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The book asks me to find the oxidation state of nitrogen in the compound below (the structure is *not* the one given in [Wikipedia for HN3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HN3)):
> [![triangular structure of HN3][1]][1]
To find the oxidation state using Lewis structure, I have to compare the electronegativity of th... |
I know that
$$C_p - C_V = R, \label{eqn:1}\tag{1}$$
but I have also seen
$$C_p - C_V = R/M \label{eqn:2}\tag{2}$$
being used in case of ideal gas.
In what cases \eqref{eqn:1} is used and in what cases \eqref{eqn:2} is used? |
For what processes is Mayer's formula applicable? |
We have two solutions:
- Solution 1 is $\ce{HCOOH}$, its concentration is $c_1 = \pu{10^-2 mol/l}$, its volume is $V_1 = \pu{50 ml}$, and its $\mathrm{pH}_1 = 2.9$.
- Solution 2 is $\ce{CH3COOH}$, its concentration is $c_2 = \pu{10^-2 mol/l}$, its volume is $V_2 = \pu{50 ml}$, and its $\mathrm{pH}_2 = 3.4$.
Ho... |
If I heat ammonia gas to 250 degrees celsius, will it decompose into its basic components - N2 and H2? What temperature is required for the reaction to occur? |
Will NH3 gas decompose into N2 and H2 at 250 degrees celcius? |
Imagine a bottle 85% filled with water and the rest is just air, and the cap is closed. Here are now my questions.
Since the cap is closed completely, the air bubble is formed. Is that air bubble compressed? In other words, since air has the least force of attraction between its molecules, they are more free than th... |
I looked up the decompositions of diluted HClO2 aqueous solution (used in a disinfectant) to know if it is safe to use on some substance, such as metal, wood, leather or skin. However, the chain I found leading to HClO4, which is a very strong acid.
>HClO2 + 3HCl → 2Cl2 + 2H2O
(Source: https://chemiday.com/en/react... |
What does HClO2 aqueous solution decompose to in an open environment? |
I looked up the decompositions of diluted HClO2 aqueous solution (used in a disinfectant) to know if it is safe to use on some substance, such as metal, wood, leather or skin. However, the chain I found leading to HClO4, which is a very strong acid.
>5HClO2 → 4ClO2 + HCl + 2H2O
(Source: https://chemiday.com/en/reac... |
I looked up the decompositions of diluted HClO2 aqueous solution (used in a disinfectant) to know if it is safe to use on some substance, such as metal, wood, leather or skin. However, the chain I found leading to HClO4, which is a very strong acid.
>5HClO2 → 4ClO2 + HCl + 2H2O
>4HClO2 → 2ClO2 + HClO3 + HCl + H2O... |
Is there a chemical treatment that could remove sodium and calcium ions from the surface of soda-lime glass to turn it into quartz glass, increasing the hardness? |
Can glass be deionized? |
I looked up the decompositions of diluted $\ce{HClO2}$ aqueous solution (used in a disinfectant) to know if it is safe to use on some substance, such as metal, wood, leather or skin. However, the chain I found leading to $\ce{HClO4},$ which is a very strong acid.
> $$
\begin{align}
\ce{5 HClO2 &→ 4 ClO2 + HCl + 2 ... |
I looked up the decompositions of diluted $\ce{HClO2}$ aqueous solution (used in a disinfectant) to know if it is safe to use on some substances, such as metal, wood, leather or skin. However, the chain I found leading to $\ce{HClO4},$ which is a very strong acid.
> $$
\begin{align}
\ce{5 HClO2 &→ 4 ClO2 + HCl + 2... |
I looked up the decompositions of diluted $\ce{HClO2}$ aqueous solution (used in a disinfectant) to know if it is safe to use on some substances, such as metal, wood, leather or skin. However, the chain I found leading to $\ce{HClO4},$ which is a very strong acid.
> $$
\begin{align}
\ce{5 HClO2 &→ 4 ClO2 + HCl + 2... |
Which one is the stronger nucleophile in aprotic solvent-
(i)***H2O or H2S***
According to my notes, Nucleophilicity order is directly proportional to Basicity order in an aprotic medium,and inversely proportional to Basicity order in protic medium.
