instruction stringlengths 15 21.8k |
|---|
How are acids in aqueous solution able to react again after reacting with water? |
I know that oxidation number is the charge any species has in its molecular or ion form. And valency is the number of electrons a species contain in its valence shell, that always tends to be used in bond formation. But is there any relation between the oxidation number and those valence electrons? |
what is the difference between valency and oxidation number? |
I have read about this topic in both of my chemistry and physics books, but none of them exactly pointed out the significance of the significant figures.
Then I searched the Internet for the same and I got two answers. Some people are saying that it is to denote the accuracy and others are saying that it is to denot... |
I hope to clear up some confusion I have about acid-base reactions in aqueous solution.
Based on the Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids, I know acids donate protons. In water, a strong acid should react completely with water to form hydronium and some anion. For example,
$\ce{HCl + H2O -> H3O+ + Cl-}$
However... |
I hope to clear up some confusion I have about acid-base reactions in aqueous solution.
Based on the Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids, I know acids donate protons. In water, a strong acid should react completely with water to form hydronium and some anion. For example,
$\ce{HCl + H2O -> H3O+ + Cl-}$
However... |
A lot of people rationalize the acidity of phenol by saying that resonance is responsible for much of phenol's acidity as opposed to aliphatic alcohols.
![Resonance of phenols][1]
![Phenol vs aliphatic alcohols][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/7c0P5.png
However, this image suggests that in fact the... |
A number itself doesn't inherently precision or accuracy. It is the representation of a measurement: the output of a measuring instrument. That instrument is what has precision and accuracy. We accept the number representing an instrument's output on the basis that we trust the calibration and quality of the instrument... |
I got two options,
1. The size of B3+ ions, is very small and the ion has high charge density. Thus, following Fajan's rule, Boron forms covalent compounds.
2. The sum of the first three ionisation enthalpies of boron is too high, thereby restricting the formation of B3+ ions. Thus, boron is forced to form covalent ... |
Why does boron form only covalent compounds? |
Another explanation.
It costs something to remove one election from an neutral atom, whatever the nature of this atom. It costs more to remove a second electron from an atom that has already lost one electron. But it is feasible. As a consequence, removing a third electron form an atom that has already lost two elec... |
I got two options,
1. The size of $\ce{B^3+}$ ions, is very small and the ion has high charge density. Thus, following Fajan's rule, boron forms covalent compounds.<br>
2. The sum of the first three ionisation enthalpies of boron is too high, thereby restricting the formation of $\ce{B^3+}$ ions. Thus, boron is forc... |
Is there any way of comparing magnetic moment of Co2+ and Cr3+ by just going through their electronic configuration? Or is it just experimental data.
|
I was studying mass spectrometry where i studied that sample is first vaporize before ionization. Amd ions are formed in ionization chamber in gaseous from.
Why there is need of vapourizing our sample first? Can't we ditectly ionize our sample(solid) without vapourizing it? |
Can ions of a pure substance be obtained in only gaseous form? |
Is there any way of comparing magnetic moment of $\ce{Co}^{2+}$ and $\ce{Cr}^{3+}$ by just going through their electronic configuration? Or is it just experimental data? |
> **EDIT** I fouled up my original answer. So as a matter of pride I have fixed it. The OP was right on his idea #1. The answer to the question hinges on the calculated vapor pressure assuming all of the acetonitrile evaporates. I have no idea what coefficients the OP might have had for the Antoine equation.
-----
... |
Will the hybridisation of of $\ce{Co}$ in $\ce{[Co(C2O4)3]}^{3-}$ be $\mathrm{sp^3d^2}$ or $\mathrm{d^2sp^3}$? The question in which I found it has mentioned the answer to be $\mathrm{d^2sp^3}$ while I was thinking of the other one.
According to me, oxalate is a weak field ligand and it should not cause the pairing ... |
Is there any way of comparing magnetic moment of $\ce{Co^2+}$ and $\ce{Cr^3+}$ by just going through their electronic configuration? Or is it just experimental data? |
How to compare magnetic moment of cromium(III) and cobalt (II)? |
How to compare magnetic moment of chromium(III) and cobalt(II) ions? |
Here is the question:
For the reaction:
2 A + 2 B → C + D
The following data was obtained from three experiments:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
a) What is the rate equation for the reaction?
b) What is the numerical value of the rate constant k?
c) Propose a reaction mechanism for this ... |
This question was answered well enough 5-7 years ago, but there is something still lacking. The resonance diagrams drawn in brackets suggest that resonance is responsible for increasing the acidity of phenol; I find the wording misleading. Better would be that the resonance of the phenyl ring is responsible for the sta... |
I read that for hydrofluorocarbons, they're named HFC-xyz, where
x = number of carbon - 1
y = number of hydrogen + 1
z = number of fluorine
I'm curious why they were named like this.
