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Assume we want to calculate the heat capacities of two substances with different heat capacity. We heat them both up with a immersion heater delivering a constant rate of energy (constant J/sec), and we stop the immersion heater after 100 J of heat has been added. Would the lower heat capacity substance experience more... |
I needed to find **ΔU** and **ΔS** for the combustion of methane in a sealed rigid adiabatic container.
In the solution given : as q = 0 ; w = 0 ,So ΔU = 0 (by FLOT) and ΔS > 0 .
First Doubt:- that heat is released during combustion , why it isn't considered ?
Second Doubt:- Does temperature of the system cha... |
Does temperature change if change in internal energy is zero? |
I needed to find **ΔU** for the combustion of methane in a sealed rigid adiabatic container.
In the solution given : as q = 0 ; w = 0 ,So ΔU = 0 (by FLOT).
First Doubt:- that heat is released during combustion , why it isn't considered ?
Second Doubt:- Does temperature of the system changes during the process... |
Can the relation between Gibbs(free) energy change to Equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction be derived from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution ? ( Theoretically , with may be an empirical and conceptual background explanation )
i.e. The equation which is : ${\Delta_\text{r} G}^o=-RT\ln K_\text{eq}$ |
Can the relationship between Gibbs (free) energy change to Equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction be derived from Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution? |
Why is the concentration of hydrogen peroxide given as a percentage? For example, 3%, 6% |
i want to get ozone into an attic where rats are running around. for some reason, the attic is inaccessible to us. i ordered a bubbling ozone unit. we will drill a hole into the attic and run the silicon ozone tube (without the bubbler) through a small-diameter pvc pipe and then run that pipe with the silicon tube sti... |
can ozone run upwards through a silicon tube and exit against gravity? |
Can the relation between Gibbs(free) energy change to Equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction be derived from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution only ? ( Theoretically , with may be an empirical and conceptual background explanation may also be granted . )
i.e. The equation which is : ${\Delta_\text{r} G}^o=-R... |
**Question**: Two electrolytic cells are connected in series (the same current passes through each cell). One cell for the electrolysis of water produces 100 cm^3
of oxygen, measured at 273 K and
1.01
×
10^5
Pa
. The second cell contains molten lead(II) bromide,
PbBr2.
Determine the mass, in g, of lead pro... |
I've seen a lot of reagents which have a slash between two compounds, such as Lindlar's catalyst which is $\ce{H2}$ along with $\ce{Pd|BaSO4}$. I know that the sulphur is a poison here but in general, what does the \ or | mean? And is it supposed to be a \ or a |? Are both equivalent? Does it mean "and" or "or" or some... |
**Question**: Two electrolytic cells are connected in series (the same current passes through each cell). One cell for the electrolysis of water produces $\pu{100 cm^3}$
of oxygen, measured at $\pu{273 K}$ and
$\pu{1.01
×
10^5
Pa}$
. The second cell contains molten lead(II) bromide,
$\ce{PbBr2}$.
Determine... |
We can split the reaction
$$\ce{H2O2 -> H2O + O2}$$
into the respective reduction and oxidation half-reactions.
