mneb/sci-erc · Datasets at Hugging Face

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This report describes Paul, a computer text generation system designed to create cohesive text through the use of lexical substitutions. Specifically, this system is designed to deterministically choose between pronominalization, superordinate substitution, and definite noun phrase reiteration. The system identifies a ...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Paul", "start": 22, "end": 26 }, { "text": "computer text generation system", "start": 30, "end": 61 } ], "material": [ { "text": "cohesive text", "start": 81, "end"...	[]
This paper addresses the problem of identifying likely topics of texts by their position in the text. It describes the automated training and evaluation of an Optimal Position Policy, a method of locating the likely positions of topic-bearing sentences based on genre-specific regularities of discourse structure. This m...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Optimal Position Policy", "start": 159, "end": 182 } ], "generic": [ { "text": "method", "start": 186, "end": 192 }, { "text": "method", "start": 319, "end": 325 ...	[]
We describe a general framework for online multiclass learning based on the notion of hypothesis sharing. In our framework sets of classes are associated with hypotheses. Thus, all classes within a given set share the same hypothesis. This framework includes as special cases commonly used constructions for multiclass c...	{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "framework", "start": 22, "end": 31 }, { "text": "framework", "start": 113, "end": 122 }, { "text": "framework", "start": 240, "end": 249 }, { "text": "f...	[]
We describe a set of supervised machine learning experiments centering on the construction of statistical models of WH-questions. These models, which are built from shallow linguistic features of questions, are employed to predict target variables which represent a user's informational goals. We report on different asp...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "supervised machine learning", "start": 21, "end": 48 }, { "text": "statistical models of WH-questions", "start": 94, "end": 128 } ], "generic": [ { "text": "models", "start"...	[]
We argue in favor of the the use of labeled directed graph to represent various types of linguistic structures, and illustrate how this allows one to view NLP tasks as graph transformations. We present a general method for learning such transformations from an annotated corpus and describe experiments with two applicat...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "labeled directed graph", "start": 36, "end": 58 }, { "text": "method", "start": 212, "end": 218 } ], "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "linguistic structures", "start": 8...	[]
We describe a generative probabilistic model of natural language, which we call HBG, that takes advantage of detailed linguistic information to resolve ambiguity. HBG incorporates lexical, syntactic, semantic, and structural information from the parse tree into the disambiguation process in a novel way. We use a corpus...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "generative probabilistic model of natural language", "start": 14, "end": 64 }, { "text": "HBG", "start": 80, "end": 83 }, { "text": "HBG", "start": 163, "end": 166 }, ...	[]
The verb forms are often claimed to convey two kinds of information: 1. whether the event described in a sentence is present, past or future -LRB- = deictic information -RRB- 2. whether the event described in a sentence is presented as completed, going on, just starting or being finished -LRB- = aspectual information -...	{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "verb forms", "start": 4, "end": 14 }, { "text": "deictic information", "start": 149, "end": 168 }, { "text": "aspectual information", "start": 297, "end": 318...	[]
This paper addresses the issue of word-sense ambiguity in extraction from machine-readable resources for the construction of large-scale knowledge sources. We describe two experiments: one which ignored word-sense distinctions, resulting in 6.3% accuracy for semantic classification of verbs based on -LRB- Levin, 1993 -...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "word-sense ambiguity", "start": 34, "end": 54 }, { "text": "construction of large-scale knowledge sources", "start": 109, "end": 154 } ], "material": [ { "text": "machine-readable res...	[]
The TIPSTER Architecture has been designed to enable a variety of different text applications to use a set of common text processing modules. Since user interfaces work best when customized for particular applications, it is appropriator that no particular user interface styles or conventions are described in the TIPST...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "TIPSTER Architecture", "start": 4, "end": 24 }, { "text": "common text processing modules", "start": 110, "end": 140 }, { "text": "CRL's TIPSTER User Interface Toolkit -LRB- TUIT -RRB-", ...	[]
Current natural language interfaces have concentrated largely on determining the literal meaning of input from their users. While such decoding is an essential underpinning, much recent work suggests that natural language interfaces will never appear cooperative or graceful unless they also incorporate numerous non-lit...	{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "natural language interfaces", "start": 8, "end": 35 }, { "text": "natural language interfaces", "start": 205, "end": 232 }, { "text": "personal computers", "start": 5...	[]
This paper proposes a framework in which Lagrangian Particle Dynamics is used for the segmentation of high density crowd flows and detection of flow instabilities. For this purpose, a flow field generated by a moving crowd is treated as an aperiodic dynamical system. A grid of particles is overlaid on the flow field, a...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Lagrangian Particle Dynamics", "start": 41, "end": 69 }, { "text": "aperiodic dynamical system", "start": 240, "end": 266 }, { "text": "numerical integration scheme", "start": 343, ...	[]
In this paper we study a set of problems that are of considerable importance to Statistical Machine Translation -LRB- SMT -RRB- but which have not been addressed satisfactorily by the SMT research community. Over the last decade, a variety of SMT algorithms have been built and empirically tested whereas little is known...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "Statistical Machine Translation -LRB- SMT -RRB-", "start": 80, "end": 127 }, { "text": "SMT", "start": 118, "end": 121 } ], "method": [ { "text": "SMT algorithms", "start": 24...	[]
