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>Enolate vs hydrate formation
Both the enolate and the hydrate form.
Aldehydes (and ketones) react with water in the presence of acid or base to form [hydrates](http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/?title=Organic_Chemistry/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactions_of_Aldehydes_%26_Ketones/Addition_of_Water_to_form_Hydrates_%28Gem-D... |
What is the graph of carbon dioxide ($\ce{CO2}$) content in the air in a compartment consisting of 80 percent air and 20 percent ocean sea water as a function of temperature, in the temperature range 0 to 60 degree Celsius?
Example but not the complete answer:
![enter image description here][1]
As can be seen ... |
Before explaining why lead is radioactive? I would like to briefly explain what radioactivity is.
[According to wikipedia][1]:
> Radioactive decay, also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity, is
the process by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by
emitting ionizing radiation. A material that s... |
What is the standard heat of formation of the nitrate ion, based on the standard enthalpy of formation of silver nitrate? |
I recently added a potassium hydroxide, $\ce{KOH}$, pellet to a small droplet of hydrogen peroxide (30%), $\ce{H2O2}$. You could clearly see the potassium hydroxide dissolving in the droplet when instantaneously the solutions began to fizz strongly (boil and/or release oxygen gas, I'm not sure) and release a lot of hea... |
What exactly happened when I added KOH to hydrogen peroxide? |
To my understanding, $\ce{Cu(II)}$ actually prefers four-fold coordination with ligands like water and ammonia, in the [square planar][1] configuration. Gas-phase DFT / MD simulations bear this out$^1$, at least for $\ce{H2O}$, and the pioneering work$^2$ of Jannik Bjerrum indicates, apropos Loong's answer, that the fi... |
I know that relative atomic mass of $^{12}\text{C}$ is 12u.
Therefore mass of $\text{1 mol C = 12g}$
$$\text{mass of 6.022}\times 10^{23} \text{ C atoms} = 12g$$
$$\text{mass of 1} \text{ C atom} = \frac{12g}{6.022\times10^{23}}12g$$
$$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=\boxed{1.99\times10^{23}}$$
BUT
---
$$1 u = 1.66*1... |
What is the mass of 1 atom of carbon? |
I know that relative atomic mass of $^{12}\text{C}$ is 12u.
Therefore mass of $\text{1 mol C = 12g}$
$$\text{mass of 6.022}\times 10^{23} \text{ C atoms} = 12g$$
$$\text{mass of 1} \text{ C atom} = \frac{12g}{6.022\times10^{23}}12g$$
$$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=\boxed{1.99\times10^{\textbf{-}23}}$$
BUT
---
$$1 ... |
Why do all gases occupy 22.4 L at STP? According to my thinking... it may be due to equal diffusion of all particles when at a particular temperature and pressure.
So going by this, all gases should occupy **same $x$ L at some other temperature-pressure conditions**. Is this true **?** |
Do all gases occupy same $x$ L at $y$ temp-pressure conditions? |
> Why do all gases occupy 22.4 L at STP?
The question is based on a false premise. Only [ideal gases](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas) are guaranteed to occupy 22.4 L at STP. There are many gases that are not ideal.
> So going by this, all gases should occupy same $x$ L at some other temperature-pressure... |
I know that relative atomic mass of $\ce{^{12}C}$ is $12~\mathrm{u}$.
Therefore mass of $1~\mathrm{mol}~\ce{C} = 12~\mathrm{g}$
\begin{align}
\text{mass of }6.022\cdot 10^{23} \text{ C atoms} &= 12~\mathrm{g}\\
\text{mass of }1 \text{ C atom} &= \frac{12~\mathrm{g}}{6.022\cdot10^{23}}12~\mathrm{g}\\
&=\boxed{... |
Both approaches are correct.
[Avogadro constant is][1] $6.02214129\times 10^{23}$ and represents the number of carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams of unbound carbon-12 in the ground electronic state.
$12$grams$/6.02214129\times 10^{23} = 1.9926467\times 10^{-23}$grams
The [unified atomic mass unit (u) is][2] $1.6... |
Why do all gases occupy 22.4 L at standard temperature and pressure? According to my thinking, it may be due to equal diffusion of all particles when at a particular temperature and pressure.
