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My textbook (not an international standard) states that, for 1st order reactions only,
> The quantity of reactant remaining after $n$ half lives is: $$A_n=\frac{A_0}{2^n}$$ where, $A_0=$ initial concentration and $A_n=$ concentration after $n$ half lives."
----
Shouldn't this statement be true for all orders... |
Is this statement valid for reactions of all orders? |
My textbook (not an international standard) states that for the first order reactions only
> The quantity of reactant remaining after $n$ half lives is
>
> $$A_n = \frac{A_0}{2^n},$$
>
> where $A_0$ is the initial concentration and $A_n$ is the concentration after $n$ half lives.
Shouldn't this statement be... |
>In which of the these structures C-3 carbon is not a chiral centre?[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/KMDPa.png
I think that the answer to the above question should be both (b) and (c) as C-3 is attached to same groups and also they have a plane of symmetry hence making it... |
In which of the these structures C-3 carbon is not a chiral centre? |
I want to know the products of reaction of Methyl Cyanide with nitroethane in presence of (Sodium ethoxide + ethanol) and then hydrolysed in concentrated Acidic medium.
According to me ,reaction should be like shown in below picture[![Reaction][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/0KMU7.jpg
Can anyone confirm me... |
When a drop of ink or watercolour paint is placed on wet paper, rather than uniformly diffusing in all directions it forms tendrils which rapidly expand out from the spot.
Why is this and what is the chemistry or physics occuring? |
This formula relates to how Pauling determined the values for electronegativity for all the elements and how **delta (if big)** shows that the molecule is very **polar**. Delta being:
$\Delta =\Delta H\left(AB\right)-\Delta \:0.5\left(\Delta \:H\left(A2\right)+\Delta \:H\left(B2\right)\right)$
$\Delta H\left(AB\r... |
LSD's resemblance to serotonin explains many of its effects on the brain, but I noticed only half of it resembles serotonin. The question I have, is does the other half resemble anything, particularly anything of significance?
In this image the bottom half resembles serotonin:
[![Serotonin-like half of LSD][1]][1]... |
Does the non-serotonin-like half of LSD resemble anything of significance? |
My textbook (not an international standard) states that for the first order reactions only
> The quantity of reactant remaining after $n$ half lives is
>
> $$A_n = \frac{A_0}{2^n},$$
>
> where $A_0$ is the initial concentration and $A_n$ is the concentration after $n$ half lives.
Shouldn't this statement be... |
I'm trying to synthesize of silver particles by using glucose as reducing agent, PVP as dispersant, and NaOH as pH control. Before adding silver nitrate solution, I've produced a solution which is combination of glucose, PVP and NaOH in distilled water.
In the polymer solution, I see that the color changes, from co... |
I was thinking of the geometry of the transition metal complex in K2[Cu(ox)2].4H2O solid around the Cu(II) ion. At first I thought square planar but is it possible/ is there any chance that it could be octahedral with 2 H2Os since it is a hydrate? Or do brackets always indicate what is directly complexed in this case?
... |
I was thinking of the geometry of the transition metal complex in solid $\ce{K2[Cu(ox)2] · 4 H2O}$ solid around the $\ce{Cu(II)}$ ion.
At first I thought square planar, but is it possible or is there any chance that it could be octahedral with two water molecules since it is a hydrate?
Or do brackets always indic... |
I'm currently in highschool doing a project in chemistry . So I had to make a project where concepts from physical chemistry will be used alongside organic chemistry.
After going through my book I decided to create a test for carboxyllic acids using electrochemistry.
•) aldehydes,ketones and alcohols are non ioni... |
I'm currently in high school doing a project in chemistry. So I had to make a project where concepts from physical chemistry will be used alongside organic chemistry.
After going through my book I decided to create a test for carboxylic acids using electrochemistry. The basis of the test is:
> Aldehydes, ketones ... |
I'm currently in high school doing a project in chemistry. So I had to make a project where concepts from physical chemistry will be used alongside organic chemistry.
After going through my book I decided to create a test for carboxylic acids using electrochemistry. The basis of the test is:
> Aldehydes, ketones ... |
When is ammonia and water a strong ligand? |
Mammals and many other groups of animals usually transport oxygen using haemoglobin and other complex proteins, the core of which is based on an iron coordinated to a porphyrin. There are plenty of subtle differences in the protein structures but are there any notable alternatives to that central iron-porphyrin structu... |
How many alternative chemical ways to transport oxygen in living creatures are known? |
Does the phosphofructokinase-1 flip the position of the covalent bonds? If I've understood correctly, C2 is a chiral atom, so it would make a difference if C1 goes from above the C2 to below the C2. |
How come the C1 is above the ring in fructose-6-phosphate and C1 is below the ring in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate? |
My book has very vaguely explained these concepts,I can't understand anything from there.
