instruction stringlengths 5 1.05k | output stringlengths 6 22.3k | input stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|
what s an actuary do | actuaries say they are risk managers and experts in evaluating the likelihood of future events | |
what are the two kinds of actuarial tables | the two tables are the period life table to determine mortality rates for a specific time period of a defined population and the cohort life table used to represent the overall mortality rates of a certain population s entire lifetime | |
what is actuarial science | actuarial science is a discipline that assesses financial risks in the insurance and finance fields using mathematical and statistical methods actuarial science applies the mathematics of probability and statistics to define analyze and solve the financial implications of uncertain future events traditional actuarial s... | |
is actuarial science difficult | actuarial science is a difficult profession actuarial exams usually last between 3 and 5 hours and each requires rigorous preparation candidates must often have a bachelor s degree and it make take up to a decade for a candidate to complete all training and exams 6 | |
what type of math do actuaries use | actuaries often have a background in probability statistics and financial mathematics most often an actuary will assess the probability of an event happening then apply statistical methods to determine what the financial impact of that outcome will be 6 actuaries usually do not use calculus at work though calculus may ... | |
how long does it take to become an actuary | for most it may take up to a decade or longer to become an actuary a bachelor s degree in actuarial science may take between 3 to 5 years and it may take at least another several years to pass rigorous professional actuarial exams the bottom lineactuarial science is the study of mathematically predicting the probabilit... | |
what is an ad valorem tax | an ad valorem tax is a tax based on the assessed value of an item such as real estate or personal property the most common ad valorem taxes are property taxes levied on real estate however ad valorem taxes may also extend to a number of tax applications such as import duty taxes on goods from abroad | |
how ad valorem tax works | the latin phrase ad valorem means according to value all ad valorem taxes are levied based on the determined value of the item being taxed in the most common application of ad valorem taxes which are municipal property taxes the real estate of property owners is periodically assessed by a public tax assessor to determi... | |
how ad valorem taxes are levied | property ad valorem taxes are usually levied by a municipality but may also be levied by other local government entities such as counties school districts or special taxing districts also known as special purpose districts property owners may be subject to ad valorem taxes levied by more than one entity for example bot... | |
what are ad valorem taxes used for | ad valorem taxes are levied for different purposes with property taxes the income is generally used to fund local government projects such as schools and parks | |
what are types of ad valorem taxes | the main types of ad valorem taxes include property taxes and sales tax an ad valorem tax is a tax that is calculated based on an assessed value and a tax rate it can also be applied as duties to imports | |
how are ad valorem taxes assessed | there are several types of ad valorem taxes with property taxes the most common ad valorem tax taxes are assessed based on the value of your property then specific tax rates are applied according in the u s property taxes are generally assessed with a county tax rate the value of the property is typically must be certi... | |
what is add on interest | add on interest is a method of calculating the interest to be paid on a loan by combining the total principal amount borrowed and the total interest due into a single figure then multiplying that figure by the number of years to repayment the total is then divided by the number of monthly payments to be made the result... | |
what is the additional child tax credit | the additional child tax credit is the refundable portion of the child tax credit it can be claimed by families who owe the irs less than their qualified child tax credit amount since the child tax credit is non refundable the additional child tax credit refunds the unused portion of the child tax credit to the taxpaye... | |
what is the difference between child tax credit and additional child tax credit | the child tax credit is a non refundable tax credit that may reduce the tax liability of certain taxpayers down to 0 the additional child tax credit is a refundable credit that returns a portion of the unused credit amount up to a set limit indexed to inflation who qualifies for the additional child tax credit married ... | |
is the additional child tax credit refundable | yes the additional child tax credit is refundable this means that even if your tax liability is reduced to 0 you may receive a part of the additional child tax credit as a tax refund this portion is limited to 1 600 in 2023 and 1 700 in 2024 | |
how long will the child tax credit be higher | the higher child tax credit that was enacted during the pandemic has since expired the child tax credit dropped from 3 000 3 600 per child depending on age back to 2 000 per eligible child at the end of 2021 the bottom linethe additional child tax credit is considered the refundable portion of the child tax credit by f... | |