$$\ce{H2O2 -> O2 + 2H+ + 2e-}$$
$$\ce{H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -> 2H2O}$$
Since the n-factor of $\ce{H2O2}$ for both these half-reactions is 2, [the n-factor is](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/a/... |
Thallium Halides like TlF and TlI exist. However, my text says that TlI exists as Tl+ and I3-. This is understandable with the help of the inert pair effect. Then why does the fluoride exist as Tl+3 and F-? |
In what form does the respective halides of thallium exist as? |
Our teachers told that deuterium (D) in place of H in organic reaction only matters when the C-H is broken in a reaction . But does it really matter only then ? Will it affect the stability of the compound so formed ? |
I measured the change in pressure for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a manganese(IV) oxide catalyst at 5 different temperatures:
$$\ce{2 H2O2 (l) ->[MnO2 (s)] O2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)}$$
Is there any way that I can find concentrations and then find the rate constant, $k$? And, using them, ma... |
I want to get ozone into an attic where rats are running around. For some reason, the attic is inaccessible to us. I ordered a bubbling ozone unit. We will drill a hole into the attic and run the silicon ozone tube (without the bubbler) through a small-diameter PVC pipe and then run that pipe with the silicon tube sti... |
I measured the change in pressure for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a manganese(IV) oxide catalyst at 5 different temperatures:
$$\ce{2 H2O2 (l) ->[MnO2 (s)] O2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)}$$
Is there any way that I can find concentrations and then find the rate constant, $k$? And, using them, ma... |
Under constant pressure and temperature, we have
$$-\frac{\Delta G}{T} = \Delta S_{tot} = \Delta S_{sys} + \Delta S_{surr}$$
hence, a negative $\Delta G$ tells us that the total entropy gets increased (= spontaneous process). A common way for textbooks to justify the definition of $G$ is by specifying $\Delta S_{... |
Under constant pressure and temperature, we have
$$-\frac{\Delta G}{T} = \Delta S_{tot} = \Delta S_{sys} + \Delta S_{surr}$$
hence, a negative $\Delta G$ tells us that the total entropy gets increased (= spontaneous process). A common way for textbooks to justify the definition of $G$ is by specifying $\Delta S_{... |
Under constant pressure and temperature, we have
$$-\frac{\Delta G}{T} = \Delta S_{tot} = \Delta S_{sys} + \Delta S_{surr}$$
hence, a negative $\Delta G$ tells us that the total entropy gets increased (= spontaneous process). A common way for textbooks to justify the definition of $G$ is by specifying $\Delta S_{... |
Thallium Halides like $\ce{TlF}$ and $\ce{TlI}$ exist. However, my text says that $\ce{TlI}$ exists as $\ce{Tl+}$ and $\ce{I3-}$. This is understandable with the help of the inert pair effect. Then why does the fluoride exist as $\ce{Tl^{+3}}$ and $\ce{F-}$? |
The pKa of indicators can be determined via plotting a graph of log(I-/HI) vs pH with the help of a spectrophotometer, from the equation log(I-/HI) = pH -pKa.
From this, the graph should have a gradient of 1, and x intercept = -(y intercept) = pKa. However, my graph has a gradient of ~0.8 which means my x intercept ... |
[![enter image description here][1]][1][![enter image description here][2]][2]The pKa of indicators can be determined via plotting a graph of log(I-/HI) vs pH with the help of a spectrophotometer, from the equation log(I-/HI) = pH -pKa.
From this, the graph should have a gradient of 1, and x intercept = -(y intercep... |
[![Graph 1][1]][1]
[![Graph 2][2]][2]
The $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ of indicators can be determined via plotting a graph of $\log \left(\frac{\ce{In-}}{\ce{HIn}}\right)$ vs $\mathrm{pH}$ with the help of a spectrophotometer, from the equation $\log \left(\frac{\ce{In-}}{\ce{HIn}}\right) = \mathrm{pH} - \mathrm{p}K_... |
>**OP's question:** From the papers I've read, most if not all of them use the intercept with the $\mathrm{pH}$ axis instead of the $\log \left(\frac{\ce{In-}}{\ce{HIn}}\right)$ axis in this situation, why is this?
Answer for this question is easy. According to the graphs plotted using the equation $\log \left(\frac... |
[![Graph 1][1]][1]
The $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ of indicators can be determined via plotting a graph of $\log \left(\frac{\ce{In-}}{\ce{HIn}}\right)$ vs $\mathrm{pH}$ with the help of a spectrophotometer, from the equation $\log \left(\frac{\ce{In-}}{\ce{HIn}}\right) = \mathrm{pH} - \mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$.
From... |
Instead of using a formula, think !
How much does $\pu{10 mL}$ vinegar weigh ? Answer: $\pu{10.2 g}$.
You have found that this sample contains $\pu{0.048 g}$ acetic acid. As a consequence, the percentage of acid in vinegar is : $\frac{\pu{0.048 g}}{\pu{10.2 g}} = \pu{4.7E-3} = 0.47$% |
Instead of using a formula, think !