Through a little bit of research on the internet I came to following conclusion:
1. that optical isomers are either dextrorotatory or levorotatory
2. all enantiomers are either dextro or levo so they are optical isomers.
... |
How can we define optical isomerism?What is the example of non enatiomeric optical isomers? |
Does the phosphofructokinase-1 flip the position of the covalent bonds? If I've understood correctly, C2 is a chiral atom, so it would make a difference if C1 goes from above the C2 to below the C2.
[![Drawing of fructose-6-phosphate converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.co... |
My son is trying to write a conclusion for a basic decomposition of water experiment using a 9V battery (with a test tube placed over each terminal) placed inside a salt water solution. The results were: the tube over the negative terminal nearly completely filled with presumably Hydrogen gas while the tube over the p... |
> He has several questions that I cannot answer. 1-IF the H & O molecules take up the same amount of space, then why did the tube over the negative terminal have much more than twice the gas as the other one?
Good questions but keep in mind that you did not mention the concentration of sodium chloride. If you have ... |
Yes, one can prepare, at least safely a dilute version of the acids: HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, for example, from the action of Oxalic acid on the respective salt $\ce{CaI2, CaBr2, CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2}$ and finally $\ce{K2SO4}$.
In fact, it did a thread on it on another forum, with the underlying reaction given, for e... |
Yes, one can prepare, at least safely a dilute version of the acids: HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, for example, from the action of Oxalic acid on the respective salt $\ce{CaI2, CaBr2, CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2}$ and finally $\ce{K2SO4}$.
In fact, it did a thread on it on another forum, with the underlying reaction given, for e... |
Would the solution of Thymol blue and Methyl orange tell the difference between an acid with ph 2.1 and anther acid with ph 2.2?
I am a chemistry beginner, so I don't understand the reactions on that good of a level. |
At my workplace we will soon begin diluting a solution to specific concentrations, this is done within a specific container.
The solution to be diluted is provided by a manufacturer in the following type of bottle :
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/g1Oq6.jpg
The ... |
While doing calculations for huckel rule, in polycyclic compound only peripheral pi electron are considered for aromaticity.
So, 7 double bond in periphery i.e.14 pi electrons.
14=4(3)+2
Huckel rule statisfies. Aromaticity achieved.
Btw why only peripheral pi electrons considered?
Reason is because only... |
There are, in the sense you are asking the question, three types of optical isomers: +, -, and optically inactive. This is detailed in pages of the textbook you have uploaded.
You should think about optical isomers in how they are determined. Imagine you have a machine which we will call and "optical isometer". To ... |
Your cited reaction proceeds, but in the reverse directions as follows:
$$\ce{HCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) -> AgCl (s) + HNO3 (aq)}$$
Relatedly, one can also produce a dilute version of the acids: HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, for example, safely from the action of Oxalic acid on the respective salt $\ce{CaI2, CaBr2, CaCl... |
Your cited reaction proceeds, but in the reverse directions as follows:
$$\ce{HCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) -> AgCl (s) + HNO3 (aq)}$$
so apparently, a weak acid can react to give a stronger acid. Further, relatedly, one can also produce a dilute version of the acids: HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, for example, safely from ... |
Your cited reaction proceeds, but in the reverse directions as follows:
$$\ce{HCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) -> AgCl (s) + HNO3 (aq)}$$
so apparently, a weak acid can react to give a stronger acid, albeit generally, in more dilute solutions. This is relatedly evident, as one can also produce a dilute version of the acids ... |
Your cited reaction proceeds, but in the reverse directions as follows:
$$\ce{HCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) -> AgCl (s) + HNO3 (aq)}$$
so apparently, a weak acid can react to give a stronger acid, albeit generally, in more dilute solutions. This is relatedly evident, as one can also produce a dilute version of the acids ... |
Your cited reaction proceeds, but in the reverse directions as follows:
$$\ce{HCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) -> AgCl (s) + HNO3 (aq)}$$
So apparently, a weak acid can react to give a 'stronger acid', albeit, in dilute form, with the creation of an insoluble precipitate.
This is relatedly evident, as one can also prod... |
While doing calculations for Huckel's rule, in polycyclic compound only peripheral pi electrons are considered for aromaticity.