what is additional paid in capital apic | additional paid in capital apic is an accounting term referring to money an investor pays above and beyond the par value price of a stock often referred to as contributed capital in excess of par apic occurs when an investor buys newly issued shares directly from a company during its initial public offering ipo stage a... | |
how additional paid in capital apic works | during its ipo a firm is entitled to set any price for its stock that it sees fit meanwhile investors may elect to pay any amount above this declared par value of a share price which generates the apic this apic is also known as contributed surplus let us assume that during its ipo phase the xyz widget company issues o... | |
why is additional paid in capital useful | apic is a great way for companies to generate cash without having to give any collateral in return furthermore purchasing shares at a company s ipo can be incredibly profitable for some investors | |
is additional paid in capital an asset | apic is recorded under the equity section of a company s balance sheet it is recorded as a credit under shareholders equity and refers to the money an investor pays above the par value price of a stock the total cash generated from apic is classified as a debit to the asset section of the balance sheet with the corresp... | |
how do you calculate additional paid in capital | the apic formula is apic issue price par value x number of shares acquired by investors | |
how does paid in capital increase or decrease | any new issuance of preferred or common shares may increase the paid in capital as the excess value is recorded paid in capital can be reduced with share repurchases the bottom lineadditional paid in capital represents the amount of money investors contribute to a company above the stated par value of its stock it is t... | |
what is the addition rule for probabilities | the addition rule for probabilities describes two formulas one for the probability for either of two mutually exclusive events happening and the other for the probability of two non mutually exclusive events happening the first formula is just the sum of the probabilities of the two events the second formula is the sum... | |
what does the addition rule for probabilities tell you | to illustrate the first rule in the addition rule for probabilities consider a die with six sides and the chances of rolling either a 3 or a 6 since the chances of rolling a 3 are 1 in 6 and the chances of rolling a 6 are also 1 in 6 the chance of rolling either a 3 or a 6 is to illustrate the second rule consider a cl... | |
what is an adhesion contract | an adhesion contract is an agreement that usually has non negotiable terms and conditions generally it s prepared by a party to a potential transaction that has the product or service sought by another party the consumer the former has the stronger bargaining position the latter must accept the adhesion contract to obt... | |
when used properly adhesion contracts save companies and customers time and the expense relating to obtaining contract advice from attorneys however soome aspects of adhesion contracts pose problems | for example in certain cases electronic adhesion contracts signed online have been challenged in court because contract details were so difficult to access and review as a result electronic adhesion contracts must provide the accessibility of contracts that a consumer would receive and read offline 61often courts won t... | |
where are adhesion contracts used | you usually encounter them when you re arranging for airline tickets insurance policies mortgage loans health care or the purchase of an automobile | |
do consumers benefit from adhesion contracts | yes generally speaking because it standardizes contracts and makes transactions faster and easier to conduct if consumers had to read every contract for every purchase they make or hire a lawyer to review them on their behalf it s possible that far fewer transactions would take place despite that it s important to unde... | |
what happens if i don t agree to an adhesion contract | while you can t make changes to an adhesion contract if you don t like what it states you can turn it down and go elsewhere to make your purchase the bottom lineadhesion or standardized contracts require that one party to a transaction e g the consumer who wishes to purchase a product or service agree to all terms and ... | |
what is an adjudication | an adjudication is a legal ruling or judgment usually final but can also refer to the process of settling a legal case or claim through the court or justice system such as a decree in the bankruptcy process between the defendant and the creditors normally an adjudication represents the final judgment or pronouncement i... | |
what is an example of adjudication | an adjudication results from any sort of official judgment or decision for instance when a judge levies a penalty or sentence against a defendant in court | |
where does the word adjudicate come from | adjudicate comes from the latin word judicare meaning judge | |
what is the purpose of the adjudication process | adjudication is a formalized remedy for efficiently resolving disputes settling legal claims or deciding a case | |
