instruction stringlengths 15 21.8k |
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The only restriction on your equation is that the system is at constant temperature. The system can be open or closed, the pressure does not have to be constant, and any type of work is allowed.
Let's start with the basic definition of G in terms of H, which is completely unrestricted:
$$G \equiv H-TS \Rightarro... |
My textbook states that members of a homologous series have the same general formula (ex. $\ce{C_{n}H_{2n}}$ for alkenes) as they only differ from one to another by additional $\ce{CH_2}$ (methylene) groups. However, alkenes can have more than 1 carbon-carbon double bond, which should alter their general formula right?... |
I have a question about interpreting [.SKF files][1], I am using these parameters to model defective graphene,
when I use parameter set given by [dftbBaby/C-C][2] (I think this is from Hotbit)
or the parameter set given by the following paper:
Porezag, D., Frauenheim, T., Köhler, T., Seifert, G., & Kaschner, R... |
My textbook states that members of a homologous series have the same general formula (ex. $\ce{C_{n}H_{2n}}$ for alkenes) as they only differ from one to another by additional $\ce{CH_2}$ (methylene) groups. However, alkenes can have more than 1 carbon-carbon double bond, which should alter their general formula right?... |
I know that many molecules, I as a non chemist, might define as "small" if their two dimensional diagram can be sketched on an A4 page, are often `formulated`;<br>
That is → by one or more processes given a [chemical formula][1];<br>
Mmaybe after being isolated from a natural deposit or organism.
For example, here... |
What is the correct term of a chemical formula for very large molecules if not just "chemical formula"? |
I know that many molecules, wihch I as a non chemist, might define as "small" if their two dimensional diagram can be sketched on an A4 page, are often `formulated`;<br>
That is → by one or more processes given a [chemical formula][1];<br>
Maybe after being isolated from a natural deposit or organism.
For example,... |
Why is F a bad leaving group? Say in HF and HI, F is more electronegative than I, then shouldn’t HF be a better acid ? |
Nickel generally does not exist in a $+4$ Oxidation state. [Wikipedia][1] has the following to say regarding Nickel(IV):
> Ni(IV) is present in the mixed oxide $\ce{BaNiO3}$. ....... Ni(IV) remains a rare oxidation state of nickel and very few compounds are known to date.
[This][2] article directly contradicts the ... |
How does Potassium Hexfluoronickelate(IV) exist in a stable state? |
I am an aquarist, and I am looking into adding co2 into my aquarium in order to help plant growth.
This is a pretty standard practice, but some of the science spread within the community is contradictory.
My main question is: will adding surface agitation, or aeration to an aquarium with high levels of co2, cause... |
The following question was given in FIITJEE study material:
> 
At first, I thought it should be elimination. But, soon I realized that there is no heating, plus a primary alkyl halide is used. So, "no elimination".
Then, I thought it would pro... |
I am an aquarist, and I am looking into adding CO2 into my aquarium in order to help plant growth.
This is a pretty standard practice, but some of the science spread within the community is contradictory.
My main question is: will adding surface agitation, or aeration to an aquarium with high levels of CO2, cause... |
Is there no mathematical relationship between redox potential and particle size saying that an X potential should yield a Y particle size? Right now its general that large redox potential results in smaller particles, but I want to know if, for example, for silver particles I use AgNO3 with glucose reducing agent and s... |
Why not?
Elements with only a single oxidation state are rare things. In fact technically, only helium and neon are known in just a single oxidation state, zero for each. Everything else is known to form at least some (conventional) compounds, and then you have the zero oxidation state of the pure element plus any... |
The only restriction on your equation is that the system is at constant temperature. The system can be open or closed, the pressure does not have to be constant, and any type of work is allowed.
