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The purpose of buffers is to keep $\mathrm{pH}$, with the differential buffering capacity $\frac{ \mathrm{d(pH)}}{ \mathrm{d}n}$
If you are interested in the integral buffer capacity across $\mathrm{pH}$ range, than optimal is the buffer with the maximum capacity in the middle of the range. But the useful range for a ... |
The purpose of buffers is to keep $\mathrm{pH}$, with the differential buffering capacity $\frac{ \mathrm{d(pH)}}{ \mathrm{d}n}$
If you are interested in the integral buffer capacity across $\mathrm{pH}$ range, than optimal is the buffer with the maximum capacity in the middle of the range. But the useful range for a ... |
If ammonia is heated to high temperature or subject to photodissociation, a reported radicalization, per this source, [Journal of Chemical Physics: 'Dissociation of NH3 to NH2 + H '](https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.452417):
$\ce{NH3(g) + Heat/UV light/ArF laser -> •NH2 + •H}$
The laser reference is [prov... |
If ammonia is heated to high temperature or subject to photodissociation, a reported radicalization, per this source, [Journal of Chemical Physics: 'Dissociation of NH3 to NH2 + H '](https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.452417):
$\ce{NH3(g) + Heat/UV light/ArF laser -> •NH2 + •H}$
The laser reference is [prov... |
As a non chemist I have read in the Wikipedia article [Curcumin][1] that:
> Curcumin becomes bright red when it interacts electrostatically with
> phospholipid film.
This text appeared without source under this image in the article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin#/media/File:Curcumin_thin_lipid_film.j... |
Is there any simple way to create natural Red food coloring from Turmeric in the house kitchen? |
If ammonia is heated to high temperature or subject to photodissociation, a reported radicalization, per this source, [Journal of Chemical Physics: 'Dissociation of NH3 to NH2 + H '](https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.452417):
$\ce{NH3(g) + Heat/UV light/ArF laser -> •NH2 + •H}$
The laser reference is [prov... |
As a non chemist I have read in the Wikipedia article [Curcumin][1] that:
> Curcumin becomes bright red when it interacts electrostatically with
> phospholipid film.
This text appeared without source under this image in the article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin#/media/File:Curcumin_thin_lipid_film.j... |
Is there a way to create natural Red food coloring from Turmeric in the house kitchen? |
My chemistry textbook says that metals form ionic or cordinate bonds whereas non metals form covalent bonds. But in another textbook I read that Lithium, Beryllium, Aluminium, Chromium, Manganese etc, which are metals, form covalent compounds like LiCl, BeH2, AlCl3, H2CrO4, H2MnO4 respectively
Now my question is whe... |
Do metals form covalent bonds besides ionic and cordinate bond? |
If ammonia is heated to high temperature or subject to photodissociation, a reported radicalization, per this source, [Journal of Chemical Physics: 'Dissociation of NH3 to NH2 + H '](https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.452417):
$\ce{NH3(g) + Heat/UV light/ArF laser -> •NH2 + •H}$
The laser reference is [prov... |
If ammonia is heated to high temperature or subject to photodissociation, a reported radicalization, per this source, [Journal of Chemical Physics: 'Dissociation of NH3 to NH2 + H '](https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.452417):
$\ce{NH3(g) + Heat/UV light/ArF laser -> •NH2 + •H}$
The laser reference is [prov... |
While learning nomenclature of organic compounds I found the common names to be a bit difficult to learn than the IUPAC ones. One of these common name stuff is the iso-,neo-, sec-, etc. So I searched for the ways to differentiate between these on the YouTube and found [this video](https://youtu.be/UPr8Z9SRnL0) (note t... |
Why is iso-octane different from other iso-s? |
If ammonia is heated to high temperature or subject to photodissociation, a reported radicalization, per this source, [Journal of Chemical Physics: 'Dissociation of NH3 to NH2 + H '](https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.452417):
$\ce{NH3(g) + Heat/UV light/ArF laser -> •NH2 + •H}$
The laser reference is [prov... |
I know that the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation are given by the formulas $\Delta\mathrm{T}_{b}=ib\mathrm{K}_{eb}$ and $\Delta\mathrm{T}_{f}=ib\mathrm{K}_{F}.$ It seems that when this formula is applied for equimolar concentrations, the magnitude of freezing point depression is greater than boilin... |
Why is freezing point depression greater than boiling point elevation for equimolar substances? |
The first thing that should be said is that there's no difference between a coordinate bond (dative bond) and an ordinary covalent bond. Yes, the electrons "come from different places"; but the molecule doesn't actually *know* this, nor does it *care*. Once a covalent bond is formed, it is a covalent bond, regardless o... |
To make t-butyl chloride from t-butanol, you need to bubble HCl gas into a 0°C ether solution of t-butanol.
To make t-butanol from t-butyl chloride, you can dissolve t-butyl chloride into water (not sure the temperature).
