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The first time I connect via SSH, a "fingerprint" appears. How can I be sure that it belongs to my server/router/etc. and has not been tampered with by a fraudster (MITM)?
For example, for key-based authentication, I decide to send the public key to the remote router.
ssh-copy-id -f root@123.123.123.123 < /dev/null
In ... |
My tech support company now has access to my computer 24/7... instead of our old system where I would email them, set an appointment, and then I would grant them permission to access my computer. A pop-up does appear when they are on screen, but they can close that pop-up down. So my concern is that they can access m... |
Is it possible that SIP tools like sipvicious and other SIP tools work on SIP-TLS networks where all of the devices (IP-Phones) have a certificate verify feature?
|
I have a professional laptop for working at the office and at home. There is a VPN to connect to my work network.
I know that my employer can see which URL I visit even in incognito mode because all the connections are going through my work network.
I was wondering what if I install a VPN plugin directly on my web brow... |
I am trying to change the password hashing scheme for LDAP. Hypothetically, let's assume it's pw-argon.so
I don't have slapd.conf I have the slapd.d directory where I can make changes dynamically to the daemon.
What changes do I have to make in the cn= config DIT so that I can put that hashing algorithm into action wi... |
I'm working on a photo sharing app that stores files in the cloud, encrypted, and lets you share those files with others. To do that, as suggested in answers to this previous question:
files are encrypted locally with a (random) symmetric key, then uploaded
then this first key is encrypted for each recipient using a s... |
Last year, my friend who is learning hacking for nearly 3 years hacked my phone using social engineering by installing some malware in my phone. (After researching on Google, I think it might be a reverse meterpreter)
As soon as I realized that my phone has infected after one hour since malware was installed, I scanned... |
I am trying to understand the security concerns related to using the private network provided by my hosting ISPs.
The ISPs offer a private network feature that only my VPS instances are connected to. The private networks only support IPv4 and only servers within the same physical location.
I am already trusting the ISP... |
How do Android devices (at least all the non-enterprise personal devices I remember owning) display the wallpaper (usually chosen from the 'downloads' folder) on the lock screen when it first is turned on if the image file is supposed to be encrypted and therefore inaccessible/off-limits until after the password/pin/pa... |
An enterprise has its internal PKI-1 (Root CA) that issues certificates to sign document using CAdES-C (CAdES-LT); with Complete Validation Data References and revocation references.
Now this enterprise has to switch to new external PKI-2 (new Root CA) for the issuing of digital signing certificates. The private keys w... |
As i understand it, PKI with an asymetric key approach is much more secure than a symetric key encryption. The keys are much bigger but it takes more CPU power to en- and decrypt. So why do we exchange the pre-master secret? couldnt we just encrypt the shared secret (key for symetric encryption)? The client could come ... |
One of the raised issues for a Web API is that for an e-mail based authentication (e-mail and password) the Register user method returns something like "the registration e-mail has been sent" regardless of the e-mail being used or not for an account:
there is no account using that e-mail: the e-mail is actually sent a... |
Let's assume we have REST API in which you accept GET and POST HTTP requests without the ability to execute files.
Is it possible to execute malware in this scenario?
Would there be any justifiable benefit of malware scanning of such endpoints?
|
Since Secure Boot authenticates software, the OS only needs to check hardware. The implementation I have in mind measures hardware and compares the result of the measurement to the value in an EFI NVRAM variable. If they differ, the OS halts. This comparison can be inserted into a Linux initramfs, for example. Is such ... |
I have a .zip file and I want to crack its password using john.
first I use zip2john:
then I use john for cracking the password:
but after 10 seconds, john stop cracking and exit.
what's wrong?
|
Background.
Context. I use Firefox, Google Chrome, or Chromium on Linux.
Question. How to have my browser resist the JA3 fingerprint, so that sites don't identify me by it?
Thoughts. I guess it may involve a way to randomise the way my client negotiates TLS connections? Any way to randomise the content of my TLS HELLO ... |
I have a question about implementing user password-based encryption in a database injunction with the Social Login feature.
User private data in my database should be encrypted in order to provide security at rest, and for that, I'm planning to use a user password-derived key.