So going by this, all gases should occupy the same $x~\mathrm{L}$ at some other temperature-pressure conditions. Is this tru... |
Do all gases occupy same volume at equal temperature and pressure conditions? |
When studying ligand substitution (at UK year 13 level), the following example has been given:
\begin{align}
\ce{[Cu(H2O)_6]^2+ + 2NH3 &<=> [Cu(OH)_2(H2O)_6] + 2NH4^+}\\
\ce{[Cu(OH)_2(H2O)_4] + 4NH3 &<=> [Cu(NH3)_4(H2O)_2]^2+ +2OH- +2H2O}\\
\end{align}
There has been no explanation given of why the substitutio... |
Why is ligand substitution only partial with copper(II) ions and ammonia? |
Both approaches are correct.
[Avogadro number is][1] $6.02214129\times 10^{23}$ and represents the number of carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams of unbound carbon-12 in the ground electronic state.
$12$grams$/6.02214129\times 10^{23} = 1.9926467\times 10^{-23}$grams
The [unified atomic mass unit (u) is][2] $1.660... |
Both approaches are correct.
[Avogadro's number is][1] $6.02214129\times 10^{23}$ and represents the number of carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams of unbound carbon-12 in the ground electronic state.
$12$grams$/6.02214129\times 10^{23} = 1.9926467\times 10^{-23}$grams
The [unified atomic mass unit (u) is][2] $1.6... |
> Why do all gases occupy 22.4 L [**per mol**] at STP?
The question is based on a false premise. Only [ideal gases](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas) are guaranteed to occupy 22.4 L/mol at STP. There are many gases that are not ideal.
> So going by this, all gases should occupy same $x$ L at some other te... |
We need to calculate the heat produced by a set of $N_R$ reactions in our reactor model.
\begin{align}
Q_r = \sum_{j=1}^{Nr} Rr_j*\Delta H_{R,j}
\end{align}
$Rr_j$ is the reaction rate of reaction $j$, in $\frac{kmol}{kgcat s}$
$\Delta H_{R,j}$, in $\frac{kJ}{kmol}$, is constant and calculated as:
\begi... |
So for the reaction of H2O with an alkyl ethene, in the presence of D(^+) ions, forms two possible carbocations:
R-CHD-CH2(^+) and R-CH(^+)-CH2D
The major product formed is the secondary carbocation as it is stabler than the primary carbocation.
So my questions are:
1. Are the two carbocations in an equili... |
Are carbocation intermediates in equilibrium? |
When I freeze water with some impurities (1% NaCl by mass), the mixture seems to have a much lower enthalpy of fusion that pure water. The impurities cause the [freezing point to depress][1] to 0.6°C. I only have a simple calorimeter available but it looks like the enthalpy of fusion is dropping by 25%+ compared to pur... |
I'd like clarification of the meaning of $W_\mathrm{max}$ in the following equations (and thus in the combined result in the third equation):
\begin{align}
W_\mathrm{max} &= \Delta G\\
W_\mathrm{max} &= -nF\varepsilon\\
\Delta G &= -nF\varepsilon\\
\end{align}
In the first equation, we somehow come to the concl... |
So for the reaction of $\rm H_2O$ with an alkyl ethene, in the presence of $\rm D^+$ ions, forms two possible carbocations:
$\ce{ R-CHD-CH2^+}$ and $\ce{R-CH^+-CH2D}$
The major product formed is the secondary carbocation as it is stabler than the primary carbocation.
So my questions are:
1. Are the two car... |
Why does one mole of all gases occupy 22.4 L at standard temperature and pressure? According to my thinking, it may be due to equal diffusion of all particles when at a particular temperature and pressure.
So going by this, one mole of all gases should occupy the same $x~\mathrm{L}$ at some other temperature-pressu... |
> 1. Are the two carbocations in an equilibrium or are they formed in specific, fixed quantities?
$\ce{R-CH=CH2 + H^+ <=> R-CH2-CH2^+ + RCH^+-CH3 <=> alcohol~products}$
**Yes, the two carbocations formed are in equilibrium**. Initially the two carbocations will be formed in a ratio dependent upon the difference i... |
So for the reaction of $\ce{H_2O}$ with an alkyl ethene, in the presence of $\ce{D^+}$ ions, forms two possible carbocations:
$\ce{ R-CHD-CH2^+}$ and $\ce{R-CH^+-CH2D}$
The major product formed is the secondary carbocation as it is stabler than the primary carbocation.