Most state-of-the-art evaluation measures for machine translation assign high costs to movements of word blocks. In many cases though such movements still result in correct or almost correct sentences. In this paper, we will present a new evaluation measure which explicitly models block reordering as an edit operation....	{ "entities": { "metric": [ { "text": "evaluation measures", "start": 22, "end": 41 }, { "text": "evaluation measure", "start": 22, "end": 40 }, { "text": "evaluation measures", "start": 413, "end": 432 }, ...	[]
The Rete and Treat algorithms are considered the most efficient implementation techniques for Forward Chaining rule systems. These algorithms support a language of limited expressive power. Assertions are not allowed to contain variables, making universal quantification impossible to express except as a rule. In this p...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Rete and Treat algorithms", "start": 4, "end": 29 }, { "text": "implementation techniques", "start": 64, "end": 89 }, { "text": "language of limited expressive power", "start": 152,...	[]
A method for error correction of ill-formed input is described that acquires dialogue patterns in typical usage and uses these patterns to predict new inputs. Error correction is done by strongly biasing parsing toward expected meanings unless clear evidence from the input shows the current sentence is not expected. A ...	{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "method", "start": 2, "end": 8 }, { "text": "patterns", "start": 86, "end": 94 } ], "task": [ { "text": "error correction", "start": 13, "end": 29 }, { ...	[]
Traditional linear Fukunaga-Koontz Transform -LRB- FKT -RRB- -LSB- 1 -RSB- is a powerful discriminative subspaces building approach. Previous work has successfully extended FKT to be able to deal with small-sample-size. In this paper, we extend traditional linear FKT to enable it to work in multi-class problem and also...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "linear Fukunaga-Koontz Transform -LRB- FKT -RRB-", "start": 12, "end": 60 }, { "text": "discriminative subspaces building approach", "start": 89, "end": 131 }, { "text": "FKT", "sta...	[]
The study addresses the problem of automatic acquisition of entailment relations between verbs. While this task has much in common with paraphrases acquisition which aims to discover semantic equivalence between verbs, the main challenge of entailment acquisition is to capture asymmetric, or directional, relations. Mot...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "automatic acquisition of entailment relations", "start": 35, "end": 80 }, { "text": "paraphrases acquisition", "start": 136, "end": 159 }, { "text": "entailment acquisition", "start":...	[]
In this paper, we cast the problem of point cloud matching as a shape matching problem by transforming each of the given point clouds into a shape representation called the Schrödinger distance transform -LRB- SDT -RRB- representation. This is achieved by solving a static Schrödinger equation instead of the correspondi...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "point cloud matching", "start": 38, "end": 58 }, { "text": "shape matching problem", "start": 64, "end": 86 }, { "text": "point cloud matching", "start": 877, "end": 897 ...	[]
Using natural language processing, we carried out a trend survey on Japanese natural language processing studies that have been done over the last ten years. We determined the changes in the number of papers published for each research organization and on each research area as well as the relationship between research ...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "natural language processing", "start": 6, "end": 33 }, { "text": "NLP", "start": 415, "end": 418 } ], "task": [ { "text": "trend survey", "start": 52, "end": 64 ...	[]
High frequency oscillations -LRB- HFOs -RRB- are a promising biomarker of epileptic brain tissue and activity. HFOs additionally serve as a prototypical example of challenges in the analysis of discrete events in high-temporal resolution, intracranial EEG data. Two primary challenges are 1 -RRB- dimensionality reductio...	{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "High frequency oscillations -LRB- HFOs -RRB-", "start": 0, "end": 44 }, { "text": "epileptic brain tissue and activity", "start": 74, "end": 109 }, { "text": "HFOs", ...	[]
In this paper we present ONTOSCORE, a system for scoring sets of concepts on the basis of an ontology. We apply our system to the task of scoring alternative speech recognition hypotheses -LRB- SRH -RRB- in terms of their semantic coherence. We conducted an annotation experiment and showed that human annotators can rel...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "ONTOSCORE", "start": 25, "end": 34 } ], "generic": [ { "text": "system", "start": 38, "end": 44 }, { "text": "system", "start": 116, "end": 122 }, { ...	[]
We propose an efficient dialogue management for an information navigation system based on a document knowledge base. It is expected that incorporation of appropriate N-best candidates of ASR and contextual information will improve the system performance. The system also has several choices in generating responses or co...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "dialogue management", "start": 24, "end": 43 } ], "task": [ { "text": "information navigation system", "start": 51, "end": 80 }, { "text": "generating responses or confirmations", ...	[]
Reducing language model -LRB- LM -RRB- size is a critical issue when applying a LM to realistic applications which have memory constraints. In this paper, three measures are studied for the purpose of LM pruning. They are probability, rank, and entropy. We evaluated the performance of the three pruning criteria in a re...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "Reducing language model -LRB- LM -RRB- size", "start": 0, "end": 43 }, { "text": "LM pruning", "start": 201, "end": 211 }, { "text": "model pruning", "start": 655, "end": 668 ...	[]
This paper proposes an annotating scheme that encodes honorifics -LRB- respectful words -RRB-. Honorifics are used extensively in Japanese, reflecting the social relationship -LRB- e.g. social ranks and age -RRB- of the referents. This referential information is vital for resolving zero pronouns and improving machine t...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "annotating scheme", "start": 23, "end": 40 } ], "material": [ { "text": "honorifics", "start": 54, "end": 64 }, { "text": "Honorifics", "start": 95, "end": 105 ...	[]
Visually-guided arm reaching movements are produced by distributed neural networks within parietal and frontal regions of the cerebral cortex. Experimental data indicate that -LRB- I -RRB- single neurons in these regions are broadly tuned to parameters of movement; -LRB- 2 -RRB- appropriate commands are elaborated by p...	{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "Visually-guided arm reaching movements", "start": 0, "end": 38 }, { "text": "coordinated action of neu-rons", "start": 361, "end": 391 }, { "text": "neuronal population vecto...	[]
