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How does the Inductive effect explain the reactivity of alcohols with halogen acids? |
Is there a function $f(A)$ or $f(Z, A)$ that gets the energy of nuclear binding of one nuclide in atom? Or other way to get it? My chemistry book says only to get it from the chart which is very impractical. |
A function for getting the nuclide's nuclear binding energy? |
So somebody told me that iron metal (zero charge) cannot exist at all when H2O is present because it will all turn into rust. How is this possible? Isn't there some sort of equilibrium? Does it have to do with the pH/pE? And if iron really can't exist, then what happens if I put an excess of iron into the water? |
Is it true that iron (Fe 0+) cannot exist when there's water around? |
Alkyl halides are best prepared from alcohols ($R-OH$, where $R$ is alkyl group), which are easily accessible. The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by halogen on reaction with concentrated halogen acid ($HX$, where $X$ is halogen), to get alkyl halides. Usually we don't need boiling the reactants. But, for the ... |
Why is alcohol boiled with HBr for preparing alkyl bromide? |
Alkyl halides are best prepared from alcohols ($R-OH$, where $R$ is alkyl group), which are easily accessible. The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by halogen on reaction with concentrated halogen acid ($HX$, where $X$ is halogen), to get alkyl halides. Usually we don't need boiling the reactants. But, for the ... |
My book says, we can't prepare aryl halides ($RX$, where $R$ is aryl group and $X$ is any halogen) by treating phenol with halogen acids ($HX$, where $X$ is halogen). It is said to be, because of partial double bond character of carbon-oxygen bond in phenols ($C_6H_5OH$), which is difficult to break (I don't know how t... |
Can we prepare aryl halides by heating with halogen acids? |
On a review sheet for a quiz I have tomorrow, I have a question like this: "In which orbital, 4f or 6s, would an electron have a greater likelihood of being near the nucleus". I figured that the 6s would be closest, since it is filled in first when using the Aufbau principle. However, does that necessarily imply that i... |
Are orbitals always filled in from closest to nucleus to farthest away? |
This article should be useful for you...
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042812046563/1-s2.0-S1877042812046563-main.pdf?_tid=ed7fd60c-45a3-11e3-9a8f-00000aacb361&acdnat=1383605791_0a3959dd9c967d94470646aa2a37b3ad
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I can't find a simplified explanation on this topic. My textbook just adds to the confusion and all I'm really left with are more questions rather than answers.
I'd appreciate some help :D
And adding to that question, does polarity have an effect on electron localization/delocalization? |
How does electron localization/delocalization work? |
How do I calculate the cell voltage using the following half-reactions and solubility products? |
How does the Inductive effect, explain the reactivity of alcohols with halogen acids? |
I can't find a simplified explanation on this topic. My textbook just adds to the confusion and all I'm really left with are more questions rather than answers.
And adding to that question, does polarity have an effect on electron localization/delocalization? |
Say, you conducted two separate reactions; in one, you combined KCl(aq) with 1-bromoctane (assume heating), and in the other you combined KI(aq) with 1-bromoctane.
So, due to relative charge densities and the fact that the electrophillic carbon is primary, you would have a low yield of 1-chloroocatane vs starting m... |
Say, you conducted two separate reactions; in one, you combined KCl (aq) with 1-bromoctane (assume heating), and in the other you combined KI (aq) with 1-bromoctane.
So, due to relative charge densities and the fact that the electrophillic carbon is primary, you would have a low yield of 1-chloroocatane vs starting... |
How would substitution reaction results, differ between reacting halides with a tertiary bromoalkane vs reacting it with a primary bromoalkane? |
How would substitution reaction results differ between reacting halides with a tertiary bromoalkane vs reacting it with a primary bromoalkane? |
What is the best alcohol for your teeth according to the pH?
Is it true that if the acidity of the drink is higher (and ph is lower) than it's worse for your teeth (enamel erosion) than if the alcohol drink is less acidic?