So my questions are:
1. Are the two c... |
> Does it mean that the reaction rate should be specific to R1 or R2?
Yes. The unit of your reaction rate $Rr_j$ is $\frac{\textrm{kmol}}{\textrm{kg}_{cat}}$. But the key question is **kmol of what**? A good way to think about the answer is "_kmol of things that have a stoichiometric coefficient of 1 in the react... |
> How do I know which is the "correct" way to write the reaction?
There is no single correct way. Picking a different way to write the reaction affects both $\Delta H_{R_j}$ and $Rr_j$ in opposite ways that cancel out.
> Does it mean that the reaction rate should be specific to R1 or R2?
Yes. The unit of you... |
When doing TLCs to monitor reactions, it is considered good common practise to not only spot the reactands and the reaction mixture (likely after some mini-workup), but also to include a ‘cross-spot’: every other substance (mixture) spotted somewhere on the plate is spotted together on one spot, commonly labelled somet... |
What mechanisms might make substances travel different distances on the same TLC plate? |
I am taking the instrumental methods of analysis course. Our job is to find the unknown mass of Fe which is added, by measuring the absorbance of different solutions with ortho-fenantroline. Since i guess its clear for what I am talking about, my question is :
Is there any way i can know if my calculated mass of Fe is... |
> Are all mechanisms involving carbocations concerted?
Many carbocations are stable, observable entities. Many large, delocalized carbocations like methyl violet 10B (crystal violet) form very stable salts, other carbocations are easily observed by nmr.
![enter image description here][1]
If free carbocations ... |
> are there other reasons why the components of a mixture should have different Rf values when spotted separately?
One might speculate that two polar reactants form a less polar "adduct". This should however result in an additional spot, rather than in altered $\mathrm{R_f}$ values for the individual compounds.
B... |
We need to calculate the heat produced by a set of $N_R$ reactions in our reactor model.
\begin{align}
Q_r = \sum_{j=1}^{Nr} Rr_j*\Delta H_{R,j}
\end{align}
$Rr_j$ is the reaction rate of reaction $j$, in $\frac{kmol}{kg_{cat} s}$
$\Delta H_{R,j}$, in $\frac{kJ}{kmol}$, is constant and calculated as:
\b... |
Am I right that you are planning to simply calculate the $\ce{Fe}$ concentration using the Lambert-Beer equation?
The obvious proof would be to prepare $\ce{Fe}$ solutions with known concentration(s) to compare the absorbances. Using these solutions, you can also make sure that the assumption of linearity over the c... |
Can someone tell me if quantum yield of a reaction factors in the number of electrons needed to create the particular species and if not if there is a metric that does?
For example, I have a 4 electron reduction which means that even if I have 100% efficiency, my quantum yield = # molecules reduced / photons absorbe... |
does quantum yield of reaction factor in number of electrons needed? |
I am taking the instrumental methods of analysis course. Our job is to find the unknown mass of $\ce{Fe}$ which is added, by measuring the absorbance of different solutions with ortho-fenantroline. Since i guess its clear for what I am talking about, my question is:
Is there any way i can know if my calculated ma... |
I am taking the instrumental methods of analysis course. Our job is to find the unknown mass of $\ce{Fe}$ which is added, by measuring the absorbance of different solutions with ortho-fenantroline.
Is there any way I can know if my calculated mass of $\ce{Fe}$ is correct or not? Is there any way I can prove it, ... |
I had broken a CFL partially on carpet last week. It was a spent bulb, and the outer glass shell broke but not the fluorescent tube - apparently the tube did have a small hole in it which found out after all my other steps when I saw it in the garbage.
When I cleaned it up first, I used a mild spray cleaner which co... |
can organomercury synthesize accidentally from household cleaning products? |
There are a number of types of rapid chemical equilibria that basically cannot be turned off. Tautomers are probably the best known examples, although [fluxional](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxional_molecule) behavior is observed in many inorganic and organometallic systems.
