id stringlengths 1 4 | media images listlengths 1 4 | messages stringlengths 114 4.57k | answer stringlengths 1 618 | question_type stringclasses 4
values | reasoning stringlengths 0 7.48k | sig_figs stringclasses 6
values | level int64 1 8 | subject stringclasses 8
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0 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A soap film ( $n=4 / 3$ ) of thickness $d$ is illuminated at normal incidence by light of wavelength 500 nm . Calculate the approximate intensities of interference maxima relative to the incident intensity as $d$ is varied, when viewed in reflected light.", "hint": "", "options": {}, "cho... | 0.08 | numeric | The reflectivity at each surface of the soap film is given by
$$
R = \left[\frac{(n - n_{0})}{(n + n_{0})}\right]^{2} = \left[\frac{\left(\frac{4}{3} - 1\right)}{\left(\frac{4}{3} + 1\right)}\right]^{2} \approx 0.02.
$$
For a film of low reflectivity $R$, the intensity of the reflected light at either surface can be a... | 1 | 7 | OPT | English | |
1 | [{"role": "user", "question": "As shown in Fig. 3.26, the switch has been in position A for a long time. At $t=0$ it is suddenly moved to position B. Immediately after contact with B: What is the time rate of change of the current through $R$ ?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $-10^{4} \mathrm{~A}/\mathrm{s}$ | open | As $-L \frac{d i_{L}}{d t}=i_{L} R$, $\left.\frac{d i_{L}}{d t}\right|_{t=0}=-i_{L}(0) \frac{R}{L}=1 \times \frac{10^{4}}{1}=-10^{4} \mathrm{~A}/\mathrm{s}$. | 1 | 7 | EM | English | |
10 | [{"role": "user", "question": "As in Fig. $2.39$, what is the direction of the current in the resistor $r$ (from $A$ to $B$ or from $B$ to $A$) when the following operations are performed? In each case give a brief explanation of your reasoning? The switch $S$ is closed.", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_i... | from $B$ to $A$ | open | In all the three cases the magnetic field produced by coil 1 at coil 2 is increased. Lenz's law requires the magnetic field produced by the induced current in coil 2 to be such that as to prevent the increase of the magnetic field crossing coil 2. Applying the right-hand rule we see that the direction of the current in... | 7 | CM | English | ||
100 | [{"role": "user", "question": "Name the lowest electric multipole in the radiation field emitted by the following time-varying charge distributions. A uniform charged spherical shell whose radius varies as $R=R_{0}+R_{1}\\cos(\\omega t)$.", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | all the electric multipole moments are zero. | open | For a uniformly charged spherical shell, on account of the spherical symmetry, $\mathbf{P}=\mathbf{D}=0$. Hence all the electric multipole moments are zero. | 7 | EM | English | ||
1000 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A wire has a conventional current $I$ directed to the right. At the instant shown in the figure, an electron has a velocity directed to the left. What is the direction of the magnetic force on the electron at this instant?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | Directed toward the bottom of the page. | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
1001 | [{"role": "user", "question": "What is the average acceleration of an object moving along a straight line during the time interval from $t=4.0 \\text{ s}$ to $t=9.0 \\text{ s}$, given the velocity vs. time graph?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $-1.6 \text{ m/s}^2$ | open | 2 | 3 | CM | English | ||
1002 | [{"role": "user", "question": "For the inclined plane shown, a force of $150$ N applied parallel to the incline's surface is needed to pull the object of mass $M=10.0 \\text{ kg}$ along the entire length of the incline's surface at a constant speed. What is the actual mechanical advantage (AMA) for this scenario?", "hi... | $0.67$ | open | 2 | 3 | CM | English | ||
1003 | [{"role": "user", "question": "For the circuit shown, the four light bulbs have identical resistance, all wires have zero resistance, and the battery is assumed to be ideal with zero resistance added into the circuit. Which light bulb will be dimmer after the switch is closed?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": []... | Only bulb 2 | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
1004 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A girl twirls a small mass connected to the end of a string counterclockwise in a horizontal circle above her head. If the girl needs the mass to pass through the point labeled P in the figure, at which lettered point on the path should she let go of the string?", "hint": "", "options": {... | Point B | open | 3 | CM | English | |||
1005 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A mass moves according to the graph of position as a function of time shown below. For which time interval is the instantaneous velocity of the mass always negative?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $2.5 \text{s} < t < 7.5 \text{s}$ | open | 3 | CM | English | |||
1006 | [{"role": "user", "question": "An acceleration vs. time graph for an object moving along a line is shown. The object starts from rest at time $t=0 \\text{ s}$. At what time does the object attain a maximum displacement from its starting position?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $t=10 \text{ s}$ | open | 3 | CM | English | |||
1007 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A ray of monochromatic light enters a right-triangular glass with an index of refraction of 2.00, surrounded by air. Which lettered ray shows the path of the light after it exits the glass?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | Ray E | open | 3 | OPT | English | |||
1008 | [{"role": "user", "question": "An object is being pushed at constant speed on an inclined plane. The free body diagram of the object is shown with the gravitational force represented by $W$, the friction force by $f$, the applied external push parallel to the incline by $F$, and the normal force with the surface by $n$... | $n<W$ and $F<f$ | open | 3 | CM | English | |||
1009 | [{"role": "user", "question": "An object starts at the origin and its velocity along a line vs. time is graphed. What is the proper interval(s) of time for which the object is moving away from the origin?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $0 \text{ s} < t < 7 \text{ s}$ | open | 1 | 3 | CM | English | ||
101 | [{"role": "user", "question": "Three bodies of equal mass $m$ and indicated by $i=1,2,3$ are constrained to perform small oscillations along different coplanar axes forming $120^{\\circ}$ angles at their common intersection, as shown in Fig. 1.94. Identical coupling springs hold these bodies near equilibrium positions ... | $\omega'=\sqrt{\frac{K}{m}}$ | open | The remaining two normal modes are orthogonal to the above symmetric mode. They satisfy the condition $x_{1}+x_{2}+x_{3}=0$, for which the equations of motion reduce to $m\ddot{x}_{i}=-K x_{i}$. Setting $x_{i}=b_{i}\cos(\omega' t+\varphi')$, we have $\sum_{i}b_{i}=0$ and $\omega'^{2}=\frac{K}{m}$. The frequency is the ... | 7 | CM | English | ||
1010 | [{"role": "user", "question": "An electron moves at constant non-zero velocity directly between two long straight wires with currents in opposite directions. Ignoring gravity, what are the directions of the magnetic field at the location of the electron?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | To the right | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
