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When 4-methylcycloprop-1-ene reacts with bromine, then 1,2-dibromo-4-methylcyclopropane forms. And I am stuck on determining the amount of stereoisomers that can form as a result.
For the bromine positions we have:
- trans-(1R,2R)
- trans-(1S,2S)
- cis-(1R,2S)
- cis(1S,2R)
But there is a werid t... |
When 4-methylcyclopent-1-ene reacts with bromine, then 1,2-dibromo-4-methylcyclopentane forms. And I am stuck on determining the amount of stereoisomers that can form as a result.
For the bromine positions we have:
- trans-(1R,2R)
- trans-(1S,2S)
- cis-(1R,2S)
- cis(1S,2R)
But there is a werid t... |
When 4-methylcyclopent-1-ene reacts with bromine, then 1,2-dibromo-4-methylcyclopentane forms.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
And I am stuck on determining the number of stereoisomers that can form as a result.
For the bromine positions we have:
- trans-(1R,2R)
- trans-(1S,2S)
- cis-(1R,2... |
[![Acetylferrocene][2]][2]
<sub>(source: [sigmaaldrich.com](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/structure0/115/mfcd00001432.eps/_jcr_content/renditions/mfcd00001432-medium.png))</sub>
I'm trying to analyse the proton NMR of this, and there's one singlet for the H on the non-substituted Cp rin... |
Can someone break down the steps for naming $\ce{CH3-C(Cl)=C(Cl)-CH2-CH3}$?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/h7ek4.png |
For instance, the potential needed for water splitting is 1.23V. However, there is current flow even at lower potentials (say 0.5V). Clearly, there is no redox reaction happening in the cell as evidenced by lack of bubbles. What is the cause of this current? |
Non-zero current flow through an electrolytic cell, when an electric potential lesser than that needed for electrolysis is applied? |
So let's say we have $200\ \mathrm{mL}$ of $1\ \mathrm M$ $\ce{CH3COOH}$ solution. In this solution we have the equilibrium $\ce{CH3COOH <=> CH3COO- + H+}$. To that we add $100\ \mathrm{mL}$ of $1\ \mathrm M$ $\ce{NaOH}$ solution. Then after reacting we get a buffer solution where $[\ce{CH3COOH}] = [\ce{CH3COO-}] = \fr... |
Why is hydrogen-hydrogen bond the **strongest** of all single bonded compounds?
The bond energy principle here is based on the stability of atom after bonding know, so even other atoms, when they combine with some other atoms and form covalent bonds, they would attain stability know,
In what way is this differe... |
I'm currently working on a problem for a general chemistry class.
This is the voltaic cell given in the problem:
Sn4+(aq) + Cu(s) -> Sn2+(aq) + Cu2+(aq)
E°cell = -0.21 V
What is the value of the equilibrium constant at 115 degrees C?
For this I'm using this equation - nFE°cell = RTln(K). Plugging this in... |
Some electrolytic apparatus is equipped with high surface area electrodes. The number of reduced/oxidized atoms is proportional to the total charge flowing through the cell. Does increasing surface area somehow enable use of greater currents? |
What is the benefit of high surface area electrodes? |
Why is hydrogen-hydrogen bond the **strongest** of all single bonded compounds?
The bond energy principle here is based on the stability of atom after bonding, so even other atoms, when they combine with some other atoms and form covalent bonds, they would attain stability,
In what way is this different from tha... |
I want to calculate minimum detectable activity (MDA) at 200 and 300 keV energy of a gamma spectrometry by HPGe detector. 662 keV Photopeak is present for 137Cs.
Assume 2 scenarios:
1. There is a 'peak' at 200 keV. Let's say net counts is 'b' unit. And gross peak area is 'a+b' unit.
2. There is no peak at 300... |
I'm currently working on a problem for a general chemistry class.
This is the voltaic cell given in the problem:
$$\ce{Sn4+(aq) + Cu(s) -> Sn2+(aq) + Cu2+(aq)}$$
$$E^\circ_{cell} = \pu{-0.21 V}$$
What is the value of the equilibrium constant at 115 degrees C?