Why are the products favored in these two conditions? What is the significance of using a 0°... |
Why is t-butyl chloride favored over t-butanol at 0°C? |
While learning nomenclature of organic compounds I found the common names to be a bit difficult to learn than the IUPAC ones. One of these common name stuff is the iso-,neo-, sec-, etc. So I searched for the ways to differentiate between these on the YouTube and found [this video](https://youtu.be/UPr8Z9SRnL0) (note t... |
As to the question does gaseous NH3 directly react with metals, a more accurate short answer is likely no. A better answer is a reaction may proceed from heat (or other energy sources, like light) induced breakdown products interacting with a metal.
A review of the literature suggests that if ammonia is heated to hi... |
As to the question does gaseous NH3 directly react with metals, a more accurate short answer is likely no. A better answer is a reaction may proceed from heat (or other energy sources, like light) induced breakdown products interacting with a metal.
A review of the literature suggests that if ammonia is heated to hi... |
As to the question does gaseous NH3 directly react with metals, a more accurate short answer is likely no. A better answer is a reaction may proceed from heat (or other energy sources, like light) induced breakdown products of ammonia interacting with the metal.
A review of the literature suggests that if ammonia is... |
As to the question does gaseous NH3 directly react with metals, other than complex formations, a more accurate short answer is likely no. A better answer is a reaction may proceed from heat (or other energy sources, like light) induced breakdown products of ammonia interacting with the metal.
A review of the literat... |
Many chemistry reactions are reversible in nature.
In such reactions initially reactants react to form products but after some time products also react to give reactants back again. And an equilibrium is established where forward and backward reactions occur with equal rates.
If products are more stable, why will they... |
Why does hexane just have 5 chain isomers when I can think of more, like 2,2,3-trimethylbutane?
That's just one of the top of my head, I could think of more. |
The purpose of buffers is to keep $\mathrm{pH}$, with the differential buffering capacity $\frac { \mathrm{d[B]}}{ \mathrm{d(pH)}}$
If you are interested in the integral buffer capacity across $\mathrm{pH}$ range, than optimal is the buffer with the maximum capacity in the middle of the range. But the useful range f... |
While trying to understand the solution of a problem given in my textbook, I realized I'm having some difficulty with the solution. The problem is as follows:
> The ionization constant of $\ce{HF}$ is $3.2 \times 10^{-4}$. Calculate the degree of dissociation of $\ce{HF}$ in its $\pu{0.02 M}$ solution. Calculate the... |
Why is water ignored in the ionic equilibrium of HF? |
> 1. Why are we not adding the contribution of water to the $\ce{H3O+}$ ions?
$\ce{H3O+}$ actually is $\ce{H+}$ and $\ce{H2O}$ so you can write the equation as just dissociation of $\ce{HF}$ ($\ce{H2O}$ cancels out on both sides):
$$\ce{HF <=> H+ + F-}.$$
Thus we do not take water into consideration.
>... |
> 1. Why are we not adding the contribution of water to the $\ce{H3O+}$ ions?
1. Write down the dissociation constant equation with and without $\ce{H2O}$.
What changes?
2. Can you find a formulation of the dissociation constant where it seems natural not to include $\ce{H2O}$?
3. Read up on "activity".
> ... |
The structure of H2CrO4 is as follows:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/3ypbu.jpg
Shell configuration of chromium is 2,8,13,1 i.e. it has only 1 valence electron and only valence electron participate in bonding but Chromium in the above structure is forming 6 cov... |
Only valence shell electrons participate in bonding then how is Cr in H2CrO4 forming 6 covalent bonds although it has only 1 valence electron? |
I am trying correlate some experimental properties of a molecule to its calculated equilibrium geometry. To do so, I calculated the geometry and energy of some conformers.
Now, I obtain mixed results when performing the same energetic calculation with D3-corrected and not corrected functional (B3LYP): when no correctio... |
DFT-D3: can it perform worse than DFT? |
I am trying correlate some experimental properties of a molecule to its calculated equilibrium geometry. To do so, I calculated the geometry and energy of some conformers.
Now, I obtain mixed results when performing the same energetic calculation with dispersion-corrected (D3) and not corrected functional (B3LYP): whe... |
Can density functional approximations including dispersion correction perform worse than without it? |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
I am trying correlate some experimental properties of a molecule to its calculated equilibrium geometry. To do so, I calculated the geometry and energy of some conformers.
Now, I obtain mixed results when performing the same energetic calculation with dispersion-corrected (D3) and not corrected functional (B3LYP): whe... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
In the nerst equation we are taught that the reaction quotient can have pressure terms and concentration terms simultaneously according to my knowledge this doesnt happen anywhere else so why can it happen here? |
What does (sol) in a chemical equation mean? |
I tried to google and watch YouTube videos on how to write Lewis structures properly, but I can't seem to understand how to do this correctly.
My teacher, when class was in session, gave me a set of instructions to complete Lewis structures:
1. Sum Valence electrons
2. Add electrons to outer atoms, while obe... |
What is the correct Lewis structure of diazomethane? |
**It is best to think of reversible reactions statistically**
A good understanding about equilibrium can be had by thinking about the detailed molecular level processes involved at the molecule level.
Take, for example, the simple equilibrium between liquid water and water vapour in a closed vessel. At room temp... |
This topic often causes confusion.