The origin for most tautomers is that ... |
1. Meh, personally I'm not worried about the vapours. You'll be sane and be doing this in an at least somewhat ventilated space, right? Don't do anything outright stupid, but also don't fear the substances so much that your defences cause you to trip and break a toe. $\ce{HCl}$ and $\ce{NaOH}$ aren't exactly harmless, ... |
I hope this is the best place to pose this unique question. Please forgive me if it's not.
I went into a closet to get a prescription medication that was filled about a year ago.
The label on the pill bottle has visible signs of ***something***. Identifying that something is the purpose of this question.
Th... |
> Are all mechanisms involving carbocations concerted?
Many carbocations are stable, observable entities. Many large, delocalized carbocations like trityl perchlorate form very stable salts ([reference][1] see p. 196), other carbocations are easily observed by nmr.
![enter image description here][2]
If free c... |
The mention of acetal chemistry leads me to have some sympathy for your instructor, although this person is taking it to the extreme with the grading policy. Below are two mechanisms for a trans-acetalization reaction.
![enter image description here][1]
I am guessing that mechanism A is one that your instructor w... |
I've stumbled across a problem that I need help on, it is mostly **Electrochemistry** and I will show my work.
> 1. **Line Notation Error**: $$\ce{Fe~|~Fe^{+2}~||~Cl^{-},Cl2~|~Pt}$$
After that, I understood that **Iron** is at the anode and is being oxidized, however I do not know what was going on with **Chlori... |
An old question that our textbook tried to answer but worsened the situation.<br/>
Many things are soluble in water. So many, that studying solutions will always require studying aqueous ones. It is true that many non-polars like waxes are not very soluble in water, yet I have <b>never</b> run into a solvent as "good"... |
When I place a straw in carbontated drink and blow (making bubbling noises), more gas bubbles rise to the surface. The gas bubbles which rise to the surface are from the carbon gas dissolved in the drink, I'm not talking about the air bubbles I made with the straw?
Why does this happen? |
When I place a straw in carbontated drink and blow, more gas bubbles rise to the surface? |
We need to calculate the heat produced by a set of $\mathrm{N_R}$ reactions in our reactor model.
\begin{align}
\mathrm{Q_r = \sum_{j=1}^{Nr} Rr_j*\Delta H_{R,j}}
\end{align}
$\mathrm{Rr_j}$ is the reaction rate of reaction $\mathrm{j}$, in $\mathrm{\frac{kmol}{kg_{cat} s}}$
$\mathrm{\Delta H_{R,j}}$, in $... |
How do I know which is the "correct" way to write the reaction? |
As noted in the comments, the premise is wrong.
Actually: **Lead is the heaviest stable element.**
Why are heavier elements unstable?
The atomic nucleus consists of neutrons and protons.
Without going into detail, these are held together by short range nuclear forces.
The protons also repel each other d... |
If you were to apply the Huckel method to some molecules which belonged to, say, $C_{2v}, D_{2h}, $ and $ D_{4h}$, which ones would you expect to have degeneracies?
I'm not sure if this is mixing up math jargon with chemistry jargon here, but I know the Mulliken symbol E is doubly degenerate and T is triply degener... |
How could you predict degenerate pi molecular orbitals just knowing what symmetry point group a molecule belongs to? |
In my inorganic class, we carried out the synthesis of Chlorotribenzyltin, $\ce{SnCl(CH2C6H5)3}$.
![enter image description here][1]
The synthesis begins with a reflux I'll describe below:
>In a hood, place 2.0 g (17 mmol) of 325 mesh tin powder, 4.0 mL of $\ce{H2O}$ and 6.0 mL (6.6 g, 52 mmol) of benzyl chl... |
If you were to apply the Huckel method to some molecules which belonged to, say, $C_{2v}, D_{2h}, $ and $ D_{4h}$, which ones would you expect to have degeneracies?