Also, my application will need the Social ... |
Can someone please explain to me the difference between the USB Rubber Ducky and the Bash Bunny? I understand that the Bash Bunny can emulate more trusted devices then just the keyboard like the USB Rubber Ducky, but why does that make it more dangerous for a lack of a better word at the moment?
What can be done with t... |
Not fully sure if these types of questions are allowed here, but don't see anything against it in the help centre so I'm assuming it is. Please point me to a better place to ask if it's not!
I'm making an account system for my website and trying to do my best to protect accounts from several types of attacks but a bit ... |
Just want to settle a debate I'm having with someone.
Suppose there is no SOP. Via an XSS exploit, code can run on website A.com and submit an XHR request to B.com. Suppose B.com stores an auth token in an HTML page (maybe to interface with WASM/Flash/Java applet) and this data is read. Then CSRF can be used with this ... |
I have this recent Wikipedia certificate issued by intermediate CA Let's encrypt:
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
03:95:2f:46:69:de:e4:d2:19:35:7f:f0:27:6a:fa:fe:09:cb
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
...
...
...
Signature Algorithm: sha256With... |
I want to create an internet forum where users can copy and paste links to external URLs within a thread. What measures should be taken to lessen the likelihood that links posted do not have malicious intent?
|
My goal is to ensure that two operating systems installed side-by-side on the same device are unable to return the same canvas fingerprint, when a modern browser is allowed to run javascript without any anti-fingerprint restrictions in place.
this question is with respect to canvas fingerprinting, whereby an adversary... |
If we intercept Google account creation form using burp and change any form data, even a single character in the first name and forward the request will result in to "Some thing went wrong" page Can any one point me some guidance or resource to refer on getting some idea on how beautifully Google is handling this. If w... |
I'm a newbie ethical hacker and bug bounty hunter. Lets, assume my target is somethingtohack.com, the thing is the company's scope defines that the main domain is out of scope, but subdomains like subdomain.somethingtohack.com are in scope, and while hunting I've discovered an SSTI which is leading to RCE in the main d... |
We received recently security report with [low] security issue: Missing "Must-Staple" extension on certificate.
With help of old article oscp-must-staple I managed to create CRA with extension.
Requested Extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Key Usage:
Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key... |
Paying with credit card's NFC. I know about tokenization and all that, but does that actually protect my card against theft when the terminal is malicious?
|
I have the following SPF record:
v=spf1 include:_spf.mailspamprotection.com include:_spf.google.com ip4:209.85.220.0/24 ~all
Although I have included _spf.mailspamprotection.com in my SPF record, which includes ip4:146.66.121.0/24, I get SPF Fail from delivery.mailspamprotection.com IP:146.66.121.100. I have the same ... |
I am trying to understand what does SOP mean? If there are two sites such as example1.com and examole2.com what are the dangers can one of them cause to the other? Like stealing what, received what?! So SOP exists to prevent that catastrophe to happen.
Thanks in advance
|
When I open up my macro-enabled office files (i.e., .docm, .xlsm, .pptm) that contain signed macros as a Zip file, I see the following three files which I assume contain the digital signatures for the macro:
vbaProjectSignature.bin
vbaProjectSignatureAgile.bin
vbaProjectSignatureV3.bin
Each file contains binary data,... |
Is there software available that makes it easy for multiple authorisations to be required before a file can be opened? The simplest solution I've found online is to encrypt a file with a password, split the passwords into multiple pieces and give each user a password fragment, but this requires them all to be physicall... |
I have published my gpg key on keys.openpgp.org, keyserver.ubuntu.com, and my own WKDs corresponding to each of the two email addresses on my own domains.
Another user updated my public key from my WKD (per my instruction using gpg --auto-key-locate clear,nodefault,wkd --locate-key <email address>), certified it, and s... |
this is purely an exploratory question.
If this is not the right place to ask for it,
please point me to the right one.
TLS version: TLS 1.2
CIPHER SUITE : TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
(any cipher suite that involves creation of a pre-master secret)
Note: I understand in TLS 1.3 , the handshakes are encrypted ... |
When im doing a penitent, I noticed the application takes the user input and put it in a tag. When I used the string of '';!--"<XSS>=&{()}, I noticed the returned output (when viewing in page source) is '';!--"<XSS>=&{()},. I think that means only < and > and & are encoded.
