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what does a high standard deviation mean | a large standard deviation indicates that there is a lot of variance in the observed data around the mean this indicates that the data observed is quite spread out a small or low standard deviation would indicate instead that much of the data observed is clustered tightly around the mean | |
what does standard deviation tell you | standard deviation describes how dispersed a set of data is it compares each data point to the mean of all data points and standard deviation returns a calculated value that describes whether the data points are in close proximity or whether they are spread out in a normal distribution standard deviation tells you how ... | |
how do you find the standard deviation quickly | if you look at the distribution of some observed data visually you can see if the shape is relatively skinny vs fat fatter distributions have bigger standard deviations alternatively excel has built in standard deviation functions depending on the data set | |
how do you calculate standard deviation | standard deviation is calculated as the square root of the variance alternatively it is calculated by finding the mean of a data set finding the difference of each data point to the mean squaring the differences adding them together dividing by the number of points in the data set less than 1 and finding the square roo... | |
what is standard error se | standard error se is a statistic that reveals how accurately sample data represents the whole population it measures the accuracy with which a sample distribution represents a population by using standard deviation in statistics a sample mean deviates from the actual mean of a population this deviation is the standard ... | |
when a population is sampled the mean or average is generally calculated the standard error describes the variation between the calculated mean of the population and one which is considered known or accepted as accurate this helps compensate for any incidental inaccuracies related to the gathering of the sample | the standard error of the mean refers to the standard deviation of the distribution of sample means taken from a population the relationship between the standard error and the standard deviation is such that for a given sample size the standard error equals the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sampl... | |
what is meant by standard error | standard error is intuitively the standard deviation of the sampling distribution in other words it depicts how much disparity there is likely to be in a point estimate obtained from a sample relative to the true population mean | |
what is a good standard error | standard error measures the amount of discrepancy that can be expected in a sample estimate compared to the true value in the population therefore the smaller the standard error the better in fact a standard error of zero or close to it would indicate that the estimated value is exactly the true value | |
how do you find the standard error | the standard error takes the standard deviation and divides it by the square root of the sample size many statistical software packages automatically compute standard errors the bottom linethe standard error se measures the dispersion of estimated values obtained from a sample around the true value to be found in the p... | |
what is a standard industrial classification sic code | standard industrial classification sic codes are four digit numerical codes assigned by the u s government that categorize the industries to which companies belong while also organizing industries by their business activities the sic codes were created by the u s government in 1937 to classify and analyze economic acti... | |
how sic codes are used | businesses and the government use sic codes in a number of ways as discussed below | |
how to find your sic code | there are many different ways to find the most appropriate sic code for a company examples of various usable resources include | |
how to read sic codes | each digit within a sic code has a meaning to read a sic code each set of digits should be independently evaluated to determine the overall meaning of the code the first two numbers of a sic code identifies the business s major sector group though the number of major groups fluctuates there are typically less than 100 ... | |
how do i find my company s sic code | the united states securities and exchange commission publicly issues a standard code list that can be used to identify a sic code the code list is more specifically reviewed and updated by the division of corporation finance 4who needs a sic code all companies naturally have a sic code as there are over 1 000 total sic... | |
what is an example of a sic code | sic code 6500 represents the entire real estate industry sic code 6510 identifies real estate operators while sic code 6512 further refines the classification to nonresidential buildings while 6513 further refines the classification to operators of apartment buildings | |
what does sic code stand for | sic code stands for standard industrial classification sic code this four digit number identifies a very specific short descriptor of the type of business a company is engaged in the bottom lineto help identify the appropriate reviewer of company filings based on the industry a company operates within the securities an... | |
what is standard of living | standard of living refers to the quantity and quality of material goods and services available to a given population understanding standard of livingstandard of living focuses on basic material factors such as income gross domestic product gdp life expectancy and economic opportunity it is closely related to quality of... | |
what is standardization | standardization is a framework of agreements to which all relevant parties in an industry or organization must adhere to ensure that all processes associated with the creation of a good or performance of a service are performed within set guidelines standardization ensures that the end product has consistent quality an... | |