1011 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A magnetic field directed into the plane of the page is decreasing in time. A constant $\\text{emf} \\text{ }\boldsymbol{\\text{ξ}}$ is produced for the square loop enclosing the field in the figure. The square loop has three identical light bulbs of resistance $R$ in it and an ideal volt... | $\frac{1}{6} \xi$ | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
1012 | [{"role": "user", "question": "The position vs. time graph of an object moving on a horizontal line is shown. At what time is the object moving with its greatest speed?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $t=3.0 \, \mathrm{s}$ | open | 2 | 3 | CM | English | ||
1013 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A ray of light is incident onto a thin glass lens as shown. Which arrow indicates the path of the refracted ray?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | Arrow E | open | 3 | OPT | English | |||
1014 | [{"role": "user", "question": "The circuit shown has 4 identical light bulbs connected to an ideal battery. If bulb #2 were removed leaving an open circuit there, what happens to the voltage from Q to X?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | Decrease | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
1015 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A string is connected to a mechanical oscillator on one end and to a cube-shaped mass, $M=8.0 \\text{ kg}$, at the other end as shown. The oscillator vibrates the string with a frequency of $f$ producing the standing wave in the figure on the left. When the mass is submerged completely in... | $\frac{11}{4}$ | open | 3 | CM | English | |||
1016 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A mass moves along the $x$-axis following the position vs. time graph provided. During what time intervals does the mass have an acceleration of $0 \frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^{2}}$?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | From $0 \text{s} < t < 3 \text{s}$ and $7 \text{s} < t < 10 \text{s}$ | open | 3 | CM | English | |||
1017 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A metal bar is moving to the left across a set of frictionless conducting rails with a uniform magnetic field directed into the plane of the page. The resistors labeled $X$ and $Y$ are identical. how do the magnitudes of the currents compare?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n... | $I_{X} > I_{Y}$. | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
1018 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A semi-circle has radius $R$, total charge $Q$, and a charge per unit length given as $\\\\lambda=\\\\lambda_{0} \\\\cos \\\\theta$ with $\\\\theta$ defined in the figure and $\\\\lambda_{0}$ a positive constant. What is the electric field strength at the point labeled $P$?", "hint": "", ... | $\frac{k_{e} \lambda_{0} \pi}{2 R}$ | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
1019 | [{"role": "user", "question": "Once the circuit shown reaches equilibrium, what is the magnitude of the potential difference across the capacitor?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{5}{9} \xi$ | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
102 | [{"role": "user", "question": "Figure 2.67 shows a simplified electron lens consisting of a circular loop (of radius $a$) of wire carrying current $I$. For $\\rho \\ll a$ the vector potential is approximately given by $A_{\\theta}=rac{\\pi I a^{2} \\rho}{\\left(a^{2}+z^{2}\\right)^{3/2}}$. Show that the canonical momen... | $P_{\theta}=0, \quad \dot{\theta}=-\frac{I \pi a^{2}q}{mc(a^{2}+z^{2})^{3/2}}$ | open | Using Hamilton's canonical equation $\dot{P}_{\theta}=-\frac{\partial H}{\partial \theta}$, we obtain $\dot{P}_{\theta}=0$, i.e., $P_{\theta}=m\rho^{2}\dot{\theta}+\frac{I\pi a^{2}q\rho^{2}}{c(a^{2}+z^{2})^{3/2}}=\text{const}$. Initially, when the particle was far away from the lens ($\rho=0$) with $v_{\theta}=0$, we h... | 7 | EM | English | ||
1020 | [{"role": "user", "question": "The capacitor is initially uncharged. What is the current at Point X immediately after the switch is closed?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $24$ mA | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
1021 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A $15.0-\\text{mW}$ laser emits a beam that is 2.00 mm in diameter. What is the intensity of this beam?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $75 \text{μC}$ | open | 2 | 3 | EM | English | ||
1022 | [{"role": "user", "question": "Shown here is accelerometer data for an elevator ride in a skyscraper in Chicago. The spikes at roughly 10 s and 72 s are caused by the handling of the accelerometer which rested on the floor of the elevator and occurred before the elevator started moving up, and after it reached the top,... | $8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ | open | 1 | 3 | CM | English | ||
1023 | [{"role": "user", "question": "Two balls, A and B, are launched simultaneously from the origin (O) on a level surface at the respective angles of $60^{\\circ}$ and $30^{\\circ}$. Ball A has a launch speed $v$ while Ball B has a launch speed $2v$. Ball A lands $T$ seconds after launch at a horizontal distance $D$ from t... | $5D^{\circ}$ | open | 3 | CM | English | |||
1024 | [{"role": "user", "question": "An amusement park ride called 'The Rotor' has people standing in a vertical cylinder, in this case 6 m in diameter, which rotates and presses them against the wall with sufficient force that the floor can then drop without them sliding down the wall. Assuming the high plateau averages $27... | $26 \text{ m/s}^2$ | open | 2 | 3 | CM | English | ||
1025 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A triangular glass prism $(\\text{n}=1.6)$ is immersed in a liquid $(\\text{n}=1.1)$ as shown. A laser light is incident on face $AB$ making an angle of $20^{\\circ}$ with the normal $(N)$. What is the angle that the ray emerging from $AC$ makes with the ground when it leaves $AC$ and str... | $30.3^{\circ}$ | open | 3 | OPT | English | |||
1026 | [{"role": "user", "question": "What is the average speed range of the object for the twenty-eight second interval?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | Between $6.5$ and $7.0 \text{ m/s}$ | open | 2 | 3 | CM | English | ||
1027 | [{"role": "user", "question": "An electrical circuit is constructed with a battery and four resistors as shown in the diagram at the right. What is the current measured by the ammeter shown in the diagram?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $2$ A | open | 3 | EM | English | |||
1028 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如力图1.7.1所示,球1和球2均从同一点水平抛出,起抛点离水平地面的高度为$H$。两球的水平初速分别为$v_{1}$和$v_{2}$($v_{1}>v_{2}$)。球1抛出后刚好能越过位于$x_{P}$处的坚直杆的顶端,并落于地面上的$R$点,$R$点与$O$点的距离为$R$。球2抛出后落于地面,与地面做弹性碰撞,反弹后也刚好越过杆顶,并落在同一点$R$。试求:杆的位置$x_{P}$;", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{R}{2}$ | open | 【解】球2反弹后的轨迹最高点移到了$x=2R/3$处,故球2反弹后的轨迹方程可表示为
$$
y_2 = H - \frac{g}{2v_2^2}x'^2
$$
式中
$$
x' = x - \frac{2}{3}R
$$
代入,得
$$
y_2 = H - \frac{g}{2v_2^2}\left(x - \frac{2}{3}R\right)^2
$$
把球2反弹后的轨迹方程与球1的轨迹方程联立,求两轨迹的交点。交点的$x$坐标满足
$$
H - \frac{g}{2v_1^2}x^2 = H - \frac{g}{2v_2^2}\left(x - \frac{2}{3}R\right)^2
$$
把$v_1/v_2=3$... | 1 | 4 | CM | Chinese | |
1029 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如力图1.7.1所示,球1和球2均从同一点水平抛出,起抛点离水平地面的高度为$H$。两球的水平初速分别为$v_{1}$和$v_{2}$($v_{1}>v_{2}$)。球1抛出后刚好能越过位于$x_{P}$处的坚直杆的顶端,并落于地面上的$R$点,$R$点与$O$点的距离为$R$。球2抛出后落于地面,与地面做弹性碰撞,反弹后也刚好越过杆顶,并落在同一点$R$。试求:杆的高度$h$。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{3}{4}H$ | open | 【解】把杆的位置$x=R/2$代入球1的轨迹方程,可求出杆顶的$y$坐标,此即杆的高度$h$,为
$$
h = H - \frac{g}{2v_1^2}\left(\frac{R}{2}\right)^2
$$
球1落地点的坐标为$x=R, y_1=0$,把它代入球1的轨迹方程,得
$$
0 = H - \frac{g}{2v_1^2}R^2
$$
由式(4)得出$v_1$与$H,R$的关系为
$$
2v_1^2 = \frac{gR^2}{H}
$$
代入式(3),得出杆的高度为