Another instance I found is user ... |
Recently, GitLab[1] and GitKraken[2] notified users about a vulnerability in GitKraken version v in range 7.6.0<=v<=8.0.0. Those versions are affected by CVE-2021-41117[3] and therefore, generate weak SSH keys. Now, as an administrator of a GitLab instance, I want to know, if any of my users use weak keys generated by ... |
I was reading the following question:
Why do mobile devices force user to type password after reboot?
To find out why fingerprint authentication on my Windows 10 laptop isn't an option on startup. It turned out to be because it did not meet the following requirements:
On each entry, the device must transform the pass... |
I have a simple file server running on a small Ubuntu machine that facilitates file sharing and 2 way folder syncing between my and my girlfriend's 4 computers through SFTP over a private network.
The setup works great for this purpose. I like how simple it is and the idea that I could easily and securely allow access ... |
I am currently trying to solve the RazorBlack room on tryhackme. After enumerating the machine, I created a list of valid usernames and was also able to crack the password of one of the users. Now I want to check if one of the users is using the same password. For this I executed the following command:
crackmapexec smb... |
I am creating a cross-platform application, in which I am encrypting all data using AES-GSM.
So my problem is that I want to store private keys locally on the user's device (either Android, IOS, Web, etc.). But Since for login I have multiple options i.e either biometric(in case of offline), PIN, OTP, Email-Password, o... |
I was learning volatility and in this room in tryhackme they used psxview to find the hidden processes.
The assignment was,
It's fairly common for malware to attempt to hide itself and the
process associated with it. That being said, we can view intentionally
hidden processes via the command psxview. What process has ... |
My question is about what exploits are possible given the following, not how to prevent SQL injection. I would not use this code in a real application.
Using MSSQL Server 2019, imagine a stored procedure for a search that does something like:
DECLARE @keyword varchar(30); -- are there keyword values can cause injection... |
I'm studying iot Secure knowledge.
I find that people say that TLS/DTLS can provid e2e security but in HTTP diagram it will stop at Server.
A->Server->B and data at Server will be decrypted.
In my opinion TLS in web use this diagram because TLS usually need a Fix ip point(Usually Server), in IPv4 environment client oft... |
One the Hashicorp Vault basic feature is secret leasing. They state:
Leasing and Renewal: All secrets in Vault have a lease associated with them. At the end of the lease, Vault will automatically revoke that secret. Clients are able to renew leases via built-in renew APIs.
At the top of my head, I compare such featur... |
So I am writing a password manager (mostly low value, application specific passwords) for a game. I need a way to store a password safely. Light reading suggests using a key derivation function (like pbkdf2), and then encrypt the password using that key (using an algorithm such as AES256).
The KDF takes in a salt, and ... |
I lent my old laptop to a person who was in need of it in order to work abroad during autumn. Recently though, I learnt from a trusted source that his father had faced trouble with the police in the past due to some minor illegal activities. His parents are divorced. He seems a great guy and I do not think he maintains... |
While I'm pen testing, I came across these values mapping to a store ID. These values are gathered across three different accounts.
0015400000jpjcEAAQ
0015400000jrjH7AAI
0015400000jtDS9AAM
It's not a hash or base64. It doesn't look encrypted either as there are 10-bytes static values. The last 8-bytes tho, what can I ... |
How to configure snort 3 to detect nmap's port scanning? For instance I want to know that an external machine A is looking with nmap for open ports on my machine B.
Such a port scan can include all ports incl. of the services available behind it with version (see nmap -A ). If port scanning is dectected I want to log i... |
I understand there is entry node, middle node and exit node when a user accesses an internet resource like https://www.google.com while coeected to the tor network.