How much does $\pu{10 mL}$ vinegar weigh ? Answer: $\pu{10.2 g}$.
You have found that this sample contains $\pu{0.048 g}$ acetic acid. As a consequence, the percentage of acid in vinegar is : $\frac{\pu{0.048 g}}{\pu{10.2 g}} = \pu{4.7E-3} = 0.47$%
P.S. Are you sure of these n... |
Acetic acid completely dissociates in liquid ammonia and I would like to know the pKa value for the acid in that solvent. Can anybody point me to a reference, please ?. |
pKa of acetic acid in pure NH3? |
I have some water-soluble crystalbond that is attached to silicon and, because of some overheating (to about 150 Celcius) during a final processing step, the crystalbond seems to have charred (white/grayish colour) and is no longer dissolvable in water. Since this silicon is important and not replaceable, I really need... |
I have some water-soluble crystalbond that is attached to silicon and, because of some overheating (to about 150 Celcius) during a final processing step, the crystalbond seems to have charred (white/grayish colour, see photo at the bottom) and is no longer dissolvable in water. Since this silicon is important and canno... |
I have some water-soluble crystalbond that is attached to silicon and, because of some overheating (to about 150 Celcius) during a final processing step, the crystalbond seems to have charred (white/grayish colour, see photo at the bottom) and is no longer dissolvable in water. Since this silicon is important and canno... |
I have some water-soluble crystalbond that is attached to silicon and, because of some overheating (to about 150 Celcius) during a final processing step, the crystalbond seems to have charred (white/grayish colour, see photo at the bottom) and is no longer dissolvable in water. Since this silicon is important and canno... |
I am reading this [journal article][1] which discusses using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate dyes from wine. Here are the relevant facts about the experimental setup:
1. Two mobile phases are used, a solvent A and a solvent B. Solvent A is is 40% methanol and solvent B is 70% methanol. Bot... |
How do I interpret the results of this chromatogram and does it tell me about the compounds' polarities? |
I've noticed that when I put dish soap, water and a little air into a sealed plastic bag, and then shake the mixture, it forms soap suds and the bag expands significantly in volume. Why does it expand?
**Update:**
After being prompted by the comments, I tried to re-create and measure this phenomenon under more c... |
Imagine you vaporize a chunk of metal like an iron meteorite or plutonium or whatever in the atmosphere. What happens to that metal when it cools down? Does it form dust and drop in the nearby vicinity or does it float away in the wind or something else? |
What happens to vaporized metal in the atmosphere when it cools down? |
You have several queries. First of let us look at the gradient method used by the authors.
> The HPLC gradient for synthetic colorants was 0 min A 100 p. cent, 10
> min A 0 p. cent, 14 min A 100 p. cent. The HPLC gradient for natural
> carmine was 0 min A 80 p. cent, 20 min A 50 p. cent, 23 min A 30 p.
> cent, 25... |
Is there a formula to know how many constitutional isomers are there for a compound? For instance in this example, most students would miss the 6th constitutional isomer and will probably only write the first 5. So I would like to kindly ask if there's a formula or pattern for it.