So, 7 double bonds in the periphery i.e. 14 pi electrons.
14=4(3)+2
Huckel's rule satisfied. Aromaticity achieved.
Why are only peripheral pi electrons considered?
The reason i... |
In my understanding,
$$1 \ mol \equiv N_A \ (atoms)$$
(Don't say it might not be atoms but molecules and also don't say what's it's not even a unit)
Then the unit should be $N_A = 1 \ mol/atoms = 1 \ mol$, not the reciprocal mole. My first question is what's wrong.
My second question is, we know that defin... |
Why does the Avogadro's number have the unit of reciprocal mole? |
My son is trying to write a conclusion for a basic decomposition of water experiment using a 9 V battery (with a test tube placed over each terminal) placed inside a salt water solution. The results were: the tube over the negative terminal nearly completely filled with presumably hydrogen gas while the tube over the ... |
> 1. If the hydrogen and oxygen molecules take up the same amount of space, then why did the tube over the negative terminal have much more than twice the gas as the other one?
Good questions but keep in mind that you did not mention the concentration of sodium chloride. If you have too much salt in water, chlorine ... |
For an experiment I require an aqueous solution of Iron(III). My school has the following compounds, which of them are water soluble? I believe that only Iron(III) oxide is **insoluble**, but I would like to verify.
- Iron(III) oxide
- Iron(III) oxylate
- Iron(III) chloride-hexahydrate
Many thanks in advance... |
For an experiment I require an aqueous solution of Iron(III). My school has the following compounds, which of them are water soluble? I believe that only Iron(III) oxide is **insoluble**, but I would like to verify.
- Iron(III) oxide
- Iron(III) oxalate
- Iron(III) chloride-hexahydrate
Many thanks in advance... |
I realised where my confusion lies - so I'm leaving an answer so that other people learning chemistry for the first time are able to fully understand what's actually going on about Avogadro's number.
We have to make a clear distinction between **Avogadro's number** and **Avogadro's constant**.
The former is a uni... |
While doing calculations for Huckel's rule, in polycyclic compound only peripheral pi electrons are considered for aromaticity.
So, 7 double bonds in the periphery i.e. 14 pi electrons.
14=4(3)+2
Huckel's rule satisfied. Aromaticity achieved.
Why are only peripheral pi electrons considered?
The reason i... |
I am a high school student and I am very confused in optical isomerism My confusions are:
1)Is the carbon shown in the image is a chiral carbon or pseudo-chiral carbon?
2)will this compound show optical isomerism{means does it have an enanantiomer}?
3)Do these geometrical isomers were considered different grou... |
While doing calculations for Huckel's rule, in polycyclic compound only peripheral pi electrons are considered for aromaticity.
So, 7 double bonds in the periphery i.e. 14 pi electrons.
14=4(3)+2
Huckel's rule satisfied. Aromaticity achieved.
Why are only peripheral pi electrons considered?
The reason i... |
While doing calculations for Huckel's rule, in polycyclic compound only peripheral pi electrons are considered for aromaticity.
So, 7 double bonds in the periphery i.e. 14 pi electrons.
14=4(3)+2
Huckel's rule satisfied. Aromaticity achieved.
Why are only peripheral pi electrons considered?
The reason i... |
I've been researching for weeks but can't find anything on a real life process of hydration, as my experiment is determining the relationship between the enthalpy of hydration and different types of salts. When would knowing the enthalpy of hydration be vital outside the lab? |
The equation for PV work is given by
$$w = -P_\mathrm{ext}\Delta V$$
What work does $w$ imply - the work done *by* the system or *on* the system?
Considering that the convention in chemistry is to consider things from the point of view of the system, $w$ should denote the work done by the system. However, by that d... |
I have heard conflicting reports:
1) Copper leaches to water only when the water is high in acid or the Copper is corroded.
2) Copper leaches to water any time, especially when it is new copper or the water is hot.
Which one would be correct? |
When does copper leach to water? Conflicting faqs |
Will a gold coin react with an aqueous magnesium nitrate? |
I am a high school student and I am very confused in optical isomerism My confusions are:
1)Is the carbon shown in the image is a chiral carbon or pseudo-chiral carbon?
2)will this compound show optical isomerism{means does it have an enanantiomer}?