For this I'm using this equation $$-nFE^\circ_{... |
> The two main dry lubricants are graphite and molybdenum disulfide. They offer lubrication at temperatures higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants operate. Dry lubricants are often used in applications such as locks or dry lubricated bearings. Such materials can operate up to 350 °C (662 °F) in oxidizing environme... |
Why can solid lubricants operate only at lower temperature in oxidizing environment than in reducing environment? |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/ohdrg.png
The strength of a nucleophile in polar aprotic solvent is proportional to its basicity. Lone pair on O- in the molecules will donate an e- pair to an atom. I'm not sure why the alkene ring in 2 makes it a worse nucleophile compar... |
In [this paper][1] of the WHO, there is a distinction between intrinsic sugars, who are incorporated within the structure of intact fruit and vegetables, and sugars naturally present in fruit juices. (page 15/59)
What are the differences between those two sugars? How an intrinsic sugar can become another one when ma... |
What is the difference between the sugar in a fresh fruit and the sugar in a juice? |
**Why Rutherford choose Alpha particle for his gold foil experiment ?** |
Why Rutherford choose Alpha particle for his gold foil experiment? |
I want to calculate minimum detectable activity (MDA) at 200 and 300 keV energy of a gamma spectrometry by HPGe detector. 662 keV Photopeak is present for 137Cs.
Assume 2 scenarios:
1. There is a 'peak' at 200 keV. Let's say net counts is 'b' unit. And gross count is 'a+b' unit.
2. There is no peak at 300 keV... |
A better question would be "Why did Rutherford choose gold foil for his alpha experiment?"
The sine qua non was the alpha particle. It was a new probe, particles ejected from newly discovered radioactive polonium. What could he probe? Physicist/mathematicians can make conclusions if they have data, and one of the p... |
Why are TTT diagrams called isothermal temperature diagram?As far as I know the temperature variation is plotted with the variation of time in a TTT diagram. Then why do we call it "isothermal".What is so constant about the temperature? |
Why is a TTT diagram called isothermal transformation diagram? |
I would like to know if there is a proper way to get the 3D information from a [SMILES][1] string.
Is there a standard way to do it?
Are there other representations of compounds to get their spatial information too?
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system |
Is it possible to build or embed the SMILES representation of compounds in 3D? |
I was asked a question in a paper where I was asked to identify the kinetically fastest product of sulphonation of $\beta$ naphthol.
Can anyone please help me how do you determine kinetically the fastest product ??
The answer that is provided was that the ortho ... |
Can anyone please help me how do you determine kinetically the fastest product of sulphonation of $\beta$ napthol? |
I have a plasma consisting of elements A and B (which have a similar mass). These elements can react to form molecules AB.
$$
\ce{A + B -> AB}
$$
Now if my plasma or gas is expanding based on pressure gradients, I will have some sort of diffusion of these two element concentrations. In fact, this diffusion is t... |
I was asked a question in a paper where I was asked to identify the kinetically fastest product of sulphonation of $\beta$ naphthol.
Can anyone please help me how do you determine kinetically the fastest product ??
The answer that is provided was that the ortho ... |
[One of the questions from chegg.com][1] mentions $K_\mathrm{sp}(\ce{CuBr2}) = 6.3\cdot 10^{-10}$, but I suspect this value might be incorrect.
Could anyone confirm or refute that $K_\mathrm{sp}$ value?
For CuBr I found Ksp values of 6.3x 10-9 and 4.0x 10-8 which is around that range. One explanation would be tha... |
[One of the questions from chegg.com][1] mentions $K_\mathrm{sp}(\ce{CuBr2}) = 6.3\cdot 10^{-10}$, but I suspect this value might be incorrect.
Could anyone confirm or refute that $K_\mathrm{sp}$ value?
For CuBr I found Ksp values of 6.3x 10-9 and 4.0x 10-8 which is around that range. One explanation would be tha... |
I'm currently working on a problem for a general chemistry class.
This is the voltaic cell given in the problem:
$$\ce{Sn^4+(aq) + Cu(s) -> Sn^2+(aq) + Cu^2+(aq)}$$
$$E^\circ_{cell} = \pu{-0.21 V}$$
What is the value of the equilibrium constant at $\pu{115 ^\circ C}$?
For this I'm using this equation $$-nF... |
For instance, the potential needed for water splitting is $\pu{1.23V}$. However, there is current flow even at lower potentials (say $\pu{0.5V}$). Clearly, there is no redox reaction happening in the cell as evidenced by lack of bubbles. What is the cause of this current? |
Is it correct to say that "Increasing the temperature will always increase the rate of any chemical reaction"?
Many articles on the internet and textbooks say yes but what about biochemical reactions that take place in our body?