Let's start with the basic definition of G in terms of H, which is completely unrestricted:
$$G \equiv H-TS \Rightarro... |
I was thinking about what exactly happens at the triple point of water, and what could be the effect of adding solutes/solvents. I feel we can represent the triple point using the following equilibrium reaction:
$\ce{H_2 O (s) <=> H_2 O (l) <=> H_2 O (g)}$
Is this correct? How would this change if I add solutes? ... |
Does ice increase the humidity of its surroundings? I'm trying to use the BME280 for an Arduino project regarding locating ice, but I don't know whether the atmosphere is more humid around ice. I'm trying to see whether humidity increases near ice. |
For the precipitation reaction, I have to react H2PtCl6 with NH4CO3 while maintaining the PH in the range of 7-8 @ 60 °C. But the problem is Chloroplatinic acid is not at all precipitating instead it got evaporated by making holes in the aluminum foil.
Can you please point out what am I doing wrong?
Theoretical react... |
How to precipitate Chloroplatinic acid? |
For the precipitation reaction, I have to react H2PtCl6 with (NH4)2CO3 while maintaining the PH in the range of 7-8 @ 60 °C. But the problem is Chloroplatinic acid is not at all precipitating instead it got evaporated by making holes in the aluminum foil.
Can you please point out what am I doing wrong?
Theoretical ... |
For the precipitation reaction, I have to react H2PtCl6 with (NH4)2CO3 while maintaining the PH in the range of 7-8 @ 60 °C. But the problem is Chloroplatinic acid is not at all precipitating instead Chloroplatinic acid got evaporated by making holes in the aluminum foil which were not present before.
Can you please p... |
I understand what the standard molar entropy is, and how to use it in calculations, but I'm interested in understanding exactly how it's defined and measured.
My recollection from a long time ago is that it goes roughly like this:
* for each element, assume that its entropy goes to zero at 0 kelvin when it's in ... |
The following answers might be vague or overtly simplified or basic, but the questions by nature are fairly open-ended, aren't they? feel free to inquire further if something isn’t clear enough.
1. Take $$\ce{2NO2 \to 2NO + O2}$$ You can (extremely basically) think of this reaction as two $\ce{NO2}$ particles c... |
I was thinking about what exactly happens at the triple point of water, and what could be the effect of adding solutes/solvents. I feel we can represent the triple point using the following equilibrium reaction:
$$\ce{H2O (s) <=> H2O (l) <=> H2O (g)}$$
Is this correct? How would this change if I add solutes?
No... |
well the complex $ Ni(acac)_{2}$ is paramagnetic as expected , i.e it has two unpaired electrons giving rise to a magnetic moment of $ \sqrt{8}$ BM but doesn't have the tetrahedral geometry consistent with the CFT assumptions , why ?
well if the above thing is true then what is the actual structure of the complex ?... |
Consider a reaction say
$$\ce
{A + B <=> C + D}$$
Now
/delta G for the forward reaction is $$/delta H - T*(/delta S)$$
For the backward reaction /delta H and /delta S are clearly the same in magnitude but opposite in sign.
Therefore,$$ /delta G forward=-/delta G backward/$$
Which implies that if the ... |
Consider a reaction say
$$\ce{A + B <=> C + D}$$
Now $\Delta G$ for the forward reaction is:
$$\Delta H - T\Delta S$$
For the backward reaction $\Delta H$ and $\Delta S$ are clearly the same in magnitude but opposite in sign. Therefore,
$$ \Delta G_\text{forward} =-\Delta G_\text{backward}$$
Which imp... |
The Gibbs energy of reaction $\Delta_r G$ determines in which direction equilibrium lies, i.e. in which direction there has to be a net reaction (with a change in concentrations) to reach equilibrium.
When equilibrium has been reached already, there is no net reaction (i.e. concentrations are constant). Nevertheless... |
The complex $\ce{Ni(acac)2}$ is paramagnetic as expected , i.e it has two unpaired electrons giving rise to a magnetic moment of $ \sqrt{8}$ BM but doesn't have the tetrahedral geometry consistent with the CFT assumptions , why ?
