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I was studying pinacol pinacolone reaction when I came across this. I believe the hydrogen cation will attack the hydroxyl group of carbon attached to two ethyl groups (since this carbocation is more stable due to inductive effect), then methyl group will migrate and hence we get 3-ethyl-3-methylpentan-2-one, but the b... |
How does $\ce{SO2Cl2}$ reacts with alcohols? |
Is the mechanism similar to the reaction of $\ce{SOCl2}$ with alcohols?
If not, then how is it different? We have been taught about the latter at school but my friend quizzed me about $\ce{SO2Cl2}$.
Please give the detailed reaction mechanism. |
How does SO2Cl2 reacts with alcohols? |
I am in XI and I am currently studying atomic orbitals, I stumbled up and am stuck at the following step of De Broglie's hypothesis.
I did a little search on-line and found almost same derivation everywhere, the only place I found a more complex and supposedly accurate formula was the [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedi... |
In homework land you are right, but not in real life, for two reasons.
First, the Ka value for HF is off by about a factor of 100. It is really about $10^{-3}$.
Second, the Kb of Ca2+ (pKb = 2.43 [according to some sources][1]) is within 1 log unit of the Ka of HF. In other words, near neutral pH, consideratio... |
Is the mechanism similar to the reaction of $\ce{SOCl2}$ with alcohols?
If not, then how is it different? We have been taught about the latter at school but my friend quizzed me about $\ce{SO2Cl2}$.
Please give the detailed reaction mechanism. |
How does SO2Cl2 react with alcohols? |
Following up on http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/q/33086/5354 I realized that I haven't quantified the size of the contaminants. I know they aren't soluble in acetone and the target is, but I don't know how small the contaminants are.
Once the target is dissolved presumably I must assume that suspended contaminan... |
Limits on contaminant size in filtration for extraction, and standard alternatives? |
Why does the Ziegler-Natta polymerization display the regioselectivity shown in the image? Internal (coordinated to the metal) nucleophiles should attack the alkene on the less substituted end like in the Heck reaction. Why is the regioselectivity different here? External nucleophiles should attack the more substituted... |
I know that there is the famous process of heating material and converting them to glass; but what I don't know is, what is the chemical process of the creation of glass? Is it crystallization? <br/>
How could it result in so much visual differences?<br/>
What is the description of such a radical process? |
I'm sorry for such a stupid question, but after googling for half an hour I know two things
1. There are at least a zillion pages, blog-posts and articles about how to keep your fireplace window clean or how to clean it.
2. There is not a single page which explains what I'm looking for and which doesn't make clai... |
I have been working with straight chain octane and nonane. The neoprene seals in some parts of the apparatus are allegedly far more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of octane than nonane - why? [I assume it's a solvent thing] |
I am in XI and I am currently studying atomic orbitals, I stumbled up and am stuck at the following step of de Broglie's hypothesis.
I did a little search on-line and found almost same derivation everywhere, the only place I found a more complex and supposedly accurate formula was the [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedi... |
I'm sorry for such a stupid question, but after googling for half an hour I know two things
1. There are at least a zillion pages, blog-posts and articles about how to keep your fireplace window clean or how to clean it.