I'm not sure if this is mixing up math jargon with chemistry jargon here, but I know the Mulliken symbol E is doubly degenerate and T is triply degener... |
Why is it so that azo coupling with phenol needs basic pH (9-10) and with aniline it needs acidic pH (4-5). How does pH participate in the mechanism ? I have searched the internet for quite a while nowhere does it explain the actual 'role' of the pH. Any light on this matter would be helpful |
What is the role of pH in Azo-coupling reaction of diazonium with Phenol and Aniline? |
Problem:
---
>A buffer was made by mixing 500 mL of 1 M (mol/L) acetic acid and 500 mL of 0.5 M calcium acetate.
>What are the resulting concentrations of acetic acid (henceforth called $\ce{AcH}$), $\ce{Ca^2+}$ and acetate (henceforth called $\ce{Ac- }$, and what is the resulting pH? $K_\text{a}$(acetic acid) = ... |
Can organomercury compounds synthesize accidentally from household cleaning products? |
When I freeze water with some impurities (1% NaCl by mass), the mixture seems to have a much lower enthalpy of fusion that pure water. The impurities cause the [freezing point to depress][1] to 0.6°C. I only have a simple calorimeter available but it looks like the enthalpy of fusion is dropping by 25%+ compared to pur... |
I already pointed it out in the comments, but I believe it is time to give it some more thought and explanation. Let's deal with some conceptual issues first.
Hybridisation is a model, that can be used to describe a bonding situation. It is never cause for a certain geometric arrangement, it is always the result of ... |
Why is it so that azo coupling with phenol needs basic pH (9–10) and with aniline it needs acidic pH (4–5). How does pH participate in the mechanism? I have searched the internet for quite a while nowhere does it explain the actual ‘role’ of the pH. Any light on this matter would be helpful. |
What is the role of pH in azo coupling reaction of diazonium with phenol and aniline? |
What is the hybridization of the carbonyl oxygen in a carboxylic acid? |
There seem to be two problems: the first is that your reducible representation for the $\ce{B-B}$ bond is wrong but your reducible representation for the $\ce{B-Cl}$ bonds seems to be correct and the second is that your book is apparently completely wrong. If I didn't make a mistake and my second assumption is correct ... |
According to the Wikipedia article [Triple point of water][1], the triple point of water occurs at
> The single combination of pressure and temperature at which liquid water, solid ice, and water vapor can coexist in a stable equilibrium occurs at exactly 273.16 K (0.01°C) 32.018ºF and a partial vapor pressure of 61... |
What are the spectroscopic signatures that differentiate triple state water from water at 1 atm? |
When a compound gains an electron, why are they more likely to give them up (i.e. become stronger reducing agents)? |
Why does a reduced compound become a better electron donor? |
Really interesting question!
Mechanism of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of purine nucleosides is known to proceed through unimolecular departure of base moiety(DOI: 10.1021/ja00709a055).
![enter image description here][1]
It seems that someone else has also asked the same question: "Why reaction rate with pyrimidine... |
If one wants to calculate a moderate size Alkane (with say 10-15 Carbons , assuming 100 electrons , with Restricted Hartree Fock based methods) we can simply say that electron-electron part will be $100^4 = 100$ million integrals. If we remove the non-unique ones it will become $\frac{100M}{8}= 12.5 M$ Integrals. If we... |
How do Quantum Software Packages Work? |
Well, gardeners and "green" people will think I'm talking about compost! Nitrogen is the future hope of stainless steel industry; since in the production of austenitic steel it can even completely replace Nickel (which is relatively very expensive) in some cases and for another reason: It decreases the temperature at w... |
Well, gardeners and "green" people will think I'm talking about compost!
Nitrogen is the future hope of stainless steel industry; since in the production of austenitic steel it can even completely replace Nickel (which is relatively very expensive) in some cases and for another reason: It decreases the temperature ... |
When doing TLCs to monitor reactions, it is considered good common practice to not only spot the reactants and the reaction mixture (likely after some mini-workup), but also to include a ‘cross-spot’: every other substance (mixture) spotted somewhere on the plate is spotted together on one spot, commonly labelled somet... |
> Air contain 20% $O_2$ by volume. How many cc of air will be required
> for oxidation of 100cc of acetylene?