what is adjustable life insurance | adjustable life insurance is a policy that allows you to change features after signing up including the premium payment and the death benefit also known as universal life adjustable life policies include an interest bearing savings component the cash value account which you can tap into while alive adjustable life insu... | |
what is an adjustable rate mortgage arm | the term adjustable rate mortgage arm refers to a home loan with a variable interest rate with an arm the initial interest rate is fixed for a period of time after that the interest rate applied on the outstanding balance resets periodically at yearly or even monthly intervals arms are also called variable rate mortgag... | |
how the variable rate on arms is determined | at the end of the initial fixed rate period arm interest rates will become variable adjustable and will fluctuate based on some reference interest rate the arm index plus a set amount of interest above that index rate the arm margin the arm index is often a benchmark rate such as the prime rate the libor the secured ov... | |
is an arm right for you | an arm can be a smart financial choice if you are planning to keep the loan for a limited period of time and will be able to handle any rate increases in the meantime put simply an adjustable rate mortgage is well suited for the following types of borrowers in many cases arms come with rate caps that limit how much the... | |
why is an adjustable rate mortgage a bad idea | adjustable rate mortgages aren t for everyone yes their favorable introductory rates are appealing and an arm could help you to get a larger loan for a home however it s hard to budget when payments can fluctuate wildly and you could end up in big financial trouble if interest rates spike particularly if there are no c... | |
how are arms calculated | once the initial fixed rate period ends borrowing costs will fluctuate based on a reference interest rate such as the prime rate the london interbank offered rate libor the secured overnight financing rate sofr or the rate on short term u s treasuries on top of that the lender will also add its own fixed amount of inte... | |
when were arms first offered to homebuyers | arms have been around for several decades with the option to take out a long term house loan with fluctuating interest rates first becoming available to americans in the early 1980s 9previous attempts to introduce such loans in the 1970s were thwarted by congress due to fears that they would leave borrowers with unmana... | |
what is the adjusted closing price | the adjusted closing price amends a stock s closing price to reflect that stock s value after accounting for any corporate actions it is often used when examining historical returns or doing a detailed analysis of past performance understanding the adjusted closing pricestock values are stated in terms of the closing p... | |
what is adjusted ebitda | adjusted ebitda earnings before interest taxes depreciation and amortization is a measure computed for a company that takes its earnings and adds back interest expenses taxes and depreciation charges plus other adjustments to the metric standardizing ebitda by removing anomalies means the resulting adjusted or normaliz... | |
how to calculate adjusted ebitda | start by calculating earnings before income taxes depreciation and amortization i e ebitda which begins with a company s net income to this figure add back interest expense income taxes and all non cash charges including depreciation and amortization next either add back non routine expenses such as excessive owner s c... | |
what does adjusted ebitda tell you | adjusted ebitda is used to assess and compare related companies for valuation analysis and for other purposes adjusted ebitda differs from the standard ebitda measure in that a company s adjusted ebitda is used to normalize its income and expenses since different companies may have several types of expense items that a... | |
what are adjusted funds from operations affo | adjusted funds from operations affo refers to the financial performance measure primarily used in the analysis of real estate investment trusts reits the affo of a reit though subject to varying methods of computation is generally equal to the trust s funds from operations ffo with adjustments made for recurring capita... | |
what is adjusted gross income agi | adjusted gross income agi is the number that the internal revenue service irs uses to determine your income taxes owed for the year the number is your total taxable income for the year minus certain adjustments that you may qualify for adjustments are made for business expenses student loan interest payments and contri... | |
how to calculate adjusted gross income | if you use software to prepare your tax return it will calculate your agi after you ve input your income numbers if you calculate it yourself you ll tally your total reported income for the year that might include job income as reported to the irs by your employer on a w 2 form plus other income such as dividends self ... | |
what does adjusted gross income agi mean on my tax return | adjusted gross income agi is your taxable income for the year after accounting for all applicable tax deductions it s an important number that s used by the irs to determine how much you owe in taxes agi is calculated by taking your gross income from the year and subtracting any deductions that you re eligible to claim... | |
what are some common adjustments used when determining agi | most are tax breaks that reduce your taxable income one big one is an adjustment for student loan interest others are more specialized such as an adjustment for moving expenses incurred by military personnel and an adjustment for teachers who buy classroom supplies 12you may qualify for none of these adjustments in whi... | |