well if the above thing is true then what is the actual structure of the complex ? ple... |
To the best of my knowledge, the effective nuclear charge $Z_{eff}$ is usually defined such that the potential energy of an electron in an atom, $<V>$, can be expressed as
$\bracket{V} = -Z_{eff}<ψ|\frac{1}{|r - r_a|}|ψ>$
The Hartree-Fock expression for $<V>$, meanwhile, is
$<V> = -Z<ψ|\frac{1}{|r - r_a|}|ψ>... |
To the best of my knowledge, the effective nuclear charge $Z_{eff}$ is usually defined such that the potential energy of an electron in an atom, $⟨V⟩$, can be expressed as
$⟨V⟩= -Z_{eff}⟨ψ|\frac{1}{|r - r_a|}|ψ⟩$
The Hartree-Fock expression for $⟨V⟩$, meanwhile, is
$⟨V⟩ = -Z⟨ψ|\frac{1}{|r - r_a|}|ψ⟩ + \sum_i... |
Why are organic reaction mechanisms so much more popular than inorganic mechanisms then when i come to think of it what is a reaction mechanism how can we use an arrow? is it a rough approximation of the true picture i.e. the true quantum mechanical picture? |
Why are organic reaction mechanisms so much more popular than inorganic mechanisms? When I come to think of it, what is a reaction mechanism? How can we use an arrow? Is it a rough approximation of the real picture i.e. the true quantum mechanical picture? |
For the precipitation reaction, I have to react $\ce{H2PtCl6}$ with $\ce{(NH4)2CO3}$ while maintaining the $\ce{pH}$ in the range of 7-8 at 60 °C. But the problem is Chloroplatinic acid is not precipitating. Instead, the acid evaporated by making holes in the aluminium foil which were not present before.
Can you pleas... |
I am performing relaxed scan in Gaussian (B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)). There are two small organic molecules, one of which is a radical, the other has a benzene ring.
I'm trying to understand the optimization output. Specifically, the line ```Optimization completed on the basis of negligible forces```. I understand that thes... |
Do these lead plates have a protective coating? Is it possible to test? |
Modern periodic law states:
> “The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
> functions of their atomic numbers”.
But I don't think this is so! (Forgive me for my stupidity. But please try to understand what I am saying and if you find any mistakes then please let me know).
If I consider the pro... |
What do you mean by "periodic"? |
Shouldn't A be more basic than A because in B the conjugate base formed in B is more unstable as compared to A because a bridge head nitrogen is formed In B which is comparatively unstable than conjugate base formed in A?
![enter image description he... |
Which is more basic among the following two compounds marked as A and B ?Shouldn't A be more basic than B? |
A sample was weighed using two different balances. The results were (a) 4.929 g and (b) 5.0 g. How would the mass of the sample be reported?
**Method 1**
$$ Average\, of\, the\, values =\frac{4.929 + 5.0}{2}= \frac{9.9}{2}$$ (the result of addition can have only one digit after decimal as in 5.0) $$= 4.95= 5.0\, g$... |
First you need to understand what a periodic function is in mathematics. For example, if you are standing at any point *P* on a circle, you start walking on the circumference and count the degrees you completed. Once you complete 360 degrees, and you will find yourself on *exactly the same point* *P*. Sines, cosines an... |
[This][1] free article as well as [this][2] article do a good job highlighting the carcinogenic effects of Cadmium and the mechanisms by which they occur. However, my question is why is Cadmium so carcinogenic **compared to other heavy metals?** What chemical property of Cadmium makes it more prone to these carcinogeni... |
Why is Cadmium so carcinogenic compared to other heavy metals? |
Shouldn't A be more basic than A because in B the conjugate base formed in B is more unstable as compared to A because a bridge head nitrogen is formed In B which is comparatively unstable than conjugate base formed in A?
 |
Shouldn't A be more basic than A because in B the conjugate base formed in B is more unstable as compared to A and because a bridge head nitrogen is formed In B which is comparatively unstable than conjugate base formed in A?
 |
Which is more basic among N-ethylpiperidin and 1-azabicyclooctane? |
Experimentally, anisotropy factor is calculated by dividing the CD spectra by the absorbance spectra multiplying by a factor of 32980 (in order to get a nondimensional quantity)
Theoretical calculations can be performed via TDDFT to obtain rotatory and oscillatory strengths, obtaining excitations for each case and a... |
Is there an anisotropy factor (g factor) for TDDFT Abs and CD calculations? |
I found this question in my book and the answer that was given is $\ce{[Cr(H_2O)_4 Cl_2]Cl.2H_2O}$ but I think it should be
$\ce{[Cr(H_2O)_5 Cl]Cl_2.H_2O}$ because in this case only one $\ce{H_2O}$ molecule is released.