And H2O is a stronger base than H2S,so it should be the str... |
Which one would be the stronger nucleophile in aprotic solvent? |
Which one is the stronger nucleophile in aprotic solvent: $\ce{H2O}$ or $\ce{H2S}?$
According to my notes, nucleophilicity order is directly proportional to basicity order in an aprotic medium, and is inversely proportional to basicity order in protic medium.
And $\ce{H2O}$ is a stronger base than $\ce{H2S},$ s... |
Which is a stronger nucleophile in aprotic solvent: water or hydrogen sulfide? |
My textbook says that **unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than saturated ones**. But double and triple bonds are stronger than single bonds.
What is the explanation for this?
|
$K_p$ will *not* change with pressure, only with temperature. $Q_p$ will instantaneously increase upon applying the pressure for this reaction (why? see below), and will drive the reaction to reactants to re-achieve equilibrium (decreasing $Q_p$) until $Q_p$ = $K_p$ once again. From a LeChatelier approach, you have mo... |
Assuming that by air bubble you're referring to the pocket of air now sealed in the bottle above the water surface:
Immediately after sealing the bottle, the air pocket is not at all compressed: it's at the same pressure as the surrounding environment (the air outside the bottle).
However, because you have a closed... |
This is not an answer to the question "can the sulfoxide be synthesized in significant yield" (and under which conditions). Instead, this is a "naive" prediction based on the data you provide and two assumptions:
1. The predicted thermodynamic values in the articles you cite are accurate at $\pu{298 K}.$
2. ... |
It's a tricky example, but the $S_N1$ process is favored because the solvent is protic and the resulting 6-member ring is more stable than a 5-member ring.
If ring expansion weren't possible, I believe your intuition is correct that the $S_N2$ mechanism would dominate. See [this discussion][1]. You're not alone!
... |
I just thought that the reaction should follow $\mathrm{S_{N}2}$ mechanism this is because the alkyl halide is primary but the book says that the reaction will follow $\mathrm{S_{N}1}$ mechanism resulting in the formation of tertiary carbonation and a ring expansion product. Can anyone please explain the reason behind ... |
Weakly basic ions and polarizable bases favor $\mathrm{S_{N}2}$ over $\mathrm{E2}$. Why? The argument used that polarizable nucleophiles form bonds earlier, stabilizing the transition state, can be applied to either $\mathrm{S_{N}2}$ or $\mathrm{E2}$. |
In general, we've learned that alkoxide groups are awful leaving groups, unless we're talking about epoxide rings whose ring strain allow the alkoxide to act as a leaving group in a ring-opening reaction. However, if a structure contained both an epoxide and a relatively good leaving group like Chloride, what would pre... |
Is an epoxide opening more favorable than a chloride leaving in the same molecule? |
It is my understanding that the main decomposition product of HClO2 is ClO2. Commercial ClO2 generation systems typically incorporate a membrane used to separate the gas from the other components, such as the solids and undesirable side products. This helps create a highly pure solution of ClO2 in water.
Here are so... |
I want to create several mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen gas, such as 0% oxygen, 10% oxygen, 20% oxygen, 30% oxygen... 100% oxygen, but I know very little about working with gas cylinders and regulators. Is it as simple as connecting the two cylinders with a y-shaped hose and setting the flow rates to 10% oxygen and 90... |
Guidelines for mixing gases? |
It is my understanding that the main decomposition product of HClO2 is ClO2. Commercial ClO2 generation systems typically incorporate a membrane used to separate the gas from the other components, such as the solids and undesirable side products. This helps create a highly pure solution of ClO2 in water.
Here are so... |
Suppose we have a non-dipolar molecule such as carbon dioxide. If carbon dioxide is ionized by some means in the gas-phase, will it develop a dipole moment? I am asking with reference to microwave spectroscopy, because the selection rule requires the presence of a permanent dipole moment. In the interstellar space, $H... |
I have noticed that if you put household or other chemicals in bin liners or freezer bags the plastic doesn't keep the chemicals in. Rather they travel through the bag material and out into the air. However I have noticed that some bin liners have stronger material and are better than others.