$$
h = H - \frac{g}{\frac{gR^2}{H}} \cdot \frac{R^2}{4} = H - \frac{H}{4}... | 2 | 4 | CM | Chinese | |
103 | [{"role": "user", "question": "Refer to Fig. 3.25. The switch is suddenly moved to position $B$. Just after the switching, what are currents in $\\varepsilon_{2}$, $R_{1}$, $R_{2}$ and $L$ ?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $I_{R_{1}}=0.25\,\mathrm{mA}$ (rightward), $I_{R_{2}}=0.75\,\mathrm{mA}$ (upward), $I_{\varepsilon_{2}}=0.25\,\mathrm{mA}$ (downward), $I_{L}=0.5\,\mathrm{mA}$ (downward) | open | When the switch is suddenly moved to position $B$, $I_{L}$ holds constant instantaneously, namely, $I_{L}=0.5\,\mathrm{mA}$ and flows downward. Let the currents through $R_{1}$ and $R_{2}$ be $I_{R_{1}}$ and $I_{R_{2}}$ and their directions be rightward and upward respectively. Now we have $$\left\{\begin{array}{l} I_{... | 7 | EM | English | ||
1030 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如热图3.19.1所示,在温度为$1000^{\\circ}\\text{C}$的真空加热室中蒸发产生的钨原子(原子量为184)气体经小孔逸出,透过准直窄缝形成原子束后,进入长度为1m的真空大容器中,容器的右壁与原子束垂直。钨原子每行进1m所需的平均时间$\\bar{\\tau}$是多少?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $4.9 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~s}$ | open | $$
\bar{\tau} = \frac{1}{\bar{v}_{\text{束}}} = 4.9 \times 10^{-4} \text{ s}
$$ | 2 | 4 | TSM | Chinese | |
1031 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如热图 3.19.1 所示,在温度为 $1000{ }^{\\text{°} \\text{C}}$ 的真空加热室中蒸发产生的钨原子 (原子量为 9)气体经小孔逸出,透过准直窄缝形成原子束后,进入长度为 1 m 的真空大容器中,容器的右壁与原子束垂直。设钨原子束刚进入真空容器时的粒子数密度为 $n_{0}=10^{10} \\text{~cm}^{-3}$ ,设钨原子与容器壁做完全非弹性碰撞,试估计原钨原子束与容器壁碰撞对后者所施加的压强。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $2.6 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~Pa}$ | open | 速度在$v$到$v+\mathrm{d}v$之间的钨原子,在$\mathrm{d}t$时间与容器壁$\mathrm{d}S$面发生完全非弹性碰撞的原子数为
$$
\left[n' F(v) \mathrm{d}v\right] v \mathrm{d}t \mathrm{d}S
$$
式中:$n'$为原子束碰壁前的原子数密度,它与刚进入容器时的原子密度$n_0$的关系为
$$
n' = \frac{n_0}{e}
$$
每个原子与器壁完全非弹性碰撞给予器壁的冲量为$mv$,故$\mathrm{d}S$面元在$\mathrm{d}t$时间内受到的原子束施予的总冲量为
$$
\int_{0}^{\infty} m v \left[n' ... | 2 | 4 | TSM | Chinese | |
1032 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如热图 3.26.1 所示,半径为 $r$ 的圆柱形保险丝与电路中的两个电阻块 A 和 B连接。设 A 和 B 与周围环境具有相同的恒定温度 $T_{\\text{c}}$ 。设保险丝中通过稳恒电流 $I$ ,保险丝已达到热稳定状态,设保险丝中任一正截面上的温度都相同,记为 $T_{\\text{c}}+T$ ,不同正截面上的温度不同,若某正截面与 A 相距为 $x$ ,它的温度表示为 $T(x)$ 。设保险丝的电阻率为 $\\rho$ ,设保险丝沿其长度方向 (即 $x$ 方向)的热传导率为 $\\lambda$ ,设保险丝单位时间通过其侧面单位面积向外界散发的热量为 ... | $\sqrt{\frac{2 C \pi^{2} r^{3}}{\rho}\left(T_{\mathrm{m}}-T_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}$ | open | 【解】如热图3.26.1所示,取$x$轴沿保险丝长度方向,原点$O$位于与$A$交界的左端面。考虑保险丝中$x$到$x+\mathrm{d}x$的薄层,其截面积为$\pi r^{2}$,各热流分量如下:
1. 焦耳热产生项:
$$ Q_{1} = I^{2} \rho \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\pi r^{2}} $$
2. 热传导项(左端输入):
$$ Q_{2} = -\lambda \pi r^{2} \left.\frac{\mathrm{d}T}{\mathrm{d}x}\right|_{x} $$
3. 热传导项(右端输出):
$$ Q_{3} = -\lambda \pi r^{2} \left.\... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1033 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如热图 3.2.1 所示,一块平而薄的长方形钨质玻璃板,用两根质量可略的等长细线悬挂起来,玻璃板两个表面的半个面分别对称地涂了一层化学性质活泼的金属,整个装置放在容器之中,容器内有压强为 p 的氢气。\\n\\n设每一个氢气分子遇到金属分子后发生化学反应的概率为 q(q<1) ,且 q 为恒量,设玻璃板两边的氢气密度相等,设在化学反应过程中,氢气压强的减小可忽略不计,设玻璃板的质量为 m ,有关几何量如热图 3.2.1 所示。\\n\\n观察到玻璃板绕它的坚直轴转过一个很小的角度 α 后,处于平衡状态,试求 α 的大小,", "hint": "", "options": ... | $\frac{q b^{2} c p}{m g a}$ | open | 【解】考虑氢气分子与玻璃板的碰撞特性:
1. 与金属发生化学反应的碰撞为完全非弹性碰撞
2. 不发生化学反应的碰撞为弹性碰撞
设氢气分子数密度为$n_{0}$,温度为$T$,则未涂金属玻璃表面所受压强为:
$$ p = n_{0}kT $$
对于涂金属表面,氢分子行为分为两类:
化学反应分子贡献:
$$ p_{1}' = \frac{1}{2}qn_{0}kT = \frac{1}{2}qp $$
弹性碰撞分子贡献:
$$ p_{2}' = (1-q)n_{0}kT = (1-q)p $$
总压强及压强差计算:
$$ p' = p_{1}' + p_{2}' = \left(1-\frac{q}{2}\right)p $... | 4 | AMONP | Chinese | ||
1034 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如热图 3.3.1 所示,在真空中有一个质量为 $M$ 的试管,它被质量为 $m$ 的隔板等分为两部分。隔板封闭的那部分有质量为 $n \\mathrm{~mol}$ ,温度为 $T$ ,摩尔质量为 $\\mu$ 的单原子分子理想气体。放开隔板后,隔板无摩擦地直立向上移动,在隔板离开试管顶端后气体方始从试管逸出,设隔板开始运动时,试管静止。试求试管的最终速度。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\left[\frac{3\left(2^{2 / 3}-1\right) m n R T}{2^{2 / 3}(n \mu+M)(m+n \mu+M)}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}+\frac{n \sqrt{\mu R T}}{2^{1 / 3} M}$ | open | 【解】过程I:绝热膨胀阶段
隔板从初始状态$(T, V)$准静态膨胀到$(T_{\mathrm{f}}, V_{\mathrm{f}})$,满足绝热过程方程:
$$
TV^{\gamma-1} = T_{\mathrm{f}}V_{\mathrm{f}}^{\gamma-1}
$$
其中$V_{\mathrm{f}}=2V$,单原子分子气体$\gamma=5/3$,解得:
$$
T_{\mathrm{f}} = \frac{T}{2^{2/3}}
$$
能量守恒关系:
$$
\Delta U = nC_v\Delta T = \frac{3}{2}Rn\left(T-T_{\mathrm{f}}\right) = \frac{1... | 4 | TSM | Chinese | ||
1035 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如热图 4.6.1 所示,有一总长度为 $L$ ,粗细均匀的 $U$ 形毛细管,将它的两个开口端坚直向下稍稍浸入两个容器的等高液面之中,因毛细作用,液体 1 和液体 2 分别在毛细管中上升了 $h_{1}$ 和 $h_{2}$ 的高度,设液体 1 和 2 的密度分别为 $\\rho_{1}$ 和 $\\rho_{2}$ ,它们与毛细管壁的接触角均为 $0^{\\text{°}}$ ,设液体在毛细管中上升时管内气体无外漏,大气压强为 $p_{0}$ 。试求液体 1 与液体 2 的表面张力系数的比值", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices"... | $\frac{\left(h_{1}+h_{2}\right) p_{0}+\rho_{1} g h_{1}\left(L-h_{1}-h_{2}\right)}{\left(h_{1}+h_{2}\right) p_{0}+\rho_{2} g h_{2}\left(L-h_{1}-h_{2}\right)}$ | open | 【解】毛细管插入前,其中气体压强为大气压强$p_0$,插入后,气体被封闭,经等温压缩,升为$p$。由理想气体状态方程,有
$$
p(L - h_1 - h_2) = p_0 L
$$
左边毛细管中液面内的压强$p_1$与液面外的压强$p$的关系为
$$
p_1 = p - \frac{2\alpha_1}{R}
$$
又
$$
p_1 = p_0 - \rho_1 g h_1
$$
由式(1)~式(3),得
$$
p_0 - \rho_1 g h_1 = p - \frac{2\alpha_1}{R} = \frac{L}{L - h_1 - h_2} p_0 - \frac{2\alpha_1}{R}
$$
式中:$R$为... | 4 | TSM | Chinese | ||
1036 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图1.14.1 所示,在半径为 $R$ ,质量为 $m$ 且均匀分布的细圆环上,均匀地分布着总电量为 $q$ 的正电荷。在通过圆环中心 $O$ 点且垂直于圆环平面的 $x$ 轴上有两个固定的点电荷,它们分别在圆环的两侧,与环心的距离均为 $L$ ,各带有电量为 $Q$ 的正电荷。设圆环只能沿 $x$ 轴平动,显然,在上述条件下,圆环处于平衡位置。若该位置是稳定平衡位置,试求圆环在其附近做微小振动的周期。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{2 \pi \varepsilon_{0}\left(L^{2}+R^{2}\right)^{\frac{5}{2}} m}{q Q\left(2 L^{2}-R^{2}\right)}}$ | open | 【解】带电圆环的平衡与振动分析
1. 稳定平衡条件
平衡位置$x=0$的稳定性要求同时满足:
$$
\begin{cases}
L > \dfrac{R}{\sqrt{2}} \\
R \geq 0
\end{cases}
$$
2. 恢复力推导
当圆环产生小位移$x$时,所受$x$方向静电力展开至一阶项:
$$
F_x = \frac{qQ}{4\pi\varepsilon_0(L^2+R^2)^{3/2}} \left[ (L+x)\left(1-\frac{3Lx}{L^2+R^2}\right) - (L-x)\left(1+\frac{3Lx}{L^2+R^2}\right) \right]
$$
简化后得到线性恢复... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1037 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图1.19.1 所示,两个固定的均匀带电球面 A 和 B 分别带电 $4 Q$ 和 $Q(Q$ $>0)$ 。两球心之间的距离 $d$ 远大于两球的半径,两球心的连线 $M N$ 与两球面的相交处都开有足够小的孔,因小孔而损失的电量可以忽略不计。一个带负电的质点静止地放置在 A 球左侧某处 $P$ 点,且在 $M N$ 直线上。设质点从 $P$ 点释放后刚好能穿越三个小孔,并通过 B 球球心。试求质点开始时所在的 $P$ 点与 A 球球心的距离 $x$ 应为多少?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_image... | $\frac{2}{9}(\sqrt{10}-1) d$ | open | 【解】根据分析,在$MN$直线上A球和B球之间有一个$S$点,带电质点在$S$点受力为零。设$S$点与A球和B球球心的距离分别为$r_1$和$r_2$,则
$$
\begin{cases}
k\frac{4Q}{r_1^2} = k\frac{Q}{r_2^2} \\
r_1 + r_2 = d
\end{cases}
$$
式中:$k = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}$,下同。由式(1)、(2),解出
$$
\begin{cases}
r_1 = \frac{2}{3}d \\
r_2 = \frac{d}{3}
\end{cases}
$$
带电质点从$P$点静止释放后,刚好能够到达$S$点的条件是,... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1038 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 1.29.1 所示,三根等长的带电绝缘细棒首尾相接构成三角形,其中电荷的分布如同绝缘棒都换成等长导体棒且已达到静电平衡时的电荷分布,测得电图1.29.1 中中 $A$ 点和 $B$ 点的电势分别为 $U_{A}$ 和 $U_{B}$ 。假设若将 $a b$ 棒取走,并不影响 $a c$ 及 $b c$ 两棒的电荷分布,试求此时 $A$ 点和 $B$ 点的电势,", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{2}{3} U_A; \frac{1}{6} U_A + \frac{1}{2} U_B$ | open | 【解】由对称性,三棒各自对$A$点电势的贡献相同,表示为$U_x$,故有
$$
U_A = 3U_x
$$
由对称性,$bc$棒对$A$点和$B$点电势的贡献相同,故$bc$棒对$B$点电势的贡献也应是$U_x$。由对称性,$ab$棒和$ac$棒各自对$B$点电势的贡献相同,表示为$U_y$。于是,由电势叠加原理,有
$$
U_B = U_x + 2U_y
$$
联立式(1)、(2),解出
$$
U_x = \frac{1}{3}U_A, \quad U_y = \frac{1}{2}U_B - \frac{1}{6}U_A
$$
因此,$ab$棒取走后,$A$点和$B$点的电势应分别为
$$