Which one is correct and why? |
To the best of my knowledge, the effective nuclear charge $Z_{eff}$ is usually defined such that the potential energy of an electron in an atom, $⟨V⟩$, can be expressed as
$⟨V⟩= -Z_{eff}⟨ψ|\frac{1}{|r - r_a|}|ψ⟩$
The Hartree-Fock expression for $⟨V⟩$, meanwhile, is
$⟨V⟩ = -Z⟨ψ|\frac{1}{|r - r_a|}|ψ⟩ + \sum_i... |
First you need to understand what a periodic function is in mathematics. For example, if you are standing at any point *P* on a circle, you start walking on the circumference and count the degrees you completed. Once you complete 360 degrees, and you will find yourself on *exactly the same point* *P*. Sines, cosines an... |
On Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate) I found the reaction of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid:
$$5\, \mathrm{C_6H_5CH_3}+6\, \mathrm{KMnO_4}+9\, \mathrm{H_2SO_4}\to 5\, \mathrm{C_6H_5COOH}+14\, \mathrm{H_2O}+3\, \mathrm{K_2SO_4}+6\, \mathrm{MnSO_4}$$
which involves $35\, \math... |
First you need to understand what a periodic function is in mathematics. For example, if you are standing at any point *P* on a circle, you start walking on the circumference and count the degrees you completed. Once you complete 360 degrees, and you will find yourself on *exactly the same point* *P*. Sines, cosines an... |
On [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate) I found the reaction of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid:
$$5\, \ce{C_6H_5CH_3}+6\, \ce{KMnO_4}+9\, \ce{H_2SO_4}\to 5\, \ce{C_6H_5COOH}+14\, \ce{H_2O}+3\, \ce{K_2SO_4}+6\, \ce{MnSO_4}$$
which involves $35\, \ce{C},\, 58\, \ce{H}, \, 60\, \... |
On [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate) I found the reaction of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid:
$$5\, \ce{C_6H_5CH_3}+6\, \ce{KMnO_4}+9\, \ce{H_2SO_4}\to 5\, \ce{C_6H_5COOH}+14\, \ce{H_2O}+3\, \ce{K_2SO_4}+6\, \ce{MnSO_4}$$
which involves $35\, \ce{C},\, 58\, \ce{H}, \, 60\, \... |
A sample was weighed using two different balances. The results were $\pu{(a) 4.929 g and (b) 5.0 g}$. How would the mass of the sample be reported?
**Method 1**
$$ \text{Average of the values} =\frac{4.929 + 5.0}{2}= \frac{9.9}{2}$$ (the result of addition can have only one digit after decimal as in 5.0) $$\pu{= 4.... |
On [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate) I found the reaction of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid:
$$\ce{5 C_6H_5CH_3 +6 KMnO_4 +9 H_2SO_4} \to \ce{5 C_6H_5COOH +14 H_2O +3 K_2SO_4 +6 MnSO_4}$$
which involves $35\, \ce{C},\, 58\, \ce{H}, \, 60\, \ce{O},\, 6\, \ce{K}, \, 6\, \ce{M... |
"electrolysis will only proceed at an appreciable rate when the applied potential exceeds the electrochemical cell potential by 0.60 V."
(c) Calculate the minimum potential that should be applied
Gᶱ = − nFEᶱcell
Eᶱcell= Gᶱ/ - nF = -2.60 V .
My Question is why should why the difference of 0.60 V be added o... |
"Electrolysis of molten lithium hydroxide at 750 K to form lithium metal
4LiOH --> 4Li + 2H2O + O2."
"electrolysis will only proceed at an appreciable rate when the applied potential exceeds the electrochemical cell potential by 0.60 V."
