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Why ? Because nature of matter at molecular and atomic level is dynamic, not static. In classical mechanics, objects can be in long term mutual rest. Not in quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry.
Molecules have zero knowledge about the system being in equilibrium or not. If the process is supported by the thermodyna... |
Why ? Because nature of matter at molecular and atomic level is dynamic, not static. In classical mechanics, objects can be in long term mutual rest. Not in quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry.
Molecules have zero knowledge about the system being in equilibrium or not. If the process is supported by the thermodyna... |
I've been reading papers on Phosphided metals (CoP, NiP, FeP) as a catalyst for electrolysis. They increase the current density of the cell for a voltage. If it still requires 39.4 kilowatt-hours per kilogram of hydrogen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water), why does it matter how fast the reaction o... |
Why should we be interested in catalyst for electrolysis? |
Catalysts generally also decrease the electrode [overpotential][1], which leads to higher than theoretically needed voltage to perform electrolysis, which directly affects the energy efficiency.
If higher current is possible at the same voltage due the catalyst, the lower voltage is needed for the same current, both ... |
Catalysts generally decrease the electrode [overpotential][1], which leads to decreasing the needed voltage to perform electrolysis toward its minimal theoretical value.
If higher current is possible at the same voltage due the catalyst, the lower voltage is needed for the same current, both leading to better efficien... |
Catalysts generally decrease the electrode [overpotential][1], which leads to decreasing the needed voltage to perform electrolysis toward its minimal theoretical value.
If higher current is possible at the same voltage due the catalyst, the lower voltage is needed for the same current, both leading to better efficien... |
Catalysts generally decrease the electrode [overpotential][1], which leads to decreasing the needed voltage to perform electrolysis toward its minimal theoretical value.
If higher current is possible at the same voltage due the catalyst, the lower voltage is needed for the same current, both leading to better efficien... |
Catalysts generally decrease the electrode [overpotential][1], which leads to decreasing the needed voltage to perform electrolysis at given current densities toward its minimal theoretical value.
If higher current is possible at the same voltage due the catalyst, the lower voltage is needed for the same current, both... |
To calculate the amount of purified water and the amount of ethanol (96% Vol.) which is needed for a **desired/variable amount of a mixture** - given a desired/variable percentage of ethanol - I use the following formula:
$$W = \left(\frac{T * P}{ 100}\right) \times \frac{1}{0.96}$$
and
$$E = T - W$$
... |
To calculate the amount of purified water and the amount of ethanol (96% Vol.) which is needed for a **desired/variable amount of a mixture** - given a desired/variable percentage of ethanol - I use the following formula:
$$W = \left(\frac{T * P}{ 100}\right) \times \frac{1}{0.96}$$
and
$$E = T - W$$
... |
What is the difference between these four approaches?
My current understanding is that Hartree-Fock uses only 1 slater-determine (accounting for antisymmetry) but neglects correlation between electrons. HF orbitals are primarily determined self-consistently.
DFT is the idea that there is a functional (presently... |
My question is due to a discrepancy I found in reactivity and organic conversions.
In reactivity of organic compounds it has been established that an alkyl group activates the benzene ring, and, hence for example, *methylbenzene is more reactive than benzene*.
Then consider the following situation. Suppose that the... |
How to control the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction to methylbenzene as the major product? |
The [Anton computers][1] are purpose-built by DE Shaw research for molecular dynamics simulations. They achieve performance up to an order of magnitude faster than can be achieved with commodity hardware, but don't seem to be used all that much by the wider computational chemistry community. This is despite the fact th... |
Why aren't the Anton computers used more widely? |
To titrate $Cl^-$ with $Ag^+$ we use chromate $\ce{CrO4^2-}$ as a catalyst.