U_A' = 2U_x = \f... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1039 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图1.2.1 所示,在边长为 $a$ 的正方形的四个顶点分别有电量均为 $Q$ 的固定的点电荷。在正方形对角线交点上放置一个质量为 $m$ ,电量为 $q$( $q$ 与 $Q$ 同号)的自由点电荷。今将 $q$ 沿某一对角线移动一个很小的距离,试问:$q$ 是否将做周期性振动?若是,试求出振动周期。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\pi\sqrt{\frac{2\sqrt{2}\pi\varepsilon_0 m a^3}{Qq}}$ | open | 【解】设$q$沿$x$轴有一小位移$x(x \ll a)$,则左、右两个$Q$给予$q$的作用力为
$$
F_{x}(1) = \frac{Qq}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}(r+x)^{2}} - \frac{Qq}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}(r-x)^{2}} = \frac{Qq}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}r^{2}}\left[\left(1+\frac{x}{r}\right)^{-2} - \left(1-\frac{x}{r}\right)^{-2}\right]
$$
式中
$$
r = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}a
$$
为正方形对角线长度之半。因$x \ll a$... | 4 | CM | Chinese | ||
104 | [{"role": "user", "question": "Suppose the radiation is observed far from the charges at an angle $\\theta$ relative to the axis of rotation. What is the polarization for $\\theta=0^{\\circ}$, $90^{\\circ}$, and $0<\\theta<90^{\\circ}$?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | For $\theta=0^{\circ}$, no radiation is emitted; for $\theta=90^{\circ}$, the radiation is circularly polarized; for $0^{\circ}<\theta<90^{\circ}$, the radiation is not polarized. | open | At a far point $\mathbf{r}(r,\theta,\varphi)$ the magnetic induction of the radiation field is given by $\mathbf{B}=-i\frac{\mu_{0}}{4\pi}\frac{\omega k}{6r}\mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{Q}$ with $k=\frac{\omega}{c}\mathbf{e}_{r}$ and $\mathbf{Q}$ having components $Q_{i}=\frac{1}{r}\sum_{j}Q_{ij}x_{j}$. For $\theta=0^{\circ... | 7 | EM | English | ||
1040 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 1.30 .1 所示,恒温的矩形箱内装有理想气体,当隔板将箱等分为二时,两侧气体压强均为 $P_{0}$ 。当隔板平行移动时,无摩擦,不漏气,两侧气体经历准静态过程。隔板是面积为 $A$ 的金属板,带电量为 $Q$ ,矩形箱上与它平行的两块板也是金属板,面积也为 $A$ ,相距为 $2 L$ ,固定,并接地。隔板两侧的电场均匀。箱的其余部分是不导电的绝缘板。试求隔板的平衡位置。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $x=0,x = \pm L\cdot\sqrt{1 - \frac{4\varepsilon_0 p_0 A^2}{Q^2}}$ | open | 【解】如电图1.30.1所示,取$x$轴指向右方,原点在中央,设隔板从中央移到$x$处,则左侧和右侧气体对隔板的压力分别为
$$
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
F_{\text{左}}=p_{\text{左}}A=\frac{p_{0}V_{0}}{V_{\text{左}}}A=\frac{L}{L+x}p_{0}A, & \text{指向右方} \\
F_{\text{右}}=p_{\text{右}}A=\frac{p_{0}V_{0}}{V_{\text{右}}}A=\frac{L}{L-x}p_{0}A, & \text{指向左方}
\end{array}
\right.
$$
式中用到等温过程方程$p... | 4 | TSM | Chinese | ||
1041 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 1.31.1 所示,在半径为 $R$ 的接地金属圆柱面的中央放有一根半径为 $r_{0}$ 的同轴细长导线,导线处于正的高电势 $U_{0}$ 。于是导线外侧附近介质原子被电离成自由电子与正离子,其中自由电子即被导线吸附,正离子则离开导线径向地运动。设正离子的径向迁移率(径向速度与电场强度的比值)为常数 $w$ ,且迁移过程中正离子始终围绕导线形成均匀的圆柱形薄层。 2.设全部正离子电量为 $Q$ ,为了使导线电势保持原来的 $U_{0}$不变,需给导线补充电量 $Q^{*}$ 。试导出 $Q^{*}$ 与时间 $t$ 的关系。", "hint": "", "op... | $\frac{Q \ln \frac{t+t_{0}}{t_{0}}}{2 \ln \frac{R}{r_{0}}}$ | open | 【解】介质电离后,导线表面因吸附电子而附加的电荷为$-Q$,在$r(t)$处正离子的电量为$Q$,它们产生的附加电场为
$$
E'(\rho) =
\begin{cases}
-\frac{\lambda'}{2\pi\varepsilon_{0}\rho}, & r_{0} < \rho < r \\
0, & \rho > r
\end{cases}
$$
式中:负号表示电场强度指向导线,式中
$$
\lambda' = \frac{Q}{l}
$$
$l$是柱长。$E'(\rho)$在导线与接地圆柱面之间产生的附加电势差为
$$
U' = \int_{r_{0}}^{R} E'(\rho) d\rho = -\frac{\l... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1042 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图1.33.1 所示,两块足够大的接地导体平板 A 和 B 平行坚直放置,相距 $2 d, d=10 \\text{~cm}$ 。在两板之间的中间位置,用长 $l=1 \\text{~m}$ 的绝缘细线悬挂一个质量 $m=0.1 \\text{~g}$ ,电量 $q=5 \\times 10^{-9} \\text{C}$ 的小摆球。让小摆球稍稍偏离平衡位置后释放,使之小角度摆动。忽略各种电磁阻尼和空气阻力。试求小球的摆动周期 $T$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $2.3 \mathrm{~s}$ | open | 【解】当带电摆球在$\text{A},\text{B}$之间的中间位置时,为使接地导体板A的电势为零,需在A左侧$d$处对称地有一电量为$-q$的镜像点电荷,记为$-q_{A_{1}}$;为使B电势为零,需在B右侧$d$处对称地有一电量为$-q$的镜像点电荷,记为$-q_{\text{B}1}$。由于$-q_{\text{B}1}$对A的非零电势贡献,为使A的电势仍为零,需在A左侧$3d$处再对称地有电量为$q$的镜像点电荷,记为$q_{A_{2}}$。同样,由于$-q_{\text{A}1}$对B的非零电势贡献,为使B的电势仍为零,需在B右侧$3d$处再对称地有电量为$q$的镜像点电荷,记为$q_{\text{B}2}$。同样,为... | 2 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1043 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图1.3.1 所示,在 $x$ 轴的 $a$ 处分别有两个固定的点电荷,它们的电量均为 $Q(Q>0)$。在 $x$ 轴的 $2a$ 处分别有另外两个固定的点电荷,它们的电量均为 $-8Q$。在原点 $O$ 有一个电量为 $q(q>0)$,质量为 $m$ 的带电质点。设带电质点只能在 $x$ 轴上运动,试分析带电质点所在的平衡位置原点 $O$,是否为稳定平衡位置,若原点 $O$ 为稳定平衡位置,将带电质点移到 $x=A$ 处从静止释放 $(0<A<a)$,试求其振动周期。\n", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n... | $\frac{7.4164}{A} \sqrt{\frac{2 \pi \varepsilon_{0} m a^{5}}{3 q Q}}$ | open | 【解】设带电质点在$x$轴上偏离平衡位置$x=0$的小位移为$x$,则它所受四个固定点电荷的合力为
$$
F_x = \frac{qQ}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\left\{\left[\frac{1}{(x+a)^2} - \frac{1}{(x-a)^2}\right] - \left[\frac{8}{(x+2a)^2} - \frac{8}{(x-2a)^2}\right]\right\}
$$
因$A \ll a$,故可取$|x| \ll a$,合力近似为
$$
F_x = -\left(\frac{3qQ}{2\pi\varepsilon_0 a^5}\right)x^3
$$
这是一回复力,故$x=0... | 5 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1044 | [{"role": "user", "question": "一无限长均匀带电细线弯成如电图 1.6.1 所示的平面图形,其中 $A B$ 是半圆弧, $A A^{\\prime}$ 和 $B B^{\\prime}$ 是两平行直线,$A^{\\prime}$ 和 $B^{\\prime}$ 向右端无限延伸。试求圆心 $O$ 处的电场强度。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | 0 | numeric | 【解】本题求电场强度,然而未给出电荷线密度及圆半径等通常必不可少的已知条件,暗示所求$O$点的场强应为零。
均匀带电细线由半圆弧$AB$及两平行半无限长直线$AA'$和$BB'$构成,在平面上产生确定的非零电场强度分布。$O$点作为平面中唯一具有对称性的特殊位置,其电场强度为零是可能的。
$O$点的场强是四部分贡献的矢量和:
1. 左上$1/4$圆弧(场强指向右下方)
2. 左下$1/4$圆弧(场强指向右上方)
3. 半无限长直线$AA'$(场强指向左上方)
4. 半无限长直线$BB'$(场强指向左下方)
假设细线带正电,这些场强分量可能相互抵消。为验证此猜想:
如电图1.6.2所示,在左上$1/4$圆弧取弧元$\Delt... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1045 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 2.16.1 所示,在螺绕环的平均半径 $R$ 处有点源 $P$ ,从 $P$ 点沿磁力线方向注入小孔径角为 $2 \\alpha_{0}\\left(\\alpha_{0} \\ll 1^{\\circ}\\right)$ 的电子束,束中电子都是经电压 $U_{0}$ 加速从 $P$ 点出发的。设绕环中磁场 $B$ 的大小为常量,电子束中各电子间的相互作用可以忽略。为了使电子束沿环形磁场运动,需要另外加一个使电子束偏转的均匀磁场 $B_{1}$ ,对于在环内沿半径为 $R$ 的圆形轨道运动的一个电子,试计算所需的 $B_{1}$ 的大小。", "hint": "... | $0.37×10^{-2} \mathrm{~T}$ | open | 【分析与解】1.对于沿半径为 $R$ 的圆轨道(即沿磁力线)运动的电子,环形磁场 $B$ 对它的作用力为零。电子做圆周运动所需的向心力由均匀磁场 $B_{1}$ 提供,$B_{1}$ 的方向应垂直环平面(在电图 2.16.1 为垂直纸面向外)。故有
$$
\frac{m v_{0}^{2}}{R}=e v_{0} B_{1}
$$
电子速度 $v_{0}$ 由加速电压 $U_{0}$ 决定,为
$$
\frac{1}{2} m v_{0}^{2}=e U_{0}
$$
由式(1),式(2),解出
$$
B_{1}=\frac{1}{R}\sqrt{\frac{2 m U_{0}}{e}}=0.37\times10^{-2}\,\... | 2 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1046 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 2.16.1 所示,在螺绕环的平均半径 $R$ 处有点源 $P$ ,从 $P$ 点沿磁力线方向注入小孔径角为 $2 \\alpha_{0}\\left(\\alpha_{0} \\ll 1^{\\circ}\\right)$ 的电子束,束中电子都是经电压 $U_{0}$ 加速从 $P$ 点出发的。设绕环中磁场 $B$ 的大小为常量,电子束中各电子间的相互作用可以忽略。当电子束沿环形磁场运动时,为了使电子束绕一圈有四个聚焦点,即如电图 2.16 .1 所示,每绕过 $\\pi / 2$ 的圆周角聚焦一次,试问:$B$ 应为多大?(此处可忽略 $\\boldsymbo... | $1.48×10^{-2} \mathrm{~T}$ | open | 由题设,忽略$B_1$,忽略磁场$B$的弯曲,相当于电子束在均匀的磁力线为平行直线的磁场$B$中运动。任一电子的速度矢量$\boldsymbol{v}$可按平行磁场$B$和垂直磁场$B$分解为$v_{//}$和$v_\perp$,电子以$v_{//}$做匀速直线运动,同时以$v_\perp$做匀速圆周运动,电子的轨迹是螺旋线。设电子的$\boldsymbol{v}$与$\boldsymbol{B}$的夹角为$\alpha$,则
$$
v_{//} = v_0 \cos\alpha, \quad v_\perp = v_0 \sin\alpha
$$
设电子以$v_\perp$做匀速圆周运动的半径为$r$,则$\frac{mv_\p... | 3 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1047 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 2.1.1 所示,电流强度为 $2 I$ 的直流电经半无限长导线到达半径为 $R$ 的金属球面的南极点,由球面流到北极点后,再从另一半无限长直导线流向远处。设想将上述电流分布切成左,右两半。左半部分为半无限长直电流 $I$ 到半球面南极点后,经左半球面(注意,此半球面的电流分布与原全球面左半的电流分布相同)流向北极点,再经半无限长直导线流向远处,并设置 $O x y z$ 坐标,如图 2.1.2 所示。试求球心 $O$ 处的磁感应强度 $B$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{\mu_{0} I}{2 \pi R}$ | open | 如电图 2.1.2 所示,因上、下两半无限长直电流 $I$ 对 $O$ 点的 $B$ 无贡献,只需计算左半球面电流在 $O$ 点的 $B$ 即可。
左半球面在 $x y$ 平面上是半径为 $R$ 的半圆,如电图 2.1.3 所示。在此半圆上取 $\theta$ 到 $\theta+\mathrm{d} \theta$ 的圆弧,此圆弧对应的半球面上的部分,像一条狭窄的中间宽两头尖的西瓜皮,如电图 2.1.4 所示。其中的电流 $\mathrm{d} I$ 为
$$
\mathrm{d} I=\frac{I}{\pi} \mathrm{d} \theta
$$
