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Is an iron (II) sulphate solution supposed to turn cloudy when silver nitrate is added? |
From Googlebooks First Outlines of a Dictionary of Solubilities of Chemical Substances By Frank Humphreys Storer:
>I find that lead tartrate is dissolved by tartrate of ammonia.
What is the final product? |
I am looking for an electrolyte to use in water to perform electrolysis. It can't be salt, as salt ($\ce{NaCl}$) would cause the chemical reaction of
$$\ce{2H2O + 2NaCl -> Cl2 + H2 + 2NaOH}$$
or
$$\ce{H2O + NaCl -> HCl + NaOH}$$
Which both make products with poisonous chemicals (ex: $\ce{NaOH}$ = Sodium Hyd... |
How can one electrodeposit Ni on a substrate using a liquid crystal template?
substrate is ITO and the template is CTAB+WATER+ETHANOL |
Given the concentration of bleach (6% m/m), density of bleach (1.07 g/mL), and molar mass of bleach (74.44g) how many moles of bleach are in a 4.0 mL sample? I don't understand where the concentration factors in, but the problem says to use it. Thanks! |
Given the concentration and density of a sample, calculate moles of bleach? |
HYDROLYSIS OF ETHERS
Ethers on hydrolysis with dilute $H_2SO_
4$ under pressure produce alcohols.
This is basically a type of Acidic Cleavage Of Ether by the $SN_2$ mechanism.
![enter image description here][1]
There is inversion of configuration.
Now if Nu is OH- its called hydrolysis of ether.
[1]: h... |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/UrwWS.jpg
This is the mechanism of trialkyl borane.In this mechanism I can't understand why should the -OH group leave and the -R group enter in its place to form Borate ester.Can someone please explain me that step ? Thanks. |
How can one electrodeposit Nickel on a substrate using a liquid crystal template?
substrate is Indium Tin Oxide coated plate and the template is cetyl trimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)+WATER+ETHANOL |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/2xWNU.gif
During acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ester why does the carbonyl oxygen attack the $H^{+}$ ? Why doesn't the alkoxy oxygen which is more electron rich and less electronegative not attack the $H^{+}$ with its lone pair? Any ideas? Pleas... |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/2xWNU.gif
During acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ester why does the carbonyl oxygen attack the $\ce{H^{+}}$ ? Why doesn't the alkoxy oxygen which is more electron rich and less electronegative not attack the $\ce{H^{+}}$ with its lone pair? Any id... |
How many hydrogen atoms are contained in 8.66 moles of $\ce{NH3}$?
The answer is given after the log has been taken, so the final answer is 25.19.
What I have been doing is multiplying 8.66 by 6.02 x 10<sup>23</sup> = 5.21332 x 10<sup>24</sup> and when I take the log of that I get 24.71. I'm not sure what to do t... |
How many hydrogen atoms are in a sample of NH3? |
HYDROLYSIS OF ETHERS
Ethers on hydrolysis with dilute $\ce{H_2SO_
4}$ under pressure produce alcohols.
This is basically a type of Acidic Cleavage Of Ether by the $SN_2$ mechanism.
![enter image description here][1]
There is inversion of configuration.
Now if Nu is $\ce{OH-}$ its called hydrolysis of ether.
... |
Ethers on hydrolysis with dilute $\ce{H2SO4}$ under pressure produce alcohols.
This is basically a type of acidic cleavage of ethers by the $\mathrm{S_N2}$ mechanism.
![enter image description here][1]
There is inversion of configuration.
Now if $\ce{Nu}$ is $\ce{OH-}$ its called hydrolysis of ether.
[1]... |
How is it possible, that the hydrolysis of ethers proceed via a SN2 mechanism? |
At 25 °C, 10.24 mg of $\ce{Cr(OH)2}$ are dissolved in enough water to make 125 mL of solution. When equilibrium is established, the solution has a pH of 8.49. Estimate $K_\text{sp}$ for $\ce{Cr(OH)2}$ (Ans : $1.47\cdot10^{-17}$)
I have calculated it but not have the same answer as this.