(c) Calculate the minimum potential that should be applied
Gᶱ = − nFEᶱc... |
Permanganate ion i acidic medium can have two reduction half reactions, $(1)$ and $(2)$:
$$\ce{MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- -> Mn^2+ + 4H2O}\:\:\: E^\circ = \pu{1.50 V} \tag{1}$$
$$\ce{MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- -> MnO2 + 2H2O}\:\:\: E^\circ = \pu{1.68 V} \tag{2}$$
Regardless of what oxidizing reagent has been used, the oxidation o... |
Permanganate ion i acidic medium can have two reduction half reactions, $(1)$ and $(2)$:
$$\ce{MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- -> Mn^2+ + 4H2O}\:\:\: E^\circ = \pu{1.50 V} \tag{1}$$
$$\ce{MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- -> MnO2 + 2H2O}\:\:\: E^\circ = \pu{1.68 V} \tag{2}$$
Regardless of what oxidizing reagent has been used, the oxidation o... |
Permanganate ion i acidic medium can have two reduction half reactions, $(1)$ and $(2)$:
$$\ce{MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- -> Mn^2+ + 4H2O}\:\:\: E^\circ = \pu{1.50 V} \tag{1}$$
$$\ce{MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- -> MnO2 + 2H2O}\:\:\: E^\circ = \pu{1.68 V} \tag{2}$$
Regardless of what oxidizing reagent has been used, the oxidation o... |
First you need to understand what a periodic function is in mathematics. For example, if you are standing at any point *P* on a circle, you start walking on the circumference and count the degrees you completed. Once you complete 360 degrees, and you will find yourself on *exactly the same point* *P*. Sines, cosines an... |
I thought that Organic Naming was based on alphabetical for alkyl branches, so I thought it was ethyldimethylamine, however google results show me Dimethylethylamine. So which one is right? And is this an IUPAC rule? |
Dimethylethylamine or Ethyldimethylamine? |
I'm doing the final question on my homework, and got an issue with this question:
>"A 76.8g sample of a liquid used as a coolant in automobiles is found to contain 3.7 g of carbon, 5.1 g of hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. The formula weight of the compound is 60.0 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?"
After s... |
What the hell is C2H33O28? (Empirical Formula to Molecular Formula) |
First you need to understand what a periodic function is in mathematics. For example, if you are standing at any point *P* on a circle, you start walking on the circumference and count the degrees you completed. Once you complete 360 degrees, and you will find yourself on *exactly the same point* *P*. Sines, cosines an... |
What is C2H33O28? (Empirical Formula to Molecular Formula) |
First you need to understand what a periodic function is in mathematics. For example, if you are standing at any point *P* on a circle, you start walking on the circumference and count the degrees you completed. Once you complete 360 degrees, and you will find yourself on *exactly the same point* *P*. Sines, cosines an... |
Modern periodic law states:
> “The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
> functions of their atomic numbers”.
But I don't think this is so! (Forgive me for my stupidity. But please try to understand what I am saying and if you find any mistakes then please let me know).
If I consider ... |
What do you mean by "periodic" in the periodic table? |
How many mg caffeine is 1mM? |
What is the thermal decomposition temperature for SF6? I've heard it decomposes into F2 and SF4 only to decompose further into S2 and F2, but I haven't found much on the topic.
I became curious since I was considering using it to flush out oxygen for some reactions I was doing, due to its density and stability (plu... |
>"Electrolysis of molten lithium hydroxide at $\pu{750 K}$ to form lithium metal
<br>$$\ce{4LiOH -> 4Li + 2H2O + O2."}$$
>"electrolysis will only proceed at an appreciable rate when the applied potential exceeds the electrochemical cell potential by $\pu{0.60 V}$."
>(c) Calculate the minimum potential that shoul... |
> Electrolysis of molten lithium hydroxide at $\pu{750 K}$ to form lithium metal
> $$\ce{4 LiOH -> 4 Li + 2 H2O + O2}.$$
> Electrolysis will only proceed at an appreciable rate when the applied potential exceeds the electrochemical cell potential by $\pu{0.60 V}.$
> (c) Calculate the minimum potential that sho... |
How many mg caffeine is 1mM caffeine? |
Finding some articles about caffeine consumption confusing, because they test in units of mM instead of mg.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25342885/
I looked up the molar mass for caffeine on the net. Wikipedia says that it is 194 g/mol. Does that mean that 1 mol caffeine equals 194 g of caffeine? And tha... |
Finding some articles about caffeine consumption confusing, because they test in units of mM instead of mg.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25342885/
I looked up the molar mass for caffeine on the net. Wikipedia says that it is 194 g/mol. Does that mean that 1 mol caffeine equals 194 g of caffeine? And tha... |
I am trying to find the lifetime of sodium atoms at the $3p$ state using the relationship between the spectral linewidth and the uncertainty principle:
$$ \Delta E \times \Delta t = h / 4\pi $$
The information I have is the full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth of the sodium atomic absorption spectrum $\lambda = 9... |
I understand what the standard molar entropy is, and how to use it in calculations, but I'm interested in understanding exactly how it's defined and measured.