Is it better than simply putting numbers of carbon, hydrogen atoms into x and y? |
What is the purpose of HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons) numbering system? |
The Space Exploration SE question [Premature detonation of explosive bolts when landing on hot Venus?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/53690/12102) explains the need for and widespread use of [pyrotechnic fasteners and cable cutters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener) for Mars landers and elsewhere i... |
Constraints on pyrotechnic explosives that won't detonate spontaneously at 500 C when landing on Venus? |
The Space Exploration SE question [Premature detonation of explosive bolts when landing on hot Venus?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/53690/12102) explains the need for and widespread use of [pyrotechnic fasteners and cable cutters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener) for Mars landers and elsewhere i... |
Consider that ions, by definition, have an electric charge. If you have ions in a matrix, e.g. table salt, $\ce{NaCl}$, crystals, the negative and positive charges balance. and the ions can get cozy. But **pure** ions, e.g. $\ce{Na+}$ or $\ce{Cl-}$, do not find each other attractive enough for a really solid relationsh... |
The Space Exploration SE question [Premature detonation of explosive bolts when landing on hot Venus?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/53690/12102) explains the need for and widespread use of [pyrotechnic fasteners and cable cutters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener) for Mars landers and elsewhere i... |
The Space Exploration SE question [Premature detonation of explosive bolts when landing on hot Venus?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/53690/12102) explains the need for and widespread use of [pyrotechnic fasteners and cable cutters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener) for Mars landers and elsewhere i... |
Here is the question:
>For the reaction:
>$$\ce{2 A + 2 B → C + D}$$
>
>The following data was obtained from three experiments:
>\begin{array}{c|ccc}\hline
\bf{Experiment} &\textbf{[A] (mol/L)} &\textbf{[B] (mol/L)} &\textbf{Rate of Formation of C(mol min/L )} \\ \hline
1 & 0.60 &0.15 &6.3 \times10^{-3} \\
... |
[Aniline can be protonated by strong acid][1]. However, the site of protonation was a subject of debate over decades. It has been confirmed after numerous experimentation that protonation is more favored at the nitrogen atom that the carbon atom at the para- position. [See this previous chem.SE discussion to find out t... |
I was studying mass spectrometry where I learned that the sample is first vaporized before ionization. And ions are formed in gaseous from in an ionization chamber.
Why is there need of vapourizing our sample first? Can't we directly ionize the solid sample without vapourizing it? |
The question is :
<br>Find the product of the following reaction
<br>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/V5QPr.jpg
Note that the carbon marked as a star is a special labelled carbon which may be considered as a $\ce{C-14}$ isotope
Given answer :
>!(c)
Why would... |
The Space Exploration SE question [Premature detonation of explosive bolts when landing on hot Venus?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/53690/12102) explains the need for and widespread use of [pyrotechnic fasteners and cable cutters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener) for Mars landers and elsewhere i... |
Constraints on pyrotechnic explosives that won't detonate spontaneously at 500 °C when landing on Venus? |
Which is more reactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution? Benzene or naphthalene? |
>Find the product of the following reaction
>
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
>
Note that the carbon marked as a star is a special labelled carbon which may be considered as a $\ce{C-14}$ isotope
The given answer is (c)
Why would the product in option (b) form ?
I know that it proceeds v... |
Does pH gets affected by pressure? |
#Books about Inorganic Chemistry
- **General texts**
- [Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. *Inorganic Chemistry*, 4th ed.; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2012.](https://www.amazon.com/Inorganic-Chemistry-4th-Catherine-Housecroft/dp/0273742752)
- [Weller, M.; Overton, T.; Rourke, J.; Armstrong, F. *Inorgan... |
For the synthesis of a 2H-cromene from a phenol I need to prepare 3-chloro-2-methyl-but-1-yne from the corresponding alcohol 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol. This reaction could be seen as a simple SN1 substitution.
[![plausible mechanism][1]][1]
However it requires a catalytic amount of copper powder, and almost half equi... |
What is role of Cu powder, CaCl2 and CuCl in a Sn1 reaction of HCl with propargylic alcohol? |
For the synthesis of a 2H-cromene from a phenol I need to prepare 3-chloro-2-methyl-but-1-yne from the corresponding alcohol 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol. This reaction could be seen as a simple SN1 substitution.