It is well-known that diversity among base classifiers is crucial for constructing a strong ensemble. Most existing ensemble methods obtain diverse individual learners through resampling the instances or features. In this paper, we propose an alternative way for ensemble construction by resampling pairwise constraints ...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "base classifiers", "start": 38, "end": 54 }, { "text": "ensemble methods", "start": 116, "end": 132 }, { "text": "base classifiers", "start": 511, "end": 527 }, ...	[]
A new algorithm for solving the three dimensional container packing problem is proposed in this paper. This new algorithm deviates from the traditional approach of wall building and layering. It uses the concept of'' building growing'' from multiple sides of the container. We tested our method using all 760 test cases ...	{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "algorithm", "start": 6, "end": 15 }, { "text": "algorithm", "start": 112, "end": 121 }, { "text": "It", "start": 192, "end": 194 }, { "text": "method", ...	[]
Current approaches to object category recognition require datasets of training images to be manually prepared, with varying degrees of supervision. We present an approach that can learn an object category from just its name, by utilizing the raw output of image search engines available on the Internet. We develop a new...	{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "approaches", "start": 8, "end": 18 }, { "text": "datasets", "start": 58, "end": 66 }, { "text": "approach", "start": 8, "end": 16 }, { "text": "model", ...	[]
The paper provides an overview of the research conducted at LIMSI in the field of speech processing, but also in the related areas of Human-Machine Communication, including Natural Language Processing, Non Verbal and Multimodal Communication. Also presented are the commercial applications of some of the research projec...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "speech processing", "start": 82, "end": 99 }, { "text": "Human-Machine Communication", "start": 134, "end": 161 }, { "text": "Natural Language Processing", "start": 173, "end"...	[]
We have calculated analytical expressions for how the bias and variance of the estimators provided by various temporal difference value estimation algorithms change with offline updates over trials in absorbing Markov chains using lookup table representations. We illustrate classes of learning curve behavior in various...	{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "analytical expressions", "start": 19, "end": 41 }, { "text": "Markov chains", "start": 211, "end": 224 }, { "text": "learning curve behavior", "start": 286, "...	[]
In this paper, we describe the pronominal anaphora resolution module of Lucy, a portable English understanding system. The design of this module was motivated by the observation that, although there exist many theories of anaphora resolution, no one of these theories is complete. Thus we have implemented a blackboard-l...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "pronominal anaphora resolution module", "start": 31, "end": 68 }, { "text": "Lucy", "start": 72, "end": 76 }, { "text": "English understanding system", "start": 89, "end": 1...	[]
In this paper, we reported experiments of unsupervised automatic acquisition of Italian and English verb subcategorization frames -LRB- SCFs -RRB- from general and domain corpora. The proposed technique operates on syntactically shallow-parsed corpora on the basis of a limited number of search heuristics not relying on...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "unsupervised automatic acquisition of Italian and English verb subcategorization frames -LRB- SCFs -RRB-", "start": 42, "end": 146 } ], "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "Italian and English verb subcategorization fr...	[]
Graph-cuts optimization is prevalent in vision and graphics problems. It is thus of great practical importance to parallelize the graph-cuts optimization using to-day's ubiquitous multi-core machines. However, the current best serial algorithm by Boykov and Kolmogorov -LSB- 4 -RSB- -LRB- called the BK algorithm -RRB- s...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Graph-cuts optimization", "start": 0, "end": 23 }, { "text": "graph-cuts optimization", "start": 130, "end": 153 }, { "text": "serial algorithm", "start": 227, "end": 243 ...	[]
We study the question of how to make loss-aware predictions in image segmentation settings where the evaluation function is the Intersection-over-Union -LRB- IoU -RRB- measure that is used widely in evaluating image segmentation systems. Currently, there are two dominant approaches: the first approximates the Expected-...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "loss-aware predictions", "start": 37, "end": 59 }, { "text": "loss-aware predictions in image segmentation settings", "start": 37, "end": 90 }, { "text": "image segmentation settings", ...	[]
Boosting methods are known not to usually overfit training data even as the size of the generated classifiers becomes large. Schapire et al. attempted to explain this phenomenon in terms of the margins the classifier achieves on training examples. Later, however, Breiman cast serious doubt on this explanation by introd...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Boosting methods", "start": 0, "end": 16 }, { "text": "classifiers", "start": 98, "end": 109 }, { "text": "classifier", "start": 98, "end": 108 }, { "tex...	[]
The transfer phase in machine translation -LRB- MT -RRB- systems has been considered to be more complicated than analysis and generation, since it is inherently a conglomeration of individual lexical rules. Currently some attempts are being made to use case-based reasoning in machine translation, that is, to make decis...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "transfer phase", "start": 4, "end": 18 }, { "text": "machine translation -LRB- MT -RRB- systems", "start": 22, "end": 64 }, { "text": "analysis", "start": 113, "end": 121 ...	[]
This paper addresses the problem of optimal alignment of non-rigid surfaces from multi-view video observations to obtain a temporally consistent representation. Conventional non-rigid surface tracking performs frame-to-frame alignment which is subject to the accumulation of errors resulting in a drift over time. Recent...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "optimal alignment of non-rigid surfaces", "start": 36, "end": 75 }, { "text": "Optimisation of the tree", "start": 758, "end": 782 }, { "text": "sequential tracking in local segments", ...	[]
The translation of English text into American Sign Language -LRB- ASL -RRB- animation tests the limits of traditional MT architectural designs. A new semantic representation is proposed that uses virtual reality 3D scene modeling software to produce spatially complex ASL phenomena called'' classifier predicates.'' The ...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "translation of English text into American Sign Language -LRB- ASL -RRB- animation", "start": 4, "end": 85 } ], "method": [ { "text": "MT architectural designs", "start": 118, "end": 142 }, { ...	[]