[![enter image description here][1]... |
Acetic acid completely dissociates in liquid ammonia and I would like to know the $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ value for the acid in that solvent. Can anybody point me to a reference? |
From the rules I know I would name the following compound as **3-propyl-penta-1,3-diene** because maximum number of functional groups (double bonds in this case) are in the five numbered carbon chain:
[![3-propyl-penta-1,3-diene vs 3-ethylidene-hex-1-ene][1]][1]
However, ChemDraw names the above compound as **3-e... |
One of the back exercises (13(C)) from the book for practice provided at my school asked whether the following relation is true:
> $\Delta_\mathrm{f}H^\circ(\ce{I2,g}) = \Delta_\mathrm{sub}H^\circ[\ce{I2,s}]$ at $\pu{25 °C}.$
I know how to solve the question, but the answer would depend on the meaning of $\Delta... |
Ruthenium dioxide has the same crystal structure as rutile (titanium dioxide), and the metal atoms are in the same oxidation state. Yet ruthenium dioxide is a metal-like conductor (its resistivity is given [here][1] as 40 $\mu\Omega \cdot \mathrm{cm}$ here for thin films), while titanium dioxide is an [insulator][2] w... |
Why is ruthenium dioxide a conductor while titanium dioxide is an insulator? |
Ruthenium dioxide has the same crystal structure as rutile (titanium dioxide), and the metal atoms are in the same oxidation state. Yet ruthenium dioxide is a metal-like conductor (its resistivity is given by Miao et al. \[[1](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.10.032)\] as $\pu{40 \mu\Omega{} cm^-1}$ for thin films),... |
In a science exhibition in 2011 , I and my friend made a volcano that used vinegar and baking soda for the 'effects'. There was another group that made volcano too and they had brought their own supplies. But before the exhibition started, the members of other group came to us and asked us if we could share our baking... |
Ruthenium dioxide has the same crystal structure as rutile (titanium dioxide), and the metal atoms are in the same oxidation state. Yet ruthenium dioxide is a metal-like conductor (its resistivity is given by Miao et al. \[[1](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.10.032)\] as $\pu{40 \mu\Omega{} cm}$ for thin films), wh... |
Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate NaHCO$_3$. It is stable in air indefinitely. Baking *powder* is a mix of sodium bicarbonate and a powdered acid, typically an aluminum or calcium hydrogen phosphate, which, in the absence of moisture, is stable for a long time (maybe a year? maybe more). After exposure to moisture, it ... |
Is there a scientific database where one can find all the H and P statements for all chemicals? I would like to avoid using wikipedia but I can't find a database from a trusted source. |
Crystalbond™ 555-HMP is an adhesive. The SDS lists only *hazardous* ingredients, none of which should decompose at 150$^o$C to char. The char is probably from the *non-hazardous* ingredients, probably something like a hot-melt adhesive.
The adhesive char now bonded to the SiO$_2$ layer probably involves carboxyl ox... |
I intend to melt a few computer chips (NAND memory chips used eg. on SSDs to be precise).
Why? See foot note.
I am not a chemist, so of course I tried to research the topic a bit before actually attempting anything. I got to know that they are covered in a resin called CNE and that there is surprisingly little entr... |
In gas chromatography, the number of peaks represents the number of compounds in an unknown sample, as retention times for each component differ.
But what would happen if two components have the same exact retention time? Would you see two separate peaks or one? |
What would a (gas) chromatogram look like if two compounds have the same retention times? |
Urgent: What would a (gas) chromatogram look like if two compounds have the same retention times? |
It is found experimentally that the potential of an electrochemical cell with applied current density varies as follows:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/oJUhj.png
To produce the passage of current through a cell it is necessary to apply a potential difference that exc... |
What would a (gas) chromatogram look like if two compounds have the same retention times? |
> An organic compound **A** $(\ce{C10H14O})$ exhibits following characteristics.
>
> A) It reacts with metallic sodium to give a colorless odorless gas.
> B) It is oxidized by $\ce{KMnO4}$ to benzoic acid.
> C) It can be resolved.
> D) It does not give precipitate with iodine in presence of $\ce{NaOH}.$
... |
I read [this](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/61107/is-cis-1-2-dimethylcyclohexane-a-meso-compound) question and it's answer by **@orthocresol**. Now, he has written that the compound in question is meso not because there is a plane of symmetry but because of the rapid flipping of the cyclohexane ring, wh... |
> <img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0oW5X.jpg">
How to compare the melting points of the above isomers? I know that melting point depends upon the packing of the molecule, more efficient the packing, higher is the melting point. Symmetry in a compound also increases it's melting point. But all the above compounds ... |
From the rules I know I would name the following compound as **3-propyl-penta-1,3-diene** because maximum number of functional groups (double bonds in this case) are in the five numbered carbon chain:
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yoEKS.png">
However, ChemDraw names the above compound as **3-ethylidene-hex-... |
><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/WeQ6d.png"> <img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/EQNXG.png">
>
>Compare the basic strengths of above two compounds.