what is the difference between agi and modified adjusted gross income magi | agi and modified adjusted gross income magi are very similar except that magi adds back certain deductions magi will always be larger than or equal to agi for this reason common examples of deductions that are added back to calculate magi include foreign earned income income earned on u s savings bonds and losses arisi... | |
what is adjusted present value apv | the adjusted present value is the net present value npv of a project or company if financed solely by equity plus the present value pv of any financing benefits which are the additional effects of debt by taking into account financing benefits apv includes tax shields such as those provided by deductible interest the f... | |
how to calculate adjusted present value apv | to determine the adjusted present value | |
how to calculate apv in excel | an investor can use excel to build out a model to calculate the net present value of the firm and the present value of the debt | |
what does adjusted present value tell you | the adjusted present value helps to show an investor the benefits of tax shields resulting from one or more tax deductions of interest payments or a subsidized loan at below market rates for leveraged transactions apv is preferred in particular leveraged buyout situations are the most effective situations in which to u... | |
what is an adjusting journal entry | an adjusting journal entry is an entry in a company s general ledger that occurs at the end of an accounting period to record any unrecognized income or expenses for the period when a transaction is started in one accounting period and ended in a later period an adjusting journal entry is required to properly account f... | |
why are adjusting journal entries important | because many companies operate where actual delivery of goods may be made at a different time than payment either beforehand in the case of credit or afterward in the case of pre payment there are times when one accounting period will end with such a situation still pending in such a case the adjusting journal entries ... | |
what is the purpose of adjusting journal entries | adjusting journal entries are used to reconcile transactions that have not yet closed but which straddle accounting periods these can be either payments or expenses whereby the payment does not occur at the same time as delivery | |
what are the types of adjusting journal entries | the main two types are accruals and deferrals accruals refer to payments or expenses on credit that are still owed while deferrals refer to prepayments where the products have not yet been delivered | |
what is the difference between cash accounting and accrual accounting | the primary distinction between cash and accrual accounting is in the timing of when expenses and revenues are recognized with cash accounting this occurs only when money is received for goods or services accrual accounting instead allows for a lag between payment and product e g with purchases made on credit who needs... | |
what are administrative expenses | administrative expenses are expenses incurred by an organization that are not directly tied to a specific core function such as manufacturing production or sales these overhead expenses are related to the organization as a whole rather than to individual departments or business units understanding administrative expens... | |
what is gross margin | a company s gross margin is its net sales less its cost of goods sold it s what a business earns from the sale of its services or products before deducting administrative expenses 2 | |
what are some semi variable administrative expenses | semi variable administrative expenses can include salaries audit and legal fees vehicle use and commissions they can also include utility costs that charge a base amount due plus an extra expense associated with usage 3 | |
what is depreciation in accounting | depreciation records the gradual loss of value of an asset over time the asset will eventually become less usable and efficient as time goes on and will be worth less as a result depreciation is recorded as an expense typically over a period during which the business still expects to be able to earn some revenue from i... | |
what is administrative services only aso | administrative services only aso refers to an agreement that companies use when they fund their employee benefit plan but hire an outside vendor to administer it for example an organization may hire an insurance company to evaluate and process claims under its employee health plan while maintaining the responsibility o... | |
what is the advance decline a d line | the advance decline line or a d line is a technical indicator that plots the difference between the number of advancing and declining stocks on a daily basis the indicator is cumulative with a positive number being added to the prior number or if the number is negative it is subtracted from the prior number the a d lin... | |
what does the a d line tell you | the a d line is used to confirm the strength of a current trend and its likelihood of reversing the indicator shows if the majority of stocks are participating in the direction of the market if the indexes are moving up but the a d line is sloping downwards called bearish divergence it s a sign that the markets are los... | |