2. There is not a single page which explains what I'm looking for and which doesn't make clai... |
Magnesium shows an oxidation state of $+2$ and bismuth shows an oxidation state of $+3$. Both do not show a negative oxidation state. Then how is magnesium bismuthide ($Mg_{3}Bi_{2}$) formed? |
Magnesium shows an oxidation state of $+2$ and bismuth shows an oxidation state of $+3$. Both do not show a negative oxidation state. Then how is magnesium bismuthide ($\ce{Mg_{3}Bi_{2}}$) formed? |
Nucleophilic substitution through an elimination-addition mechanism (involving benzyne formation) occurs with a strong base. NH<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> can show this reaction. Can MgRX, which forms R<sup>-</sup> - an even stronger base - show this reaction? |
Grignard's Reagent will generate a strong base and nucleophile, R<sup>-</sup>. Can this not show nucleophilic substitution at C atom attached to O atom of the ether, causing R-O<sup>-</sup> to depart as a leaving group? R-O<sup>-</sup> is a better leaving group than R<sup>-</sup> - this reaction should be feasible. R<s... |
Why can Grignard's Reagent be stored in ether? |
Grignard's Reagent will generate a strong base and nucleophile, $\ce{R-}$. Can this not show nucleophilic substitution at the C atom attached to the O atom of the ether, causing $\ce{RO-}$ to depart as a leaving group? Since $\ce{RO-}$ is a better leaving group than $\ce{R-}$ this reaction should be feasible. Additonal... |
Nucleophilic substitution through an elimination-addition mechanism (involving benzyne formation) occurs with a strong base. $\ce{NH2-}$ can show this reaction. Can $\ce{MgRX}$, which forms $\ce{R-}$ - an even stronger base - show this reaction? |
Can NH<sub>3</sub> substitute an alcohol? The OH group will depart as a weaker base - some O is more electronegative - so will be a better leaving group than amine.
And what about using ammonium ions - such as in an ammonium salt? They will donate an H+ to protonate the alcohol and make it a good leaving group, then ... |
A quick analysis of this reaction gives me the following:
![enter image description here][1]
3-ethyl-2-methylpentan-1,2-diol can be protonated by acid to produce cation **A** or **B**. Either of these cations can lose water to form a carbocation
- The carbocation formed from **A** is a tertiary carbocation **... |
Can $\ce{NH3}$ substitute an alcohol? The OH group will depart as a weaker base - some O is more electronegative - so will be a better leaving group than amine.
And what about using ammonium ions - such as in an ammonium salt? They will donate an $\ce{H+}$ to protonate the alcohol and make it a good leaving group, th... |
>Short answer - No. See below for a workaround.
Consider your acids and bases:
>1. Substituting an alcohol with ammonia directly
$$\ce{NH3 + CH3CH2OH <=> CH3CH2NH2+ + OH-}$$
If this were an acid-base reaction (and it is, at least in the Lewis sense), then which side of this reaction would be favored by equ... |
<blockquote> CH3COOH------>CH3COO<sup>-</sup> + H<sup>+</sup><br>
Initial : 1mol---------------0mol---------0 mol<br>
Final : 1-A mol-------------A mol--------A mol <br>
<br>Where A is the degree of dissociation (alpha).<br><br>The... |
> $\ce{CH3COOH->CH3COO- + H+}$<br>
\begin{array}{c|c c c}\mathbf{Initial} & \mathrm{1~mol} & \mathrm{0~mol} & \mathrm{0 ~mol} \\\hline
\mathbf{Final} & \mathrm{1-\alpha ~mol}&\mathrm{\alpha ~mol}&\mathrm{\alpha~ mol}\end{array} <br>
<br>Where $\alpha$ is the degree of dissociation. <br><br>
Therefore, $i = 1-\... |
This is not a simple question at all, in fact, it is an interesting insight in chemical bonding. You make a valid assertion with your question:
> are ionic bonds just extremely polar covalent bonds?
**This answer is a simplistic way of looking at it.**
According to ChemGuide page [Electronegativity][1], the... |
Based on the Wikipedia page about [rust][1], there are red and green types of rust that occur on iron. Red rust is the reaction with oxygen and water and the green with chlorine (in oxygen poor environments).
I understand the chemical reactions that forms these types of rust, but in the Wikipedia article, it states... |
Based on WebElements, of the Noble Gases, [$\ce{He}$][1], [$\ce{Ne}$][2] and [$\ce{Ar}$][3] do not react with any of the halogens; however:
- [$\ce{KrF2}$][4] can be synthesised at low temperatures.