Is the concept the same if the user, while within the tor network, visits a resource within the tor network like http://rfyb5tlhiqtiavwhikdlvb3fumxgqwtgxna... |
At work we are using a secure file transfer utility that, after setting it up, sends you and the participants you want to share those files with, two emails. One email contains the randomised username, another one the password. I understand that this is done to minimise the risk of exposing both pieces of information a... |
I'm trying to apply STRIDE to secure my architecture.
xxx
xxx
xxx
┌──────────┐xx ┌──────────┐
│ node ├─xx──────signals───────► hub │
│ │ x │ │
└───▲──────┘ xx └──────────┘
│ x
│ xx ... |
I have a question regarding the element. I know that this element has been deprecated for a long time, but during a penetration test, we inserted the following attack vector into a textarea:
<plaintext onmouseover="(function(){ console.log(document.domain); })();">
Other attack vectors for XSS are blocked, even HTML ... |
Many popular reverse proxies (tomcat, nginx, ...) seem to handle OpenID Connect and act as a Relying Party to hide the authentication complexity to all applications behind the reverse proxy, which just receive http headers containing user info.
Is this a good practice, to have just one Relying Party (the reverse proxy)... |
Disclaimer + Background
Since self signed certs are not that popular, here's some context:
I have a 3rd party client/server application that we're currently using (inside the LAN!) via unencrypted TCP/IP. (The protocol is proprietary, not HTTP.)
This application offers operation via SSL/TLS by installing a self-signed ... |
The error I get from pkcs11-tool.exe is "No slots."
My server has a hardware security module (Nitrokey HSM 2) that becomes inaccessible once I connect to my server via Windows Remote Desktop.
Note: this is NOT for logging in with smart cards. I use my HSM to decrypt data with its private key.
I use this HSM with the pk... |
I am trying to get deeper into buffer overflow and lower-level stuff in general and am confused regarding one particular topic. I have seen examples of buffer overflows in which the shellcode is supplied by the attacker in two types. The first is one where the shellcode takes place before the return address and the sec... |
I have been conducting some minor research into the various forms of exploitation, such as buffer overflows and similar.
Most tutorials seem to focus on executing shellcode, that is code which executes a shell. I was wondering if the cause of this is because of limited space available, otherwise why not execute an enti... |
Previous post was deleted for not enough context, which I apologise for. I will try to provide as much context as I can. I am aware this appears to be an example of a SYN flood attack with spoofed ip addresses, however should there not be a SYN ACK response from the server?
I was wondering if anyone was able to find a... |
I've been doing some research into GPU based malwares, and would like to know if there is a way to run them on a dual boot scenario with the code being executed only on one Operational System and be "stored" to also execute on the second one. Both OS's would be the same (two Linuxes, for example).
From what I understoo... |
I have read about X-Content-Type-Options and it says often that it protects against IE mime sniffing problems.
I am wondering if in 2021 it is still valid and a problem for modern browsers? In other words, will it be beneficial for my web server that serves html, images, etc. to have this header on?
|
Are files put into the Pages/Shared folder public to the whole WWW if the website is hosted publicly? I am asking since I want to implement a partial view load thru a controller and want to know whether it's secure.
I am using ASP.NET Core version 6 if that matters.
|
Is there an online service which allows to download a file from a URL directly zipped?
I want to analyze a potential malicious JavaScript file with some automatic anti virus engines but I don't want to download the file unzipped. Furthermore my network's proxy settings are blocking an unzipped download due to a blackli... |
lets say I have a rar file that has a bunch of images inside. Is there any risk of opening the image inside the rar without extracting the entire file?
|
If someone has all the information from my credit card name, exp date, card number, cvv and pin but no card, would they still be able to use a reader-writer or would they have to have the card to copy? And is there software that can help do this?
|
Can you make a server appear to be in another country and how would you do it?
|
If you wrap all your data in an end-to-end encrypted payload is it safe to transmit over HTTP or at worse case self signed HTTPS instead of traditional CA signed SSL?
|
Recently (just now) the npm package ua-parser-js was found to be hijacked. The hijack installs a crypto miner on preinstall but I noticed the following passage in the preinstall script:
IP=$(curl -k https://freegeoip.app/xml/ | grep 'RU\|UA\|BY\|KZ')
if [ -z "$IP" ]
then
var=$(pgrep jsextension)
if [ -z "$var"... |
This is the third part of a forensics challenge in a European CTF, and it is apparently the most difficult one because only three people flagged it among 700 participating.