形如狭条西瓜皮的电流 $\mathrm{d} I$ 对 $O$ 点 $B$... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1048 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 2.21.1 所示,半径为 $R$ ,质量为 $m$ 的均质细圆环均匀带电,总电量为 $Q(Q>0)$ ,放在光滑的水平面上.环内,外有垂直环面向上的均匀磁场 $\\boldsymbol{B}$ 。若将圆环以角速度 $\\omega$ 绕着通过圆心的坚直轴均速旋转,试求环内因为这种转动而形成的附加张力,", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{R \omega}{2 \pi}(Q B+m \omega)$ | open | 如电图 2.21.2 所示,在圆环上任选一小段 $\mathrm{d} l=R \mathrm{d} \varphi$ 的圆弧。因圆环以 $\omega$ 旋转,而形成的电流为
$$
I=\frac{Q}{2 \pi / \omega}=\frac{Q \omega}{2 \pi}
$$
电流元 $I \mathrm{d} l$ 在磁场 $B$ 中受到的安培力 $\mathrm{d} F_{\mathrm{m}}$ 的方向如电图 2.21.2 所示(沿径向向外),大小为
$$
\mathrm{d} F_{\mathrm{m}}=I \mathrm{d} l B=\frac{Q \omega}{2 \pi} R \mathrm{d} ... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1049 | [{"role": "user", "question": "在外磁场中的超导体,平衡后超导体内部的磁感应强度处处为零,超导体表面外侧的磁感应强度与表面平行。在如电图 2.24.1 所示 $O x y z$ 直角坐标系中,$x y$ 平面是水平面,其中有一超导平板,$z$ 轴竖直向上,超导平板在 $z=0$ 处,在 $z=h$ 处有一质量为 $m$ ,半径为 $r$ ,环心在 $z$ 轴上,环平面为水平面的匀质金属圆环,且 $r$ $\\text{gg} h$ 。在圆环内通以稳恒电流,刚好使圆环漂浮在 $z=h$ 处,试求圆环中的电流强度。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n... | $\sqrt{\frac{2 m g h}{\mu_{0} r}}$ | open | 1. 在圆环磁场的作用下超导平板内形成感应电流,产生附加磁场。圆环磁场与附加磁场之和,在超导平板内应处处为零,在超导平板表面的外侧应沿水平方向,可以证明,超导平板内感应电流在 $z>0$ 区域产生的附加磁场,相当于在 $z=-h$ 处对称地放置一个镜像圆环电流所产生的磁场,镜像圆环的半径也为 $r$,电流强度也为 $I$,但电流方向与原圆环电流反向,如电图 2.24.2 所示。超导平板内感应电流对原圆环电流的作用力即为镜像圆环电流对原圆环电流的安培斥力 $\boldsymbol{F}_{0}$。因题设 $r \gg h$,可把两圆环近似看作两长直平行导线,则 $F_{0}$ 的方向向上,大小为
$$
F_{0}=(I \cdot 2... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
105 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A marble bounces down stairs in a regular manner, hitting each step at the same place and bouncing the same height above each step (Fig. 1.5). The stair height equals its depth (tread=rise) and the coefficient of restitution $e$ is given. Find the necessary horizontal velocity and bounce ... | $v_{h} = \sqrt{\frac{g l}{2}\frac{1-e}{1+e}}$ | open | Use unit vectors $\mathbf{i}, \mathbf{j}$ as shown in Fig. 1.5 and let the horizontal velocity of the marble be $v_{h}$. The velocities just before and after a bounce are respectively $\mathbf{v}_{1}=v_{h}\mathbf{i}+v_{i}\mathbf{j}$ and $\mathbf{v}_{2}=v_{h}\mathbf{i}+v_{f}\mathbf{j}$. As the conditions at each step re... | 7 | CM | English | ||
1050 | [{"role": "user", "question": "在外磁场中的超导体,平衡后超导体内部的磁感应强度处处为零,超导体表面外侧的磁感应强度与表面平行。在如电图 2.24.1 所示 $O x y z$ 直角坐标系中,$x y$ 平面是水平面,其中有一超导平板,$z$ 轴竖直向上,超导平板在 $z=0$ 处,在 $z=h$ 处有一质量为 $m$ ,半径为 $r$ ,环心在 $z$ 轴上,环平面为水平面的匀质金属圆环,且 $r$ $\\text{gg} h$ 。在圆环内通以稳恒电流,刚好使圆环漂浮在 $z=h$ 处,若使圆环保持水平,从平衡位置稍稍偏上或偏下,则圆环将上,下振动。试求振动周期 $T_{1}$ 。", "hint":... | $2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{h}{g}}$ | open | 取圆环环心的平衡位置为坐标原点,取竖直向上的$z'$轴。当圆环从平衡位置保持水平上移到$z'$位置,镜像圆环将相应地下移到$-z'$,于是,原圆环所受向上安培力$F$的大小为
$$
F = \frac{\mu_0 I^2 r}{2(h + z')} = \frac{\mu_0 I^2 r}{2h}\left(1 + \frac{z'}{h}\right)^{-1} = mg\left(1 + \frac{z'}{h}\right)^{-1}
$$
因小偏离,故
$$
|z'| \ll h
$$
近似有
$$
F = mg\left(1 - \frac{z'}{h}\right)
$$
原圆环还受重力,故所受向上的合力为
$$
F_z... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1051 | [{"role": "user", "question": "在外磁场中的超导体,平衡后超导体内部的磁感应强度处处为零,超导体表面外侧的磁感应强度与表面平行。在如电图 2.24.1 所示 $O x y z$ 直角坐标系中,$x y$ 平面是水平面,其中有一超导平板,$z$ 轴竖直向上,超导平板在 $z=0$ 处,在 $z=h$ 处有一质量为 $m$ ,半径为 $r$ ,环心在 $z$ 轴上,环平面为水平面的匀质金属圆环,且 $r$ $\\text{gg} h$ 。在圆环内通以稳恒电流,刚好使圆环漂浮在 $z=h$ 处,当圆环处在平衡位置时,其中与 $x$ 轴平行的直径标为 $P_{1} P_{2}$ ,与 $y$ 轴平行的直径标为 ... | $2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{h}{g}}$ | open | 如电图2.24.1所示,在圆环上,把从$P_1$点转向$Q_2$点规定为旋转正方向,圆环上任一点的位置可用$\varphi$角表示,该处的环元为$r\,\mathrm{d}\varphi$。当圆环倾斜时,把直径$Q_1Q_2$与$y$轴的夹角表示为$\theta$,则环元$r\,\mathrm{d}\varphi$的$y$坐标和$z$坐标分别为
$$
y = r\sin\varphi\cos\theta, \quad z = h + r\sin\varphi\sin\theta
$$
镜像圆环对称地反向倾斜$\theta$角。当$\theta$角很小时,原圆环中环元$r\,\mathrm{d}\varphi$所受竖直向上的安培力可近... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1052 | [{"role": "user", "question": "磁流体发电机的工作原理如电图 3.10.1 所示。横截面为矩形的管道长为 $l$,宽为 $a$,高为 $b$,上、下两个侧面是绝缘体,相距为 $a$ 的两个侧面是电阻可略的导体,这两个侧面与负载电阻 $R_{L}$ 相连。整个管道处于匀强磁场区域,$\\boldsymbol{B}$ 垂直于上、下侧面指向上。管道内沿长度方向流有电阻率为 $\\rho$ 的电离气体,气体流速处处相同,所受摩擦阻力的大小与流速成正比。现在管的两端维持恒定的压强差 $p$,无磁场存在时气体的流速为 $v_{0}$。试求有磁场存在时,此发电机的电动势 $\\mathcal{E}$。", "hint... | $\frac{B a v_{0}}{1+\frac{B^{2} a v_{0}}{p b\left(R_{L}+\frac{\rho a}{b l}\right)}}$ | open | 【分析与解】无磁场存在时,两端压力差为
$$
\Delta F=p a b
$$
摩擦力为
$$
f_{0}=\alpha v_{0}
$$
压力差与摩擦力平衡,即
$$
f_{0}=\Delta F
$$
故比例系数 $\alpha$ 为
$$
\alpha=\frac{p a b}{v_{0}}
$$
有磁场存在时,磁流体在 $a$ 的宽度方向上切割磁感线,产生感应电动势 $\mathscr{E}$ 和感应电流 $I$。磁流体宽度方向上的电流 $I$ 会受到与运动速度 $\boldsymbol{v}$ 反向的安培力 $\boldsymbol{F}_{\text{安}}$,$\boldsymbol{F}_{\text{安}... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1053 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 3.12.1 所示,由铜质细导线弯成的半径为 $a$ 的圆形圈和一内接等边三角形电阻丝构成的电路,电路中各段电阻值已在电图 3.12.1 中标明。在圆形圈所在平面内有垂直纸面向里的铜强磁场 $B, B$ 随时间 $t$ 均匀地减小,其变化率的大小为已知常量 $k$ ,设 $2 r_{1}=3 r_{2}$ 。试求电图 3.12.1 中 $A, B$ 两点之间的电势差 $U_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{32} k a^{2}$ | open | 【解】由电图 3.12.1 中 $\boldsymbol{B}$ 的方向及均匀减小,可知圆周上感应电动势的方向为顺时针(电图 3.12.2),大小为
$$
\mathscr{E}_{\mathrm{c}}=-\frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d} t}=-\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d} t}(B \pi a^{2})=\pi a^{2}\left(-\frac{\mathrm{d} B}{\mathrm{d} t}\right)=k \pi a^{2}
$$
其中用到已知的 $k=-\mathrm{d} B / \mathrm{d} t$。三角形周边上... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1054 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 3.1.1 所示,在边长为 $a$ 的等边三角形区域内有匀强磁场 $B$,其方向垂直纸面向外。一个边长也为 $a$ 的等边三角形导体框架 $ABC$,在 $t=0$ 时恰好与上述磁场区域的边界重合,尔后以周期 $T$ 绕其中心在纸面内顺时针方向匀速转动,于是在框架 $ABC$ 中产生感应电流。规定电流按 $ABCA$ 方向流动时电流强度取正值,反方向流动时取负值。设框架 $ABC$ 的电阻为 $R$。试求从 $t=0$ 到 $t_{1}=T/6$ 时间内的平均电流强度 $\\bar{I}_{1}$ 和从 $t=0$ 到 $t_{2}=T/2$ 时间内的平均电流强度... | $\frac{\sqrt{3} a^{2} B}{2 R T}$; $\frac{\sqrt{3} a^{2} B}{6 R T}$ | open | 【解】从$t=0$到$t_1=T/6$的时间内,导体框架从电图3.1.2中的虚线位置转到实线位置,所经时间为
$$
\Delta t_1 = \frac{T}{6}
$$
磁通量减少了
$$
\Delta \Phi_1 = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{12}a^2 B
$$
故感应电动势的平均值为
$$
\overline{\varepsilon_1} = -\frac{\Delta \Phi_1}{\Delta t_1} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\frac{a^2 B}{T}
$$
由楞次定律,感应电流方向为$ABCA$,故平均电流强度为正值,即
$$
\overline{I_1} = \frac{\o... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1055 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图3.3.1 所示,铜制圆环的两个半径分别为 $r_{1}=1 \\text{ cm}$ 和 $r_{2}=0.1 \\text{ mm}$ 。圆环竖直放在地面上,环底部有固定的光滑杆限制,使其不能滑动。圆环周围有竖直向上的均匀的强磁场 $B=1.0 \\text{ T}$ 。如电图3.3.2所示,开始时圆环偏离竖直方向一个小角度 $\\theta_{0}=0.1 \\text{ rad}$ ,尔后圆环倒向地面。已知铜的电导率 $\\rho=8.93 \\times 10^{3} \\text{ kg/m}^{3}$ 。设圆环倒下过程中所受的磁力矩始终等于重力矩,试求... | $3.6 \mathrm{~s}$ | open | 题设圆环倒地过程中所受磁力矩 $M_{\mathrm{m}}$ 与所受重力矩 $M_{\mathrm{g}}$ 始终相等,因此重力势能将全部转化为焦耳热,由此计算出来的倒地时间 $T$ 应与第1问的估算值($T \approx 1 \mathrm{s}$)具有相同的数量级。
当圆环转到与竖直方向夹角为 $\theta$ 时,通过环面的磁通量近似为
$$
\Phi(\theta)=B \pi r_{1}^{2} \sin \theta
$$
感应电动势的大小为
$$
\mathscr{E}=\left|-\frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi}{\mathrm{d} t}\right|=B \pi r_{1}^{2} \cos... | 2 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1056 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 3.4.1 所示,在水平桌面上平放着长方形线圈 $a b c d$ 。已知 $a b$ 边长 $l_{1}, b c$边长 $l_{2}$ ,线圈总电阻为 $R, a b$ 边正好指向北方。现将线圈以南北连线为轴翻转 $180^{\\text{o}}$ ,使 $a b$与 $c d$ 边互换位置,在翻转的全过程中测得通过导线的总电量为 $Q_{1}$ 。然后,维持 $a d$ 边(东西方向)不动,将线圈绕 $a d$ 边转动 $90^{\\text{o}}$ ,使之坚直,测得在坚直过程中流过导线的总电量为 $Q_{2}$ 。试求该处地磁场 $B$ 的大小,", "... | $\frac{\sqrt{2} R}{2 l_{1} l_{2}} \sqrt{Q_{1}^{2}+2 Q_{1} Q_{2}+2 Q_{2}^{2}}$ | open | 【解】1.设在北半球做此实验。在北半球,地磁场 $\boldsymbol{B}$ 可分解为坚直向下的 $\boldsymbol{B}_{1}$ 和在水平面上由南指向北的 $\boldsymbol{B}_{2}$ 两部分,如电图 3.4.2 所示。如电图 3.4.1 所示,在线圈中取回路方向为 $abcda$,则当线圈翻转或坚起时,线圈中的感应电动势 $\mathcal{E}$、感应电流 $i$ 和通过线圈的总电量 $Q$ 可以分别表示为
$$