- [Xenon][5] can react with fluorine to produce $\ce{XeF2}$, $\ce{XeF4}$ and $\ce{XeF6}$
- [Radon][6] can react with... |
Carbonic acid ($\ce{H2CO3}$) is known to be [soluble in water][1], and that this particular compound is [unstable][2], so much so that according to the 2014 article from Berkeley Lab:
[New Insights on Carbonic Acid in Water][3], it only exists for a fraction of a second (300 nanoseconds according the article).
New... |
Carbonic acid ($\ce{H2CO3}$) is known to be [soluble in water][1], and that this particular compound is [unstable][2], so much so that according to the 2014 article from Berkeley Lab:
[New Insights on Carbonic Acid in Water][3], it only exists for a fraction of a second (300 nanoseconds according the article).
New... |
This is not a simple question at all, in fact, it is an interesting insight in chemical bonding. You make a valid assertion with your question:
> are ionic bonds just extremely polar covalent bonds?
**This answer is a simplistic way of looking at it.**
According to ChemGuide page [Electronegativity][1], the... |
Based on WebElements, of the Noble Gases, [$\ce{He}$][1] and [$\ce{Ne}$][2] do not react with any of the halogens; however:
- [$\ce{HArF}$][3] has been detected at low temperatures (thank you to @bon and @Martin in the comments)
- [$\ce{KrF2}$][4] can be synthesised at low temperatures.
- [Xenon][5] can react with... |
Cis enolates usually produce syn aldols and trans produce anti aldols. How do exemptions from this "rule" arise? |
Cis enolates usually produce syn aldols and trans enolates produce anti aldols. How do exemptions from this "rule" arise? |
How does the stereochemistry of the enolate affect the stereochemistry of the aldol product? |
There is **absolutely no difference** in your two equations but you forgot the units which makes it seem like there is a difference.
Indeed it is in both cases $$k_a=\frac{c~\alpha^2}{1-\alpha}$$
since what happens if your concentration would be $c=1~\mathrm{mol~L^{-1}}\approx1~\color{\red}{\text{forgotten unit}}$?... |
How can rotamers of alpha-keto esters be named to distinguish between different geometries? |
I need to write balanced equations describing the following reactions:
- one mole of $\ce{Al2Me6}$ with two moles of water
- excess of $\ce{Al2Me6}$ with silicon dioxide
- excess of $\ce{Al2Me6}$ with tin(IV) chloride
my answer so far:
- a) $\ce{2H2O + Al2Me6 -> Al2Me4(H2O)2}$?
- b) $\ce{SiO2 + Al2Me6 ... |
Eq. 1: $\space$ $\vec{p}_\text{ind}=\alpha \vec{E} $
The **induced dipole moment** is the **polarizability** times the **electric field vector**.
Eq. 2: $\space$ $\vec{P}(\omega) \propto \chi^{(1)}(\omega) \vec{E}(\omega) $
The **polarization** is proportional to the **susceptibility** times the **electric ... |
Relation between electric dipole moment and polarization? |
I am curious, about the flammability of diesel fuel and it's properties, I don't deal with it on a regular basis (at all).
I want to know how the fuel works when powering a Diesel Engine.
Things I know about Gasoline Engines.
- Compresses gasoline and air
- ignites compressed gasoline and air with spark from... |
I am curious about the flammability of diesel fuel and its properties, as I don't deal with it on a regular basis (at all).
In particular, I want to know how the fuel works when powering a diesel engine.
Things I know about gasoline engines:
- Compresses gasoline and air
- Ignites compressed gasoline and air... |
What are the differences between diesel and unleaded gasoline? |
So will the Hasselbalch equation be able to calculate the pH when you have an acidic solution and you add a basic solution? Will that be possible or should you must add only add an acid to calculate the pH and only a base to a basic buffer? If it can, can anyone help me please calculate the pH if you add 0.025 mol of s... |
From the Amagat's curve we can see two types of result for real gases.