how standardization works | standardization is achieved by setting generally accepted guidelines with regard to how a product or service is created or supported as well as to how a business is operated or how certain required processes are governed the goal of standardization is to enforce a level of consistency or uniformity to certain practices... | |
what is a standby letter of credit sloc | a standby letter of credit sloc is a legal document that guarantees a bank s commitment of payment to a seller in the event that the buyer or the bank s client defaults on the agreement a standby letter of credit helps facilitate international trade between companies that don t know each other and have different laws a... | |
how a standby letter of credit works | a sloc is most often sought by a business to help it obtain a contract the contract is a standby agreement because the bank will have to pay only in a worst case scenario although an sblc guarantees payment to a seller the agreement must be followed exactly for example a delay in shipping or misspelling a company s nam... | |
how much does a standby letter of credit cost | since a bank is taking a risk by offering a sblc there are fees to obtain one typically banks will charge between 1 and 10 of the total guaranteed price for each year that the sblc is active 2 | |
where can i apply for a standby letter of credit | standby letters of credit are typically offered by commercial banks and lenders the bank will assess the creditworthiness of the applicant much like a loan application | |
when would you need an slbc | standby letters of credit are often used in international trade deals where the terms may be different between parties but that is not the only use anytime a buyer needs to guarantee payment for goods or services a sblc may be in order the bottom linea sblc is a powerful tool for companies negotiating large deals for g... | |
what is stare decisis | stare decisis is a legal doctrine that obligates courts to follow historical cases when making a ruling on a similar case stare decisis ensures that cases with similar scenarios and facts are approached in the same way simply put it binds courts to follow legal precedents set by previous decisions 1stare decisis is a l... | |
what makes a precedent | a unique case with hardly any past reference material may become a precedent when the judge makes a ruling on it also the new ruling on a similar present case replaces any precedent that has been overruled in a current case under the rule of stare decisis courts are obligated to uphold their previous rulings or the rul... | |
what is a startup | the term startup refers to a company in the first stages of operations startups are founded by one or more entrepreneurs who want to develop a product or service for which they believe there is demand these companies generally start with high costs and limited revenue which is why they look for capital from a variety o... | |
how do you start a startup company | the first step in starting a startup is having a great idea from there market research is the next step to determine how feasible the idea is and what the current marketplace looks like for your idea after the market research creating a business plan that outlines your company structure goals mission values and objecti... | |
how do you get a startup business loan | a startup can obtain a loan from a bank certain organizations or friends and family one of the best and first options should be working with the u s small business administration which provides microloans to small businesses the average sba loan is 13 000 and the max loan amount is 50 000 these loans are usually from n... | |
what are the benefits of working for a startup | the benefits of working at a startup include greater opportunities to learn increased responsibility flexible work hours a relaxed work environment increased employee interaction good workplace benefits and innovation | |
how do you value a startup company | valuing a startup can be difficult as startups don t usually have longevity in which to determine their success startups also don t generate profits or even revenue for a few years after starting as such using the traditional financial statement metrics for valuations doesn t apply some of the best ways to value a star... | |
what is a state owned enterprise | a state owned enterprise soe is a legal entity that is created by a government in order to partake in commercial activities on the government s behalf it can be either wholly or partially owned by a government and is typically earmarked to participate in specific commercial activities soes are common across the globe i... | |
what is a statement of retained earnings | the statement of retained earnings retained earnings statement is a financial statement that outlines the changes in retained earnings for a company over a specified period this statement reconciles the beginning and ending retained earnings for the period using information such as net income from the other financial s... | |
what is statistical significance | statistical significance is a determination made by an analyst that the results in the data are not explainable by chance alone statistical hypothesis testing is the method by which the analyst makes this determination this test provides a p value which is the probability of observing results as extreme as those in the... | |
when the p value is sufficiently small typically 5 or less the results are not easily explained by chance alone and the data are deemed inconsistent with the null hypothesis in this case the null hypothesis of chance alone as an explanation of the data is rejected in favor of a more systematic explanation 1 | statistical significance is often used for new pharmaceutical drug trials to test vaccines and in the study of pathology for effectiveness testing and to inform investors on how successful the company is at releasing new products examples of statistical significancesuppose alex a financial analyst is curious as to whet... | |