[![plausible mechanism][1]][1]
However it requires a catalytic amount of copper powder, and almost half equi... |
For the synthesis of a 2H-cromene from a phenol I need to prepare 3-chloro-2-methyl-but-1-yne from the corresponding alcohol 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol. This reaction could be seen as a simple $S_\text N1$ substitution.
**Plausible mechanism:**
[![plausible mechanism][1]][1]
However it requires a catalytic amount o... |
What is role of copper powder, calcium chloride and cuprous chloride in the SN1 reaction of hydrochloric with propargylic alcohol? |
> **Question**
>
> In Bohr series of lines of hydrogen spectrum, the third line from the red end corresponds to which one of the following inner-orbit jumps of the electron for Bohr orbits in an atom of hydrogen?
>
> (A) $3\to2$
>
> (B) $5\to2$
>
> (C) $4\to1$
>
> (D) $2\to5$
>
>Only one option is correct.
... |
Which electronic transition of the hydrogen spectrum corresponds to "the third line from the red end"? |
My attempt:
The compound which would be more electron rich would also be more reactive to electrophilic aromatic substitution.
In benzene 6 pi electrons are being shared between 6 carbons while in napthlene 12 pi electrons are being shared between 10 carbons so it is more electron dense.
So, napthlene should be m... |
What is role of copper powder, calcium chloride and cuprous chloride in the SN1 reaction of hydrochloric acid with propargylic alcohol? |
For the synthesis of a 2H-cromene from a phenol I need to prepare 3-chloro-2-methyl-but-1-yne from the corresponding alcohol 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol. This reaction could be seen as a simple $S_\text N1$ substitution.
**Plausible mechanism:**
[![plausible mechanism][1]][1]
However it requires a catalytic amount o... |
This question was answered well enough 5-7 years ago, but there is something still lacking. The resonance diagrams drawn in brackets suggest that resonance is responsible for increasing the acidity of phenol; I find the wording misleading. Better would be that the resonance of the phenyl ring is responsible for the sta... |
The Space Exploration SE question [Premature detonation of explosive bolts when landing on hot Venus?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/53690/12102) explains the need for and widespread use of [pyrotechnic fasteners and cable cutters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener) for Mars landers and elsewhere i... |
Does intermolecular force of attraction have anything to do with molecules having more energy in their liquid state than their solid state? If not, what is responsible for greater kinetic energy in liquids? |
>**Your question:** How could one predict from the structure of the one product that it is going to have a blue color in that situation?
This is a very broad question. OP has to go to chemistry fundamentals to learn, how one can predict the absorbance wavelength of a compound by analyzing the structure of the given... |
I'm writing a book based on a dream I had, but after some research I can't find too much on a specific reaction I want. The main character mixes a clear liquid and yellow powder which hisses and bubbles creating a lot of yellow gas. The gas was slightly toxic, but he was exposed for around a minute and nothing super da... |
What are chemicals that will create a similar reaction to baking soda and vinegar for my book? |
Why d and s orbitals overlap even when there is considerable difference in their energies? |
In David R Klein's Organic Chemistry Book, Chapter of Radicals, one of the 'skillbuilder' questions is to identify the weakest C-H bond in the following molecule:
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
The solution was to split each carbon-hydrogen bond heterolytically one at a time and find which radical was m... |
Is bond dissociation enthalpy same for homolytic and heterolytic cleavage? |
In David R Klein's Organic Chemistry Book, Chapter of Radicals, one of the 'skillbuilder' questions is to identify the weakest C-H bond in the following molecule:
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
The solution was to split each carbon-hydrogen bond heterolytically one at a time and find which radical was m... |
In David R Klein's Organic Chemistry Book, Chapter of Radicals, one of the 'skillbuilder' questions is to identify the weakest C-H bond in the following molecule:
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
The solution was to split each carbon-hydrogen bond homolytically one at a time and find which radical generat... |
I am trying to model an acid-base neutralization reaction. There are two adjacent slabs - one acid and one base. Each slab is the same thickness and I'm only looking at one-dimensional diffusion/reaction. At time $t = 0$, the acid slab has a concentration of cA0 throughout and the base slab has a concentration of cB0... |
I learned recently that mirror is mostly manufactured by pouring thin metal coating (i.e alumunium) on top of a substrate surface (i.e glass),
Due to the nature of this composition it cannot be easily disposed. I searched everywhere on how to recycle mirror and it always end up suggesting to recycle it physically (i... |
As Chet Miller and Karsten pointed out, the culprit is the simple definition of K which we use in textbooks.