The titration reaction is: $$\ce{Ag+ + Cl- -> AgCl}$$
$k=\ce{k1}=\frac{1}{Ksp} =\frac{1}{1.8×10^{-10}}=5.56×10^9$
The theory says that after all $Ag^+$ are reacted with $Cl^-$ the end point of titration is detected when excess $Ag^+$ reacts wi... |
Is chromate a suitable catalyst for the titration of Ag+ with Cl-? |
To titrate $Cl^-$ with $Ag^+$ we use chromate $\ce{CrO4^2-}$ as a indicator.
The titration reaction is: $$\ce{Ag+ + Cl- -> AgCl}$$
$k=\ce{k1}=\frac{1}{Ksp} =\frac{1}{1.8×10^{-10}}=5.56×10^9$
The theory says that after all $Ag^+$ are reacted with $Cl^-$ the end point of titration is detected when excess $Ag^+$ reac... |
Is chromate a suitable indicator for the titration of Ag+ with Cl-? |
What are the products of reaction of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde with 3-nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of NaOH when they show cannizzaro reaction
According to me 4- nitrobenzaldehyde has more electrophilic carbonyl because the nitro group is an electron withdrawing group and at para position it excerts a very strong mes... |
What profucts do 4 nitrobenzaldehyde and 3 nitrobenzaldehyde give in a crossed cannizzaro reaction and why? |
To titrate $\ce{Cl-}$ with $\ce{Ag+}$ we use chromate $\ce{CrO4^2-}$ as an indicator.
The titration reaction is:
$$\ce{Ag+ + Cl- <=> AgCl}\tag{R1}$$
$$K_1 = \frac{1}{K_\mathrm{sp}(\ce{AgCl})} = \frac{1}{1.8×10^{-10}} = 5.56×10^9\tag{1}$$
The theory says that after all $\ce{Ag+}$ are reacted with $\ce{Cl-}$ th... |
Is chromate a suitable indicator for the titration of Ag⁺ with Cl⁻? |
> What are the products of reaction of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde with 3-nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of NaOH when they show Cannizzaro reaction?
According to me, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde has more electrophilic carbonyl because the nitro group is an electron withdrawing group and at *para* position it exerts a very stro... |
What profucts do 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde give in a crossed Cannizzaro reaction and why? |
> What are the products of reaction of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde with 3-nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of $\ce{NaOH}$ when they show Cannizzaro reaction?
To my understanding, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde has more electrophilic carbonyl because the nitro group is an electron withdrawing group and at *para* position it exerts ... |
What products do 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde give in a crossed Cannizzaro reaction and why? |
Is it possible to remove sugar from a sweetened drink without boiling it? This might not be a good question but I'm wondering if you could separate sugar from a sweetened drink and replace the sugar for an artificial sweetener. |
Is it possible to remove sugar from a sweetened drink but without boiling it? |
Why ? Because nature of matter at molecular and atomic level is dynamic, not static. In classical mechanics, objects can be in long term mutual rest. Not in quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry.
Molecules have zero knowledge about the system being in equilibrium or not. If the process is supported by the thermodyna... |
We have Comphesive Coordination Chemistry, Comprehensive Organometallics, Comprehensive Organic Synthesis and probably few other similar works that aim to do a wide review of recent works at the time of writing.
Is there a similar review book, that reviews modeling, characterization, preparation, structures and prop... |
Is there a "Comprehensive Solid State" book? |
In [this book](https://www.mikeware.co.uk/downloads/Platinomicon.pdf) (p. 237), when talking about the reduction of $\ce{[PtCl4]^{2-}}$ by $[\ce{(C2O4)2Fe]^{2-}}$, the author states that
> There is no easy route for imparting electrons onto the $\ce{PtCl4}^{2-}$ ion, but it may proceed more readily via the aqua-comp... |
What prevents inner-sphere electron transfer from oxalato-iron(II) to chloro-platinum(II)? |
Well, the answer is tricky. But before the really tricky part, you may want to take a step back and consider a general statement of the 1st law,
$$dU = \sum_i \left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial q_i} \right)_j dq_i$$
where $q_i$ is an extensive coordinate of the system. Note this is consistent with our standard desc... |
What happens when these 3 chemicals are mixed in air?:-
1. Pentanone/Di_isoprophyl Ketone (2, 4-Dimethyl-3-Pentanone)
2. Iodine, reagent grade
3. Sodium Iodide, reagent grade.
The 3 parts make up a liquid in a tilt switch. The tilt switch can leak giving off a very unpleasant smell. Also corrosion can occu... |
What happens when these 3 chemicals are mixed in air? |
What happens when these 3 chemicals are mixed in air?