\mathcal{E}=-\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi}{\mathrm{d}t}, \quad i=\frac{\mathcal{E}}{R}=-\frac{1}{R}\fra... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1057 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 3.5.1 所示为一“日”字形矩形闭合导线框。已知 $a b=b c=c d=d e=e f$ $=f a=0.1 \\text{ m}$ ,已知 $a b, c f, d e$ 段电阻均为 $3 \\text{ }\\text{Ω}, c d, f e$ 段电阻均为 $1.5 \\text{ }\\text{Ω}, b c, a f$ 段电阻均为零。匀强磁场 $B$ 的方向与框面垂直向里,大小为 $B=1 \\text{ T}$ ,磁场的边界与 $d e$ 平行,如电图 3.5.1 中虚线所示。今以图中向右的方向,以 $v=24 \\text{ m/s}$ 的速... | $8.0 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~J}$ | open | 【解】根据分析,在$ed$边未移出磁场时,无感应电流,不受安培力,无须做功。当$ed$边移出磁场后,$ab$和$cf$尚在磁场内,其中的感应电动势相同,均为
$$
\mathscr{E} = Blv = 2.4 \text{ V}
$$
式中:$l = ab = cf = 0.1 \text{ m}$,此时线框的等效电路如电图3.5.2所示,其中
$$
R = 3 \text{ }\Omega, \quad r = 1.5 \text{ }\Omega
$$
不难算出流经$ab$和$cf$的电流为(电流方向如电图3.5.2所示)
$$
I_1 = I_2 = 0.16 \text{ A}
$$
于是,$ab$和$cf$两边所受安... | 1 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1058 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 3.7.1 所示,有一水平方向的匀强磁场,磁感应强度 $B$ 很大。一个位半径为 $R$ ,厚度为 $D(D \\\\ll R)$ 的金属圆盘,在此磁场中竖直下落,盘面始终在坚直平面内并与磁场 $B$ 的方向平行,设金属圆盘的电阻为零,密度为 $\\rho=9 \\times 10^{3} \\mathrm{~kg} / \\mathrm{m}^{3}$ ,所受空气阻力可略。为使圆盘在磁场中下落的加速度比没有磁场时减小千分之一,试问 :$B$ 应为多大?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images":... | $10^{6} \mathrm{~T}$ | open | 【解】当圆盘在磁场区域内以速度$v$竖直下落时,由于在圆盘的厚度方向切割磁感线,故在圆盘厚度方向上产生的感应电动势为
$$
\mathscr{E} = BDv
$$
感应电动势$\mathscr{E}$使圆盘两个盘面有电荷积累,电图3.7.1中前面的盘面应带正电,设为$Q$,则电图3.7.1中背后的盘面应带电$-Q$。由于圆盘的前、后盘面可看作一个平行板电容器(因$R \gg D$),其电容为
$$
C = \frac{\varepsilon_0 \pi R^2}{D}
$$
因设圆盘的电阻为零,故上述感应电动势$\mathscr{E}$即为电容器两端的电压,于是圆盘盘面上积累的电量为
$$
Q = C\mathscr{E} =... | 2 | 4 | CM | Chinese | |
1059 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 3.8.1 所示,宽为 $L$ 的长薄导体平板沿 $x$ 轴水平放置,平板的电阻可以忽略不计。电图 3.8.1 中的 aebcfd 为圆弧形均匀导线,电阻为 $3 R$ ,圆弧所在平面与 $x$ 轴垂直,圆弧的两端 $a$ 和 $d$ 与导体平板的两侧边相接触,并可沿侧边自由滑动,圆弧 $a e, e b, c f$ ,$f d$ 均为 $1 / 8$ 圆周,圆弧 $b c$ 为 $1 / 4$ 圆周。一个内阻为 $R_{V}=n R$ 的小体积电压表位于圆心 $O$处,电压表的两端分别用理想导线与 $b$ 点和 $c$ 点连接,整个装置处在匀强磁场区域,$B$ ... | $\frac{n}{3 n+2} B L v$ | open | 【解】如电图3.8.2所示,圆弧形导线的半径为
$$
r = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}L
$$
迎着$x$轴观察,各段圆弧导线在垂直于$\boldsymbol{B}$方向的投影的长度分别为
$$
l_{ac} = l_{cb} = l_{cf} = l_{fd} = r - \frac{L}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2}L, \quad l_{bc} = L
$$
连接电压表的两根理想导线在垂直于$\boldsymbol{B}$方向上的投影的长度均为
$$
l_{\text{连}} = \frac{L}{2}
$$
$l_{ae}, l_{eb}, l_{cf}, l_{fd}$因运动切割磁感... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
106 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A coin spinning about its axis of symmetry with angular frequency $\\omega$ is set down on a horizontal surface (Fig. 1.148). After it stops slipping, with what velocity does it roll away?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\dot{x}_{c}=-\frac{1}{3}\omega R$ | open | Take coordinates as shown in Fig. 1.149. Before the coin stops slipping, the frictional force is $f=\mu mg$, where $\mu$ is the coefficient of sliding friction. Let $x_{c}$ be the $x$ coordinate of the center of mass of the coin. The equations of motion of the coin before it stops slipping are $$m\ddot{x}_{c}=-\mu mg$$... | 7 | CM | English | ||
1060 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 3.8.1 所示,宽为 $L$ 的长薄导体平板沿 $x$ 轴水平放置,平板的电阻可以忽略不计。电图 3.8.1 中的 aebcfd 为圆弧形均匀导线,电阻为 $3 R$ ,圆弧所在平面与 $x$ 轴垂直,圆弧的两端 $a$ 和 $d$ 与导体平板的两侧边相接触,并可沿侧边自由滑动,圆弧 $a e, e b, c f$ ,$f d$ 均为 $1 / 8$ 圆周,圆弧 $b c$ 为 $1 / 4$ 圆周。一个内阻为 $R_{V}=n R$ 的小体积电压表位于圆心 $O$处,电压表的两端分别用理想导线与 $b$ 点和 $c$ 点连接,整个装置处在匀强磁场区域,$B$ ... | $\left(\sqrt{2}-\frac{2 n+1}{3 n+2}\right) B L v$ | open | $e$点和$f$点之间的电势差为
$$
\Delta U_{ef} = I_1\left(\frac{R}{2} + \frac{R}{2}\right) + \mathscr{E}_1 + \mathscr{E}_1 = \left(\frac{n+1}{3n+2} + \sqrt{2} - 1\right)BLv = \left(\sqrt{2} - \frac{2n+1}{3n+2}\right)BLv
$$
| 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1061 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 3.9.1 所示,水平与垂直的两根长直导体棒相交,连接成固定不动的十字架形状.由边长为 $a$ 的四根导体棒构成的正方形框架,从电图3.9.1 中的实线框架位置开始,以速率 $v$ 匀速向左运动,在运动过程中框架始终与十字架接触.空间有均匀磁场 $B$ ,其方向如电图 3.9.1 所示,垂直于十字架和框架所在的平面.设所有导体棒单位长度的电阻为 $r=100 \\Omega / \\mathrm{m}, a=0.1 \\mathrm{~m}, v=0.24 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}, B=10^{-4} \\mathrm{~T}$ .取... | $6.9 \times 10^{-8} \cdot \mathrm{C}$ | open | 在整个过程中流过垂直棒的电量$Q$为
$$
Q = 2\int_0^{t_*} I\,\mathrm{d}t = 2\int_0^{t_*} \frac{10^{-7}}{1-t}\,\mathrm{d}t = -2 \times 10^{-7}\ln(1-t_*) = 6.9 \times 10^{-8}\,\text{C}
$$ | 2 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1062 | [{"role": "user", "question": "三个相同的均匀金属圆圈两两相交地连接成如电图 4.10.1 所示的网络,已知每一个金属圆圈的电阻都是 $R$ 。试求电图 4.10.1 中 $A, B$ 两点之间的等效电阻 $R_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{5}{48} R$ | open | 【分析与解】对于如电图4.10.1所示的以$A$, $B$为端点的两端电阻网络,若电流从$A$点流入,从$B$点流出,由于网络的对称性,不难看出,上、下两半(指包括$A$和$B$点在内的平面的上部和下部)电流的流动是完全对称的。因此,可将上、下两半压缩成如电图4.10.2所示的简化的等效平面电阻网络,在电图4.10.2中的圆$ABB'A'$就是电图4.10.1中的水平圆,弧$AA'$、$A'B$、$B'B$、$BA$都是$1/4$圆,其电阻$r$即为整个圆电阻$R$的$1/4$,即
$$
r=\frac{R}{4}
$$
在电图4.10.2中的直线$\overline{AO}$则是电图4.10.1中上、下两个$1/4$圆重叠(即并... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1063 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 4.12.1 所示是由电阻丝连接成的无限电阻网络,已知每一段电阻丝的电阻均为 $r$ 。试求 $A, B$ 两点之间的等效电阻 $R_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{2 \sqrt{21}}{21} r$ | open | 【分析与解】由于电图4.12.1网络的对称性,若电流从$A$点流入,经网络后,从$B$点流出,则电图4.12.1网络中背面那根无限长的电阻丝内应无电流通过,不起作用,可拆去。于是电图4.12.1的网络简化为电图4.12.2所示的等效网络。但应注意,在电图4.12.2网络中每一竖直电阻丝是电图4.12.1中$r$与$2r$两电阻丝并联所得,其电阻应为$2r/3$,电图4.12.2网络中每一水平电阻丝的电阻仍为$r$。
电图4.12.2网络相对$AB$左右对称,故可折叠成电图4.12.3的等效网络。折叠后,除$AB$外,每一条水平电阻丝是由电图4.12.2中两条$r$电阻丝并联所得,故其电阻为$r/2$;同样,每一条竖直电阻丝是由电图... | 4 | CM | Chinese | ||
1064 | [{"role": "user", "question": "由 7 个阻值均为 $r$ 的电阻组成的网络元如电图 4.13.1 所示。由这种网络元彼此连接形成的无限梯形网络如电图 4.13.2 所示。试求 $P, Q$ 两点之间的等效电阻,", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | 1.32 r | open | 【解】设 $K$ 个网络元连成的梯形网络的等效电阻为 $R_{K}$,再连一个网络元后等效电阻为 $R_{K+1}$,如电图 4.13.3 所示。它又可简化为如电图 4.13.4 所示的电路,且有
$$
R_{K+1}=R_{A B}
$$
电图 4.13.4 电路中各支路的电流已在图中标明,由基尔霍夫电压方程,得
$$
\begin{cases}
I_{1} r + (I_{1}-I_{2}) r = (I-I_{1}) 2r \\
I_{2} R_{x} = (I_{1}-I_{2}) r + (I-I_{2}) r
\end{cases}
$$
式中
$$
R_{x} = \frac{r + 2 R_{K}}{r + R_... | 3 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1065 | [{"role": "user", "question": "用同种均匀金属丝连接成的无限内接等边三角形电阻网络如图 4.14.1 所示,每个外三角形的三边中点为内接三角形的三个顶点。设最外面的等边三角形的边长为 $a$ ,金属丝单位长度的电阻为 $r$ ,试求 $A, B$ 之间的等效电阻 $R_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{1}{3}(\sqrt{7}-1) a r$ | open | 【分析与解】如电图 4.14.2 所示,网络相对图中的虚直线 $M O N$ 具有左右对称性。若电流从 $A$ 点流入,从 $B$ 点流出,那么从左侧流向 $M O N$ 的电流分布必定与从 $M O N$ 向右侧流出的电流分布相同,因此,$A$ 到 $O$ 的电流与 $O$ 到 $B$ 的电流相同,$P^{\prime}$ 到 $O$ 的电流与 $O$ 到 $Q^{\prime}$ 的电流相同,因此,$P^{\prime} O Q^{\prime}$ 与 $A O B$ 可在 $O$ 处分开,而不影响计算的结果,换言之,可将电图 4.14.2(即电图 4.14.1)的网络等效成如电图 4.14.3 所示的网络。
电图 4.14.... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1066 | [{"role": "user", "question": "10 根电阻均为 $R$ 的电阻丝连接成如电图 4.15.1 所示的电阻网络,试求 $A, B$两点之间的等效电阻 $R_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{15}{8} R$ | open | 【分析与解】设电流 $I$ 从 $A$ 点流入,经网络后,由 $B$ 点流出。根据网络的对称性以及电流经交叉点的分流关系,可以确定各支路中的电流如电图 4.15.2 所示。
由对称性,网络中间水平方向的两电流 $I_{2}$ 和 $I-I_{2}$ 应相等,即 $I_{2} = I - I_{2}$,故
$$
I_{2} = \frac{I}{2}
$$
同样,由对称性,网络中间竖直方向的两电流 $I_{2}-I_{1}$ 和 $I-I_{2}-I_{1}$ 亦应相等,由此可再次得出 $I_{2} = I/2$。
又,若从 $A$ 点经网络中两条不同的路径到达 $C$ 点,因 $A$ 与 $C$ 之间的电压 $U_{A C}$... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1067 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 4.16.1 所示的电阻丝网络包含 $N \\geqslant 3$ 个正方形,网络中每一小段的电阻均为 $R$ 。试求 $A, B$ 之间的等效电阻 $R_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\left[\frac{N}{2}+\frac{1}{3-\frac{\alpha_{1}^{N-2}-\alpha_{1}^{2-N}}{\left(\alpha_{1}^{N-1}-\alpha_{1}^{1-N}\right)-2 \sqrt{3}}}\right] R$ | open | 【分析与解】采用电流分布法求解。如电图 4.16.1 所示,设从 $A$ 端流入电流 $I$,从 $B$ 端流出电流 $I$,若能求出电流在网络中的分布,进而算出 $A, B$ 两端间的电压 $U_{A B}$,即可由
$$
R_{A B} = \frac{U_{A B}}{I}
$$
得出 $R_{A B}$。设网络中的电流分布如电图 4.16.2 所示,则对于每一个正方形,其上、下两水平电流之和均为 $I$,故有
$$
U_{A D} + U_{C B} = I R + I R + \cdots + I R \text{(共 } N \text{ 项)} = N I R
$$