An extension to the GPSG grammatical formalism is proposed, allowing non-terminals to consist of finite sequences of category labels, and allowing schematic variables to range over such sequences. The extension is shown to be sufficient to provide a strongly adequate grammar for crossed serial dependencies, as found in...	{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "extension", "start": 3, "end": 12 }, { "text": "extension", "start": 201, "end": 210 }, { "text": "extension", "start": 507, "end": 516 }, { "text": "ex...	[]
This paper presents an approach to localizing functional objects in surveillance videos without domain knowledge about semantic object classes that may appear in the scene. Functional objects do not have discriminative appearance and shape, but they affect behavior of people in the scene. For example, they'' attract'' ...	{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "approach", "start": 23, "end": 31 }, { "text": "they", "start": 245, "end": 249 } ], "task": [ { "text": "localizing functional objects", "start": 35, "end": 64 ...	[]
We propose a process model for hierarchical perceptual sound organization, which recognizes perceptual sounds included in incoming sound signals. We consider perceptual sound organization as a scene analysis problem in the auditory domain. Our model consists of multiple processing modules and a hypothesis network for q...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "process model", "start": 13, "end": 26 }, { "text": "processing modules", "start": 271, "end": 289 }, { "text": "hypothesis network", "start": 296, "end": 314 }, ...	[]
We directly investigate a subject of much recent debate: do word sense disambigation models help statistical machine translation quality? We present empirical results casting doubt on this common, but unproved, assumption. Using a state-of-the-art Chinese word sense disambiguation model to choose translation candidates...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "word sense disambigation models", "start": 60, "end": 91 }, { "text": "Chinese word sense disambiguation model", "start": 248, "end": 287 }, { "text": "IBM statistical MT system", "...	[]
Image sequence processing techniques are used to study exchange, growth, and transport processes and to tackle key questions in environmental physics and biology. These applications require high accuracy for the estimation of the motion field since the most interesting parameters of the dynamical processes studied are ...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Image sequence processing techniques", "start": 0, "end": 36 }, { "text": "dynamical processes", "start": 288, "end": 307 }, { "text": "tensor method", "start": 514, "end": ...	[]
We present a Czech-English statistical machine translation system which performs tree-to-tree translation of dependency structures. The only bilingual resource required is a sentence-aligned parallel corpus. All other resources are monolingual. We also refer to an evaluation method and plan to compare our system's outp...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Czech-English statistical machine translation system", "start": 13, "end": 65 } ], "task": [ { "text": "tree-to-tree translation of dependency structures", "start": 81, "end": 130 } ], "m...	[]
This paper describes the understanding process of the spatial descriptions in Japanese. In order to understand the described world, the authors try to reconstruct the geometric model of the global scene from the scenic descriptions drawing a space. It is done by an experimental computer program SPRINT, which takes natu...	{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "spatial descriptions", "start": 54, "end": 74 }, { "text": "qualitative spatial constraints", "start": 434, "end": 465 }, { "text": "numerical constraints", "start": ...	[]
Learning video representation is not a trivial task, as video is an information-intensive media where each frame does not exist independently. Locally, a video frame is visually and semantically similar with its adjacent frames. Holistically, a video has its inherent structure -- the correlations among video frames. Fo...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "Learning video representation", "start": 0, "end": 29 }, { "text": "video recognition tasks", "start": 1149, "end": 1172 }, { "text": "retrieval", "start": 1179, "end": 1188 ...	[]
For mobile speech application, speaker DOA estimation accuracy, interference robustness and compact physical size are three key factors. Considering the size, we utilized acoustic vector sensor -LRB- AVS -RRB- and proposed a DOA estimation algorithm previously -LSB- 1 -RSB-, offering high accuracy with larger-than-15dB...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "mobile speech application", "start": 4, "end": 29 } ], "metric": [ { "text": "speaker DOA estimation accuracy", "start": 31, "end": 62 }, { "text": "interference robustness", ...	[]
In this paper, we want to show how the morphological component of an existing NLP-system for Dutch -LRB- Dutch Medical Language Processor-DMLP -RRB- has been extended in order to produce output that is compatible with the language independent modules of the LSP-MLP system -LRB- Linguistic String Project-Medical Languag...	{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "morphological component", "start": 39, "end": 62 }, { "text": "NLP-system for Dutch -LRB- Dutch Medical Language Processor-DMLP -RRB-", "start": 78, "end": 148 }, { "text": "language indepe...	[]
CriterionSM Online Essay Evaluation Service includes a capability that labels sentences in student writing with essay-based discourse elements -LRB- e.g., thesis statements -RRB-. We describe a new system that enhances Criterion's capability, by evaluating multiple aspects of coherence in essays. This system identifies...	{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "CriterionSM Online Essay Evaluation Service", "start": 0, "end": 43 } ], "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "essay-based discourse elements", "start": 112, "end": 142 }, { "text": "...	[]
This paper presents an algorithm for labeling curvilinear structure at multiple scales in line drawings and edge images Symbolic CURVE-ELEMENT tokens residing in a spatially-indexed and scale-indexed data structure denote circular arcs fit to image data. Tokens are computed via a small-to-large scale grouping procedure...	{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "algorithm", "start": 23, "end": 32 } ], "task": [ { "text": "labeling curvilinear structure", "start": 37, "end": 67 }, { "text": "image description", "start": 420, ...	[]