1. Pentanone/Di-isopropyl Ketone (2,4-Dimethyl-3-Pentanone)
2. Iodine, reagent grade
3. Sodium Iodide, reagent grade.
The 3 parts make up a liquid in a tilt switch. The tilt switch can leak giving off a very unpleasant smell. Also corrosion can occu... |
To titrate $\ce{Cl-}$ with $\ce{Ag+}$ we use chromate $\ce{CrO4^2-}$ as an indicator.
The titration reaction is:
$$\ce{Ag+ + Cl- <=> AgCl}\tag{R1}$$
$$K_1 = \frac{1}{K_\mathrm{sp}(\ce{AgCl})} = \frac{1}{1.8×10^{-10}} = 5.56×10^9\tag{1}$$
The theory says that after all $\ce{Ag+}$ are reacted with $\ce{Cl-}$ th... |
What I want to know is if there is a relationship between the acidity of the medium and redox reactions and if there is a relationship what favors the oxidation and what favors the reduction? Or does it depends on the reaction? |
Is there a relationship between acidity of the medium and oxidation/reduction reactions? |
[![conformations of 2,3-dimethylbutane][1]][1]
I am not sure what the proper arrangement of these conformations are from least to most stable. I got the wrong answer, but my thinking was this:
First, I thought that because 2 and 4 are in eclipsed conformations they are least stable. From there I thought that 4 ... |
Which conformations of 2,3-dimethylbutane are more stable? |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
The center of the chamber, you can see the hexagonal shape of Macor ceramic
component of Macor glass is
Silicon Dioxide SiO2 46%
Magnesium Dioxide MgO 17%
Aluminum Oxide AI2O3 16%
Potassium Oxide K2O 10%
Boron Oxide B2O 7%
F... |
What reaction Rubidium interact with here? |
Well, the answer is tricky. But before the really tricky part, you may want to take a step back and consider a general statement of the 1st law,
$$dU = \sum_i \left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial q_i} \right)_j dq_i$$
where $q_i$ is an extensive coordinate of the system. Note this is consistent with our standard desc... |
I have a question that requires finding a reagent for the reduction of an enoate to the corresponding allylic alcohol. Preferably done in one step too with an acid workup at the end too.
What types of reducing agents would work?
Would Lithal be too strong and reduce the acetal groups or would it be okay?
|
I have a valuable soccer ball. It is not real leather, but a synthetic leather.
I used this cleaning agent to remove a few marks:
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Motsenbockers-Lift-Off-Graffiti-Remover-Trigger/dp/B00N3B25LU
However, I stupidly forgot to wait for the ball to dry and then placed it within an orange pla... |
This reaction (http://orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=CV1P0476) gives quinizarin as the major product in about 70% yield.
However, when the same reaction is conducted with phenol insteas of p-chlorophenol, the product we get is not 1-hydroxyantraquinone (as would be expected if we only knew the above reaction), but phenol... |
Why does phenolphthalein form in this reaction? |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
The center of the chamber, you can see the hexagonal shape of Macor ceramic
component of Macor glass is
Silicon Dioxide SiO2 46%
Magnesium Dioxide MgO 17%
Aluminum Oxide AI2O3 16%
Potassium Oxide K2O 10%
Boron Oxide B2O 7%
F... |
I know that:
ds = dq/T for reversible processes.