由对称性可知
$$
U_{A D} = U_{C... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1068 | [{"role": "user", "question": "电阻丝网络如电图 4.17.1 所示,每一小段的电阻均为 $R$ 。试求 $A, B$ 之间的等效电阻 $R_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{29}{24} R$ | open | 【解】如电图 4.17.2 所示,电流 $I$ 从 $A$ 流入,从 $O$ 流出。因对称地分流,从 $A$ 到 $C$ 的电流应为
$$
I_{1}^{\prime} = \frac{I}{2}
$$
又因对称,$B$ 和 $E$ 应等势,故电图 4.17.2 中 $B D E$ 部分无电流。$I_{1}^{\prime}$ 在 $C$ 点分流,由两部分电阻的 $3:1$ 关系,可知电图 4.17.2 中的 $I_{2}^{\prime}$ 应为
$$
I_{2}^{\prime} = \frac{1}{4} I_{1}^{\prime} = \frac{I}{8}
$$
如电图 4.17.3 所示,电流 $I$ 从 $O$ ... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1069 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 4.21.1 所示,由电阻丝构成的网络中,每一段电阻丝的电阻均为 $R$ ,试求 $R_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{47}{22} R$ | open | 【解】由于所求 $R_{A B}$ 对应的 $A, B$ 两点刚好是网络的对角线,利用对角线 $A B$ 两侧电路的对称性,可将电路以 $A B$ 为边"折叠"起来(如同折纸一样),这样做当然不会改变电路的任何性质。折叠后,每一段由原先单一的 $R$ 变为相当于两个 $R$ 并联,即每段电阻成为 $R/2$,如电图 4.21.2 所示。例如,由对称性,电图 4.21.1 中 $M_{1}$ 点和 $M_{2}$ 点等电势,折叠后可把 $M_{1}$ 和 $M_{2}$ 连接起来,成为电图 4.21.2 中的 $M$ 点,于是 $A M$ 的电阻为 $R/2$,余同。在电图 4.21.2 的电路中,由于 $O_{1}, O_{2}, ... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
107 | [{"role": "user", "question": "A plane wave of light from a laser has a wavelength of $6000 \\AA$. The light is incident on a double slit. After passing through the double slit the light falls on a screen 100 cm beyond the double slit. The intensity distribution of the interference pattern on the screen is shown (Fig. ... | $6 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{cm}$; $1. 5\times 10^{-3} \mathrm{cm}$ | open | $$
\text{Solution:}
$$
For double-slit interference
$$
I \sim \left(\frac{\sin \beta}{\beta}\right)^2 \cos^2 \gamma
$$
where
$$
\beta = \frac{\pi b \sin \theta}{\lambda}, \quad \gamma = \frac{\pi d \sin \theta}{\lambda}, \quad \text{with} \quad \sin \theta \approx \frac{y}{D}
$$
$b$ being the width of each slit, $d$ t... | 2 | 7 | OPT | English | |
1070 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 4.22.1 所示的立方体网络中,每一小段直线的电阻均为 $R$ ,试求 $R_{P Q}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{24}{35} R$ | open | 【解】电图 4.22.1 电路的特点是上下对称,故可"挤压"成电图 4.22.2 的等效电路。在电图 4.22.2 中用双线画出的每段的电阻等于两个 $R$ 的并联,即为 $R/2$,用单线画出的每段的电阻仍为 $R$。在电图 4.22.2 中,对于 $P, Q$ 两点,两箭头所指方向具有对称性,故可将电图 4.22.2 中画圈的两个电阻拆去,并可将小正方形的四点与中央的 $O$ 点短接。这样,电图 4.22.2 的电路可等效为电图 4.22.3 的电路。
在电图 4.22.3 电路中的 $O_{1}$ 和 $O_{2}$ 即为电图 4.22.2 中的 $O$ 点。显然,有
$$
R_{P Q} = R_{P O_{2}} + R... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1071 | [{"role": "user", "question": "\\n在如电图 4.24.1 所示的电路中,各个电阻的阻值都是 $1 \\Omega$ ,安培计与电源的内阻均可忽略不计,电源的电动势 $\\mathscr{E}=10 \\mathrm{~V}$ 。若电图 4.24.1 中的两个 $r$ 是好电阻,而 $r_{1}, r_{2}, r_{3}$ 是三个坏电阻,它们互不相关地时通,时断,已知 $r_{1}, r_{2}, r_{3}$ 各自通电的概率都是 $1 / 2$ 。试求电源的平均输出功率。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $52.5 \mathrm{~W}$ | open | 2.由题设,$r_{1}, r_{2}, r_{3}$ 三个电阻各有通和断两种情形,概率各为 $1/2$(另两个 $r$ 完好)。这样,整个电路将会出现 $2^{3}=8$ 种可能的组合,每一种组合的概率都是 $1/8$。列出每一种组合相应的电源输出功率,求平均值,即为所求的电源平均输出功率。
例如,$r_{1}, r_{2}, r_{3}$ 皆通时,由第 1 问,$R_{A B}=1 \Omega$,故电源输出功率为 $P=I^{2} R_{A B}=100 \mathrm{W}$。
例如,$r_{1}$ 与 $r_{2}$ 通,$r_{3}$ 断时,由电图 4.24.1,容易得出 $R_{A B}=\frac{5}{3} \... | 3 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1072 | [{"role": "user", "question": "有若干个电阻构成如电图 4.29.1 所示的电路,其中 $A$ 和 $B$ 两点的接地电阻是固定不动的,输入人电压 $V_{1}, V_{2}, \\\\cdots, V_{n}$ 仅取 1 V 或 0 V 两个值, 0 V 表示接地。试问:$B$ 点的最大输出电压是多少?", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{2}{3}\left(1-\frac{1}{2^{n}}\right) \mathrm{V}$ | open | 【分析与解】电图4.29.1的电路可等效为如电图4.29.2所示的电路,其中$B$和$C$之间的电压$U_{BC}$即为所求的电图4.29.1中$B$点的输出电压,将电图4.29.2中$BC$支路的电流记为$I_{BC}$,则有
$$
U_{BC} = I_{BC} R_{BC}
$$
其中
$$
R_{BC} = 2\,\Omega
$$
设电源$\mathscr{E}_k$单独存在时,$BC$支路的电流为$I_{BC}(k)$,则由基尔霍夫方程组的线性特性可知应有
$$
I_{BC} = \sum_{k=1}^n I_{BC}(k)
$$
当$\mathscr{E}_k$单独存在时,$BC$支路的电压为
$$
U_{BC}... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1073 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 4.2.1 所示,圆柱形电阻器的截面积为 $S$ ,长为 $2 L$ ,电导率为\\n\\[\\n\\sigma=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\\n\\sigma_{0}\\left(1+\\frac{x}{L}\\right), & 0<x<L \\\\\\n\\sigma_{0}\\left(1+\\frac{2 x}{L}\\right), & L<x<2 L\\n\\end{array}\\right.\\n\\]\\n\\n在电阻器两端面之间加电压 $\\Delta U$ ,电流恒定均匀地从一个端面流入,从另一个端面流出。试求:... | $0.18 \frac{\varepsilon_{0} \Delta U}{L}$ | open | 3. 在电阻器中 $x=L$ 处两侧的电场强度分别为
$$
\begin{cases}
E(L_{-}) = \rho(L_{-}) j = \left.\frac{1}{\sigma_{0}\left(1+\frac{x}{L}\right)} j\right|_{x=L} = \frac{j}{2\sigma_{0}} \\
E(L_{+}) = \rho(L_{+}) j = \left.\frac{1}{\sigma_{0}\left(1+\frac{2x}{L}\right)} j\right|_{x=L} = \frac{j}{3\sigma_{0}}
\end{cases}
$$
$E(L_{-})$和$E(L_{+... | 2 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1074 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图4.31.1 所示,左边的三端电容网络为 $\\triangle$ 形网络元,右边的三端电容网络为 $Y$ 形网络元,利用上述等效变换,试计算电图4.31.2 所示电容网络中 $A$ 和 $B$ 两点之间的等效电容 $C_{A B}$ ,电图4.31.2 网络中各电容已用数字标明,单位均为 $\\mu \\mathrm{F}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $6 \mu \mathrm{F}$ | open | 利用上述$\mathrm{Y}-\triangle$等效变换,把电图4.31.2电路中间的$\triangle$形网络元变换为Y形网络元,得出如电图4.31.3所示的等效电容网络。电图4.31.3电路中各电容的数值是根据上述变换公式计算得出的,已在电图4.31.3中标明。
再利用电容串联公式,得出与电图4.31.3电路等效的如电图4.31.4所示的电路。在电图4.31.4的网络中,因左右对称,$P$点与$Q$点等电势,其间的电容不起作用,可拆去。于是得出如电图4.31.5所示的网络。由电图4.31.5,容易算出
$$
C_{AB} = 6\mu\mathrm{F}
$$ | 1 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1075 | [{"role": "user", "question": "在如电图4.33.1所示的电容网络中:\n电容值:$C_1=4C_0$,$C_2=2C_0$,$C_3=C_0$;电源电动势$\\mathcal{E}=8$(内阻可忽略)。\n\n操作步骤:\n1. 断开$K_4$,接通$K_1,K_2,K_3$充电\n2. 断开$K_1,K_2,K_3$,接通$K_4$放电\n\n求放电过程中电阻$R$上产生的总热量$Q$。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{2}{7} C_{0} \varepsilon^{2}$ | open | 【解】1.充电电路如电图4.33.2所示,充电电流的方向以及各电容器极板的正、负已在电图4.33.2中标明。充电后,三电容器的电压均为$\mathscr{E}$,其中的储能分别为
$$
\begin{cases}
W_{1} = \frac{1}{2}C_{1}\varepsilon^{2} = 2C_{0}\varepsilon^{2} \\
W_{2} = \frac{1}{2}C_{2}\varepsilon^{2} = C_{0}\varepsilon^{2} \\
W_{3} = \frac{1}{2}C_{3}\varepsilon^{2} = \frac{1}{2}C_{0}\varepsilon^{2}
\end{c... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1076 | [{"role": "user", "question": "在如电图4.33.1所示的电容网络中:\n电容值:$C_1=4C_0$,$C_2=2C_0$,$C_3=C_0$;电源电动势$\\mathcal{E}=8$(内阻可忽略)。\n\n操作步骤:\n1. 断开$K_4$,接通$K_1,K_2,K_3$充电\n2. 断开$K_1,K_2,K_3$,接通$K_4$放电\n\n求放电量达总放电量一半时,流经$R$的电流$I$。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{\varepsilon}{2 R}$ | open | 当放电量达到一半,即当
$$
\Delta Q^{\prime} = \frac{\Delta Q}{2} = \frac{2}{7}C_{0}\varepsilon
$$
时,三电容器上的电量分别为
$$
\begin{cases}
Q_{1}^{\prime \prime} = Q_{1} - \Delta Q^{\prime} = \frac{26}{7}C_{0}\varepsilon \\
Q_{2}^{\prime \prime} = Q_{2} + \Delta Q^{\prime} = \frac{16}{7}C_{0}\varepsilon \\
Q_{3}^{\prime \prime} = \frac{5}{... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1077 | [{"role": "user", "question": "由 $n$ 个网络元组成的电容网络如电图4.34.1 所示,每一个网络元由三个电容器连接而成,其中上,下两个电容器的电容均为 $3 C$ ,右侧电容器的电容均为 $2 C$ 。电图 4.34 .1中的 $a$ 和 $b$ 点是网络的输入端,$a^{\\prime}$ 和 $b^{\\prime}$ 点是网络的输出端,在 $a$ 和 $b$ 之间有恒定的输入人电压 $U$ ,在 $a^{\\prime}$ 和 $b^{\\prime}$ 之间连接一个电容为 $C$ 的电容器。试求从第 $k(k<n)$ 个网络元的输入端算起,后面所有电容器贮存的总电能。", "hint": ... | $\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^{2 k-2} C U^{2}$ | open | 【分析与解】1.$a^{\prime}$与$b^{\prime}$之间的电容$C$与第$n$个网络元右侧电容$2C$的并联电容为$3C$,再与第$n$个网络元上、下两个$3C$的电容串联,故第$n$个网络元输入端的等效电容为$C$。同样,第$n-1,n-2,\cdots$直至第1个网络元的输入端之间的等效电容均为$C$,可表示
$$
C_{k} = C, \quad k=1,2,\cdots,n
$$
从上面的分析还可得知,第$k$个网络元输出端之间(包含该网络元右侧的电容)的等效电容为$3C$。若设第$k$个网络元输入端之间的电压为$U_{k}$,则由电压分配可知第$k$个网络元输出端之间的电压为$U_{k}/3$,后者正是第$... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1078 | [{"role": "user", "question": "由 $n$ 个网络元组成的电容网络如电图4.34.1 所示,每一个网络元由三个电容器连接而成,其中上,下两个电容器的电容均为 $3 C$ ,右侧电容器的电容均为 $2 C$ 。电图 4.34 .1中的 $a$ 和 $b$ 点是网络的输入端,$a^{\\prime}$ 和 $b^{\\prime}$ 点是网络的输出端,在 $a$ 和 $b$ 之间有恒定的输入人电压 $U$ ,在 $a^{\\prime}$ 和 $b^{\\prime}$ 之间连接一个电容为 $C$ 的电容器。先将第 1 个网络元的输出端与其右侧的网络断开,再除去电源,并把它的输入端 $a$和 $b$ 连接起... | $\frac{1}{63} C U^{2}$ | open | 【解】在原网络中,第1个网络元的三个电容器上的电压均为