This report describes Paul, a computer text generation system designed to create cohesive text through the use of lexical substitutions. Specifically, this system is designed to deterministically choose between pronominalization, superordinate substitution, and definite noun phrase reiteration. The system identifies a ...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Paul", "start": 22, "end": 26 }, { "text": "computer text generation system", "start": 30, "end": 61 } ], "material": [ { "text": "cohesive text", "start": 81, "end"...

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This paper addresses the problem of identifying likely topics of texts by their position in the text. It describes the automated training and evaluation of an Optimal Position Policy, a method of locating the likely positions of topic-bearing sentences based on genre-specific regularities of discourse structure. This m...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Optimal Position Policy", "start": 159, "end": 182 } ], "generic": [ { "text": "method", "start": 186, "end": 192 }, { "text": "method", "start": 319, "end": 325 ...

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We describe a general framework for online multiclass learning based on the notion of hypothesis sharing. In our framework sets of classes are associated with hypotheses. Thus, all classes within a given set share the same hypothesis. This framework includes as special cases commonly used constructions for multiclass c...

{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "framework", "start": 22, "end": 31 }, { "text": "framework", "start": 113, "end": 122 }, { "text": "framework", "start": 240, "end": 249 }, { "text": "f...

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We describe a set of supervised machine learning experiments centering on the construction of statistical models of WH-questions. These models, which are built from shallow linguistic features of questions, are employed to predict target variables which represent a user's informational goals. We report on different asp...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "supervised machine learning", "start": 21, "end": 48 }, { "text": "statistical models of WH-questions", "start": 94, "end": 128 } ], "generic": [ { "text": "models", "start"...

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We argue in favor of the the use of labeled directed graph to represent various types of linguistic structures, and illustrate how this allows one to view NLP tasks as graph transformations. We present a general method for learning such transformations from an annotated corpus and describe experiments with two applicat...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "labeled directed graph", "start": 36, "end": 58 }, { "text": "method", "start": 212, "end": 218 } ], "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "linguistic structures", "start": 8...

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We describe a generative probabilistic model of natural language, which we call HBG, that takes advantage of detailed linguistic information to resolve ambiguity. HBG incorporates lexical, syntactic, semantic, and structural information from the parse tree into the disambiguation process in a novel way. We use a corpus...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "generative probabilistic model of natural language", "start": 14, "end": 64 }, { "text": "HBG", "start": 80, "end": 83 }, { "text": "HBG", "start": 163, "end": 166 }, ...

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The verb forms are often claimed to convey two kinds of information: 1. whether the event described in a sentence is present, past or future -LRB- = deictic information -RRB- 2. whether the event described in a sentence is presented as completed, going on, just starting or being finished -LRB- = aspectual information -...

{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "verb forms", "start": 4, "end": 14 }, { "text": "deictic information", "start": 149, "end": 168 }, { "text": "aspectual information", "start": 297, "end": 318...

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This paper addresses the issue of word-sense ambiguity in extraction from machine-readable resources for the construction of large-scale knowledge sources. We describe two experiments: one which ignored word-sense distinctions, resulting in 6.3% accuracy for semantic classification of verbs based on -LRB- Levin, 1993 -...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "word-sense ambiguity", "start": 34, "end": 54 }, { "text": "construction of large-scale knowledge sources", "start": 109, "end": 154 } ], "material": [ { "text": "machine-readable res...

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The TIPSTER Architecture has been designed to enable a variety of different text applications to use a set of common text processing modules. Since user interfaces work best when customized for particular applications, it is appropriator that no particular user interface styles or conventions are described in the TIPST...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "TIPSTER Architecture", "start": 4, "end": 24 }, { "text": "common text processing modules", "start": 110, "end": 140 }, { "text": "CRL's TIPSTER User Interface Toolkit -LRB- TUIT -RRB-", ...

[]

Current natural language interfaces have concentrated largely on determining the literal meaning of input from their users. While such decoding is an essential underpinning, much recent work suggests that natural language interfaces will never appear cooperative or graceful unless they also incorporate numerous non-lit...

{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "natural language interfaces", "start": 8, "end": 35 }, { "text": "natural language interfaces", "start": 205, "end": 232 }, { "text": "personal computers", "start": 5...

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This paper proposes a framework in which Lagrangian Particle Dynamics is used for the segmentation of high density crowd flows and detection of flow instabilities. For this purpose, a flow field generated by a moving crowd is treated as an aperiodic dynamical system. A grid of particles is overlaid on the flow field, a...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Lagrangian Particle Dynamics", "start": 41, "end": 69 }, { "text": "aperiodic dynamical system", "start": 240, "end": 266 }, { "text": "numerical integration scheme", "start": 343, ...

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In this paper we study a set of problems that are of considerable importance to Statistical Machine Translation -LRB- SMT -RRB- but which have not been addressed satisfactorily by the SMT research community. Over the last decade, a variety of SMT algorithms have been built and empirically tested whereas little is known...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "Statistical Machine Translation -LRB- SMT -RRB-", "start": 80, "end": 127 }, { "text": "SMT", "start": 118, "end": 121 } ], "method": [ { "text": "SMT algorithms", "start": 24...

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Most state-of-the-art evaluation measures for machine translation assign high costs to movements of word blocks. In many cases though such movements still result in correct or almost correct sentences. In this paper, we will present a new evaluation measure which explicitly models block reordering as an edit operation....