Perhaps it will depend ... |
Best bags to contain chemical odours? |
In my QM class we are finding the wave functions of the hydrogen atom. In spherical coordinates, these wave functions are functions of 3 variables: r, theta, and phi. My professor stated that, "the wave functions of the electron are called orbitals".
Say we are interested in the l=0 (or s-orbitals). Since l = 0, m ... |
What exactly are the graphs of orbitals? |
I have been pondering the assignment for the 1H NMR peaks observed. I can't really make sense of the observations from what I know.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]https://www.chemicalbook.com/SpectrumEN_104-93-8_1HNMR.htm
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/jNFA7.png
My question is the assignment of the s... |
In my QM class we are finding the wave functions of the hydrogen atom. In spherical coordinates, these wave functions are functions of 3 variables: r, theta, and phi. My professor stated that, "the wave functions of the electron are called orbitals".
Say we are interested in the l=0 (or s-orbitals). Since l = 0, m ... |
See [Highly efficient decomposition of ammonia using high-entropy alloy catalysts](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11848-9.pdf?draft=collection) which proposes highly efficient ammonia decomposition using a novel high-entropy alloy (HEA) catalysts made of earth abundant elements, namely, quinary CoMoFeNiCu n... |
See [Highly efficient decomposition of ammonia using high-entropy alloy catalysts](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11848-9.pdf?draft=collection) which proposes highly efficient ammonia decomposition using a novel high-entropy alloy (HEA) catalysts made of earth abundant elements, namely, quinary CoMoFeNiCu n... |
As you state, the ubiquitous polyethylene (or poythene) bag allows many chemicals to slowly seep through. Pollen and dust themselves are far to large to get through, but water vapor, for example does.
For that reason, many foods a sold in plastic (e.g., mylar and polypropylene) sacks layered with aluminum (ah, alumi... |
This question has a few different parts to it.
Part 1 - what's that peak at 3.6ppm?
Well, it's not the -OH peak. The peak at 3.6 is from the CH(OH).
Part 2 - where is the -OH peak if that isn't it at 3.6ppm?
Peaks from labile protons are frequently not observed, and have variable chemical shifts, unless great... |
As you state, the ubiquitous polyethylene (or polythene) bag allows many chemicals to slowly seep through. Pollen and dust particles themselves are far to large to get through, but water vapor, for example does.
For that reason, many foods are sold in plastic (e.g., mylar and polypropylene) sacks layered with alumin... |
In my QM class we are finding the wave functions of the hydrogen atom. In spherical coordinates, these wave functions are functions of 3 variables: $r,$ $\theta,$ and $\phi.$ My professor stated that "*the wave functions of the electron are called orbitals*".
Say, we are interested in the $l = 0$ (or s-orbitals). S... |
Lately I've seen videos and some articles explaining drug design. I would also like to specifically cite [this guy][1], who isn't the most credible guy in the planet, but some of the stuff in the video makes sense to some degree, and he just confused me further.
Now I work on a completely different field on my day j... |
Covalent bond is a strong bond compared to Ionic Bonds ***but Ionic Compounds have higher melting and boiling points*** then covalent compounds. **Why?** |
I looked up the decompositions of diluted $\ce{HClO2}$ aqueous solution (used in a disinfectant) to know if it is safe to use on some substances, such as metal, wood, leather or skin. However, the chain I found leading to $\ce{HClO4},$ which is a very strong acid.
> $$
\begin{align}
\ce{5 HClO2 &→ 4 ClO2 + HCl + 2... |
I mainly work with simulation (MD), so take these answers with a grain of salt.
> 1. Is it the case that when designing drugs (i.e. these proteins) we attempt to optimize binding affinity (maximize?)