My recollection from a long time ago is that it goes roughly like this:
* for each element, assume that its entropy goes to zero at 0 kelvin when it's in ... |
While using the polarimeter to determine optical rotation, why can't we use polychromatic light? What would change? |
Why is only monochromatic light used in polarimeter? |
Does Glycerol give silver mirror test with Tollen's Reagent? |
The [Wikipedia page for Miller indices][1] defines Miller indices as follows:
> There are two equivalent ways to define the meaning of the Miller indices: via a point in the reciprocal lattice, or as the inverse intercepts along the lattice vectors. Both definitions are given below. In either case, one needs to choo... |
The [Wikipedia page for Miller indices][1] defines Miller indices as follows:
> There are two equivalent ways to define the meaning of the Miller indices: via a point in the reciprocal lattice, or as the inverse intercepts along the lattice vectors. Both definitions are given below. In either case, one needs to choo... |
How do the three Miller indices (hkl) denote planes orthogonal to the reciprocal lattice vector? |
I'm interested in speciation analysis. Hearing of fatal accidents with organic mercury compounds made me wonder about the risks for the analytical chemist trying to determine Hg species in foodstuff. Probably the most prominent accident is the death of Karen Wetterhahn who used dimethylmercury for NMR experiments. A fe... |
How to determine the formula for calculating the enthalpy change of a reaction? |
Suppose I have a beaker containing $\ce{CuSO4}$ solution and I dip $\ce{Cu}$ rod in it.Now my question is what reactions are going to take place? Is the $\ce{Cu}$ rod going to acquire any positive charge? I am asking this question to clear my doubt regarding a Daniell cell as to why $\ce{Cu}$ rod used in the cell shou... |
I am trying to find the lifetime of sodium atoms at the $3p$ state using the relationship between the spectral linewidth and the uncertainty principle:
$$ \Delta E \times \Delta t = h / 4\pi $$
The information I have is the full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth of the sodium atomic absorption spectrum $\lambda = 9... |
I am asked this question:
>Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for this reaction:
>$\ce{calcium + hydrochloric acid -> calcium chloride + hydrogen}$
I answered this:
> $\ce{Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> CaCl2(s) + H2}$
This was the correct answer:
> $\ce{Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> CaCl2(aq) + H2}$
... |
I am finding some articles about caffeine consumption confusing, because they test in units of mM instead of mg.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25342885/
I looked up the molar mass for caffeine on the net. Wikipedia says that it is 194 g/mol. Does that mean that 1 mol caffeine equals 194 g of caffeine? An... |
My experiments results showed that the voltage decreases down $\pu{Group 1}$: $\ce{Cl-}$ salts in the salt bridge. All other variables were kept constant. $\ce{Zn}$ and $\ce{Cu}$ rods were used. Concentrations of the salt in the salt bridge were $\pu{1M}$.
I dont understand this result. What could the reason be beh... |
Why does changing the salt of the salt bridge effect the voltage produced in a galvanic cell? |
What is the possible maximum value of the monolayer capacity? Is it possible for the monolayer capacity to exceed more than $(100)\frac{mol}{g}$ or even $(1000)\frac{mol}{g}$? Any help is highly appreciated. Thank You. |
This question is mostly about the human body, but it's also about life in general.
It's not difficult to notice a big different between the abundance of elements on Earth & that in the body. I've been pondering why. Such a huge question, but here I choose to focus on the big 4. Below is my current understanding, ple... |
Why did life end up with the big 4 elements, and specifically nitrogen? |
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