Can I write change in entropy of a system in which a chemical reaction is happening using this equation. Basically, my question is about whether a chemical reaction happening in an open vessel(isobarically and isothermally) be treated as a reversible process? |
How is entropy change defined for a chemical reaction? |
I was balancing this reaction when I found an unusual compound had been formed.
$$\ce{Cu(s) + HNO3(aq)-> Cu^{3+}(aq) + NO(g)}$$
**My attempt:**
Balancing oxidation number:
$$\ce{Cu -> Cu^{3+} +3e^-}$$
$$\ce{3e^- + NO_3- -> NO}$$
Balancing hydrogen and oxygen atoms:
$$\ce{3e^- + 4H^+ + NO3- -> NO + 2H2O}$$
A... |
Well, the answer is tricky. But before the really tricky part, you may want to take a step back and consider a general statement of the 1st law,
$$dU = \sum_i \left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial q_i} \right)_j dq_i$$
where $q_i$ is an extensive coordinate of the system. Note this is consistent with our standard desc... |
Well, the answer is tricky. But before the really tricky part, you may want to take a step back and consider a general statement of the 1st law,
$$dU = \sum_i \left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial q_i} \right)_j dq_i$$
where $q_i$ is an extensive coordinate of the system. Note this is consistent with our standard desc... |
> $1 \text{ mol}$ of an ideal monoatomic gas at $300 \text{ K}$ is subjected to a reversible **isentropic** compression process until final temperature reaches $600 \text{ K}$. If initial pressure is $1 \text{ atm}$. Then find $\ln (\text{P}_2)$.
****
**My Attempt**
$$\begin{aligned}\Delta S &=nC\ln\left(\dfra... |
We are mixing 500ml of 0.01M AgNO3 with 500ml of solution containing 0m1M Nacl and 0.1M NaBr l. Ksp of Agcl is 10^(-10) and Ksp of AgBr is 5×10^(-13). We have to find [Ag+],[Cl-],[Br-] in equilibrium solution. So after adding, all of these molarities will get halved. At equilibrium condition, both Agcl and AgBr would h... |
Due to specific heat capacity of metals, they feel cooler because they don't retain as well as other materials. But is their temperature actually lower if it could be measured? |
Will the temperature of a faucet actually be lower than the countertop or will it only feel cooler due to specific heat? |
We are mixing $500ml$ of $0.01M AgNO3$ with $500ml$ of solution containing $0.1M NaCl$ and $0.1M NaBr$. Ksp of $AgCl$ is $10^-10$ and Ksp of $AgBr$ is $5×10^-13$. We have to find$ [Ag^+],[Cl^-],[Br^-]$ in equilibrium solution. So after adding, all of these molarities will get halved. At equilibrium condition, both $AgC... |
We are mixing $500ml$ of $0.01M AgNO3$ with $500ml$ of solution containing $0.1M NaCl$ and $0.1M NaBr$. Ksp of $AgCl$ is $10^(-10)$ and Ksp of $AgBr$ is $5×10^(-13)$. We have to find$ [Ag^+],[Cl^-],[Br^-]$ in equilibrium solution. So after adding, all of these molarities will get halved. At equilibrium condition, both ... |
We are mixing $500ml$ of $0.01M AgNO3$ with $500ml$ of solution containing $0.1M NaCl$ and $0.1M NaBr$. Ksp of $AgCl$ is $10^{-10}$ and Ksp of $AgBr$ is $5×10^{-13}$. We have to find$ [Ag^+],[Cl^-],[Br^-]$ in equilibrium solution. So after adding, all of these molarities will get halved. At equilibrium condition, both ... |
We are mixing $500ml$ of $0.01M AgNO_3$ with $500ml$ of solution containing $0.1M NaCl$ and $0.1M NaBr$. Ksp of $AgCl$ is $10^{-10}$ and Ksp of $AgBr$ is $5×10^{-13}$. We have to find$ [Ag^+],[Cl^-],[Br^-]$ in equilibrium solution. So after adding, all of these molarities will get halved. At equilibrium condition, both... |
We have Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry, Comprehensive Organometallics, Comprehensive Organic Synthesis and probably few other similar works that aim to do a wide review of recent works at the time of writing.