3)Do these geometrical isomers were considered different grou... |
I was a bit hesitant to post this question for it may appear like a "homework help" type of question. But upon rethinking it felt like a genuine question. Apologies if the Chemistry SE community thinks otherwise. I was studying stochiometry with my son (from the [OpenStax Chemistry 2e book](https://openstax.org/books/c... |
Is this calculation of the amount of required hydrogen gas correct? |
A comment under the Space SE question [Is there really precipitation on Mars? Does frost count?](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/q/20440/6031) brings up the use of the term "precipitation" in chemistry and we wonder if precipitation in weather and in chemistry are in fact analogous insofar as they both start as ... |
Are precipitation and crystallization the same things in Chemistry and Meteorology? |
A comment under the Space SE question [Is there really precipitation on Mars? Does frost count?](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/q/20440/6031) brings up the use of the term "precipitation" in chemistry and we wonder if precipitation in weather and in chemistry are in fact analogous insofar as they both start as ... |
Are precipitation and crystallization both analogous between Chemistry and Meteorology? |
> In chemistry, on Earth in gravity, if a material from solution conformally, over all surfaces vertical and horizontal (e.g. the sides as well as the bottom of a container) is that still sometimes considered precipitation? Or is that crystallization from solution, and analogous to frost formation but not snow or rain?... |
[this answer](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/a/142432/16035) to *Are precipitation and crystallization both analogous between Chemistry and Meteorology?* discusses the history and use of the term "precipitation" in Chemistry.
From what I remember in school I was introduced to precipitation in the context of rea... |
In chemistry do we speak of precipitation in media other than "normal" liquids? |
While doing calculations for Huckel's rule, in polycyclic compound only peripheral pi electrons are considered for aromaticity.
So, 7 double bonds in the periphery i.e. 14 pi electrons.
14=4(3)+2
Huckel's rule satisfied. Aromaticity achieved.
Why are only peripheral pi electrons considered?
The reason i... |
[this answer](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/a/142432/16035) to *Are precipitation and crystallization both analogous between Chemistry and Meteorology?* discusses the history and use of the term "precipitation" in Chemistry.
From what I remember in school I was introduced to precipitation in the context of rea... |
In chemistry do we speak of precipitation in media other than typical liquids? |
I'm modelling the concentrations in the Belousov Zhabotinsky reaction. For this model, I need to convert [BrO3-] to [HBrO3]. I discovered in several papers that the following correlation applies:
$$ [HBrO_3] = \frac{h0}{h_0+0.2} * [BrO_3^-]_0 $$
See for example [this dissertation on page 28][1] or [this paper on ... |
How does the Hammett acidity function work and how to calculate it for [H2SO4] = 1,830? Any references? |
My real question is in fact "How can dissolution happen if it's endothermic?" However, there
have been many questions regarding this exact topic and the answers about Gibbs free energy
determining spontaneity of the reaction doesn't help my intuition at all. The majority of answers
list the increase of entropy as th... |
What is the mechanism of endothermic dissolution? |
When a drop of ink or watercolour paint is placed on wet paper, rather than uniformly diffusing in all directions it forms tendrils which rapidly expand out from the spot.
Why is this and what is the chemistry or physics occuring?
This video may further show the type of thing I am referring to
https://motionar... |
> In chemistry, on Earth in gravity, if a material from solution conformally, over all surfaces vertical and horizontal (e.g. the sides as well as the bottom of a container) is that still sometimes considered precipitation? Or is that crystallization from solution, and analogous to frost formation but not snow or rain?... |
I'm modelling the concentrations in the Belousov Zhabotinsky reaction. For this model, I need to convert [BrO3-] to [HBrO3]. I discovered in several papers that the following correlation applies:
$$ [\ce{HBrO3}] = \frac{h0}{h_0+0.2} * [\ce{BrO3^-}]_0 $$
See for example [this dissertation on page 28][1] or [this p... |
Don't they sell copper tea kettles? This implies copper does not dissolve appreciably, even in hot water.