Does vodka have the highest pH of all alcohol drink outthere and therefore is the best for ... |
What is the best alcohol for your teeth according to the pH?
Is it true that if the acidity of the drink is higher (and ph is lower) than it's worse for your teeth (enamel erosion + bacteria friendly acidic environment) than if the alcohol drink is less acidic?
Does vodka have the highest pH of all the alcohol dr... |
I know that the VSEPR theory explains $IF_7$ (iodine heptafluoride)'s structure as a pentagonal bipyramidal one.The valence bond theory can be used to say that it has $sp^3d^3$ hybridisation(i think so).How can the bonding in it be explained using the LCAO(Linear Combination of atomic orbitals)method in molecular orbit... |
I know that the VSEPR theory explains $IF_7$ (iodine heptafluoride)'s structure as a pentagonal bipyramidal one.The valence bond theory can be used to say that it has $sp^3d^3$ hybridisation(i think so).How can the bonding in it be explained using the LCAO(Linear Combination of atomic orbitals)method in molecular orbit... |
Is quite reductive think that only pH is the factor that determinate the health of your teeth, the content of carbohydrate have a strong effect too.
However in fact to my knowledge clear vodaka have one of the highest pH and very few carbohydrates so indeed is one of the most "teeth friendly alcohol drink".
These is ... |
Say, you conducted two separate reactions; in one, you combined 50 mmol saturated KCl solution with 10 mmol 1-bromoctane (assume heating), and in the other you combined 10 mmol saturated KI solution with 10 mmol 1-bromoctane. In both cases .5 mmol hexadecyltributylphosphonium bromide was used as a catalyst.
So, due ... |
Say, you conducted two separate reactions; in one, you combined 50 mmol saturated KCl solution with 10 mmol 1-bromoctane (assume heating), and in the other you combined 10 mmol saturated KI solution with 10 mmol 1-bromoctane. In both cases .5 mmol hexadecyltributylphosphonium bromide was used as a catalyst.
So, due ... |
The Thermodynamic efficiency of any cell (especially Fuel cells) is given as $$\frac{\Delta G}{\Delta H} \times 100$$
I understood this partly, that since $\Delta G$ is the useful work obtained in the ideal case, the efficiency equation must have it in the numerator but I fail to see the intuition (or maths) behind ... |
Im studying organic chem at the moment and its really confusing, what could ever happen between benzene and an alkene! and why is H2SO4 there? |
Benezene + 2methylethylene = ? |
Im studying organic chemistry at the moment and it's really confusing. What could ever happen between benzene and an alkene? and why is $\ce{H2SO4}$ there? |
Reaction of Benezene with 2-methylethylene? |
I'm studying organic chemistry at the moment and it's really confusing. What could ever happen between benzene and an alkene? and why is $\ce{H2SO4}$ there? |
I don't understand what the motivation is behind this definition. Was it derived or just given? The textbook provides no justification for this equation. In fact, much of the book associated with the Gibbs free energy provides no justification and just says, 'This is how it is. Now go and solve some problems.' |
Why is $\Delta G=-nFE$? |
It feels like all online sources were written for introductory Chemistry students! Where do I find a rigorous proof of this identity? Greatly appreciate it! |
A venerable question, as old as LCDs themselves. I assume it has something to do with pressure-induced changes in the path length across the display, but that's just a guess. Of particular interest to me as I press my fingernail into my (TFT LCD) phone screen<sup>1</sup> are the observations of:
- A symmetrical bilo... |
Why do liquid crystal displays (LCDs) visually distort under pressure? |
Liquid crystal displays work by using liquid crystals where the direction of alignment of the molecules in a plane rotates as you go from layer to layer. Usually this is done with [twisted nematic][1] crystals, however [cholesteric LCs][2] can also be used to achieve similar effects (I don't think smectic LCs are usefu... |
>Why is $\Delta G=\Delta G^o+RT\ln K?$
It feels like all online sources were written for introductory Chemistry students! Where do I find a rigorous proof of this identity? Greatly appreciate it! |
>Why is $\Delta G=-nFE?$
I don't understand what the motivation is behind this definition. Was it derived or just given? The textbook provides no justification for this equation. In fact, much of the book associated with the Gibbs free energy provides no justification and just says, 'This is how it is. Now go and so... |
I'm surprised your textbook did not derive this equation from the [reaction isotherm relationship][1] between $\Delta G$ and the reaction quotient $Q$ and the [Nernst equation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nernst_equation). The derivation is not hard.