(I)If we increase pressure,the value of PV decreases initially and then the value starts increasing for the gases like- Carbon-di-oxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Methane and so forth on.
(II)If we increase pressure,the value of PV starts increasing i... |
Diesel engines don't rely on spark plugs, but they still work by igniting the fuel to generate a force that moves a cylinder in the engine. The air/fuel mixture in a diesel engine is ignited by the compression of the same cylinder during the "compression" stroke. That is, like most gasoline engines in cars, diesel en... |
From the Amagat's curve we can see two types of result for real gases.
1. If we increase pressure,the value of $PV$ decreases initially and then the value starts increasing for the gases like- carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, methane, etc..
2. (II)If we increase pressure,the value of $PV$ starts increasing initi... |
From the Amagat's curve we can see two types of result for real gases.
1. If we increase pressure,the value of $PV$ decreases initially and then the value starts increasing for the gases like- carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, methane, etc..
2. If we increase pressure,the value of $PV$ starts increasing initially... |
## Diesel engines vs. gasoline engines
Diesel engines don't rely on spark plugs, but they still work by igniting the fuel to generate a force that moves a cylinder in the engine. The air/fuel mixture in a diesel engine is ignited by the compression of the same cylinder during the "compression" stroke. That is, lik... |
Are there any books about MO theory that explain the theory to a certain detail but don't rely on a lot of math background or explain the math within the book? |
What are good books about MO theory that don't require a lot of math background? |
By [Henry’s Law](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%27s_law), the concentration of a dissolving gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in contact with the liquid, mathematically,
$ p = k_\mathrm{H} c$,
where $p$ is the partial pressure of the dissolving gas, $c$ is the concentration of th... |
I would like to know if this molecule has ever been synthesized, if not why not, and what would its IUPAC name be?
Thanks a lot!
!![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/fLv14.jpg |
I would like to know if this molecule has ever been synthesized, if not why not, and what would its IUPAC name be?
Thanks a lot!
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/fLv14.jpg |
## Diesel engines vs. gasoline engines
Diesel engines don't rely on spark plugs, but they still work by igniting the fuel to generate a force that moves a cylinder in the engine. The air/fuel mixture in a diesel engine is ignited by the compression of the same cylinder during the "compression" stroke. That is, lik... |
> $\ce{CH3COOH->CH3COO- + H+}$<br>
\begin{array}{c|c c c}\mathbf{Initial} & \mathrm{1~mol} & \mathrm{0~mol} & \mathrm{0 ~mol} \\\hline
\mathbf{Final} & \mathrm{1-\alpha ~mol}&\mathrm{\alpha ~mol}&\mathrm{\alpha~ mol}\end{array} <br>
<br>Where $\alpha$ is the degree of dissociation. <br><br>
Therefore, $i = 1-\... |
How to calculate the $\mathrm{pH}$ of a $0.325~\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\ce{C5H5NHF}$? The $K_\mathrm{b}$ for $\ce{C5H5N}$ and $\ce{C5H5NH+}$ is $1.7\cdot10^{-9}$.
Here's my work, but it's wrong (at least I tried):
$$\ce{C5H5NHF -> C5H5NH+ + F- }$$
$$K_\mathrm{a}(\ce{HF})= 4.0\cdot10^{-4}$$
$$K=\frac{K_\mathrm... |
I've been reading about MO theory and am wondering if the traditional model of carboxylic acids is correct. Usually, how it's presented is that the carbonyl carbon is doubly bonded to one oxygen and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group. This would mean that one oxygen is sp3 hybridization and the other is sp2 hybridized, ... |
Difference between oxygens in a carboxylic acid? |
I've been reading about MO theory and am wondering if the traditional model of carboxylic acids is correct. Usually, how it's presented is that the carbonyl carbon is doubly bonded to one oxygen and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group. This would mean that one oxygen is $sp^3$ hybridization and the other is $sp^2$ hybrid... |
I've been reading about MO theory and am wondering if the traditional model of carboxylic acids is correct. Usually, how it's presented is that the carbonyl carbon is doubly bonded to one oxygen and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group. This would mean that one oxygen is $sp^3$ hybridization and the other is $sp^2$ hybrid... |
There is **absolutely no difference** in your two equations but you forgot the units which makes it seem like there is a difference.