I tried it this way:
1. ... |
You pour 50 mL of a 0.0200 M HCOOH-solution to 150 mL of a 0.0500 M HCOONa-solution. The $K_a$ of HCOOH is $1.8 \cdot 10^{-4}$ and $pK_a$ is $3.74$.
a) Compute the concentrations of HCOOH and its salt after dilution to this 200 mL buffersolution.
b) Calculate the pH of this buffersolutation with the bufferformula... |
> What methods are there to produce this compound? What are its properties as a component of automobile petroleum? How does it impact on detonation resistance of automobile petroleum?
I think that the title compound might be produced from catalytic cracking of petroleum. But I don't have a clue of what methods are t... |
So here's my question: we know that melting of ice is an spontaneous reaction but is it spontaneous? We have to supply energy in the form heat for the reaction to take place. |
Why is the melting of ice a spontaneous reaction? |
First of all,
> what exactly is spontaneous reaction?
In very easy language, reaction that occurs in a given set of conditions without intervention is called spontaneous reaction.
****
Now let us consider melting of ice example,
Take a ice on a plate and leave it for half an hour(conditions). After half an h... |
I'm not sure if you have learnt this, so I just tell the story from the beginning.
There is a universal law usually called as **the second law of thermodynamics**. It states:
> The **entropy** of the universe tends to a maximum. If a process is reversible, the entropy of the universe will keep unchanged; if it i... |
I'm not sure if you have learnt this, so I just tell the story from the beginning. (I'm not sure, but if this is hard to understand, please tell me.)
There is a universal law usually called as **the second law of thermodynamics**. It states:
> The **entropy** of the universe tends to a maximum. If a process is re... |
I'm not sure if you have learnt this, so I just tell the story from the beginning. (I'm not sure, but if this is hard to understand, please tell me.)
There is a universal law usually called as **the second law of thermodynamics**. It states:
> The **entropy** of the universe tends to a maximum. If a process is re... |
[BrF6]- is an octahedral molecule. I think it would have only one fluorine environment due to the rotational symmetry. Br has I=3/2 and therefore is unlikely to cause splitting due to rapid interconversion between its spin up and spin down states averaging to a zero magnetic effect. Therefore I would expect a single si... |
Suppose we have a chemical compound as :
>![][1]
>[Simplification of the structure : It is $\ce{-COOC_2H_5}$ bonded to a 5-carbon ring with one double bond and the ring is doubly bonded to $\ce{=O}$]
________
Suppose this compound is made to react with these *reducing agents*:
1. $\ce{NaBH_4}$
2. $\ce{LiAlH_4 \... |
Suppose we have a chemical compound as :
>![][1]
>[Simplification of the structure : It is $\ce{-COOC_2H_5}$ bonded to a 5-carbon ring with one double bond and the ring is doubly bonded to $\ce{=O}$]
________
Suppose this compound is made to react with these *reducing agents*:
1. $\ce{NaBH_4}$
2. $\c... |
I'm not sure if you have learnt this, so I just tell the story from the beginning. (I'm not sure, but if this is hard to understand, please tell me.)
There is a universal law usually called as **the second law of thermodynamics**. It states:
> The **entropy** of the universe tends to a maximum. If a process is re... |
Just a quick one, would the electrolysis of alcohol, specifically spirits, result in a potable end product? Looking for some novel cocktail ingredients. Thanks |
Uh... I think the insight you need is about chemical equilibrium.
An aqueous solution is exactly the mixture formed when something dissolved in water. This is easy to understand, but here is a more difficult question: **what's the component of this mixure**?
To answer this is not easy.
In a glass of pure water... |
Uh... I think the insight you need is about chemical equilibrium.
An aqueous solution is exactly the mixture formed when something dissolved in water. This is easy to understand, but here is a more difficult question: **what's the component of this mixure**?
To answer this is not easy.
In a glass of pure water... |
Uh... I think the insight you need is about chemical equilibrium.