Reaction isotherm equation:
$$\Delta_r G =\Delta_r G^\circ +RT... |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/c1cHj.jpg
My mom gave kadale puri to eat, I had quite wet hands. I saw that, each kadale puri pieces started hanging to the hand, when I brought my hand in contact with them. I thought about electrostatics initially to be the cause. Actually, t... |
Why do kadale puri stick to wet hands? |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/c1cHj.jpg
My mom gave puffed rice to eat, I had quite wet hands. I saw that, each puffed rice pieces started hanging to the hand, when I brought my hand in contact with them. I thought about electrostatics initially to be the cause. Actually, t... |
Why do puffed rice stick to wet hands? |
is it possible to melt diamonds into a liquid? i mean if you heat diamond at open air it will start to burn around 700 degree celsius, reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas.in the absence of oxygen it will transform into graphite, a more stable form o carbon, long before turning into graphite. my question ... |
is it possible to melt diamonds into a liquid? |
Is it possible to melt diamonds into a liquid? I mean if you heat diamond at open air it will start to burn around 700 degree celsius, reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas. In the absence of oxygen it will transform into graphite, a more stable form o carbon, long before turning into graphite. My question... |
Is it possible to melt diamonds into a liquid? |
When roasting vegetables in a oven, after a while there is a nice caramel smell. After that, if they start burning, there is a smokey smell, and if they continue to burn, the smokey smell gets more and more acrid. The smell really sticks in the back of your throat/sinuses, and induces gagging if it's strong enough. Wha... |
What chemicals cause the acrid smell of burning food? |
>Why is $\Delta G=\Delta G^o+RT\ln Q?$
It feels like all online sources were written for introductory Chemistry students! Where do I find a rigorous proof of this identity? Greatly appreciate it! |
Would it be alkanes because alchohols have hydrogen bonds? |
Which evaporates quicker? alkanes or alcohols? |
If so, is it because alchohols have hydrogen bonds?
Which type of compound evaporates faster, and why?
|
Do alkanes evaporate faster than alcohols? |
I'm working on a project making a product line more sustainable, environmentally friendly and ready for recycling.
Now I'm searching for good and suitable biopolymers for a part of the product that is made from PVC and one for PU. For PES I already have chosen PLA. Is there someone who can help me select the right b... |
Biopolymers as alternative for PVC and PU? |
So somebody told me that iron metal (zero charge) cannot exist at all when $\ce{H2O}$ is present because it will all turn into rust.
How is this possible? Isn't there some sort of equilibrium?
Does it have to do with the pH/pE? And if iron really can't exist, then what happens if I put an excess of iron into th... |
I was helping out in my beginner's chemistry class today, as I'm a "lab assistant" of sorts, and was reading on a bottle of HCl: 1M. I'm assuming that is the concentration of how much hydrocloric acid is in the bottle, in moles, but how would you compute that? What is the actual percentage of HCl to water(and whatever ... |
I was helping out in my beginner's chemistry class today, as I'm a "lab assistant" of sorts, and was reading on a bottle of HCl: 1M. I'm assuming that is the concentration of how much hydrocloric acid is in the bottle, in moles, but how would you determine the concentration of the solution (thanks Ove)? What is the act... |
I'm currently studying some organic chemistry at highschool level. I understand that when naming an organic compound, the names for substituents should be done in alphabetical order. For instance **3-bromo-3,4-dimethylhexane** (B in bromo before M in methyl), or **3-chloro-3-ethyl-4-methylhexane** (C in chloro before E... |
Functional group naming order? |
Is there any way to prevent petrol from being flammable without losing it's solvent properties? Preferably some affordable way that is applicable for DIY.