To my knowledge at higher temperatures some enzymes (which are catalysts in chemical... |
Is there a way to convert Gaussian input files (`.gjf`) to SMILES-codes (`.smi`)?
I'm aware of `Open Babel` (http://openbabel.org/docs/2.3.0/FileFormats/Overview.html), but this lists `.gjf` as "write-only" format. Is there nevertheless a way (which ideally can be integrated into a Python application) to convert `.g... |
How to convert Gaussian input file .gjf to SMILES? |
Here's how you can get a quantitative handle on this. Suppose you have a tall column of two gases with molecular weights $M_1$ and $M_2$ in a cylindrical container of height $L$ and cross sectional area $A$, and you have the amount of substances $n_1$ and $n_2$ of each gas, respectively, in the container. Suppose tha... |
I would like to know if there is a proper way to get the 3D information from a [SMILES][1] string.
1. Is there a standard way to do it?
2. Are there other representations of compounds which include their spatial information too?
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_... |
In my text book, it states the general formula for the equilibrium constant is:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/1jvVB.png
Then it states that "The equilibrium constant expressions described here apply to homogeneous reactions."
Does this mean that it **only** appli... |
Is the equilibrium constant calculation only applicable to homogeneous reactions? |
How is ascorbic acid oxidized into dehydroascorbic acid? What is the reduction reaction in this case? Where are the 2 hydrogen atoms going?
[![Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/AoJX6.png |
I was wondering if it's possible to synthesize perborates via electrolysis. I first reacted Boric acid with a solution of cold water and sodium carbonate adding as much of the acid and base as the solution could hold without precipitation. Sodium borate was the intended product for the next step. The solution was plac... |
Can perborate be prepared via electrolysis using inert electrode like Perchlorates and Persulfates? |
Boron is a base i. e. it accepts electrons and acids donate electrons so boron should react with acid but it doesn't. Why?? |
Why is presence of oxygen compulsory for free radical mechanism? Can it take place in presence of any other element? |
Why is Oxygen compulsory for free radical reactions? |
When I'm studying electrochemistry, we were given an equation that all chemistry students are familiar with, which is:
Ecell = Eoxidation - Ereduction
However, when I come to study electroanalytical methods, I came upon this equation:
Ecell = Eoxidation + Ejunction - Ered... |
What is the correct equation for calculating the electric potential of an electrochemical cell? |
I was wondering if it's possible to synthesize perborates via electrolysis. I first reacted Boric acid with a solution of cold water and sodium carbonate adding as much of the acid and base as the solution could hold without precipitation. Sodium borate was the intended product for the next step. The solution was plac... |
Wikipedia says that Phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) has a solubility of 1g/100ml in water. This is in comparison to:
- phenol (hydroxybenzene) 8.3 g/100 mL
- catchecol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) 43g/100ml
- resourcinol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) 11g/100ml
- hydroquinone (1,4-dihydroxybenzene) 5.9 g/100 mL
... |
Why is Phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) not very soluble in water? |
When I'm studying electrochemistry, we were given an equation that all chemistry students are familiar with, which is:
Ecell = Eoxidation - Ereduction
However, when I came to study electroanalytical methods, I came upon this equation:
Ecell = Eoxidation + Ejunction - Ered... |
When an aldehyde or a ketone undergoes reductive ammination when a primary amine is acting,the mechanism follows a pathway through hemiaminal and imine,what happens when a secondary amine is acting on the given carbonyl ? There will be no hydrogen on the amine nitrogen in this case to facilitate loss of water with the ... |
When an aldehyde or a ketone undergoes reductive amination when a primary amine is acting,the mechanism follows a pathway through hemiaminal and imine,what happens when a secondary amine is acting on the given carbonyl ? There will be no hydrogen on the amine nitrogen in this case to facilitate loss of water with the h... |
I actually do not know where to start in this question.
is it possible to calculate the value of i of nacl? is value of i of glucose 1?I tried putting the osmotic pressures equal but the value of i remains a suspense. |
How do i calculate the value of i for nacl if 1.17% solution of nacl is isotonic with 7.2% solution of glucose? |
I am afraid your equations are other way around.
> Ecell = Eoxidation - Ereduction
This is not the accepted convention among electrochemists. Either the reference is outdated or there is a typo. All electrochemists in the world now follow the convention of writing
Ecell= Ereduction-Eoxidation or Ecell = Ecath... |
I'm studying CV, and I wonder if I can calculate the peak-to-peak separation of CV for a reversible redox system.