{ "entities": { "metric": [ { "text": "evaluation measures", "start": 22, "end": 41 }, { "text": "evaluation measure", "start": 22, "end": 40 }, { "text": "evaluation measures", "start": 413, "end": 432 }, ...

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The Rete and Treat algorithms are considered the most efficient implementation techniques for Forward Chaining rule systems. These algorithms support a language of limited expressive power. Assertions are not allowed to contain variables, making universal quantification impossible to express except as a rule. In this p...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Rete and Treat algorithms", "start": 4, "end": 29 }, { "text": "implementation techniques", "start": 64, "end": 89 }, { "text": "language of limited expressive power", "start": 152,...

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A method for error correction of ill-formed input is described that acquires dialogue patterns in typical usage and uses these patterns to predict new inputs. Error correction is done by strongly biasing parsing toward expected meanings unless clear evidence from the input shows the current sentence is not expected. A ...

{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "method", "start": 2, "end": 8 }, { "text": "patterns", "start": 86, "end": 94 } ], "task": [ { "text": "error correction", "start": 13, "end": 29 }, { ...

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Traditional linear Fukunaga-Koontz Transform -LRB- FKT -RRB- -LSB- 1 -RSB- is a powerful discriminative subspaces building approach. Previous work has successfully extended FKT to be able to deal with small-sample-size. In this paper, we extend traditional linear FKT to enable it to work in multi-class problem and also...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "linear Fukunaga-Koontz Transform -LRB- FKT -RRB-", "start": 12, "end": 60 }, { "text": "discriminative subspaces building approach", "start": 89, "end": 131 }, { "text": "FKT", "sta...

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The study addresses the problem of automatic acquisition of entailment relations between verbs. While this task has much in common with paraphrases acquisition which aims to discover semantic equivalence between verbs, the main challenge of entailment acquisition is to capture asymmetric, or directional, relations. Mot...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "automatic acquisition of entailment relations", "start": 35, "end": 80 }, { "text": "paraphrases acquisition", "start": 136, "end": 159 }, { "text": "entailment acquisition", "start":...

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In this paper, we cast the problem of point cloud matching as a shape matching problem by transforming each of the given point clouds into a shape representation called the Schrödinger distance transform -LRB- SDT -RRB- representation. This is achieved by solving a static Schrödinger equation instead of the correspondi...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "point cloud matching", "start": 38, "end": 58 }, { "text": "shape matching problem", "start": 64, "end": 86 }, { "text": "point cloud matching", "start": 877, "end": 897 ...

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Using natural language processing, we carried out a trend survey on Japanese natural language processing studies that have been done over the last ten years. We determined the changes in the number of papers published for each research organization and on each research area as well as the relationship between research ...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "natural language processing", "start": 6, "end": 33 }, { "text": "NLP", "start": 415, "end": 418 } ], "task": [ { "text": "trend survey", "start": 52, "end": 64 ...

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High frequency oscillations -LRB- HFOs -RRB- are a promising biomarker of epileptic brain tissue and activity. HFOs additionally serve as a prototypical example of challenges in the analysis of discrete events in high-temporal resolution, intracranial EEG data. Two primary challenges are 1 -RRB- dimensionality reductio...

{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "High frequency oscillations -LRB- HFOs -RRB-", "start": 0, "end": 44 }, { "text": "epileptic brain tissue and activity", "start": 74, "end": 109 }, { "text": "HFOs", ...

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In this paper we present ONTOSCORE, a system for scoring sets of concepts on the basis of an ontology. We apply our system to the task of scoring alternative speech recognition hypotheses -LRB- SRH -RRB- in terms of their semantic coherence. We conducted an annotation experiment and showed that human annotators can rel...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "ONTOSCORE", "start": 25, "end": 34 } ], "generic": [ { "text": "system", "start": 38, "end": 44 }, { "text": "system", "start": 116, "end": 122 }, { ...

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We propose an efficient dialogue management for an information navigation system based on a document knowledge base. It is expected that incorporation of appropriate N-best candidates of ASR and contextual information will improve the system performance. The system also has several choices in generating responses or co...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "dialogue management", "start": 24, "end": 43 } ], "task": [ { "text": "information navigation system", "start": 51, "end": 80 }, { "text": "generating responses or confirmations", ...

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Reducing language model -LRB- LM -RRB- size is a critical issue when applying a LM to realistic applications which have memory constraints. In this paper, three measures are studied for the purpose of LM pruning. They are probability, rank, and entropy. We evaluated the performance of the three pruning criteria in a re...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "Reducing language model -LRB- LM -RRB- size", "start": 0, "end": 43 }, { "text": "LM pruning", "start": 201, "end": 211 }, { "text": "model pruning", "start": 655, "end": 668 ...

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This paper proposes an annotating scheme that encodes honorifics -LRB- respectful words -RRB-. Honorifics are used extensively in Japanese, reflecting the social relationship -LRB- e.g. social ranks and age -RRB- of the referents. This referential information is vital for resolving zero pronouns and improving machine t...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "annotating scheme", "start": 23, "end": 40 } ], "material": [ { "text": "honorifics", "start": 54, "end": 64 }, { "text": "Honorifics", "start": 95, "end": 105 ...

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Visually-guided arm reaching movements are produced by distributed neural networks within parietal and frontal regions of the cerebral cortex. Experimental data indicate that -LRB- I -RRB- single neurons in these regions are broadly tuned to parameters of movement; -LRB- 2 -RRB- appropriate commands are elaborated by p...