I'm only here for guidance on what could be done and only want an answer for the question in the title of this post. I'll start first by giving an ... |
Hard drive firmware infections were documented in 2015:
The hacking tool, believed to be a product of the NSA, is significant because subverting the firmware gives the attackers God-like control of the system in a way that is stealthy and persistent even through software updates.
You'd think that since then other mal... |
For several days now I am receiving activation codes by SMS that look like this:
Your ToYou verification code is 8058
Some are from ToYou, that seems to be a delivery service, others are from similar services in Russia, other are written in Arabic, needless to say I never signed up for these services.
I have been an we... |
When sniffing network traffic, one can see an HTTPS packet and all its (encrypted) data.
I am wondering what would happen if this packet is copied and then re-sent.
Is there a protocol at some layer that prevents the same packet being used twice? (with something such as a timestamp maybe)
If not, how should the server ... |
a while ago I checked results associated with my name on duckduckgo. The name I am referring to is the first name and surname, which is associated with a google account. Scrolling through the results, I noticed that a youtube link was being shown, clicking on which a list of videos was shown, many of which I had actual... |
DocuSign requires that your password "must not contain the characters <, > or spaces."
Is this not an odd requirement? Despite being a leader in online document signing, my gut tells me there's something odd under-the-hood.
|
Looking for everyone's opinion here. One of my buddies was doing a vendor security review for a company that sells different types of software. The software allows you to create 3D models for home and office design (think HGTV home improvement). This software is installed locally on either a Win or Mac client.
From wha... |
When someone uses a browser to connect to https://google.com via Tor network, the client needs to exchange a key with Google in order to keep all the data hidden from the exit node, right? Otherwise, when the exit node unencrypts the message, he could read all the data in it, or also read the session cookies returned b... |
Corporations and governments use a variety of de-anonymization techniques to identify and profile users.
All aspects of our personal lives are now consolidated online (banking, medical, academic, remote work, shopping, dating, messaging, social media, news etc). This can reveal a lot of personal information like who yo... |
For simple authentication with backend services, without more sophisticated needs (e.g. roles and scopes), is there any security benefit in using JWTs instead of sending HMAC hashes to verify a payload?
HMAC:
Client generates a timestamp & payload
Client has the secret key already as part of code base
Client uses key ... |
I have nginx as reverse proxy and apache in the back, a firewall setup to enable just http and https, and ssh.
netstat -tlupna gives me tens of lines with multiple TIME_WAIT or ESTABLISHED lines coming from plenty of IPs:80 and IPs:443 into my server.
There were few ESTABLISHED connections to ports on my server that I ... |
Why is SMS OTP not as secure as Authenticator Applications such as Microsoft Authenticator, etc? Is it because of snooping of mobile communications? or?
|
I am amateur/barely novice to home networking trying to narrow down, if at all possible, angles of intrusion.
Attacker connects to home network after I willingly give password. Before they connect I:
disconnect my pc (laptop Windows 10) from home network but leave my phone (Oneplus up-to-date android) connected for du... |
I have a content as shown below
I have encrypted the content by running the below command
cd C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319
aspnet_regiis.exe -pef "secureAppSettings" "your application web config path" -prov >> "DataProtectionConfigurationProvider"
This generated as follow (Sample , not the real pa... |
I'm currently implementing a login session system for a web application. I've read lots of articles recommending very low session and idle timeouts. For example OWASP says:
Both the idle and absolute timeout values are highly dependent on how critical the web application and its data are. Common idle timeouts ranges a... |
Imagine this scenario
A StackExchange user sends you a PGP-encrypted message
You decrypt the message and discover that you are being blackmailed
You report the message to the admins but they are unable to view the content
In this situation, is there any way to tie the plaintext to the ciphertext without revealing you... |
I have a certificate issued by lets encrypt and one of the certificate in the path has this information:
[1]CRL Distribution Point
Distribution Point Name:
Full Name:
URL=http://x1.c.lencr.org/
On the client machine (that runs in the highly restrictive environment) I can open my URL in fi... |
The Signal protocol utilizes the double ratchet algorithm to achieve end-to-end encryption with forward secrecy and future secrecy (aka break-in recovery).
Forward secrecy ensures that if any of the user’s keys are
compromised (including long-term identity keys and ephemeral keys),
these keys cannot be used to go back... |
I have a common email (gmail, outlook, mail, etc) provider that I use to purchase from different merchants (amazon, target, etc).