Indeed it is in both cases $$k_a=\frac{c~\alpha^2}{1-\alpha}$$
since what happens if your concentration would be $c=1~\mathrm{mol~L^{-1}}\approx1~\color{\red}{\text{forgotten unit}}$?... |
I have been given task to write possible reaction equations, determine oxidizer, reducer, write corresponding electron-equations and calculate electromotive force (I do not know if that is what you call it in English) of reactions:
1. Iron reaction with diluted sulfuric acid
2. Aluminium reaction with solution of... |
I found a formula for the **degree of unsaturation (DU)** in **Clayden's Organic Chemistry** .It explains,simply, the unsaturation with the difference in H atoms.Then I stumbled upon the general formula:
https://en.wikipe... |
The proper explanation for the general formula of the DU? |
I wanted to know if it would be possible to combine basic silicon polymers with PTFE in order to create a stable, non reactive silicon rubber that won't react to butane or other hydrocarbons in particular. Is this doable? If so what would it take to accomplish this?
Best,
Pierce |
I wanted to know if it would be possible to combine basic silicon polymers with PTFE in order to create a stable, non reactive silicon rubber that won't react to butane or other hydrocarbons in particular. Is this doable? If so what would it take to accomplish this? |
I'm working with Poly(allylamine hydrochloride), and I found that the chemical formula is
$$\ce{(C_3 H_7 N)_{$n$}. HCl}$$
But I need a diagram like below, but more explicit. I mean with the carbons, where they are exactly?
![structural diagram of a polyamine][2] ([source][1])
I found a [web page][3], with a lo... |
What is the specific structure of Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (C3H7N)n HCl? |
I've been reading about MO theory and am wondering if the traditional model of carboxylic acids is correct. Usually, how it's presented is that the carbonyl carbon is doubly bonded to one oxygen and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group. This would mean that one oxygen is $sp^3$ hybridization and the other is $sp^2$ hybrid... |
Is the pH of a solution (orange juice) affected by the presence of a metal (aluminium, tin or iron for example)? I know that the metal will corrode in the presence of an acid (citric acid in this case), but will the metal have any effect on the actual acidity of the solution? |
Is the pH of a solution (orange juice) affected by the presence of a metal? |
Which materials or compounds expand in response to cold temperatures?
This material or compound should expand at a slow (but constant rate), from about 0–20 months when in the following temperature range −25 °C to −10 °C. Also, the compound should not react with plastic or be toxic to humans or environment.
Please ... |
I found a formula for the **degree of unsaturation (DU)** in **Clayden’s Organic Chemistry**. It explains, simply, the unsaturation with the difference in H atoms. Then I stumbled upon the general formula:
$$DU=1+\frac12\sum n_i\left(v_i-2\right)$$
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_unsaturation
Can someo... |
I am putting 100 g of boric acid, 400 g of water and trying to crystallize at low temperature and letting cool slowly, however it recrystallizes as needle like texture. I need soft large crystals like mica. Can someone help out? |
I found a formula for the **degree of unsaturation (DU)** in **Clayden’s Organic Chemistry**. It explains, simply, the unsaturation with the difference in H atoms. Then I stumbled upon the [general formula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_unsaturation):
$$DU=1+\frac12\sum n_i\left(v_i-2\right)$$
$n_i$ is ... |
My answer is based on [V. Pellegrin, *J. Chem. Educ.* **1983**, *60* (8), 626](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed060p626) which might be inaccessible for you by a pay wall.