{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "Visually-guided arm reaching movements", "start": 0, "end": 38 }, { "text": "coordinated action of neu-rons", "start": 361, "end": 391 }, { "text": "neuronal population vecto...

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It is well-known that diversity among base classifiers is crucial for constructing a strong ensemble. Most existing ensemble methods obtain diverse individual learners through resampling the instances or features. In this paper, we propose an alternative way for ensemble construction by resampling pairwise constraints ...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "base classifiers", "start": 38, "end": 54 }, { "text": "ensemble methods", "start": 116, "end": 132 }, { "text": "base classifiers", "start": 511, "end": 527 }, ...

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A new algorithm for solving the three dimensional container packing problem is proposed in this paper. This new algorithm deviates from the traditional approach of wall building and layering. It uses the concept of'' building growing'' from multiple sides of the container. We tested our method using all 760 test cases ...

{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "algorithm", "start": 6, "end": 15 }, { "text": "algorithm", "start": 112, "end": 121 }, { "text": "It", "start": 192, "end": 194 }, { "text": "method", ...

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Current approaches to object category recognition require datasets of training images to be manually prepared, with varying degrees of supervision. We present an approach that can learn an object category from just its name, by utilizing the raw output of image search engines available on the Internet. We develop a new...

{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "approaches", "start": 8, "end": 18 }, { "text": "datasets", "start": 58, "end": 66 }, { "text": "approach", "start": 8, "end": 16 }, { "text": "model", ...

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The paper provides an overview of the research conducted at LIMSI in the field of speech processing, but also in the related areas of Human-Machine Communication, including Natural Language Processing, Non Verbal and Multimodal Communication. Also presented are the commercial applications of some of the research projec...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "speech processing", "start": 82, "end": 99 }, { "text": "Human-Machine Communication", "start": 134, "end": 161 }, { "text": "Natural Language Processing", "start": 173, "end"...

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We have calculated analytical expressions for how the bias and variance of the estimators provided by various temporal difference value estimation algorithms change with offline updates over trials in absorbing Markov chains using lookup table representations. We illustrate classes of learning curve behavior in various...

{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "analytical expressions", "start": 19, "end": 41 }, { "text": "Markov chains", "start": 211, "end": 224 }, { "text": "learning curve behavior", "start": 286, "...

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In this paper, we describe the pronominal anaphora resolution module of Lucy, a portable English understanding system. The design of this module was motivated by the observation that, although there exist many theories of anaphora resolution, no one of these theories is complete. Thus we have implemented a blackboard-l...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "pronominal anaphora resolution module", "start": 31, "end": 68 }, { "text": "Lucy", "start": 72, "end": 76 }, { "text": "English understanding system", "start": 89, "end": 1...

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In this paper, we reported experiments of unsupervised automatic acquisition of Italian and English verb subcategorization frames -LRB- SCFs -RRB- from general and domain corpora. The proposed technique operates on syntactically shallow-parsed corpora on the basis of a limited number of search heuristics not relying on...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "unsupervised automatic acquisition of Italian and English verb subcategorization frames -LRB- SCFs -RRB-", "start": 42, "end": 146 } ], "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "Italian and English verb subcategorization fr...

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Graph-cuts optimization is prevalent in vision and graphics problems. It is thus of great practical importance to parallelize the graph-cuts optimization using to-day's ubiquitous multi-core machines. However, the current best serial algorithm by Boykov and Kolmogorov -LSB- 4 -RSB- -LRB- called the BK algorithm -RRB- s...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Graph-cuts optimization", "start": 0, "end": 23 }, { "text": "graph-cuts optimization", "start": 130, "end": 153 }, { "text": "serial algorithm", "start": 227, "end": 243 ...

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We study the question of how to make loss-aware predictions in image segmentation settings where the evaluation function is the Intersection-over-Union -LRB- IoU -RRB- measure that is used widely in evaluating image segmentation systems. Currently, there are two dominant approaches: the first approximates the Expected-...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "loss-aware predictions", "start": 37, "end": 59 }, { "text": "loss-aware predictions in image segmentation settings", "start": 37, "end": 90 }, { "text": "image segmentation settings", ...

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Boosting methods are known not to usually overfit training data even as the size of the generated classifiers becomes large. Schapire et al. attempted to explain this phenomenon in terms of the margins the classifier achieves on training examples. Later, however, Breiman cast serious doubt on this explanation by introd...

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The transfer phase in machine translation -LRB- MT -RRB- systems has been considered to be more complicated than analysis and generation, since it is inherently a conglomeration of individual lexical rules. Currently some attempts are being made to use case-based reasoning in machine translation, that is, to make decis...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "transfer phase", "start": 4, "end": 18 }, { "text": "machine translation -LRB- MT -RRB- systems", "start": 22, "end": 64 }, { "text": "analysis", "start": 113, "end": 121 ...

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This paper addresses the problem of optimal alignment of non-rigid surfaces from multi-view video observations to obtain a temporally consistent representation. Conventional non-rigid surface tracking performs frame-to-frame alignment which is subject to the accumulation of errors resulting in a drift over time. Recent...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "optimal alignment of non-rigid surfaces", "start": 36, "end": 75 }, { "text": "Optimisation of the tree", "start": 758, "end": 782 }, { "text": "sequential tracking in local segments", ...

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The translation of English text into American Sign Language -LRB- ASL -RRB- animation tests the limits of traditional MT architectural designs. A new semantic representation is proposed that uses virtual reality 3D scene modeling software to produce spatially complex ASL phenomena called'' classifier predicates.'' The ...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "translation of English text into American Sign Language -LRB- ASL -RRB- animation", "start": 4, "end": 85 } ], "method": [ { "text": "MT architectural designs", "start": 118, "end": 142 }, { ...