how is statistical significance determined | statistical hypothesis testing is used to determine whether the data is statistically significant in other words whether or not the phenomenon can be explained as a byproduct of chance alone statistical significance is a determination about the null hypothesis which posits that the results are due to chance alone the r... | |
what is p value | a p value is a measure of the probability that an observed difference could have occurred just by random chance when the p value is sufficiently small e g 5 or less then the results are not easily explained by chance alone and the null hypothesis can be rejected when the p value is large then the results in the data ar... | |
how is statistical significance used | statistical significance is often used to test the effectiveness of new medical products including drugs devices and vaccines publicly available reports of statistical significance also inform investors on how successful the company is at releasing new products stock prices of pharmaceutical companies are often affecte... | |
what is statistics | statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that involves the collection description analysis and inference of conclusions from quantitative data the mathematical theories behind statistics rely heavily on differential and integral calculus linear algebra and probability theory people who do statistics are referred t... | |
why is statistics important | statistics provide the information to educate how things work they re used to conduct research evaluate outcomes develop critical thinking and make informed decisions statistics can be used to inquire about almost any field of study to investigate why things happen when they occur and whether reoccurrence is predictabl... | |
what s the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics | descriptive statistics are used to describe or summarize the characteristics of a sample or data set such as a variable s mean standard deviation or frequency inferential statistics employ any number of techniques to relate variables in a data set to one another an example would be using correlation or regression analy... | |
how are statistics used in economics and finance | economists collect and look at all sorts of data ranging from consumer spending to housing starts to inflation to gdp growth in finance analysts and investors collect data about companies industries sentiment and market data on price and volume the use of inferential statistics in these fields is known as econometrics ... | |
what is the statute of frauds | the statute of frauds is a legal doctrine requiring that certain types of contracts be in written form the most common contracts covered by the statute of frauds include the sale of land agreements involving goods worth 500 or more and contracts lasting one year or more 12the purpose of the statute of frauds is to prev... | |
what is the meaning of statute of frauds | the statute of frauds is written legislation or common law that requires that certain contracts be written to be valid in addition that written agreement often has stipulations such as delivery conditions or what must be included in that written agreement the idea behind the statute of frauds is to protect parties ente... | |
what is an example of statute of frauds | real estate such as the sale of land falls under the statue of frauds in order to acquire land you must enter into a written agreement this is to ensure both parties agree to the exact area of land being sold the exact terms of the agreement and other relevant terms to the contract 24 | |
what are exceptions to the statute of frauds | some contracts even when not written may still be enforceable to protect one party that has been at a disadvantage for example one exception is when a seller makes specially manufactured goods for a buyer if the seller can t easily sell the goods to others in the normal course of business they are protected by differen... | |
what is a statute of limitations | a statute of limitations is a law that defines the maximum amount of time in which parties involved in a dispute must initiate legal proceedings following an alleged offense the duration of a statute of limitations varies depending on the nature of the offense and the location of the jurisdiction the law applies to bot... | |
what is the purpose of a statute of limitations | the purpose of statutes of limitations is to protect would be defendants from unfair legal action primarily arising from the fact that after a significant passage of time relevant evidence may be lost obscured or not retrievable and the memories of witnesses may not be as sharp | |
how long is the u s statute of limitations | in general u s federal law has a statute of limitations of five years unless there is specific legal language for offenses that stretch beyond that time for example for capital murder there is no statute of limitations | |
how long before a debt becomes uncollectible | the amount of time before debt becomes uncollectible varies based on the type of debt as well as the state the time frame typically ranges from three to six years but can be as high as 15 years 12 | |
which crimes have the longest statute of limitations | it depends on the location where the crime was committed some u s states have eliminated the statute of limitations for the most serious felony sex crimes while others are set at 10 to 20 years or more 23 however more serious crimes such as murder often have no statute of limitations no matter where the crime was commi... | |
what are statutory reserves | statutory reserves are the funds that state insurance regulators require the insurance companies operating in their state to maintain at any given time the purpose of statutory reserves is to help ensure that insurance companies have adequate liquidity available to honor all of the legitimate claims made by their polic... | |