An aqueous solution is exactly the mixture formed when something dissolved in water. This is easy to understand, but here is a more difficult question: **what's the component of this mixure**?
To answer this is not easy.
In a glass of pure water... |
$\ce{[BrF6]^-}$ is an octahedral molecule. I think it would have only one fluorine environment due to the rotational symmetry. $\ce{Br}$ has I=3/2 and therefore is unlikely to cause splitting due to rapid interconversion between its spin up and spin down states averaging to a zero magnetic effect. Therefore I would exp... |
Uh... I think the insight you need is about chemical equilibrium.
An aqueous solution is exactly the mixture formed when something dissolved in water. This is easy to understand, but here is a more difficult question: **what's the component of this mixure**?
To answer this is not easy.
In a glass of pure water... |
I am testing electronics with many potentially unstable contacts, and I wish to monitor if they rise above 50 to 90 degrees Celsius, i.e. using carbon paper that would darken progressively from 50 to 90.
The substance should stay a specific warning color if it goes too high and not change hues again same as thermoch... |
50-90'C color changing chemical to use as warning marker for hot electronics? |
Given a weak base such as $C_2H_5NH_2$, I usually see the expression for $K_b$ as
$K_b = \frac{[C_2H_5NH_3^+][OH^-]}{[C_2H_5NH_2]}$.
Are the expressions
$K_b = \frac{[C_2H_5NH_3^+]}{[C_2H_5NH_2][H^+]}$,
$K_b = \frac{[C_2H_5NH_3^+][H_2O]}{[C_2H_5NH_2][H_3O^+]}$
equivalent? Do they represent the same proc... |
Are the following expressions for $K_b$ (base dissociation constant) equivalent? |
Uh... I think the insight you need is about chemical equilibrium.
An aqueous solution is exactly the mixture formed when something dissolved in water. This is easy to understand, but here is a more difficult question: **what's the component of this mixure**?
To answer this is not easy.
In a glass of pure water... |
How much energy is produced by burning a 1 ct. diamond? |
Burning a diamond produces how much energy? |
Uh... I think the insight you need is about chemical equilibrium.
An aqueous solution is exactly the mixture formed when something dissolved in water. This is easy to understand, but here is a more difficult question: **what's the component of this mixure**?
To answer this is not easy.
In a glass of pure water... |
Most books I have read stop at this order : <br>
Benzylic > Allylic > Tertiary > secondary > primary <br>
However If I want to compare tertiary, secondary and primary benzylic and Allylic carbocations what will be their stability order? |
How much energy is produced by burning a 1 ct. diamond?
I'm trying to figure out how much energy to build the diamonds in a biological process. See here: http://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/15314/are-diamond-berries-possible |
I am trying to dissolve aspartic acid into vinegar as use as a carbon source in saltwater aquariums. It does not dissolve. I was told to increase the ph and it will work? What is the best way to increase ph with minimal negative effects? Sodium Carbonate seems to work at dissolving; however I may be reducing the a... |
Dissolving Aspartic acid in vinager? |
The second expression respects to the equilibrium
$\ce {C2H5NH2 + H+ <-> C2H5NH3+}$.
And the third
$\ce {C2H5NH2 + H3O+ <-> C2H5NH3+ + H2O}$.
(addition: if I just reverse it as $\ce {C2H5NH3+ + H2O <-> C2H5NH3+ + H3O+}$, will you see the different?)
However, what you want to know is the equilibrium const... |
The second expression respects to the equilibrium
$\ce {C2H5NH2 + H+ <-> C2H5NH3+}$.
And the third
$\ce {C2H5NH2 + H3O+ <-> C2H5NH3+ + H2O}$.
(Addition: if I just reverse it as $\ce {C2H5NH3+ + H2O <-> C2H5NH2 + H3O+}$, will you see the different?)
However, what you want to know is the equilibrium consta... |
The compound you have drawn is called ketene, since it's both a **ket**one and an alk**ene**. Ketene is the parent compound of the ketene functional group, where the terminal carbon is substituted with some more complicated structure.