Since some of these providers have had breaches before, do there exist security best practices around deleting purchase order emails as soon as possible? Would it matter as action "delete" i... |
I can’t figure it out / understand. Need to write a rule that catches an HTTP POST request from one ip address more than three times in 10 seconds and logs it.
alert http $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET any (msg:"HTTP post packet flood "; flow:to_server; ..... count 3, seconds 10;)
What commands should use instead of d... |
While analysing a DDoS attack on my site using CloudFlare console, I've noticed that many attack requests come from AS139190 GOOGLE-AS-AP Google Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. with Empty user agent.
I'm wondering how Google is exploited to attack my site?
|
I am testing my mail server setup with this tool https://email-test.had.dnsops.gov/ and I am getting suspicious that the tool may not be working right.
From what I understand it reports that my alignment check fails. I do not understand what is failing, because other online test tools state:
SPF: pass
DKIM: pass
DMARC... |
For learning and testing purposes I'd like to change the UserAgent in the HTTP header.
In the desktop Firefox it is simple: there is an add-on for this task. But on android... it is impossible.
I thought, I will setup a proxy (privoxy for example) and it will change that header.
Yes, I know, most of the servers are usi... |
Bad news, I lost my VeraCrypt password. (Yes, it was extremely stupid.) Good news I used a self-created formula to build the password. I do this because it makes the password long and complex, but easier for me to remember.
Well, it didn’t work like I had hoped. I ended up going an extended time without needing to use ... |
My computer probably had malware. Decided to install linux and do a disc wipe using a linux distro called Pop!_OS (ubuntu based)
Can a piece of malware/virus inject itself into an ISO
According to the above SecuritySE post, it's an unlikely propagation method, so I don't really need to worry about the .iso being infect... |
An independent security auditor discovered many open ports by using nmap while auditing a web service deployed on GCP. The service is a Cloud Run instance behind an HTTP(s) load balancer. The auditor wants to flag these as risks in the audit report.
However Documentation from Google specifically mentions that a securit... |
I want to store the passwords of accounts hashed into a database that can be accessed through a python-flask application. When you would login, this python application is supposed to provide you with a token that will be saved in the frontend so it knows who's logged in. The thing that confuses me here, is that the pas... |
Lets say we have this SPF record
v=spf1 include:spf.protection.outlook.com include:spf.onprem.com -all`
And this record
v=spf1 include:spf.protection.outlook.com include:spf.onprem.com ?all
What would be the difference ?
Would record1 actually be valid and record2 will be useless in regard of spoofing ? The ?all shou... |
I've heard it's good for security to have a shorter expiration time for GPG keys, but I'm still not clear on why that is exactly. Is the purpose of a GPG key mainly to inform the legitimate user that they ought to generate a key at some point? Or is it a genuine security feature rendering the key totally unusable aft... |
Using agent forwarding comes with a risk, but stored private keys can also abused if the attacker has compromised the remote machine.
In this thread I want to discuss whether agent forwarding is safe to use or should not be used because of known security issues.
I know, there are some other questions, where this topic ... |
I have multiple java based application that interact with each over over TLS and I am trying to enforce 128 bit ciphers for TLS communication.
The way I am enforcing 128 bit cipher on the java(server side) is by setting following property in the java.security file of the JDK :
jdk.tls.disabledAlgorithms=SSLv3, RC4, DES... |
I have an information security class this semester, and I need to write a paper evaluating how secure NFC and RFID technology is.
A lot of questions previously asked here are at least 3 years old, and I'm sure computing power within NFC and RFID tags have increased since then, so I'd like to hear about more recent deve... |
There are many risk assessment guidelines such NIST800-30 and ISO 27005 that provide a catalogue of known threats as reference. Using a qualitative approach, I selected one threat events catalogue and I tried to select the threats that are applicable to my use case.
To my understanding, by studying the system design sp... |
For quite a while, it has been common that the CN of a web server certificate also needs to be present in the SAN list, and new versions of browsers enforce this. So, if my CN is www.example.com, and the SAN has only example.com, browsers will refuse to connect, resp. show certificate warnings and have the user take ex... |
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