in the IndexedDB (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/IndexedDB_API).
Storing the key pair in the IndexedDB has some security advantages as the private key never... |
I'm trying to look for some way for mitigation of insecure deserialization vulnerability for the application front-end
Then I found this link
https://blog.jscrambler.com/exploring-the-owasp-top-10-by-exploiting-vulnerable-node-applications
I saw this in the link:
A8-Insecure Deserialization This type of attack occurs ... |
While looking for the best way to add multiple Subject Alternative Names (SAN) to a Certificate Signing Request (CSR), this namecheap article provided the following command:
openssl req -new -addext "subjectAltName = \
DNS:additionaldomain1.com,DNS:www.additionaldomain2.com,DNS:www.additionaldomain3.com" \
-addext "cer... |
Imagine that there is server required authentication for getting an access to some endpoint.
And developer added some logic to bypass the authentication: if server recieve HTTP header give_me_access=true, then server answers without requiring authenticaton.
Is there way for an attacker to know that the server accept th... |
When using AES-GCM-256 with random nonces, a limit of 2^32 encryptions is specified in order to have a low nonce collision probability. A new key has to be generated to take its place afterwards, I am at this point.
I used my old key to encrypt data that I stored on a cloud storage service, there is already a lot of da... |
I've read through RFC 6749: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6749
The only mention of consent is in this bit:
The authorization server MUST implement CSRF protection for its
authorization endpoint and ensure that a malicious client cannot
obtain authorization without the awareness and explicit consent of
the re... |
I am aware that it is possible to use a block cipher with the GCM-mode to provide authenticity, but this does not completely do what I need.
I have a cloud storage provider I do not completely trust, in particular when it comes to rolling back the data. I use AES-GCM to encrypt and authenticate the data, but what preve... |
I am developing an application and It needs to be highly secured. Because of that reason, I am researching more security vulnerabilities and I found the below paragraph. This is related to input validation and I have already implemented client-side and server-side validation. But this paragraph says while processing da... |
I bought a second-hand laptop from a stranger. My (totally unjustified) concern is that there might be malware on the device.
According to this answer, there is no easy fix if it's malicious firmware. I don't know how easy it is to implant malicious firmware, so I have no idea if this should be a legitimate concern.
If... |
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