when an insurance company chooses to keep reserves that are in excess of the minimum amount required under the rules based approach these are referred to as non statutory or voluntary reserves | regardless of the approach used to calculate them statutory reserves will generally cause insurance companies to lose out on some potential profits however they benefit the insurance markets as a whole by making insurance customers more confident that their insurers will be able to withstand difficult economic circumst... | |
what is a step up in basis | step up in basis refers to the adjustment in the cost basis of an inherited asset to its fair market value on the date of the decedent s death cost basis is what determines the taxes owed if any when the asset is sold cost basis starts with the price paid for an asset plus any additional costs added over time to improv... | |
how is step up in basis calculated | a step up in basis resets the cost basis of an inherited asset to its market value on the decedent s date of death if the asset is later sold the higher new cost basis would be subtracted from the sale price to calculate the capital gains tax liability if any | |
how is step up in basis treated differently in community property states | in community property states and for assets in community property trusts the surviving spouse receives a step up in basis for community property in the majority of states without community property provisions jointly owned property such as stock in a joint brokerage account would receive only half the step up in cost b... | |
is step up in basis a tax loophole | the step up in basis is a duly legislated provision of the u s tax code though it is certainly responsible for a significant loss of public revenue because the exemption from capital gains taxes on assets held until death disproportionately benefits the wealthiest households disparaging descriptions are likely to persi... | |
what is the sterling overnight interbank average sonia rate | the sterling overnight index average sonia rate is an interest rate benchmark used in the united kingdom it is the effective overnight interest rate paid by banks for unsecured transactions in the british sterling market administered by the bank of england boe sonia is used to fund trades that occur overnight during of... | |
what is the sterling overnight interbank average rate | the sterling overnight interbank average rate is a benchmark interest rate used in the united kingdom the rate which is managed calculated and published by the bank of england is the overnight interest rate that banks and other financial institutions pay for unsecured transactions in the british sterling market transac... | |
what is the current sonia rate | the sonia rate calculated published and set on june 15 2023 was 4 42840 1who oversees sonia the bank of england manages and operates the sterling overnight interbank average rate it took control of sonia in 2016 and made changes to its methodology two years later but it was established by wholesale markets brokers asso... | |
what is the sticky wage theory | the sticky wage theory hypothesizes that employee pay tends to respond slowly to changes in company performance or to the economy according to the theory when unemployment rises the wages of those workers that remain employed tend to stay the same or grow at a slower rate rather than falling with the decrease in demand... | |
what is a stipend | a stipend is a form of compensation that is paid to certain individuals for services rendered other work or while they receive training stipends are often provided in lieu of or in some cases in addition to a regular salary they are often used to offset certain expenses and generally come in a fixed amount stipends are... | |
how stipends work | a stipend is often offered to individuals as a fixed sum and is commonly paid to the recipient as a lump sum payment this type of compensation is sometimes called an allowance and is normally provided on a daily weekly or monthly basis a stipend is usually offered as compensation for training instead of salaries for em... | |
how is a stipend different from a salary | a salary is compensation for work performed and is a set amount typically per year a stipend on the other hand is not considered compensation for work but rather monetary support for a variety of possible factors such as expenses incurred during traveling or during a training period or to cover certain living expenses ... | |
is a stipend considered income | stipends are not considered as wages so employers will not withhold income tax on any stipends made to employees however stipends are often considered income so you as an individual will have to calculate and pay taxes on any stipends received this includes social security and medicare it is important to check with you... | |
how often stipends are paid out to an employee will vary on the institution and the circumstances stipends can be paid out weekly monthly or annually most often they will not be paid out annually as they are considered a form of support and the individual may need that monetary amount throughout the year it is common t... | the bottom linestipends are monetary payments used to cover expenses such as food and housing for individuals who are performing unpaid work this can apply to students in internships or for other types of trainees stipends are also offered to employees as additional benefits to cover certain expenses which are offered ... | |
what is stochastic modeling | stochastic modeling is a form of financial model that is used to help make investment decisions this type of modeling forecasts the probability of various outcomes under different conditions using random variables stochastic modeling presents data and predicts outcomes that account for certain levels of unpredictabilit... | |
what is the difference between stochastic and deterministic models | unlike deterministic models that produce the same exact results for a particular set of inputs stochastic models are the opposite the model presents data and predicts outcomes that account for certain levels of unpredictability or randomness | |