Ketene itself is not stable and dimerizes to diketene by a [2+2]-cycloaddition. Di... |
so on a test question my organic chemistry professor gave us a really big molecule and told us to give everything formal charges. There was a Br with 3 lone pairs and a double bond to carbon (which then had a single bond to a H and a N). On the key he labeled it with a + charge and I was wondering how is that possible ... |
Your suspicion is correct: the buffer pH depends on the $\rm{pK_a/pK_b}$ of the acid/base in question, not whether the buffer salt contains a weak conjugate acid or conjugate base. We can test this out via the application of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
Consider acetic acid ($\rm{pK_a = 4.76}$) mixed with th... |
Are the following expressions for Kb (base dissociation constant) equivalent? |
The compound you have drawn is called ketene, since the central carbon is part of both a **ket**one and an alk**ene**. Ketene is the parent compound of the ketene functional group, where the terminal carbon is substituted with some more complicated structure.
Ketene itself is not stable and dimerizes to diketene by ... |
Uh... I think the insight you need is about chemical equilibrium.
An aqueous solution is exactly the mixture formed when something dissolved in water. This is easy to understand, but here is a more difficult question: **what's the component of this mixure**?
To answer this is not easy.
In a glass of pure water... |
In [this][1] previous question the mechanism for the reaction of Tollens' reagent was outlined. As I understand it the oxidising agent in Tollens' is the diamminesilver(I) complex $\ce{[Ag(NH3)2]+}$ but the mechanism only showed the silver ion.
What is the purpose of adding ammonia to the silver nitrate to form the ... |
I was cleaning my blinds today, and I wanted to know what are the primary components of dust are. I know that it is made of microorganisms and other particles, but I do not want to guess that it will be $\ce{N}$ or $\ce{Si}$.
I can guess that other materials outside our house might have more than one component for d... |
Given a weak base such as $\ce{C2H5NH2}$, I usually see the expression for $K_\text{b}$ as
$K_\text{b} = \frac{[\ce{C2H5NH3+}][\ce{OH-}]}{[\ce{C2H5NH2}]}$.
Are the expressions
$K_\text{b} = \frac{[\ce{C2H5NH3+}]}{[\ce{C2H5NH2}][\ce{H+}]}$,
$K_\text{b} = \frac{[\ce{C2H5NH3+}][\ce{H2O}]}{[\ce{C2H5NH2}][\ce{H3... |
Generally speaking, the typical auxochromic groups possess (at least) one pair of non-bonded $n$-electrons and -- if taken alone -- do not absorb in the UV. If attached, for example to a benzene ring, their pair(s) of $n$-electron interact(s) with the $\pi$-electrons, and the delocalization of the $\pi$-system is exte... |
Theoreticly, the width of the spectral line in AAS (atomic absorbtion spectroscopy) is 10^-5, but in fact there happens an extention of it and it becomes 0.002-0.005. There are some factors which lead to this extention. Mos common types of extentions are :
1. Doppler extention
2. Pressure extention
3. Self-absorbance ... |
Theoreticly, the width of the spectral line in AAS (atomic absorbtion spectroscopy) is 10^-5, but in fact there happens an extention of it and it becomes 0.002-0.005. There are some factors which lead to this extention. Mos common types of extentions are :
1. Doppler extention
2. Pressure extention
3. Self-absorbance ... |
Uh... I think the insight you need is about chemical equilibrium.
An aqueous solution is exactly the mixture formed when something dissolved in water. This is easy to understand, but here is a more difficult question: **what's the component of this mixure**?
To answer this is not easy.
In a glass of pure water... |
Uh... I think the insight you need is about chemical equilibrium.
An aqueous solution is exactly the mixture formed when something dissolved in water. This is easy to understand, but here is a more difficult question: **what's the component of this mixure**?
To answer this is not easy.