Is there a similar review book, that reviews modeling, characterization, preparation, structures and p... |
I used also Iron, Nickel, Zinc, Copper. However, Cobalts gives the easiest and straight forward yield of nitrides. (XPS and SAED verified).
It is so easy to get cobalt nitride that I dont even have to use high purity nitrogen as I need with Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu.
is there any reason for that? is it because of backbonding?
... |
Why cobalt reacts favorably with nitrogen? |
#Books about Inorganic Chemistry
- **General texts**
- [Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. *Inorganic Chemistry*, 4th ed.; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2012.](https://www.amazon.com/Inorganic-Chemistry-4th-Catherine-Housecroft/dp/0273742752)
- [Weller, M.; Overton, T.; Rourke, J.; Armstrong, F. *Inorgan... |
I have a question that requires finding a reagent for the reduction of an enoate to the corresponding allylic alcohol. Preferably done in one step too with an acid workup at the end too.
What types of reducing agents would work?
Would Lithal be too strong and reduce the acetal groups or would it be okay?
 consisting of
- Silicon dioxide $\ce{SiO2}~46\%$
- Magnesium dioxide $\ce{MgO}~17\%$
- Aluminum oxide $\ce{Al2O3}~16\%$
- Potassium oxide $\ce{K2O}~10\%$
- Boron... |
What reaction could rubidium undergo in a vacuumed chamber with Macor ceramic and glass? |
> $\pu{500 ml}$ of $\pu{0.01 M}$ $\ce{AgNO3}$ is mixed with $\pu{500 ml}$ of solution containing $\pu{0.1 M}$ $\ce{NaCl}$ and $\pu{0.1 M}$ $\ce{NaBr}$. $K_\mathrm{sp}$ of $\ce{AgCl}$ is $10^{-10}$ and $K_\mathrm{sp}$ of $\ce{AgBr}$ is $5×10^{-13}$. Find $[\ce{Ag+}],$ $[\ce{Cl-}],$ $[\ce{Br-}]$ in equilibrium solution.
... |
Theoretically, if you could could have an positively charged gas say O$^+$ enclosed (by a sufficiently inert material) around a conductor which is grounded, what would the reaction be at the conductor if the conductor was made of;
1) Tungsten, 2) Stainless Steel, 3) Copper.
Would the gas gain electrons from the... |
I recently started a small project of making home-made chromium alum crystals, as can be found on many sites, videos and recipes all around the internet.
I tried calculating the amount of salt I needed from [wikipedia's page][1] for the chromium alum, and then went nowhere, since the solubility data stated there doe... |
Theoretically, if you could could have a positively charged gas say O$^+$ enclosed (by a sufficiently inert material) around a conductor which is grounded, what would the reaction be at the conductor if the conductor was made of;
1) Tungsten, 2) Stainless Steel, 3) Copper.
Would the gas gain electrons from the ... |
**You _totally_ can't** have a gas (or any other state of matter) made of positive ions alone.
That's not what you asked, though. The question was: what if we _theoretically could_ have it. Well, then in a pretty short instant you will stop having it. The said instant would be rather violent, too<sup>(*)</sup>.
T... |
I got no idea what's happening as in the product (the answer is (**a**)) there is a new ring being formed on the left benzene. But as I studied after $\ce{H2O}$ leaves, a carbocation is then formed on stabilized by the right ring.
Can someone pl... |
Well, the answer is tricky. But before the really tricky part, you may want to take a step back and consider a general statement of the 1st law,
$$dU = \sum_i \left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial q_i} \right)_j dq_i$$
where $q_i$ is an extensive coordinate of the system. Note this is consistent with our standard desc... |
Well, the answer is tricky. But before the really tricky part, you may want to take a step back and consider a general statement of the 1st law,
$$dU = \sum_i \left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial q_i} \right)_j dq_i$$
where $q_i$ is an extensive coordinate of the system. Note this is consistent with our standard desc... |
Reaction: N<sub>2(g)</sub> + O<sub>2(g)</sub> --> 2NO<sub>(g)</sub>
My textbook says it's not the same, without any explanation.