But have you seen houses with those copper rain gutters and downspouts that pour out rainwater onto concrete patios? You know, where the concrete turns that nasty-looking green color? Could be due to acid rain. ... |
Second and third row metals are stated to often have higher crystal field splitting energies than first row metals. The argument is usually made that the more diffuse 4d and 5d orbitals are capable of better overlap and decreased pairing energy. However, two concepts do not make sense to me:
1) Why do more diffuse o... |
I was a bit hesitant to post this question for it may appear like a "homework help" type of question. But upon rethinking it felt like a genuine question. Apologies if the Chemistry SE community thinks otherwise. I was studying stoichiometry with my son (from the [OpenStax Chemistry 2e book](https://openstax.org/books/... |
I was a bit hesitant to post this question for it may appear like a "homework help" type of question. But upon rethinking it felt like a genuine question. Apologies if the Chemistry SE community thinks otherwise. I was studying stoichiometry with my son (from the [OpenStax Chemistry 2e book](https://openstax.org/books/... |
I am confused with my teacher's explanation for the nomenclature of this organic compound.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
He said that we should start numbering from the sulphonic acid at the bottom of the structure. But one of the students asked if we should start numbering from the other sulphonic acid... |
In order to find the equilibrium constant (or reaction quotient) I know I can find the value as the products over reactants raised to coefficient exponents. But, in all of the problems I have had to date, I have had either concentrations of solutions or pressures of gases. Now I have a problem with both. Can I mix the ... |
Can I mix pressures and concentrations when finding equilibrium constant? |
I keep reading conflicting information on this.
For normal water with a normal ph balance, over time which more resistant to corrosion - copper or stainless steel?
|
Copper vs Stainless Steel - which is more resistant to corrosion? |
I upvoted the question because it seems so simple, but allows so much discussion about special cases, all of which can and do happen.
First, copper pipe was used for house plumbing because it is so easy to work. Then copper became too expensive, or plastic became cheaper, I'm not sure which. So copper must pass the ... |
[This answer](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/a/142432/16035) to *Are precipitation and crystallization both analogous between chemistry and meteorology?* discusses the history and use of the term "precipitation" in chemistry.
From what I remember in school I was introduced to precipitation in the context of rea... |
Can precipitation occur in states of matter other than liquids? |
Ammonia is a surfactant, like detergents, but it also reacts chemically with some quantities of oils to convert them into other things. In addition, as a cleaning agent, unlike detergents and soap, ammonia has anti-microbial action.
Ammonia is a historically notable cleaning agent. It was readily available, prior to... |
I read from WA state dept health https://www.doh.wa.gov/portals/1/Documents/pubs/331-178.pdf that hot water disolves copper more copper than cold water.
> Use cold water for drinking and cooking. Because hot water dissolves more copper than cold
water, limit consumption of water from the hot water tap.
Is this... |
Does hot water dissolve Copper more than cold water? |
I was wondering what would be the product of the reaction of alkene with a diol (such as glycol)?
Any input? |
I was wondering what would be the product of the reaction of alkene with a diol (such as glycol)?
I tried to look online but I couldn't land on a paper or website that goes through such reaction.
Any input? |
I was wondering what would be the product of the reaction of alkene with a diol (such as glycol)?
I tried to look online but I couldn't land on a paper or website that goes through such reaction.
Any input?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/FHhqk.jpg |
I was a bit hesitant to post this question for it may appear like a "homework help" type of question. But upon rethinking it felt like a genuine question. Apologies if the Chemistry SE community thinks otherwise. I was studying stoichiometry with my son (from the [OpenStax Chemistry 2e book](https://openstax.org/books/... |
I was a bit hesitant to post this question for it may appear like a "homework help" type of question. But upon rethinking it felt like a genuine question. I was studying stoichiometry with my son (from the [OpenStax Chemistry 2e book](https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/4-4-reaction-yields)) and suddenly I ha... |
I was wondering what would be the product of the reaction of alkene with a diol (such as glycol)?
I tried to look online but I couldn't land on a paper or website that goes through such reaction. I also tried Scifinder, I marked both compounds as reactants, but zero results stemmed from the reactants!
Any input?
[... |
According to several articles from the American Water Works Association, permeate from RO should be stabilized in terms of pH and hardness to avoid corrosion of the distribution piping.
How does corrosion differ from that of normal water? Would RO water corrode stainless steel faster than normal water if both had th... |
Why is RO water more corrosive? |
I keep getting x to be 1 in this problem
‘A complex is synthesised by combining Hydrated solutions of NiCl2 (0.6g) with 1.35g trimethylphosphine (PPh3). After cooling the product precipitates a s a solid with formula NiCl2(PPh3)x. Determine x.’
I first found the atom ratio 0.6/129.593 and then 1.35/262.292
An... |
Kedar's calculation may be right. But it must be realized that the reaction will be rather slow. Even with a $1 M$ solution, the reaction is slow. The reaction of $1.5$ g. metallic zinc with such a diluted $\ce{HCl}$ solution ($0.1 M$) will last more than one hour. Anyway, in order to inflate such a balloon a higher pr... |
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