Computational docking usually employes two methods: A force field based estimation of the free energy of binding, ... |
Per [Wikipedia on Chlorous acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorous_acid) to quote:
>The pure substance is unstable, disproportionating to hypochlorous acid (Cl oxidation state +1) and chloric acid (Cl oxidation state +5):
>$\ce{2 HClO2 → HClO + HClO3}$
Also, here are some interesting comments on the decom... |
Per [Wikipedia on Chlorous acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorous_acid) to quote:
>The pure substance is unstable, disproportionating to hypochlorous acid (Cl oxidation state +1) and chloric acid (Cl oxidation state +5):
>$\ce{2 HClO2 → HClO + HClO3}$
Also, here are some interesting comments on the decom... |
Per [Wikipedia on Chlorous acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorous_acid) to quote:
>The pure substance is unstable, disproportionating to hypochlorous acid (Cl oxidation state +1) and chloric acid (Cl oxidation state +5):
>$\ce{2 HClO2 → HClO + HClO3}$
Also, here are some interesting comments on the decom... |
So I have a question that is as follows:-
If all bond angles in AX$_3$ are the same then which of the following are correct conclusions about AX$_3$?
(A) AX$_3$ must be polar
(B) AX$_3$ must be planar
(C) AX$_3$ must have atleast 5 valence electrons
(D) X must be connected to the central atom via single ... |
If all bond angles in AX$_3$ are the same then which of the following are correct conclusions about AX$_3$? |
### Question
> If all bond angles in $\ce{AX3}$ are the same, then which of the following are correct conclusions about $\ce{AX3}?$
> (**A**) $\ce{AX3}$ must be polar.
> (**B**) $\ce{AX3}$ must be planar.
> (**C**) $\ce{AX3}$ must have at least 5 valence electrons.
> (**D**) $\ce{X}$ must be connected to... |
If all bond angles in AX₃ are the same, then which of the following are correct conclusions about AX₃? |
I have a polymer end-capped with a Polysilsesquioxane (POSS) like the one [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silsesquioxane#/media/File:Silsesquioxane_T8_Cube.png) where *R=i-butyl*.
I haven't found much info on what type or reactions these POSS groups can undergo.
I would like to know if there are some proced... |
As you state, the ubiquitous polyethylene (or polythene) bag allows many chemicals to slowly seep through. Pollen and dust particles themselves are far to large to get through, but water vapor, for example does.
For that reason, many foods are sold in plastic (e.g., mylar and polypropylene) sacks layered with alumin... |
The thermal stability of most compounds of Group 1 elememts (hydroxides, carbonates, nitrates) increases down the group due to decrement in charge density of the cation.
Now, according to one of my study sources, thermal stability of oxides is as follows:
normal oxide(that of Lithium)>peroxide(that of Sodium)>supe... |
What is the trend of thermal stability of group 1 oxides? |
Covalent bond is a strong bond compared to Ionic Bonds but Ionic Compounds have higher melting and boiling points then covalent compounds. **Why?** |
Log(Q) is zero, therefore the effect of temperature change is unaccounted for by Nernst Equation? |
I am using 99% isopropyl alchohol to clean soldering flux residues for my electronics projects. Due to a certain viruse running amok in the world today, I am not able to get from my usual supplier. I am running low on supplies. So i got this idea that i would concentrate the more common (but still not so easy to get in... |
I am using 99% isopropyl alchohol to clean soldering flux residues for my electronics projects. Due to a certain viruse running amok in the world today, I am not able to get from my usual supplier. I am running low on supplies. So i got this idea that i would concentrate the more common (but still not so easy to get in... |
I am using 99% isopropyl alchohol to clean soldering flux residues for my electronics projects. Due to a certain viruse running amok in the world today, I am not able to get from my usual supplier. I am running low on supplies. So i got this idea that i would concentrate the more common (but still not so easy to get in... |
one of my friends says that he made a Disinfectant. these are the materials:
83%:
methanol
isopropyl alcohol
propylene glycol
and the others are: citral, geraniol, linalool, dlimonene, l alpha terapineol...
1- does this really work?