I found that the separation is 57 mV on my textbook, and my teacher taught me that is can be calculated theoretically using Nernst equation,
but I think it is more complicated.
Is it easy enough (for... |
Why is the peak-to-peak separation of cyclic voltammetry is 57 mV? |
The derivation of equation for cyclic voltammetry requires a lot of advanced calculus and differential equations based on the Fick's law of diffusion. This is not to discourage you but to show that the teacher is oversimplifying it. The derivation are provided in Allan J. Bard's Electroanalytical Chemistry. Why are the... |
Where can I find the positions of the infrared band for phosphorus compounds in general? Specifically sodium hexametaphosphate |
Is there a way to convert Gaussian input files (`.gjf`) to SMILES-codes (`.smi`)?
I'm aware of `Open Babel` (http://openbabel.org/docs/2.3.0/FileFormats/Overview.html), but this lists `.gjf` as "write-only" format. Is there nevertheless a way (which ideally can be integrated into a Python application) to convert `.g... |
>Does this mean that it **only** applies to homogeneous reactions or that it can **also** be applied to homogeneous reactions among other types?
The latter. If you consider the distribution of a solute S in a mixture of water and octanol, this is a heterogenous system (in this case, two immiscible liquids). The equi... |
>How do I calculate the value of $i$ for 1.17% solution of $\ce{NaCl}$, if it is isotonic with 7.2% solution of glucose?
I actually do not know where to start in this question.
is it possible to calculate the value of $i$ of $\ce{NaCl}$? is value of $i$ of glucose 1? I tried putting the osmotic pressures equal but ... |
How to calculate the i-value of known NaCl solution, if it is isotonic with known solution of glucose? |
Who said boron is a base? The fact that it does not weaken or neutralize most acids out to tip you off that it isn't.
Boron is slowly oxidized when powdered and exposed to nitric acid (see [here](http://objetoseducacionais2.mec.gov.br/bitstream/handle/mec/10496/reactions/5.htm)), and we may call it "basic" by virtu... |
The actual mechanics of the chemistry, I suspect, is advanced citing a recent (2019) reference noting some radical chemistry. My take is as follows:
First, heating in air (an O2 source) a boiling mix of NaOH and water in the presence of sulfur, I would argue may involve the reversal of the following radical reaction... |
_If this question is better suited for the Earth Science StackExchange or another StackExchange please let me know._
----------
Something that's unclear to me is the exact relationship between gases within an atmosphere and the concentration of those gases within a large body of water under that atmosphere (like ... |
[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinol) says that phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) has a solubility of 1 g/100 ml in water. This is in comparison to:
- phenol (hydroxybenzene) 8.3 g/100 mL
- catchecol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) 43 g/100 ml
- resourcinol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) 11 g/100 ml
... |
Why is phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) not very soluble in water? |
The actual mechanics of the chemistry, I suspect, is advanced citing a recent (2019) reference noting some radical chemistry. My take is as follows:
First, heating in air (an O2 source) a boiling mix of NaOH and water in the presence of sulfur, I would argue may involve the reversal of the following radical reaction... |
The actual mechanics of the chemistry, I suspect, is advanced citing a recent (2019) reference noting some radical chemistry. My take is as follows:
First, heating in air (an O2 source) a boiling mix of NaOH and water in the presence of sulfur, I would argue may involve the reversal of the following radical reaction... |
Specific for your compound you find at least two public IR spectra, either in KBr:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
([source][2])
or from one of the larger chemical vendors as .pdf
[![enter image description here][3]][3]
([source][4], Sigma-Aldrich, product number 305553, CAS-RN 68915-31-1)
More ge... |
[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinol) says that phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) has a solubility of 1 g/100 ml in water. This is in comparison to:
- phenol (hydroxybenzene) 8.3 g/100 mL
- catchecol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) 43 g/100 ml
- resourcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) 11 g/100 ml
... |
I would expect Hydrochloric Acid to be stored exclusively in glass or plastic containers, but I was surprised to find Honeywell offers it for sale in 30Kg metal drums ([Link][1]).
I think Hydrochloric Acid would dissolve Nickel, Chromium and Iron in stainless steel, which leaves me wondering what kind of metal tha... |
What kind of metal drums are used to store Hydrochloric Acid? |
What is the value of X if X molal solution of a compound in benzene has mole fraction of solute equal to 0.2? |
> Why does it have such a low solubility? I would have thought the OH group would make it more soluble.