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An extension to the GPSG grammatical formalism is proposed, allowing non-terminals to consist of finite sequences of category labels, and allowing schematic variables to range over such sequences. The extension is shown to be sufficient to provide a strongly adequate grammar for crossed serial dependencies, as found in...

{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "extension", "start": 3, "end": 12 }, { "text": "extension", "start": 201, "end": 210 }, { "text": "extension", "start": 507, "end": 516 }, { "text": "ex...

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This paper presents an approach to localizing functional objects in surveillance videos without domain knowledge about semantic object classes that may appear in the scene. Functional objects do not have discriminative appearance and shape, but they affect behavior of people in the scene. For example, they'' attract'' ...

{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "approach", "start": 23, "end": 31 }, { "text": "they", "start": 245, "end": 249 } ], "task": [ { "text": "localizing functional objects", "start": 35, "end": 64 ...

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We propose a process model for hierarchical perceptual sound organization, which recognizes perceptual sounds included in incoming sound signals. We consider perceptual sound organization as a scene analysis problem in the auditory domain. Our model consists of multiple processing modules and a hypothesis network for q...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "process model", "start": 13, "end": 26 }, { "text": "processing modules", "start": 271, "end": 289 }, { "text": "hypothesis network", "start": 296, "end": 314 }, ...

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We directly investigate a subject of much recent debate: do word sense disambigation models help statistical machine translation quality? We present empirical results casting doubt on this common, but unproved, assumption. Using a state-of-the-art Chinese word sense disambiguation model to choose translation candidates...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "word sense disambigation models", "start": 60, "end": 91 }, { "text": "Chinese word sense disambiguation model", "start": 248, "end": 287 }, { "text": "IBM statistical MT system", "...

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Image sequence processing techniques are used to study exchange, growth, and transport processes and to tackle key questions in environmental physics and biology. These applications require high accuracy for the estimation of the motion field since the most interesting parameters of the dynamical processes studied are ...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Image sequence processing techniques", "start": 0, "end": 36 }, { "text": "dynamical processes", "start": 288, "end": 307 }, { "text": "tensor method", "start": 514, "end": ...

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We present a Czech-English statistical machine translation system which performs tree-to-tree translation of dependency structures. The only bilingual resource required is a sentence-aligned parallel corpus. All other resources are monolingual. We also refer to an evaluation method and plan to compare our system's outp...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "Czech-English statistical machine translation system", "start": 13, "end": 65 } ], "task": [ { "text": "tree-to-tree translation of dependency structures", "start": 81, "end": 130 } ], "m...

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This paper describes the understanding process of the spatial descriptions in Japanese. In order to understand the described world, the authors try to reconstruct the geometric model of the global scene from the scenic descriptions drawing a space. It is done by an experimental computer program SPRINT, which takes natu...

{ "entities": { "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "spatial descriptions", "start": 54, "end": 74 }, { "text": "qualitative spatial constraints", "start": 434, "end": 465 }, { "text": "numerical constraints", "start": ...

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Learning video representation is not a trivial task, as video is an information-intensive media where each frame does not exist independently. Locally, a video frame is visually and semantically similar with its adjacent frames. Holistically, a video has its inherent structure -- the correlations among video frames. Fo...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "Learning video representation", "start": 0, "end": 29 }, { "text": "video recognition tasks", "start": 1149, "end": 1172 }, { "text": "retrieval", "start": 1179, "end": 1188 ...

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For mobile speech application, speaker DOA estimation accuracy, interference robustness and compact physical size are three key factors. Considering the size, we utilized acoustic vector sensor -LRB- AVS -RRB- and proposed a DOA estimation algorithm previously -LSB- 1 -RSB-, offering high accuracy with larger-than-15dB...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "mobile speech application", "start": 4, "end": 29 } ], "metric": [ { "text": "speaker DOA estimation accuracy", "start": 31, "end": 62 }, { "text": "interference robustness", ...

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In this paper, we want to show how the morphological component of an existing NLP-system for Dutch -LRB- Dutch Medical Language Processor-DMLP -RRB- has been extended in order to produce output that is compatible with the language independent modules of the LSP-MLP system -LRB- Linguistic String Project-Medical Languag...

{ "entities": { "method": [ { "text": "morphological component", "start": 39, "end": 62 }, { "text": "NLP-system for Dutch -LRB- Dutch Medical Language Processor-DMLP -RRB-", "start": 78, "end": 148 }, { "text": "language indepe...

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CriterionSM Online Essay Evaluation Service includes a capability that labels sentences in student writing with essay-based discourse elements -LRB- e.g., thesis statements -RRB-. We describe a new system that enhances Criterion's capability, by evaluating multiple aspects of coherence in essays. This system identifies...

{ "entities": { "task": [ { "text": "CriterionSM Online Essay Evaluation Service", "start": 0, "end": 43 } ], "other_scientific_term": [ { "text": "essay-based discourse elements", "start": 112, "end": 142 }, { "text": "...

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This paper presents an algorithm for labeling curvilinear structure at multiple scales in line drawings and edge images Symbolic CURVE-ELEMENT tokens residing in a spatially-indexed and scale-indexed data structure denote circular arcs fit to image data. Tokens are computed via a small-to-large scale grouping procedure...

{ "entities": { "generic": [ { "text": "algorithm", "start": 23, "end": 32 } ], "task": [ { "text": "labeling curvilinear structure", "start": 37, "end": 67 }, { "text": "image description", "start": 420, ...

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