2- is this dangerous for health if i use it only for surfaces? |
Despite your question is a bit vague about the sample, _I assume_ «when they are in motion» refers to particles passing a tube, are close to each other -- in contrast to particles floating in air.
_If_ so, than you should consider to couple infrared spectroscopy (about the energy band) with a probe based on [attenua... |
I did asked before , but apparently providing a link to a science report of harmless for humans (both skin and eyes) far-UV light was not enough to make people understand the significance of the solution to the raging COVID-19.
So this link (please read a bit of it):
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21058-w... |
Can someone please explain how to assing 1H nmr peaks of substituted cyclohexane group? I am more familiar with interpreting substituted benzene.
I get that the signal near 10ppm refers to the aldehyde group. The rest of the signal refers to the hydrogens on the cyclohexane group. I also understand that the assignmen... |
One of my friends says that he made a disinfectant. These are the materials:
* 83% methanol
* isopropyl alcohol
* propylene glycol
* and the others are: citral, geraniol, linalool, dlimonene, l alpha terapineol...
Does this really work? Is this dangerous for health if i use it only for surfaces? |
One of my friends says that he made a disinfectant. These are the materials:
* 83% methanol
* isopropyl alcohol
* propylene glycol
* and the others are: citral, geraniol, linalool, dlimonene, l alpha terapineol...
Does this really work? Is this dangerous for health if I use it only for surfaces? |
I'm interested in electrolysis of water to form O$_2$ and H$_2$, as pure as possible given the constraints of a "household chemical" setup. I've read other questions on here (in particular, https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/89728/best-settings-for-electrolysis-of-water, https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/q... |
I am currently studying the textbook *Mass Spectrometry*, third edition, by Jürgen H. Gross. Chapter **2.4.3 Bond Dissociation Energies and Heats of Formation** says the following:
> **Energetics of $\ce{H}^\bullet$ loss from $\ce{CH_4^{+ \bullet}}$** The minimum energy needed to form a $\ce{CH_3^+}$ ion and a hydro... |
Can someone please explain how to assign the 1H nmr peaks of substituted cyclohexane group? I am more familiar with interpreting substituted benzene.
I get that the signal near 10ppm refers to the aldehyde group. The rest of the signal refers to the hydrogens on the cyclohexane group. I also understand that the assig... |
>How would you assign the chemical shift for those 4 peaks?
Since there is overlap between some of the resonances I would run a COSY experiment to resolve the peaks and find correlations, and make assignments on that basis. A number of things can complicate assignment. First, the CHO group can be in axial or equato... |
How to perform IR spectroscopy of silica particles when they are flowing through pipe at different RH? |
I have a polymer end-capped with a Polysilsesquioxane (POSS) like this one:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
where *R=i-butyl*.
I haven't found much info on what type or reactions these POSS groups can undergo.
I would like to know if there are some procedures to modify that POSS moiety and convert ... |
I am currently studying the textbook *Mass Spectrometry*, third edition, by Jürgen H. Gross. Chapter **2.4.3 Bond Dissociation Energies and Heats of Formation** says the following:
> **Energetics of $\ce{H}^\bullet$ loss from $\ce{CH_4^{+ \bullet}}$** The minimum energy needed to form a $\ce{CH_3^+}$ ion and a hydro... |
I am currently studying the textbook *Mass Spectrometry*, third edition, by Jürgen H. Gross. Chapter **2.4.3 Bond Dissociation Energies and Heats of Formation** says the following:
> The heat of formation of organic radicals and positive ions decreases with their size and even more importantly with their degree of b... |
I've only had 1 year of basic Chemistry at school, so I am waay too uneducated to answer this question myself:
**What is the true caloric impact of ingested alcohol (ethanol) in the human body?**
Here are a few things I presume to be fact:
- When testing, how many calories a substance contains, it is done by se... |
What is the true caloric impact of Alcohol? |
The boiling points of ethylene, formaldehyde and dioxygen are -103.7°C, -19°C and −183 °C, respectively. I expect formaldehyde to have the highest boiling point of the three because of dipole moment mostly due to the carbon-oxgyen bond. However, I don't know why ethylene has a higher boiling point than dioxygen.