Interesting question but there is a logical fallacy. You are connecting the concept of solute's polarity with its water solubility. Note the word polarity is a catch-all term for many interactions. Solubility is t... |
_If this question is better suited for the Earth Science StackExchange or another StackExchange please let me know._
Edit 1: Modified for clarity and brevity.
----------
Something that's unclear to me is the exact relationship between gases within an atmosphere and the concentration of those gases within a lar... |
I recently decided to make my own ferrofluid toy to play with. I built a sealed enclosure at my local fablab, and the end result was perfect. It worked just like in the videos you see online, and I couldn't have been more pleased.
But then, after a week or so, I noticed that the fluid was moving a bit more sluggis... |
Why would ferrofluid harden? |
# Q1: The equilibrium concentration ***c*** of a gas in a solution (tipically water) which is present in the atmosphere with partial pressure ***p*** dictated by Henry's Law:
***Hcp = c/p***
where *Hcp* is Henry's coefficient for that specific gas.
This law states that the concentration of the gas in the solut... |
Hi so I was studying chemical bonding where i encountered a problem which is stated below.
When we talk about ${NO_3}^-$ we draw its structure as following
![enter link description here][1]
But the thing which I dont understand is that in two of the O atoms there are three lone pairs(ie: $6 e^-$) but as we know from O... |
OpenBabel is a convenient converter between different chemical formats.
If I convert to SMILES, however, although I checked the option "Delete hydrogens (make implicit)".
I still have `H` in the SMILES codes.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
It's the same with the command line. It also does not remove `H... |
Open Babel: conversion to SMILES. How to delete H? |
While studying about the characteristics of **Chemical Equilibrium**, I came across a point in my book which read
>**_A chemical equilibrium can be established only if none of the products is allowed to escape out or separate out as a solid (precipitate)_**
I understand that if one of the products is a gas and es... |
Can precipitation reactions attain equilibrium? |
While studying about the characteristics of **Chemical Equilibrium**, I came across a point in my book which read
>**_A chemical equilibrium can be established only if none of the products is allowed to escape out or separate out as a solid (precipitate)_**
I understand that if one of the products is a gas and es... |
While studying about the characteristics of **Chemical Equilibrium**, I came across a point in my book which read
>**_A chemical equilibrium can be established only if none of the products is allowed to escape out or separate out as a solid (precipitate)_**
I understand that if one of the products is a gas and es... |
Hi so I was studying chemical bonding where i encountered a problem which is stated below.
When we talk about ${NO_3}^-$ we draw its structure as following
![enter link description here][1]
But the thing which I dont understand is that in two of the O atoms there are three lone pairs(ie: $6 e^-$) but as we know fr... |
Imagine I have a galvanic cell when in one half cell there is a lump of potassium metal and molten KOH electrolyte, and in the other an inert electrode, as well as a molten KOH and the less active metal salt dissolved in it. Would the fact that the more active metal cations are present in the reduction half cell interr... |
Imagine I have a galvanic cell where in one half cell there is a lump of potassium metal and molten KOH electrolyte, and in the other an inert electrode, as well as a molten KOH and the less active metal salt dissolved in it. Would the fact that the more active metal cations are present in the reduction half cell inter... |
It is helpful to understand the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic quantities. Intrinsic quantities do not depend on the size of your sample (examples include density, concentration, molar mass, partial pressure, coefficients in the formula of a compound). On the other hand, extrinsic quantities do depend on ho... |
While studying about the characteristics of **Chemical Equilibrium**, I came across a point in my book which read
>**_A chemical equilibrium can be established only if none of the products is allowed to escape out or separate out as a solid (precipitate)_**
I understand that if one of the products is a gas and es... |
The statement is inaccurate. A better statement would be something like:
> A chemical equilibrium can not be established if one of the products is continuously removed (i.e. its concentration always decreases).
If one of the products is a gas and can mix with earth's entire atmosphere, that would make its concent... |
If you have an electrolyte of Zn2+ and SO_4 2- (Neutral) Then you dip in it a Zinc electrode.
Zinc potential is -0.74 V (relative to SHE),So that means there is a -0.74V **difference**
Between the electrolyte and the electrode.
**But** When you dip in the solution the electrode makes the solution more positive ... |
In a half cell reaction, Is the potential halfed? |
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