As in your last equation $$Gi(Pi)=G(P∘)+niRTln(Pi/P∘)$$
(similar equation can be used for dilute solutions in liquid phase)
This equation (differential of this equation in the form of chemical potential... |
Which compound have electrovalent, covalent, coordinate as well as hydrogen bond ?<br>
A) $\ce{[Cu(H_2O)_4]SO_4.H2O}$<Br>
B) $\ce{[Zn(H_2O)_6]SO_4.H2O}$<br>
C) $\ce{[Fe(H_2O)_6]SO_4.H2O}$<br>
D) $\ce{[Fe(H_2O)_6]SO_4.Cl_3}$
<b>My approach and doubt:</b><br>
All the compounds contain electrovalent, covalent aswe... |
Which compound of these following have electrovalent, covalent, coordinate as well as hydrogen bond? |
> Which compound have electrovalent, covalent, coordinate as well as
> hydrogen bond ?
>
> A) $\ce{[Cu(H2O)4]SO4.H2O}$
B) $\ce{[Zn(H2O)6]SO4.H2O}$
C) $\ce{[Fe(H2O)6]SO4.H2O}$
D) $\ce{[Fe(H2O)6]SO4.Cl3}$
**My approach and doubt:**
All the compounds contain electrovalent, covalent as well as coordin... |
I read that, on some papers, conformers were generated by stereoconfiguration of the molecules and from there, they evaluated stability of each stereoisomer in terms of free energy differences between two stereoisomers. Why people illustrated the energy profile of each stereoisomers from their fixed stereoconfiguration... |
Could Gaussian or Spartan software determine stereoisomers from conformational landscape of a molecule alone? |
> Which compound have electrovalent, covalent, coordinate as well as
> hydrogen bond ?
>
> A) $\ce{[Cu(H2O)4]SO4.H2O}$
B) $\ce{[Zn(H2O)6]SO4.H2O}$
C) $\ce{[Fe(H2O)6]SO4.H2O}$
D) $\ce{[Fe(H2O)6]Cl3}$
**My approach and doubt:**
All the compounds contain electrovalent, covalent as well as coordinate ... |
> Which compound have electrovalent, covalent, coordinate as well as
> hydrogen bond ?
>
> A) $\ce{[Cu(H2O)4]SO4.H2O}$
B) $\ce{[Zn(H2O)6]SO4.H2O}$
C) $\ce{[Fe(H2O)6]SO4.H2O}$
D) $\ce{[Fe(H2O)6]Cl3}$
**My approach and doubt:**
All the compounds contain electrovalent, covalent as well as coordinate ... |
Who needs high pressure? [Ammonium can be amalgamated into mercury like an alkali metal](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1951/jr/jr9510001731). As with metals generally, there are not really any ammonium molecules in this phase; rather, the ammonium cations are intermingled with mercury cations and del... |
Because [Jmol][1] may assign stereogenic centers, it is likely other programs (perhaps *including* Gaussian) are equally capable to perform this task. For example, on a hypothetical bromofluoromethanol:
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
you select the carbon atom in question, and type on Jmol's console the... |
Who needs high pressure? [Ammonium can be amalgamated into mercury like an alkali metal](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1951/jr/jr9510001731). As with metals generally, there are not really any ammonium molecules in this phase; rather, the ammonium cations are intermingled with mercury cations and del... |
My textbook says:
Carbon acquires partial positive charge whereas halogen acquires partial negative charge. Halogen becomes nucleophilic in character, which can be replaced by another nucleophile on the basis of bond polarity, reactivity of alkyl halides decreases in the following order.
R-F > R-Cl > R-Br > R-I.
... |
This is all driven by the steric hindrance around the protonated methyl ether.
First step - protonation of the oxygen, clear enough?