In a glass of pure water... |
Phosphorus is listed as a single element in the periodic table; however, I see that it is also a polyatomic molecule as P sub 4. I am trying to determine the number of atoms of phosphorus in an chemical equation, so I can have a balance equation. So, when would I use the polyatomic version, or the single atomic version... |
When is phosphorus a polyatomic molecule? |
What an aqueous solution really contains? |
Is there any way to determine the spin of $[Fe(OH)6]^{4-}$ without looking at the spectrochemical series? |
If at 95% Ethanol can dissolve chemical X at 1mg/1mL then theoretically if you have 500mg of chemical X you can dissolve it in 500mL of EtOH to get 1mg/mL correct?
My question is, if you have 75.5% EtOh for example in a 750mL solution - how many mL will you need to create the 1 mg/mL concentration of quantity of 500... |
Phosphorus is listed as a single element in the periodic table; however, I see that it is also a polyatomic molecule as $\ce{P4}$. I am trying to determine the number of atoms of phosphorus in an chemical equation, so I can have a balance equation. So, when would I use the polyatomic version, or the single atomic versi... |
Is there any way to determine the spin of $\ce{[Fe(OH)6]^{4-}}$ without looking at the spectrochemical series? |
Suppose we have a chemical compound as :
>![][1]
>[Simplification of the structure : It is $\ce{-COOC_2H_5}$ bonded to a 5-carbon ring with one double bond and the ring is doubly bonded to $\ce{=O}$]
________
Suppose this compound is made to react with these *reducing agents*:
1. $\ce{NaBH_4}$
2. $\c... |
If at 95% Ethanol can dissolve chemical X at 1mg/1mL then theoretically if you have 500mg of chemical X you can dissolve it in 500mL of $\ce{EtOH}$ to get 1mg/mL correct?
My question is, if you have 75.5% $\ce{EtOH}$ for example in a 750mL solution - how many mL will you need to create the 1 mg/mL concentration of q... |
Theoreticly, the width of the spectral line in AAS (atomic absorbtion spectroscopy) is 10^-5, but in fact there happens an extention of it and it becomes 0.002-0.005. There are some factors which lead to this extention. Mos common types of extentions are :
1. Doppler extention
2. Pressure extention
3. Self-absorb... |
I am trying to dissolve aspartic acid into vinegar as use as a carbon source in saltwater aquariums. It does not dissolve.
I was told to increase the pH and it will work? What is the best way to increase pH with minimal negative effects?
Sodium carbonate seems to work at dissolving; however I may be reduci... |
Dissolving Aspartic acid in vineger? |
Suppose we have a chemical compound as :
>![][1]
>[Simplification of the structure : It is $\ce{-COOC_2H_5}$ bonded to a 5-carbon ring with one double bond and the ring is doubly bonded to $\ce{=O}$]
________
Suppose this compound is made to react with these *reducing agents*:
1. $\ce{NaBH_4}$
2. $\c... |
Theoreticly, the width of the spectral line in AAS (atomic absorbtion spectroscopy) is 10^-5, but in fact there happens an extention of it and it becomes 0.002-0.005. There are some factors which lead to this extention. Most common types of extentions are :
1. Doppler extention
2. Pressure extention
3. Self-absor... |
I am trying to dissolve aspartic acid into vinegar as use as a carbon source in saltwater aquariums. It does not dissolve.
I was told to increase the pH and it will work? What is the best way to increase pH with minimal negative effects?
Sodium carbonate seems to work at dissolving; however I may be reduci... |
Dissolving Aspartic acid in vinegar? |
Why carbon nanotube is a good electrical conductor? |
If the standard gibbs free energy for a reaction is negative then the forward reaction will take place and the reaction will not be reversible. Is it true ? I have a problem understanding what is gibbs free energy and its significance in a chemical reaction.
Thanks in advance ! |
Are you asking experimentally or theoretically?
Theoretically speaking for general cases you should know what is the energy of the high-spin and low-spin configuration, and in given state, what is the approximate spin and vibrational entropy so you can estimate an equilibrium constant for given temperature. Now this e... |
Building on @Philipp and @chipbuster's answers-
##What is Activity?