what is an advance payment | advance payment is a type of payment made ahead of its normal schedule such as paying for a good or service before you actually receive it advance payments are sometimes required by sellers as protection against nonpayment or to cover the seller s out of pocket costs for supplying the service or product there are many ... | |
what is advanced internal rating based airb | an advanced internal rating based airb approach to credit risk measurement is a method that requests that all risk components be calculated internally within a financial institution advanced internal rating based airb can help an institution reduce its capital requirements and credit risk in addition to the basic inter... | |
what is adverse possession | the term adverse possession refers to a legal principle that grants title to someone who resides on or is in possession of another person s land the property s title is granted to the possessor as long as certain conditions are met including whether they infringe on the rights of the actual owner and whether they are i... | |
how to prevent adverse possession | if you are a landowner you can prevent a trespasser from gaining property ownership by taking some easy measures hire a lawyer as soon as you detect signs of trespassing on your land you might need to file a lawsuit to expel the trespasser or a court order to remove an unwanted structure from your land adverse possessi... | |
what are the 5 requirements of adverse possession | although the requirements for adverse possession may vary significantly between jurisdictions the following are the typical requirements that need to be met | |
what states allow adverse possession | although all states allow adverse possession the requirements can vary widely from state to state the main differences involve the length of possession the payment of taxes and the presence of a document that claims to establish ownership such as a deed in general terms states in the east do not require additional docu... | |
what is the time limit on adverse possession | the time limit varies by jurisdiction ranging from three years arizona to 30 years louisiana and new jersey the typical time threshold is 10 15 years 1who can claim adverse possession any person in possession of land owned by someone else may claim adverse possession and acquire valid title to it under as long as certa... | |
what is adverse selection | adverse selection refers to a situation in which sellers have information that buyers do not have or vice versa this asymmetric information can then be exploited asymmetric information also called information failure occurs when one party to a transaction has greater material knowledge than the other typically about pr... | |
how to minimize adverse selection | both sellers and buyers can reduce adverse selection by increasing access to information thus minimizing asymmetries for consumers the internet has greatly increased access while reducing costs crowd sourced information in the form of user reviews along with more formal reviews by bloggers or specialist websites are of... | |
why is it called adverse selection | adverse means unfavorable or harmful adverse selection is therefore when certain groups are at higher risk because they lack full information of unfavorable terms in fact they are often selected to enter into a transaction precisely because they are at such a disadvantage | |
how does adverse selection impact markets | adverse selection arises from information asymmetries in economic theory markets are assumed to be efficient and that everybody has full and perfect information when some have more information than others they can take advantage of those less informed often to their detriment this creates market inefficiencies that can... | |
what is an example of adverse selection in trading and investing | in stock markets there are some natural information asymmetries for example companies that issue shares know more about their internal finances and earnings before the general public does this can lead to cases of insider trading where those in the know profit from stock trades before public announcements are made whic... | |
what is advertising budget | an advertising budget is an estimate of a company s promotional expenditures over a certain time period more importantly it is the money a company is willing to set aside to accomplish its marketing objectives understanding advertising budgetan advertising budget is part of a company s overall sales or marketing budget... | |
when creating an advertising budget a company must weigh the value of spending an advertising dollar against the value of that dollar as recognized revenue before deciding on a specific amount companies should make certain determinations to ensure that the advertising budget is in line with their promotional and market... | the best advertising budgets and campaigns focus on customers needs and solving their problems not company problems such as an overstock reduction advertising budget levelscompanies can determine their advertising budget levels in several different ways each of which has its positives and negatives | |
what is an affiliate | affiliate is used primarily to describe a business relationship wherein one company owns less than a majority stake in the other company s stock affiliations can also describe a type of relationship in which at least two different companies are subsidiaries of the same larger parent company affiliate is also commonly u... | |