Second step - attack of chloride ion: the oxygen of the protonated species is in a hindered environment so the nucleophilic attack of Cl- on the back face is blocked. Instead you... |
I am interested in the combustion argument phillip morris is making on its iqos product. They claim theres 0 combustion in their product but how do you take nicotine out of something without a combustion process? Enough heat would still create a chemical reaction...im asking based on a lawsuit they have going on. Is it... |
Combustion and does it need an open flame? |
Who needs high pressure? [Ammonium can be amalgamated into mercury like an alkali metal](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1951/jr/jr9510001731). As with metals generally, there are not really any ammonium molecules in this phase; rather, the ammonium cations are intermingled with mercury cations and del... |
Here is the question:
>For the reaction:
>$$\ce{2 A + 2 B → C + D}$$
>
>The following data was obtained from three experiments:
>\begin{array}{c|ccc}\hline
\bf{Experiment} &\textbf{[A] (mol/L)} &\textbf{[B] (mol/L)} &\textbf{Rate of Formation of C(mol min/L )} \\ \hline
1 & 0.60 &0.15 &6.3 \times10^{-3} \\
... |
Who needs high pressure? [Ammonium can be amalgamated into mercury like an alkali metal](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1951/jr/jr9510001731). As with metals generally, there are not really any ammonium molecules in this phase; rather, the ammonium cations are intermingled with mercury cations and del... |
There are several ways to answer the question, so here are my three. The first answer involves using a simple integer wavelengths approximation, i.e., noticing that Figs. 1 and 2 have 1 nm point spacing, and then using a spreadsheet to perform a summation. The answer explained in this part also serves to define the ter... |
As I understand, a necessary and sufficient condition for a density matrix $P$ to be represented by a wavefunction $|\Psi\rangle$ is that it is idempotent, i.e. $P^2=P$. It is easy to see that if $P=|\Psi\rangle\langle \Psi|$ then $P$ is idempotent:
$$
P^2=|\Psi\rangle\langle \Psi|\Psi\rangle\langle \Psi|=|\Psi\rangl... |
So I have this question. Can you dissolve concrete with acid? I know that there are many types of concrete, but the common and dominant component, as far as I know, is Ca3SiO5*H20 (hydrated tricalcium silicate). Will the acid react with it? What kind of acids are best for the job? Specifically im interested in Nitric a... |
[Ni(CN)4]2- is a low spin , inner orbital complex having dsp2 hybridisation . According to Crystal Field Theory, $CN^{-}$ is a strong field ligand that causes pairing of electrons i.e electrons occupy the orbitals of the lower $t_{2g}$ level completely before they occupy the higher $e_{g}$ level. If I am not wrong, Hun... |
$\ce{[Ni(CN)4]^2-}$ is a low spin , inner orbital complex having $\mathrm{dsp^2}$ hybridisation. According to Crystal Field Theory, $\ce{CN^-}$ is a strong field ligand that causes pairing of electrons i.e electrons occupy the orbitals of the lower $t_{2g}$ level completely before they occupy the higher $e_{g}$ level. ... |
So I have this question. Can you dissolve concrete with acid? I know that there are many types of concrete, but the common and dominant component, as far as I know, is $\ce{Ca3SiO5.H2O}$ (hydrated tricalcium silicate). Will the acid react with it? What kind of acids are best for the job? Specifically I'm interested in ... |
Which molecule has maximum bond angle amongst $\ce{BF3, BCl3 and BBr3}$? |
Which molecule has maximum bond angle amongst BF₃, BCl₃ and BBr₃? |
I have always been a bit confused about column pressure limits. I have to elaborate a bit on the problem to get to my question:
In protein purification we use the äkta purification machines (e.g. äkta explorer), which always come with a high pressure and low pressure alarm setting for the column in their unicorn so... |
Protein purification pressure limits confusion, about the X-MPa limit for FPLC? |
I am not a chemist so I'm not going to give specific amounts of Radon; different countries use different units. My question: why do some areas have more radon? For instance Australia has a spreadsheet of all locations and their radon levels. I've looked it up and where I used to live, nearby, has half the listed Radon ... |
Why Does the Earth have more Radon in some locations? |
As we know that if you mix lead nitrate and sodium iodide solutions together, a yellow precipitate forms. Can you maybe add nitrate in water that may or may not have lead in it and then mix it with a sodium iodide solution and get the same results if lead was present in the water? |
Is the three member ring of cyclic ether oxidised by periodic acid? As this also has oxygen attached to adjacent carbon so I think that cyclic ether of three members should be oxidised by periodic acid.
I know the mechanism of oxidation of 1,2 diols by periodic acid but ain't able to relate to this question. Please ... |
Is cyclic ether oxidised by periodic acid? |
I am not a chemist so I'm not going to give specific amounts of radon; different countries use different units. My question: why do some areas have more radon? For instance, Australia has a spreadsheet of all locations and their radon levels. I've looked it up and where I used to live, nearby, has half the listed Radon... |
Why does the earth have more radon in some locations? |
How can I determine if a coordination compound has a tetrahedral or square planar geometry without any experimental data (such as Magnetic Spin), by just looking at its formula?
For example;
[CoCl4]2-
[Ni(CN)4]2-
[CuCl4]2-
and do they have a Jahn Teller distortion? |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.