When we have dilute solutions or small quantities of a gas or other substance, the substance behaves as if the particles are just points, rather than having a size. In these settings we often use a simplified set of equations.
For example, wit... |
The answer has a lot to do with "what is a catalyst in the first place?"
A catalyst is a compound that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction
by providing an alternative and lower energy profile or pathway. That is,
it is a substance that makes it so that A -> B at a lower energy cost. But
it only has an effec... |
The percent dissociation of a base $X$ in a $0.002$ M solution is $4.7 \cdot 10^{-3}$ %. What is the pH of the solution and what is the $pK_b$ of base $X$? The autoionization of water may not be neglected.
**Attempt at solution:** We have the following reactions: $$ \ce{X + H_2 O (l) \rightleftarrows XH^+ + OH^-} \\... |
> Is the peroxide effect observed only with addition of hydrogen bromide
> and chloroform?
No, the "peroxide effect" or "anti-Markovnikov" addition of a free radical to an unsaturated bond is observed with other compounds too, $\ce{CCl4}$ is another example.
Also, just to be clear, these reactions involve the a... |
Why is carbon nanotube a good electrical conductor? |
The percent dissociation of a base $X$ in a $0.002$ M solution is $4.7 \cdot 10^{-3}$ %. What is the pH of the solution and what is the $pK_b$ of base $X$? The autoionization of water may not be neglected.
**Attempt at solution:** We have the following reactions: $$ \ce{X + H_2 O (l) \rightleftarrows XH^+ + OH^-} \\... |
How will the ring behave in the mentioned case?
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/jwtlZ.png
I initially thought there would be ring expansion to a five membered ring so that there may be less angle strain and a secondary carbocation instead of a primary one.But as a certain ... |
Another question is here.
I know that most of the double displacement reactions form some kind of precipitates in their products. But do all of the double displacement reactions form precipitates? I have searched on this site as well as on Google, I've found answers, but they are not clarifying my doubts. Maybe I n... |
Do all double displacement reactions have precipitates? |
I think your friend is thinking of the [cyclobutyl carbocation][1] which does ring contract to the cycylopropyl carbinyl carbocation (and also equilibrates with the methallyl carbocation).
However, just as you thought, the cyclobutyl carbinyl carbocation pictured above, does ring open to the cyclopentyl carbocation... |
i am working on a yeast fermentation project and i am getting final O.D660 reading of 1.85 for different yeast extracts+cane molasses, Nitrogen source+cane molasses and glucose+cane molasses at different concentrations but the final O.D reading is same for all systems. Is it normal ? i mean are my readings correct? |
Various sources (such as [this one](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-doesnt-stainless-stee/)) say that stainless steel is stainless because a passivation layer of an oxide is formed, but I haven't found details on why chromium helps create this passivation layer. I can think of a couple possibilities:
-... |
How does chromium help stainless steel prevent rusting? |
I am working on a yeast fermentation project, and I am getting final OD660 reading of 1.85 for different media: yeast extracts+cane molasses, nitrogen source+cane molasses, and glucose+cane molasses at different concentrations. The final OD reading is the same for all media. Is it normal? Are my readings correct? |
In close packed structures there is one octahedral hole per close packed atom. In a HCP unit cell these octahedra form a chain of face sharing polyhedra. Is this this universal in close packing or only common to HCP?
More generally this question is "how do we know when interstitial sites (T± and Oh) share edges or a... |
Interstitial sites: edge and face sharing? |
All reactions are in some sense equilibrium reactions. The Gibbs free energy is just a convenient measure of energy that we can use to understand more about our system. In particular you may be familiar with a few equations for the Gibbs energy:
\begin{equation}
\Delta G =\Delta H-T\Delta S,
\end{equation}
\begin{e... |
I think your friend is thinking of the [cyclobutyl carbocation][1] which does ring contract to the cycylopropyl carbinyl carbocation (and also equilibrates with the methallyl carbocation).
However, just as you thought, the cyclobutyl carbinyl carbocation does ring open to the cyclopentyl carbocation ([ref_1][2], [r... |
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