>(a) 1064 cc<br>(b) 212.8 cc<br>(c) 500 cc<br> (d) 1250 cc
***Answer: (d)***
My Solution:
--
**equation:** $2C_2H_2+5O_2 $----------->$ 4CO_2+2H_2O$
from stoichiometric Calculations:
2 $C_2... |
Air contain 20% $O_2$ by volume. How many cc of air will be required for oxidation of 100cc of acetylene? |
I am working on metal and its ion. The problem is, I would like to know whether the metal has been converted to its ionic form or not.
The hypothesis for the analysis is that metals are good conductors and ions possess redox potential. Therefore, by measuring the conductance and red-ox potential is it possible to d... |
According to [wikipedia and the references given therein][1], $\pi\cdots\pi$ stacking interactions are the result of interaction between the quadrupole moments of two aromatic rings, rationalising the stabilisation of perpendicular and offset-parallel association modes of the benzene dimer.
Conventional wisdom is t... |
My textbook tells me that when carbon bonds with oxygen, the electrons are too close to the oxygen, and therefore they cannot just string together and form large molecules like glucose. It goes on to say that because, during photosynthesis, carbon becomes bonded to less electronegative atoms like hydrogen, it becomes m... |
Oxygen Preventing the Formation of Large Organic Compounds? |
> Air contain 20% $\ce{O2}$ by volume. How many cc of air will be required
> for oxidation of 100cc of acetylene?
>(a) 1064 cc<br>(b) 212.8 cc<br>(c) 500 cc<br> (d) 1250 cc
***Answer: (d)***
My Solution:
**equation:** $$\ce{2C2H2 +5O2 -> 4CO2 +2H2O}$$
From stoichiometric Calculations:
2 $\ce{C2H5}$... |
I'm going to be aliquoting out ethanol-stabilized chloroform into smaller containers. It's presently in a large bottle sealed with a rubber(y) sheet so I can only draw it out with a needle.
My questions are:
- How do I seal them?
- If I'm aliquoting to minimize exposure of the full bottle to air, can I get rid... |
How to store chloroform? |
The zinc ion in its +2 state can show no more pairing, since all the electrons are already paired - so in any complex it forms it will have the same magnetic moment as it does right now. Ti in its +3 state will show both outer and inner orbital complexes without any electrons pairing. So while calling these complexes h... |
> Air contain 20% $\ce{O2}$ by volume. How many cc of air will be required
> for oxidation of 100cc of acetylene?
>(a) 1064 cc<br>(b) 212.8 cc<br>(c) 500 cc<br> (d) 1250 cc
***Answer: (d)***
My Solution:
**equation:** $$\ce{2C2H2 +5O2 -> 4CO2 +2H2O}$$
From stoichiometric Calculations:
2 $\ce{C2H2}$... |
I understand that complex ions are coloured due to d-orbital splitting which results in electrons being able to absorb wavelengths of visible light and become excited to the higher energy state meaning the transmitted light is coloured. However I don't see why the electron would not simply de-excite and emit the same w... |
Why do complex ions not emit light from de-excitations of electrons? |
Your question is too broad; protease is a family of enzymes which performs protein digestion aka proteolysis; same goes to lipase and amylase for lipids and sugars respectively. These enzymes/proteins have a complex [chemical structure][1]. If you want to see the structure of proteins or enzymes I would recommend [RCS... |
Heyo, I am having a problem with this equation for redox potentials
Delta G=-n*F*delta E
In this equation I never am totally sure about what the value of n should be, for example for the reaction shown below, would the n be 2 electrons or 1 electron? Personally, I think it should be 2 electrons because that is t... |
Your question is too broad; protease is a family of enzymes which performs protein digestion aka proteolysis; same goes to lipase and amylase for lipids and sugars respectively. These enzymes/proteins have a complex [chemical structure][1]. If you want to see the structure of proteins or enzymes I would recommend [RCS... |
Heyo, I am having a problem with this equation for redox potentials
> $\bigtriangleup G=-nF\bigtriangleup E$
In this equation I never am totally sure about what the value of n should be, for example for the reaction shown below, would the n be 2 electrons or 1 electron? Personally, I think it should be 2 electron... |
Heyo, I am having a problem with this equation for redox potentials
> $\bigtriangleup G=-nF\bigtriangleup E$
In this equation I never am totally sure about what the value of n should be, for example for the reaction shown below, would the n be 2 electrons or 1 electron? Personally, I think it should be 2 electron... |
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