what does a lot of variation mean in a stochastic model | stochastic models are all about calculating and predicting an outcome based on volatility and variability the more variation in a stochastic model is reflected in the number of input variables | |
what is an example of a stochastic event | the monte carlo simulation is one example of a stochastic model it can simulate how a portfolio may perform based on the probability distributions of individual stock returns | |
what is the difference between stochastic and probabilistic | they are generally considered synonyms of each other stochastic can be thought of as a random event whereas probabilistic is derived from probability the bottom linestochastic modeling is used to help make investment decisions this form of financial model forecasts the probability of various outcomes under different co... | |
what is a stochastic oscillator | a stochastic oscillator is a momentum indicator comparing a particular closing price of a security to a range of its prices over a certain period of time the sensitivity of the oscillator to market movements is reducible by adjusting that time period or by taking a moving average of the result it is used to generate ov... | |
how do you read the stochastic oscillator | the stochastic oscillator represents recent prices on a scale of 0 to 100 with 0 representing the lower limits of the recent time period and 100 representing the upper limit a stochastic indicator reading above 80 indicates that the asset is trading near the top of its range and a reading below 20 shows that it is near... | |
what does k represent on the stochastic oscillator | on a stochastic oscillator chart k represents the current price of the security represented as a percentage of the difference between its highest and lowest values over a certain time period in other words k represents the current price in relation to the asset s recent price range | |
what does d represent on the stochastic oscillator | on a stochastic oscillator chart d represents the 3 period average of k this line is used to show the longer term trend for current prices and is used to show the current price trend is continuing for a sustained period of time 3 | |
what is the stochastic rsi | the stochastic rsi stochrsi is an indicator used in technical analysis that ranges between zero and one or zero and 100 on some charting platforms and is created by applying the stochastic oscillator formula to a set of relative strength index rsi values rather than to standard price data using rsi values within the st... | |
where | rsi current rsi reading lowest rsi lowest rsi reading over last 14 periods or chosen lookback period andhighest rsi highest rsi reading over last 14 period or lookback period | |
how to calculate the stochastic rsi | the stochrsi is based on rsi readings the rsi has an input value typically 14 which tells the indicator how many periods of data it is using in its calculation these rsi levels are then used in the stochrsi formula | |
what does the stochastic rsi tell you | the stochrsi was developed by tushar s chande and stanley kroll and detailed in their book the new technical trader first published in 1994 while technical indicators already existed to show overbought and oversold levels the two developed stochrsi to improve sensitivity and generate a greater number of signals than tr... | |
what are stocks | a stock also known as equity is a security that represents the ownership of a fraction of the issuing corporation units of stock are called shares which entitle the owner to a proportion of the corporation s assets and profits equal to how much stock they own stocks are bought and sold predominantly on stock exchanges ... | |
what shareholders own are shares issued by the corporation and the corporation owns the assets held by a firm if you own 33 of the shares of a company it is incorrect to assert that you own one third of that company however you do own one third of the company s shares this is known as separation of ownership and contro... | owning stock gives you the right to vote in shareholder meetings receive dividends if and when they are distributed and the right to sell your shares to somebody else if you own a majority of shares your voting power increases so that you can indirectly control the direction of a company by appointing its board of dire... | |
how to compare common and preferred stock | there are two main types of stock common and preferred common stock usually entitles the owner to vote at shareholders meetings and to receive any dividends paid out by the corporation preferred stockholders generally do not have voting rights though they have a higher claim on assets and earnings than common stockhold... | |
what is the difference between stocks and bonds | stocks are issued by companies to raise capital to grow the business or undertake new projects there are important distinctions between whether somebody buys shares directly from the company when it issues them in the primary market or from another shareholder in the secondary market when the corporation issues shares ... | |
how do you buy stock | most often stocks are bought and sold on stock exchanges such as the nasdaq or the new york stock exchange nyse after a company goes public through an initial public offering ipo its stock becomes available for investors to buy and sell on an exchange typically investors will use a brokerage account to purchase stock o... | |
how can you earn income from owning stock | there are two ways to earn money by owning shares of stock through dividends and capital appreciation dividends are cash distributions of company profits if a company has 1 000 shares outstanding and declares a 5 000 dividend then stockholders will get 5 for each share they own 6capital appreciation is the increase in ... | |
is it risky to own stock | all investments have a degree of risk stocks bonds mutual funds and exchange traded funds etfs can lose value if market conditions decline | |