I know that
**ΔU = q<sub>p</sub> + w**
so
**ΔU = q<sub>p</sub> - PΔV**
or
**ΔU = q<sub>p</sub> - Δn<sub>gases</sub>RT**
I also know that
**ΔU = q<sub>v</sub>... |
Is qp = qv for the formation of nitric oxide? ( N2(g) + O2(g) --> 2NO(g) ) |
Well, the answer is tricky. But before the really tricky part, you may want to take a step back and consider a general statement of the 1st law,
$$dU = \sum_i \left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial q_i} \right)_j dq_i$$
where $q_i$ is an extensive coordinate of the system. Note this is consistent with our standard desc... |
Reaction: N<sub>2(g)</sub> + O<sub>2(g)</sub> --> 2NO<sub>(g)</sub>
My textbook says it's not the same, without any explanation.
I know that
**ΔU = q<sub>p</sub> + w**
so
**ΔU = q<sub>p</sub> - PΔV**
or
**ΔU = q<sub>p</sub> - Δn<sub>gases</sub>RT**
I also know that
**ΔU = q<sub>v</sub>... |
Just like the title says. To me, it looks like the same thing. Is (HO)2 and H2O2 the same compound? When performing stoichiometric calculations, do they get treated the same? |
Is there a difference between (HO)2 and H2O2? (Pretend all numbers are subscripted) |
To me, it looks like the same thing. Is (HO)2 and H2O2 the same compound? When performing stoichiometric calculations, do they get treated the same? |
Is there a difference between (HO)2 and H2O2? |
I am posting because I made research, but can't find a complete answer. I get why it is a weak nucleophile: because it isn't very soluble in organic solvent, so it reacts only on its clusters' surface. But why is it a good base? I could understand in water, as it soluble in water, but in my Org class it says it pushes ... |
Why alkali metals (like NaH) or NaNH2 are good bases, but weak nucleophiles? |
Can you calculate the properties of a substance based solely on its atomic properties? |
I am posting because I made research, but can't find a complete answer. I get why it is a weak nucleophile: because it isn't very soluble in organic solvent, so it reacts only on its clusters' surface. But why is it a good base?
I could understand in water, as it soluble in water, but in my Org class it says it push... |
Both chloride and bromide ions are present in 10-fold excess over silver ions. That means that the chloride and bromide concentration in solution will not drop by much (they will remain major species).
The solubility product of AgCl is 200-times higher than that of AgBr. If both AgCl and AgBr precipitate, the chlori... |
I got no idea what's happening as in the product (the answer is (**a**)) there is a new ring being formed on the left benzene. But as I studied after $\ce{H2O}$ leaves, a carbocation is then formed on stabilized by the right ring.
Can someone pl... |
Why alkali metal compounds like NaH and NaNH2 are good bases, but weak nucleophiles? |
I understand why compounds such as $\ce{NaH}$ or $\ce{NaNH2}$ are weak nucleophiles: as they aren't very soluble in organic solvents, they react only on the clusters' surface. But why are they strong bases?
I could understand why they are in water, as they are soluble in water, but in my organic chemistry class it w... |
Why are alkali metal compounds like sodium hydride or sodium amide strong bases but weak nucleophiles? |
Does the pyrolysis of CaCl2•2H2O give CaCl2+2H2O or Ca(OH)2+2HCl? |
State functions such as $G$ only depend on the state of the system and are not dependent on the "path" that took the system to that state (which would be the case for work, for example, which is not a state function.
We know that:
$$\mathrm{d}G=V\mathrm{d}p-S\mathrm{d}T$$
So…
$$\mathrm{d}G=\left(\frac{\part... |
I have recently been reading about electron beam induced deposition and ion beam deposition. The idea is to send a high energy (5-30 kV) beam of electrons/ions focused down to a spot on a material and open a gas precursor source. The beam somehow breaks down the bonds of the precursor gas, and some of the components of... |
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