Dif... |
[![Table with records relating the initial rate of reaction with conc. of A,B,C,D ][1]][1]
>The data collected from using the method of initial rates is tabulated above.
>Suggest a rate law and a mechanism consistent with the data. State any assumptions.
**My Attempt**
Obviously B and D has no impact on the... |
I am currently studying the textbook *Mass Spectrometry*, third edition, by Jürgen H. Gross. Chapter **2.4.3 Bond Dissociation Energies and Heats of Formation** says the following:
> The heat of formation of organic radicals and positive ions decreases with their size and even more importantly with their degree of b... |
Why does the heat of formation of organic radicals and positive ions decrease with their size and degree of branching at the radical or ionic site? |
I am currently studying the textbook *Mass Spectrometry*, third edition, by Jürgen H. Gross. Chapter **2.4.3 Bond Dissociation Energies and Heats of Formation** says the following:
> The heat of formation of organic radicals and positive ions decreases with their size and even more importantly with their degree of b... |
The boiling points of ethylene, formaldehyde and dioxygen are $\pu{-103.7 ^\circ C}$, $\pu{-19 ^\circ C}$, and $\pu{−183 ^\circ C}$, respectively. I expect formaldehyde to have the highest boiling point of the three because of dipole moment mostly due to the carbon-oxgyen bond. However, I don't know why ethylene has a ... |
I did asked before , but apparently providing a link to a science report of harmless for humans (both skin and eyes) far-UV light was not enough to make people understand the significance of the solution to the raging COVID-19.
So this link (please read a bit of it):
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21058-w... |
There are binary diamond type structures for example S and Zn form sphalerite. I thought the reason this formed was because of the big difference in the radii of the atoms that allows the smaller atom to fit into the tetrahedral hole that the bigger atoms form. However GaAs also forms sphalerite type structure, their r... |
Toxic smoke from propellant combustion has been known about for over 500 years..
The propellants used today are Nitrogen based, thus nitro glycerin, nitrocellulose and Nitroguanidine . These produce gases containing oxides of nitrogen, carbon oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and several other gases.... |
Toxic smoke from propellant combustion has been known about for over 500 years..
The propellants used today are Nitrogen based, thus nitro glycerin, nitrocellulose and nitroguanidine . These produce gases containing oxides of nitrogen, carbon oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and several other gases.... |
**UVC is very harmful to people and requires specialist equipment to create and use safely**
You are not going to be able to create or use lamps that emit 222nM light without specialist equipment, and even if you could it would almost certainly not be safe.
Far UV lamps are widely commercially available for germi... |
Recently I've been reviewing concepts belonging to the history of chemistry. But I came stuck at trying to understand a passage which I read from wikipedia entry (and which it seems has been mentioned in different sources). This is related with the law of reciprocal proportions.
It states as this:
> It took 615 p... |
Did Richter meant to say with the law of reciprocal proportions and how is it related with an acid base reaction? |
Why is measurement in molarity preferred over molality? |
I am not sure whether this question fits in the scope of this site or biology.SE. Nonetheless, I am looking for a chemical explanation which I wasn't able to find.
I have read in several sources such as [this one](https://lifehacker.com/store-potatoes-with-an-apple-to-keep-them-from-sproutin-5954159) that, in order ... |
Does storing apples alongside potatoes keeps potatoes from sprouting? |
I recently [asked][1] a question about *why the heat of formation of organic radicals and positive ions decreases with their size and degree of branching at the radical or ionic site*. The user "Buttonwood" made the comment that **Hyperconjugation** is one of the forms stabilising cations and radicals.
This begs two... |
I am looking for a chemical explanation which I wasn't able to find.
I have read in several sources such as [this one](https://lifehacker.com/store-potatoes-with-an-apple-to-keep-them-from-sproutin-5954159) that, in order to prevent potatoes from sprouting, it is sufficient to store a few apples alongside them. This... |
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