In my context, petrol is used for bearing cleaning, and there is a risk of inflammation due to accidental spark. |
How to prevent petrol from being flammable? |
Is there any way to prevent petrol from being flammable without losing it's solvent properties? Preferably some affordable way that is applicable for DIY.
In my context, petrol is used for bearing cleaning, and there is a risk of inflammation due to accidental spark.
If no affordable way exists, what octane number... |
Is there any way to prevent petrol from being flammable without losing it's solvent properties? Preferably some affordable way that is applicable for DIY.
In my case, petrol is used for bearing cleaning, and there is a risk of inflammation due to accidental spark.
If no affordable way exists, what octane number is... |
Nearly every solvent is flammable, some exceptions are halogenated hydrocarbons. But plain hydrocarbons are pretty much all flammable, though some are more dangerous than others like e.g. diethyl ether.
Chloroform is non-flammable, but due to the toxicity I would not recommend to use it. There are some other non-fla... |
The unit M is an abbreviated form of mol/L: 1 M = 1 mol/L, i.e. there is 1 mol of HCl per liter of solution. The M is pronounced "molar". For example, a solution with concentration 1 mol/L is said to be a "1 molar" solution.
In order to calculate the fraction of HCl in a 1 M solution, some information is needed. The... |
Many general chemistry textbooks introduced the concept "hybridization" to construct a symmetry-adapted VB-type wavefunction. In the textbook, usually the minimal basis is used and without optimizing all resonance forms.
My question is, in the ab-initio valance bond calculation with extended basis set and optimi... |
Is hybridization used in ab-initio valance bond calculation? |
Many general chemistry textbooks introduced the concept "hybridization" to construct a symmetry-adapted VB-type wavefunction. In the textbook, usually the minimal basis is used and without optimizing all resonance forms.
My question is, in the ab-initio valance bond calculation with extended basis set and optimi... |
Many general chemistry textbooks introduced the concept "hybridization" to construct a symmetry-adapted VB-type wavefunction. In the textbooks, usually the minimal basis is used and without optimizing all resonance forms.
My question is, in the ab-initio valance bond calculation with extended basis set and optim... |
My book says alkyl halides are colourless when pure. However, bromides and iodides develop colour when exposed to light. Why do they develop colour when exposed to light? It is important to note that alkyl fluorides, and alkyl chlorides are not said to develop colour. |
Why do alkyl bromides and iodides develop colour when exposed to light? |
Methyl chloride, methyl bromide, ethyl chloride and some cholorofluromethanes are gases at room temperature, whereas higher members are liquids or solids. Why? |
Why do lower members of alkyl halides exist as gases, whereas higher members exist as liquids or solids? |
For the reaction between alkyl halide and a nucleophile, following the $S_N2$ mechanism, the reacitivity of alkyl halides is in the order:
$$primary\ halide > secondary\ halide > tertiary\ halide$$
If you consider the reactivity of alcohols with halogen acids to form alkyl halides, the reactivity of alcohols is i... |
Why is the reactivity of primary alkyl halides with nucleophiles is greater than secondary and tertiary alkyl halides? |
Before a sodium atom and a chlorine atom combine together to form the ionic compound $NaCl$, they are just neutral atoms. However, when an electron is transferred from the outer energy level of the sodium atom to the chlorine atom, both of these gain a charge on them; the sodium atom or ion has a charge of $1+$ and the... |
Before a sodium atom and a chlorine atom combine together to form the ionic compound $NaCl$, they are just neutral atoms. However, when an electron is transferred from the outer energy level of the sodium atom to the chlorine atom, both of these gain a charge on them; the sodium atom or ion has a charge of $1+$ and the... |
So I have an equilibrium phase diagram of steel and I am asked to 'Calculate the proportion of pearlite in the microstructure of 0.4 wt% C steel just below the eutectoid temperature (727 °C).'