Starting with [Eulers characteristic for planar graphs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_characteristic#Planar_graphs) wich states that a... |
from what I know, the elastic limit of a substance is the maximum amount of stress/force/pressure (a bit of confusion on my behalf here) a substance can withstand and still return to its original shape afterwards. my question is what factor(s) determine this limit?
also, I have noticed that some plastics go opaque w... |
what determines the elastic limit of a substance? |
Why doesn’t the energy of a body doubles when temperature in degrees Celsius is doubled?
I know that it doubles in case of kelvin scale. |
What chemicals are used in so-called urinal "odor eaters"? Do they actually destroy odors, or do they just mask them? Also, are these chemicals subject to any environmental laws or regulations? |
average or individual? |
>What chemicals are used in so-called urinal "odor eaters"?
There are [1,4-dichlorobenze-based](http://complyplus.grainger.com/grainger/msds.asp?sheetid=4072417) and [non-PCDB](http://complyplus.grainger.com/grainger/msds.asp?sheetid=4072421) products. In the latter, the chemical mixture from the linked MSDS is:
S... |
>What chemicals are used in so-called urinal "odor eaters"?
There are [1,4-dichlorobenzene-based](http://complyplus.grainger.com/grainger/msds.asp?sheetid=4072417) and [non-PDCB](http://complyplus.grainger.com/grainger/msds.asp?sheetid=4072421) products. In the latter, the chemical mixture from the linked MSDS is:
... |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/x2SXZ.jpg
I'm not looking for the answer, but rather looking for how to find the answer. Functional groups make absolutely no sense to me. I've googled, read text, searched powerpoints. I thought I had it, but then I got them wrong. So, how do ... |
I have a journal from my childhood. I applied glue (uhu brand. this one http://www.uhu.com/uploads/tx_uhuproducts/46015_Detail_01.png) to the papers almos 10 years ago. Is there a way to dissolve the glue and make the pages readable? |
Is there a way to dissolving glue? |
**Background**: I have a journal from my childhood. I applied glue (uhu brand. [this one](http://www.uhu.com/uploads/tx_uhuproducts/46015_Detail_01.png)) to the papers almost 10 years ago.
**Q**: Is there a way to dissolve the glue and make the pages readable? |
Is there a way to dissolve glue? |
First let me clarify that there is no way to *calculate* the elastic limit of a substance - it has to be measured. [Viscoelastic theory][1] is pretty well-developed for only being about 150 years old, but it's not *that* well developed.
To answer your question, though, lots of factors affect elasticity in general an... |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/nJzG7.jpg
Edited to combine each question in one picture, so I can just ask my question here.
Okay.
I've spent a few days googling functional groups and reading my text assigned on organic functional groups, I'm understanding very littl... |
What determines the elastic limit of a substance? |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/nJzG7.jpg
Edited to combine each question in one picture, so I can just ask my question here.
Okay.
I've spent a few days googling functional groups and reading my text assigned on organic functional groups, I'm understanding very littl... |
I’m teaching chemistry to a home-ed 15 year old. Occasionally we do some practical work, since I believe very strongly that physical science learning should have some real lab work to bring it alive, and also to teach things like observational skills and attention to detail.
My background is a PhD in organic chemis... |
There are several monocyclic $\ce{C6}$ isomers. Three of them are pictured below
![enter image description here][1]
- A - the compound you've drawn above, cyclohexahexaene
- B - cyclohexatriyne
- C - cyclohexa-2,5-diyne-bis-1,4-ylidene
While all of the carbons in these molecules are (more or less) $\ce{s... |
I am quite familiar with Hartree Fock theory. However, writing it into program is an entirely different task, and that is where I have a couple of questions.
I wrote a HF routine in Python a couple of years ago. It involved a ultra-minimal basis: only one gaussian for two hydrogen atoms each. Kinetic energy term was... |
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