when you invest you make choices about what to do with your financial assets your investment value might rise or fall because of market conditions or corporate decisions such as whether to expand into a new area of business or merge with another company 7 | historically stocks have outperformed most other investments over the long run 1the bottom linea stock represents fractional ownership of equity in an organization it is different from a bond which operates like a loan made by creditors to the company in return for periodic payments a company issues stock to raise capi... | |
what is stock analysis | stock analysis is the evaluation of a particular trading instrument an investment sector or the market as a whole stock analysts attempt to determine the future activity of an instrument sector or market understanding stock analysisstock analysis is a method for investors and traders to make buying and selling decision... | |
when running stock analysis on a company s financial statements an analyst will usually be checking for the measure of a company s profitability liquidity solvency efficiency growth trajectory and leverage different ratios can be used to determine how healthy a company is | for example the current ratio and quick ratio are used to estimate whether a company will be able to pay its short term liabilities with its available current assets the formula for current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities figures that can be gotten from the balance sheet although t... | |
which stock analysis technique is best | investors may be best suited to use fundamental technical and quantitative analysis as one technique may not always be superior compared to other techniques based on the information available and objectives of the investors it may be better to analyze the financial positioning research the company s industry or devise ... | |
how do you know if a stock s price will go up | the best answer to this question is that nobody knows whether a stock s price will go up or down however analysts and investors can leverage information to make the best most strategic decision to follow general information related to the stock in general if the fair value of a stock is less than the current price of t... | |
how can beginners start analyzing stocks | analyzing your first stock does not need to be difficult first gather as much public information related to the company as available this includes recent news articles associated with the company as well as the most recent set of financial statements then filter down this information to the most relevant information co... | |
how do i research stocks before buying them | as an investor researching stocks you should aim to collect a broad range of information about the company this includes recent government filings news articles press releases statements or activity on social media and the company s financial statements you can also leverage information from other analysts as professio... | |
what are stock appreciation rights | stock appreciation rights sars are a type of employee compensation linked to the company s stock price during a predetermined period sars are profitable for employees when the company s stock price rises which makes them similar to employee stock options esos however employees do not have to pay the exercise price with... | |
what is stock compensation | stock compensation is a way corporations use stock options to reward employees employees with stock options need to know whether their stock is vested and will retain its full value even if they are no longer employed with that company because tax consequences depend on the fair market value fmv of the stock if the sto... | |
how stock compensation works | stock compensation is often used by startup companies since they typically do not have the cash on hand to pay employees competitive rates executives and staff may share in the company s growth and profits that way however many laws and compliance issues must be adhered to such as fiduciary duty tax treatment and deduc... | |
when vesting companies let employees purchase a predetermined number of shares at a set price companies may vest on a specific date or on a monthly quarterly or annual schedule the timing may be set according to company wide or individual performance targets being met or both time and performance criteria vesting perio... | example of stock compensationfor example assume that an employee is given the right to purchase 2 000 shares of stock at 20 per share the options vest 30 per year over three years and have a term of five years the employee pays 20 per share when buying the stock regardless of the stock price over the five year period t... | |
what is a stock dividend | a stock dividend is a payment to shareholders that consists of additional shares of a company s stock rather than cash the distributions are paid in fractions per existing share for example if a company issues a stock dividend of 5 it will pay 0 05 shares for every share owned by a shareholder the owner of 100 shares w... | |
how a stock dividend works | a stock dividend may be paid out when a company wants to reward its investors but either doesn t have the spare cash or prefers to save it for other uses the stock dividend has the advantage of rewarding shareholders without reducing the company s cash balance however it does increase its liabilities stock dividends ha... | |
when a company issues additional stock shares for any reason the result is stock dilution more shares in circulation means a reduction in the earnings per share eps of the existing shares and in the ownership percentage held by each current shareholder | dilution is a downside of a stock dividend if the company s net income does not increase proportionately an example of share dilution is as follows the company rewards investors while keeping its cashthe decrease in share price may attract new investorsinvestors do not owe tax on these dividends until the stock is sold... |
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