I have been using the forumlas
$Wa=\frac{Cb-Co}{Cb-Ca}$%
$Wb=100-Wa$%
$Ca=weight$% of (Carbon in this example) at t... |
The unit M is an abbreviated form of mol/L: 1 M = 1 mol/L, i.e. there is 1 mol of HCl per liter of solution. The M is pronounced "molar". For example, a solution with concentration 1 mol/L is said to be a "1 molar" solution.
In order to calculate the fraction of HCl in a 1 M solution, some information is needed. The... |
I was observing from many days, how hairs seems to be sticking to water, when made to fall on it. I made an attempt to know what really was going on. I kept a jug of stationary water under the light, and kept my hairs combing, to make hairs fell on it. I observed once again that hairs appeared to be sticking to water. ... |
Why do hairs (rubbed with plastic comb) fallen on water seems to be sticking? |
I was observing from many days, how hairs seems to be sticking to water, when made to fall on it. I made an attempt to know what really was going on. I kept a jug of stationary water under the light, and kept my dry hairs combing, to make hairs fell on it. I observed once again that hairs appeared to be sticking to wat... |
What is the electron configuration of Br-? |
I was observing from many days, how hairs seems to be sticking to water, when made to fall on it. I made an attempt to know what really was going on. I kept a jug of stationary water under the light, and kept my dry hairs combing, to make hairs fell on it. I observed once again that hairs appeared to be sticking to wat... |
Halogens ($Cl_2$ and $Br_2$ ) react with alkanes in the presence of ultraviolet light to form haloalkanes.This reeaction is free radical substitution and gives a mixture of mono, di or polysubstituted haloalkanes which are difficult to separate into pure components. Moreover, the yeild of any one compound is low beca... |
Why are tertiary alkyl halides obtained as major yield than secondary or primary during free radical halogenation of alkanes? |
Why is the reactivity of primary alkyl halides with nucleophiles ($S_N2$ mechanism) is greater than secondary and tertiary alkyl halides? |
Halogens ($Cl_2$ and $Br_2$ ) react with alkanes in the presence of ultraviolet light to form haloalkanes.This reeaction is free radical substitution and gives a mixture of mono, di or polysubstituted haloalkanes which are difficult to separate into pure components. Moreover, the yeild of any one compound is low beca... |
My book says, methyl chloride, methyl bromide, ethyl chloride and some cholorofluromethanes are gases at room temperature, whereas higher members are liquids or solids. Why?
With this question, I got another question for which the former would be subset. How to determine whether a compound is gas or liquid or solid?... |
How to determine whether a compound is gas or liquid or solid? |
I have a compound potassium oxide(K2O) and I am trying to convert it into potassium nitride (K3N).
Here are a few possible reaction methods :
- Split potassium oxide into the constituent elements potassium and oxygen (=> Not very good as seen as a lot of energy is required)
- K2O + N2 => K3N + O2 (=> however t... |
I have a compound potassium oxide(K2O) and I am trying to convert it into potassium nitride (K3N).
Here are a few possible reaction methods :
- Split potassium oxide into the constituent elements potassium and oxygen (=> Not very good as seen as a lot of energy is required)
- K2O + N2 => K3N + O2 (=> however t... |
I have a compound potassium oxide($\ce{K2O}$) and I am trying to convert it into potassium nitride ($\ce{K3N}$).
Here are a few possible reaction methods :
- Split potassium oxide into the constituent elements potassium and oxygen (Not very good as a lot of energy is required)
- $\ce{K2O + N2 -> K3N + O2}$ (h... |
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