In the first compound (1,2-dihydropyrazine), the lone pair of one N will participate in resonance but the lone pair of other N will not, similarly in pyridine, lon... |
[![Graph 1][1]][1]
The $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ of indicators can be determined via plotting a graph of $\log \left(\frac{\ce{In-}}{\ce{HIn}}\right)$ vs $\mathrm{pH}$ with the help of a spectrophotometer, from the equation $\log \left(\frac{\ce{In-}}{\ce{HIn}}\right) = \mathrm{pH} - \mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$.
From... |
I'm aware of the reaction Calcium chloride has with water vapour and how it can therefore be used as a good and inexpensive drying agent but could that be applicable for solutions?
For example if there is an Ethanol, water mixture which you want to dehydrate could you add Calcium chloride so it forms a complex with ... |
I'm really interested in the Fischer-Tropsch GTL process. A lot of people are using wood or other biomass feedstock to make syngas on small scales (farms, shops, etc.). What would practically be required to build a small scale GTL reactor to run a Fischer-Tropsch process on a small scale in a shop? Is that even possibl... |
I am a newbie at chemistry and was wondering what the key difference between Dexedrine and Methamphetamine HCL is?
I know that Methamphetamine has an extra methyl group compared to Adderall. But what about Dexedrine? |
Glycogen phosphorylase does indeed phosphorylates the non-reducing end of a glycogen chain. It is unclear from the crystal structures how come this is an <i>exo</i> type enzyme. The prevailing catalytic mechanism is almost as you illustrated, involving the protonation of the $\pu{\alpha}$-1,4 link leading to the format... |
Glycogen phosphorylase does indeed phosphorylates the non-reducing end of a glycogen chain. It is unclear from the crystal structures how come this is an <i>exo</i> type enzyme. The prevailing catalytic mechanism is almost as you illustrated, involving the protonation of the $\pu{\alpha}$-1,4 link leading to the format... |
We humans are still at best mediocre at predicting the outcome of chemical reactions. Even computers are at best a little bit better. If there is no literature on this compound (and Orthocresol commented that he found none), no experiment has likely been performed and we cannot be certain.
You *could* find a computa... |
I have done an experiment that found the initial reaction rate for a reaction that created gas in kPa/s by finding the slope of the tangent line at time=0. How do I propagate uncertainty for this? Is there any uncertainty propagation that has to be done?
Slope = (99.726 ±0.01kPa -99.71753 ±0.01kPa )/(0.076s - 0.06... |
I have done an experiment that found the initial reaction rate for a reaction that created gas in kPa/s by finding the slope of the tangent line at time=0. How do I propagate uncertainty for this? Is there any uncertainty propagation that has to be done?
Slope = (99.726 ±0.01kPa -99.71753 ±0.01kPa )/(0.076s - 0.06... |
Let's say that there is a solution
$\ce{Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) <=> NaCl(s)}$
If the above solution is at equilibrium we can say that it is saturated and hence no more Sodium Chloride will dissolve. However, according to LeChatelier's Principle, if we add more Sodium Chloride it will just dissolve. Is there another rul... |
According to [this page on Wikipedia][1]:
> Reactor-grade plutonium (RGPu) is the isotopic grade of plutonium that is found in spent nuclear fuel after the uranium-235 primary fuel that a nuclear power reactor uses has burnt up.
Since plutonium is not found naturally, how does it end up at nuclear waste from nucl... |
Why does nuclear waste contain plutonium? |
If the first five ionization energies of an element are, respectively: 1.09 Kj / mol, 2.35 Kj / mol, 4.62 Kj / mol, 6.22 Kj / mol and 37.83 Kj / mol, to which group of the periodic table does this element belong? Predict the valence configuration of this element. Justify your reasoning
*I don't understand how to s... |
Adderall
--------
Adderall is a drug(trade name) that contains a combination of four salts of amphetamine (equal parts racemic amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, which produces a (3:1) ratio between dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, the two enantiomers of amphetamine).