$$
U_0 = \frac{1}{3}U
$$
上、下两个电容器极板上的电量均为
$$
Q_0 = (3C)U_0 = CU
$$
右侧电容器极板上的电量为
$$
Q = (2C)U_0 = \frac{2}{3}Q_0
$$
把第1个网络元的输出端与右侧的网络断开(不包含第1个网络元自身右侧的电容器)并拆去电源后,第1个网络元中三个电容器极板上的上述电量分布不变,如电图4.34.2所示。将$a,b$连接后,电荷分布设如电图4.34.3所示,则应有
$$
\begin{cases}
q_1 + (-q_3) = Q_0 + (-Q_0) = 0 \\
q_2 + (-q... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1079 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图 4.35.1 所示, 12 根电阻均为 $R$ 的电阻丝连接成正六面体(立方体)。在两根电阻丝中连接有电动势分别为 $\\theta_{1}$ 和 $\\theta_{2}$ 的电源,另 5 根电阻丝中连接有 5 个相同的电容器 $C$ 。设电源正、负极之间的距离均可忽略,内阻亦可略,且 $\\theta_{1}=2 I_{0} R, \\theta_{2}=I_{0} R$ 。试求: $A B$ 中的电流 $I_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{3}{5} I_{0}$ | open | 【解】1. 为计算$I_{AB}$,可将电图4.35.1中含电容的部分拆去,得出只含电阻和电源的电路,如电图4.35.2所示。根据直流电路的叠加原理,当电路中有多个理想电源时,通过电路中任一支路的电流等于各个理想电源单独存在时,在该支路产生的电流之和。在如电图4.35.2的电路中,只有$\mathscr{E}_1$存在时(即取走$\mathscr{E}_2$,因其无内阻,可短接)流过$AB$的电流为
$$
I_{AB}(1) = \frac{\mathscr{E}_1}{5R}
$$
同理,只有$\mathscr{E}_2$存在时,流过$AB$的电流为
$$
I_{AB}(2) = \frac{\mathscr{E}_2}{5R}
... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
108 | [{"role": "user", "question": "The figure 2.21 shows the cross section of an infinitely long circular cylinder of radius $3a$ with an infinitely long cylindrical hole of radius $a$ displaced so that its center is at a distance $a$ from the center of the big cylinder. The solid part of the cylinder carries a current $I$... | Inside the hole ($0<x<2a$): $H_y=\frac{I}{16\pi a}$; Inside the solid part ($2a\le x\le3a$ or $-3a\le x\le0$): $H_y=\frac{I(x^2-ax-a^2)}{16\pi a^2(x-a)}$; Outside the cylinder ($|x|>3a$): $H_y=\frac{(8x-9a)I}{16\pi x(x-a)}$ | open | According to the principle of superposition the field can be regarded as the difference of two fields $\mathbf{H}_{2}$ and $\mathbf{H}_{1}$, where $\mathbf{H}_{2}$ is the field produced by a solid (without the hole) cylinder of radius $3a$ and $\mathbf{H}_{1}$ is that produced by a cylinder of radius $a$ at the positio... | 7 | EM | English | ||
1080 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图4.35.1所示,12根电阻均为$R$的电阻丝连接成正六面体(立方体)。在两根电阻丝中连接有电动势分别为$\\mathscr{E}_{1}$和$\\mathscr{E}_{2}$的电源,另5根电阻丝中连接有5个相同的电容器$C$。设电源正、负极之间的距离均可忽略,内阻亦可略,且$\\mathscr{E}_{1}=2I_{0}R$, $\\mathscr{E}_{2}=I_{0}R$。试求:$A^{\\prime}B^{\\prime}$中电容器极板上的电量$Q_{A^{\\prime}B^{\\prime}}$。", "hint": "", "options": {... | $\frac{3}{5} I_{0} R C$ | open | 【解】2. 把电图4.35.2电路中的$R$替换为$1/C$,$I$替换为$Q$,得出的电路如电图4.35.3所示。电图4.35.2与电图4.35.3的电路完全等效,因此相应的$X_1Y_1$的电压,$X_2Y_2$的电压以及$AB$(在电图4.35.3中写为$A'B'$)的电压均应相等,即
$$
U_{AB} = I_{AB}R = \frac{1}{5}(\mathscr{E}_1 + \mathscr{E}_2) = U_{A'B'} = \frac{1}{C}Q_{A'B'}
$$
故
$$
Q_{A'B'} = \frac{\mathscr{E}_1 + \mathscr{E}_2}{5(1/C)}
$$
注意,电图4.3... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1081 | [{"role": "user", "question": "如电图4.4.1所示介质分布:\n\n$0\\leq r<R_1$区域:介电常数$\\varepsilon_1$,电导率$\\sigma_1$;\n\n$R_1<r<R_2$区域:介电常数$\\varepsilon_2$,电导率$\\sigma_2$;\n\n$r>R_2$区域:真空。\n\n初始自由电荷分布:\n$$\n\\rho_e(r,0)=\\begin{cases}\n\\rho_{c0}, & 0\\leq r<R_1 \\\\\n0, & R_1<r<R_2\n\\end{cases}\n$$\n且球面$R_1$、$R_2$处$\\sigma_{e1}=\\... | $\sigma_{\mathrm{cl}}(t)=\frac{1}{3} R_{1} \rho_{\mathrm{c} 0}\left(\mathrm{e}^{-t/\tau_{2}}-\mathrm{e}^{-t/\tau_{1}}\right); \sigma_{\mathrm{c} 2}(t)=\frac{R_{1}^{3}}{3 R_{2}^{2}} \rho_{\mathrm{c} 0}\left(1-\mathrm{e}^{-t/\tau_{2}}\right)$ | open | 【解】由高斯定理,介质方程,欧姆定律和电荷守恒定律,得
$$
\begin{cases}
\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{D} = \rho_c \\
\boldsymbol{D} = \varepsilon \boldsymbol{E} \\
\boldsymbol{j} = \sigma \boldsymbol{E} \\
\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{j} + \frac{\partial \rho_e}{\partial t} = 0
\end{cases}
$$
消去$\boldsymbol{D}, \boldsymbol{E}, \boldsymbol{j}$,得
$$
\frac... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1082 | [{"role": "user", "question": "将阻值分别为 $1 \\Omega, 2 \\Omega, 3 \\Omega, 4 \\Omega, 5 \\Omega, 6 \\Omega$ 的 6 个电阻连接成如电图 4.7.1 所示的电路。若已测得 $R_{X Y}=7 \\frac{3}{13} \\Omega, R_{Y Z}=10 \\frac{1}{13} \\Omega, R_{Z X}=6 \\frac{9}{13} \\Omega$ 。试求电图 4.7.1 中 6 个电阻 $a, b, c, d, e, f$ 各自的阻值。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices... | $1 \Omega; 3 \Omega; 4 \Omega; 5 \Omega; 2 \Omega; 6 \Omega$ | open | 【解】如电图4.7.1所示,显然有
$$
\begin{cases}
R_{XY} = R_a + R_b + \frac{R_f(R_e + R_d)}{R_f + R_e + R_d} \\
R_{YZ} = R_b + R_c + \frac{R_d(R_f + R_e)}{R_d + R_f + R_e} \\
R_{ZX} = R_c + R_a + \frac{R_e(R_d + R_f)}{R_e + R_d + R_f}
\end{cases}
$$
令
$$
\begin{cases}
R_R = \frac{R_f(R_e + R_d)}{R_f + R_e + R_d} \\
R_P = \frac{R_d(... | 1 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1083 | [{"role": "user", "question": "正四面体框架形电阻网络如电图 4.9.1 所示,其中每一小段的电阻均为 $R$ 。试求: $A, B$ 两端点之间的等效电阻 $R_{A B}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{3}{4} R$ | open | 【解】1.如电图 4.9.1 所示,设电流 $i$ 从 $A$ 点流入,从 $B$ 点流出。鉴于网络的对称性,在电图 4.9.1 所示 $D$ 点聚集的 6 条支路的电流之间应满足下述关系:
$$
i_{1}=i_{2}, \quad i_{3}=i_{4}, \quad i_{5}=i_{6}=0
$$
故可如电图 4.9.2 所示,将 $D$ 点断开。断开后的两个小四面体框架等效电阻同为 $R / 2$ ,故可将网络等效地简化为如电图 4.9.3 所示的网络,其中,除 $R_{F H}=R_{E G}=R / 2$ 外,其余各小段电阻仍为 $R$ 。由对称性可知,$E$ 和 $F$ 等势,$G$ 和 $H$ 等势,于是网络可进而... | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1084 | [{"role": "user", "question": "正四面体框架形电阻网络如电图 4.9.1 所示,其中每一小段的电阻均为 $R$ 。试求: $C, D$ 两端点之间的等效电阻 $R_{C D}$ 。", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $\frac{3}{8} R$ | open | 2.如电图 4.9.1 所示,设电流从 $C$ 点流入,从 $D$ 点流出,则网络相对 $A B D$ 平面具有对称性,与 $A B$ 栏平行的中间小正方形四个顶点等势,故此正方形的四条边都可拆去,余下部分相对 $A B D$ 平面上下对称,可上下合并,成为如电图 4.9.6 所示的网络,其中除 $R_{A C}=R_{C B}$ $=R$ 外,其余每小段的电阻均为 $R / 2$ 。
电图 4.9.6 的网络可画成电图4.9.7,两者等效。电图 4.9.7 的网络相对 $C D$ 左右对称,故可合并成如电图4.9.8 所示的网络。容易算出
$$
R_{C D}=\frac{3}{8} R
$$ | 4 | EM | Chinese | ||
1085 | [{"role": "user", "question": "\\n在如电图5.11.1 所示的电路中,$L_{1}=10 \\mathrm{mH}, L_{2}=20 \\mathrm{mH}, C_{1}=10 \\mu \\mathrm{~F}, C_{2}=$ $5 \\mu \\mathrm{~F}, R=100 \\mathrm{k} \\Omega$ 。开关 K 长时间闭合。电源的正弦式频率 $f$ 可改变但其电流振幅保持不变, 1,以 $f_{\\mathrm{m}}$ 表示有功功率为极大值 $P_{\\text {max }}$ 时的频率,以 $f_{+}$和 $f_{-}$分别表示有功功率为 $\\frac{1}... | 150 | numeric | 【解】1.设 $R L_{1} L_{2} C_{1} C_{2}$ 并联电路的复导纳为 $\widetilde{Y}$ ,则
$$
\begin{aligned}
\widetilde{Y} & =\widetilde{Y}_{R}+\widetilde{Y}_{L}+\widetilde{Y}_{C}=\frac{1}{R}-\frac{j}{\omega L}+j \omega C=\frac{1}{R}+j\left(\omega C-\frac{1}{\omega L}\right) \\
Y & =\sqrt{\frac{1}{R^{2}}+\left(\omega C-\frac{1}{\omega L}\right)... | 3 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1086 | [{"role": "user", "question": "\\n在如电图5.11.1 所示的电路中,$L_{1}=10 \\mathrm{mH}, L_{2}=20 \\mathrm{mH}, C_{1}=10 \\mu \\mathrm{~F}, C_{2}=$ $5 \\mu \\mathrm{~F}, R=100 \\mathrm{k} \\Omega$ 。开关 K 长时间闭合。电源的正弦式频率 $f$ 可改变但其电流振幅保持不变, 2,试计算电路 $L_{1} C_{1} C_{2} L_{2}$ 的固有振荡频率,", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images... | $15.9\ \mathrm{kHz}$ | open | 2.$L_{1} C_{1}$ 与 $L_{2} C_{2}$ 并联回路的固有振荡频率均为
$$
f=\frac{1}{2 \pi \sqrt{L_{1} C_{1}}}=\frac{1}{2 \pi \sqrt{L_{2} C_{2}}}=15.9 \mathrm{kHz}
$$
| 3 | 4 | EM | Chinese | |
1087 | [{"role": "user", "question": "\\n在如电图5.11.1 所示的电路中,$L_{1}=10 \\mathrm{mH}, L_{2}=20 \\mathrm{mH}, C_{1}=10 \\mu \\mathrm{~F}, C_{2}=$ $5 \\mu \\mathrm{~F}, R=100 \\mathrm{k} \\Omega$ 。开关 K 长时间闭合。电源的正弦式频率 $f$ 可改变但其电流振幅保持不变, 3,试确定导线 $A B$ 内的电流,", "hint": "", "options": {}, "choices": [], "n_images": 1}] | $-0.1\ \mathrm{A}$ | open | 3.在 $t_{0}$ 时刻,流入 $A$ 点的电流为 $i_{01}$ 和 $i_{C_{1}}$ ,流出 $A$ 点的为 $i_{A B}$ ;流入 $B$ 点的为 $i_{02}$ 和 $i_{C_{2}}$ ,流出的为 $i_{B A}$ 。由基尔霍夫定律,得
$$
i_{A B}=i_{01}+i_{C_{1}}, \quad i_{B A}=i_{02}+i_{C_{2}}
$$
又
$$
i_{A B}=-i_{B A}
$$
故
$$
i_{01}+i_{C_{1}}=i_{02}-i_{C_{2}}
$$
$C_{1}$ 与 $C_{2}$ 并联,其间有
$$
\frac{q C_{1}}{C_{1}}=\frac... | 1 | 4 | EM | Chinese |
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