The most correct form of the Nenst equation uses [thermodynamic activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity) of the substances:
$E = E^{\ominus} - \frac{RT}{zF}{\rm ln\frac{a_{\rm red.}}{a_{\rm ox.}}}$
For diluted solutions, we can replace the activity of a... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
This topic often causes confusion.
The most correct form of the Nenst equation uses [thermodynamic activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity) of the substances:
$E = E^{\ominus} - \frac{RT}{zF}{\rm ln\frac{a_{\rm red.}}{a_{\rm ox.}}}$
For diluted solutions, we can replace the activity of a... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
This topic often causes confusion.
The most correct form of the Nernst equation uses [thermodynamic activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity) of the substances:
$$E = E^{\circ} - \frac{RT}{zF} \ln\frac{a_\mathrm{red}}{a_\mathrm{ox}}$$
For diluted solutions, we can replace the activity of ... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
In the Nernst equation we are taught that the reaction quotient can have pressure terms and concentration terms simultaneously. According to my knowledge this does not happen anywhere else, so why can it happen here? |
How can there be concentration and pressure terms simultaneously in the Nernst equation? |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
I am working on a chemistry assignment and can’t figure out part of the problem.
$\pu{0.2 mol}$ of a compound with a molecular weight of $82$ contain $\pu{9.6 g}$ of carbon, $\pu{1.2 g}$ of hydrogen and the rest is nitrogen.
The question is asking for the empirical and molecular formula which I can solve, but how... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
The structure of $\ce{H2CrO4}$ is as follows:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/3ypbum.jpg
Shell configuration of chromium is 2,8,13,1 i.e. it has only 1 valence electron and only valence electron participate in bonding but Chromium in the above structure is formi... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
As far I know carboxylic acids have a OH group but during dissociation only hydrogen gets separated. The CO moiety is polar, demonstrating that oxygen is much more electronegative than carbon. Why does the OH group not get separated from carbon and behave like a base? |
Given that they contain an OH group, why do carboxylic acids not act as base? |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
How do the eigenvectors of the Hessian Matrix for potential energy surface correspond directly to the physical directions of translation, rotation and vibration?
I see that they might correspond to *some* physical directions, but it seems fishy that they directly correspond to these very neat directions. |
I think you have the causality backwards here. It's not as if we have the vibrations to start with and they happen to be matched by the eigenvectors of the Hessian. We choose to look at these particular vibrations precisely because they are the eigenvectors of the Hessian.
Consider the example of water. We know that... |
I want to know how does silica gel are made from sand (after extract it). How many ways could I use it? If there is way without oven. Thank you. |
How does silica gel made? |
Can you approximate the change in entropy of a reaction? |
I want to know how is silica gel prepared from sand (after extract it). How many ways could I use it? If there is way without oven. Thank you. |
How is silica gel made? |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
Per this source, [Chemical Reviews: Transition Metal-Tin Chemistry](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr00091a002), I surmise that a potential safety issue with Tin stems from its ability to create complexes, which can act in distinctly catalytic roles in organic-based reactions.
In particular, the author discus... |
While learning nomenclature of organic compounds I found the common names to be a bit difficult to learn than the IUPAC ones. One of these common name stuff is the iso-,neo-, sec-, etc. So I searched for the ways to differentiate between these on the YouTube and found [this video](https://youtu.be/UPr8Z9SRnL0) (note t... |
I am a year 12 Chemistry student and I was wondering if you could help me with some questions I have about a Galvanic cell experiment?
I am doing an experimental report in Chemistry. The experiment I decided to do was to change the concentration of the copper sulphate electrolyte in a Daniell cell and measure the vol... |
What is the relationship between concentration and voltage in a galvanic cell? How do you calculate the theoretical? |
I am currently studying the textbook *Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy* by Larkin. In the first chapter of the textbook, the author presents the following table and accompanying explanation:
> [![enter image description here][1]][1]
> The vibrational spectrum may be divided into typical regions shown in Fig. 1.1. ... |
I used this table (http://microscopy.berkeley.edu/Resources/instruction/buffers.html) to make a citrate buffer system. The Pka value is 6.4, and I multiplied the solution by ten to make a larger batch. I used 137ml of citric acid and 363ml sodium citrate in distilled water to make a buffer system with pH of 5.6. Now I'... |
I got an MCQ in my examination, "Which one of the following is more metallic?" and the options were Sr, Na, Be or Aluminium. I know that sodium is more metallic than Be or Al but my mind stuck on strontium.
-Strontium is the member of the fifth period and has greater number of shielding electrons than sodium (due t... |
Is strontium more metallic than sodium? If yes then why? |
I got an MCQ in my examination, "Which one of the following is more metallic?" and the options were Sr, Na, Be or Aluminium. I know that sodium is more metallic than Be or Al but my mind stuck on strontium.
-Strontium is the member of the fifth period and has greater number of shielding electrons than sodium (due t... |
My textbook, *Atkins' Physical Chemistry*, 11th edition, by Atkins, de Paula, and Keeler, says the following:
> Although it is good practice to use only SI units, there will be occasions where accepted practice is so deeply rooted that physical quantities are expressed using other, non-SI units. By international con... |
Difference between "physical quantities" and "units"? |
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