Racemic amphetamine: levoamphetamine a... |
I have done an experiment that found the initial reaction rate for a reaction that created gas in $\pu{kPa s^-1}$ by finding the slope of the tangent line at time = 0. How do I propagate uncertainty for this? Is there any uncertainty propagation that has to be done?
$$\text{slope} = \frac{\pu{(99.726 ± 0.01) kPa} ... |
Could someone point me toward a primer on how to read the toxicity warnings on standard chemical data sheets? Or alternatively, where one should look for more precise information than is contained on such sheets? Specifically, when I see that "Poison" skull and crossbones, I don't know how to tell when it means "Don't ... |
Chemical safety information: Where to look to find out how poisonous poisons are? |
Complexes of Type ${MA_3B_3}$ have 2 Geometrical Isomers, namely :-
1) *fac*-isomer
2) *mer*-isomer
Now,if we look closely at the *mer*-isomer it has a Plane of Symmetry so it is optically inactive .
But the *fac*-isomer has no plane of symmetry , still , it is optically inactive, Why?
Being a 12th Grader I ... |
Why are complexes of type ${MA_3B_3}$ not optical active? |
Complexes of type $\ce{MA3B3}$ have two geometrical isomers, namely:
1. *fac*-isomer
2. *mer*-isomer
If we look closely at the *mer*-isomer, it has a plane of symmetry, so it is optically inactive.
But the *fac*-isomer has no plane of symmetry. Still, it is optically inactive, Why? |
Why are complexes of type MA3B3 not optical active? |
The question I have is with respect to this diagram. Which depicts a stream of protons and electrons entering a proton field with equal energy.
[![Protons and electrons enetering an electric field][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/VHg0h.png
Why is it that in the case where the energy of protons and electr... |
Why is it that protons and electrons undergo the same amount of deflection in an electric field if they have the same energy? |
If the first five ionization energies of an element are, respectively: $\pu{1.09 kJ/mol}$, $\pu{2.35 kJ/mol}$, $\pu{4.62 kJ/mol}$, $\pu{6.22 kJ/mol}$ and $\pu{37.83 kJ/mol}$, to which group of the periodic table does this element belong? Predict the valence configuration of this element. Justify your reasoning
*I... |
Complexes of Type ${MA_3B_3}$ have 2 Geometrical Isomers, namely :-
1) *fac*-isomer
2) *mer*-isomer
Now,if we look closely at the *mer*-isomer it has a Plane of Symmetry so it is optically inactive .
But the *fac*-isomer has no plane of symmetry , still , it is optically inactive, Why?
Being a 12th Grader I ... |
Why are complexes of type ${MA_3B_3}$ not optical active? |
Why are complexes of type ${MA_3B_3}$ not optically active? |
The question I have is with respect to this diagram. Which depicts a stream of protons and electrons entering a proton field with equal energy.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Why is it that in the case where the energy of protons and electrons are equal, their angle of deflection is exactly the same? Howev... |
Complexes of type $\ce{MA3B3}$ have two geometrical isomers, namely:
1. *fac*-isomer
2. *mer*-isomer
If we look closely at the *mer*-isomer, it has a plane of symmetry, so it is optically inactive.
But the *fac*-isomer has no plane of symmetry. Still, it is optically inactive, Why? |
Why are complexes of type MA3B3 not optical active? |
Now that's a mildly non-trivial observation. Why would they be equal, really?
Let's say a particle with mass $m$, charge $q$, and initial velocity $v$ enters an area of length $L$ where an electric field $E$ starts to deflect it sideways. This is a clear example of uniformly accelerated motion, and its laws are well... |
Out of KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl, which causes the greatest corrosion rate of iron and why? |
Adderall
--------
Adderall is a drug(trade name) that contains a combination of four salts of amphetamine (equal parts racemic amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, which produces a (3:1) ratio between dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, the two enantiomers of amphetamine).
Racemic amphetamine: levoamphetamine a... |
There is an ion which I can draw 2 possible Lewis structures.
You can see them below
[![][1]][1]
So,what is the correct structure of the ion and why is the other one wrong?
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/2URO2.jpg |
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