what is affiliate marketing | affiliate marketing is an advertising model in which a company compensates third party publishers to generate traffic or leads to the company s products and services the third party publishers are affiliates and the commission fee incentivizes them to find ways to promote the company understanding affiliate marketingth... | |
how do affiliate marketers get paid | affiliate marketers get paid a commission for referring customers to companies where they make purchases these commissions can range from less than 1 to 20 or more depending on the product and level of referral volume for online campaigns a customized link or referral code is used to track sales in this sense it is a s... | |
how much money can you make as an affiliate marketer | incomes for affiliate marketers vary with some making a few hundred dollars and some making six figures it depends on what is being marketed how much influence the marketer has the affiliate s reach and how much time is invested in marketing products often those spending more time marketing the company s products will ... | |
how do i become an affiliate marketer | to become an affiliate marketer consider what platform you will use to promote products and or services blogs are an effective channel for advertising and promoting as it allows the blogger serving as an expert to express an opinion about the offering after identifying a platform find a specific category you are comfor... | |
what are affiliated companies | companies are affiliated when one company is a minority shareholder of another in most cases the parent company will own less than a 50 interest in its affiliated company two companies may also be affiliated if they are controlled by a separate third party in the business world affiliated companies are often simply cal... | |
why do companies affiliate | reasons for companies becoming affiliated include | |
how do affiliates differ from subsidiaries | in a subsidiary the parent company owns more than 50 of the other company and is a majority shareholder this gives voting rights to the management and shareholders of the parent company the bottom line | |
what is affirmative action | affirmative action refers to a policy aimed at increasing workplace and educational opportunities for people who are underrepresented in various areas of our society it focuses on demographics with historically low representation in leadership and professional roles it is often considered a means of countering discrimi... | |
how affirmative action works | the main purpose of affirmative action is to diversify various parts of society the government backed policy was developed to provide inadequately represented groups of people with access to opportunities in academia the private workforce and government jobs these opportunities have included admission to schools jobs i... | |
what is the goal of affirmative action | the goal of affirmative action is to increase opportunities for individuals and groups that historically have been underrepresented or in some cases barred from certain areas of academia the government and the private sector workforce affirmative action policies provide funding in the form of grants and scholarships to... | |
how did regents v bakke change affirmative action policies | the regents v bakke case changed affirmative action policies by striking down the use of racial quotas the case was presented by allan bakke who claimed he was denied admission to medical school at the university of california on two separate occasions because he was white the supreme court upheld affirmative action bu... | |
which u s president first defined and used the term affirmative action | that was president john f kennedy he did so in 1961 telling federal contractors to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are treated equally without regard to race color religion sex or national origin 6the bottom linethough affirmative action continues to be a source of controversy for some such programs a... | |
what is the affordable care act aca | the affordable care act aca is the comprehensive healthcare reform signed into law by then president barack obama in march 2010 formally known as the patient protection and affordable care act and commonly referred to as obamacare the law includes a list of healthcare policies intended to expand access to health insura... | |
what are common arguments for and against the affordable care act aca | opponents argue that the affordable care act aca hurts small businesses that are required to provide insurance raises healthcare costs and creates a reliance on government services by individuals proponents state that those with health insurance get medical attention quickly and live a healthier lifestyle they contend ... | |
when does the yearly enrollment period on the marketplace begin | the health insurance marketplace is available for new enrollment on nov 1 and information is available on the government website | |
how many citizens use the health insurance marketplace | as of 2021 more than 13 million citizens are enrolled in coverage offered by the aca s marketplace 13the bottom linethe patient protection and affordable care act aca was passed in 2010 and is commonly known as obamacare it extended healthcare coverage to millions of previously uninsured americans the aca launched the ... | |
what is the after tax real rate of return | the after tax real rate of return is the actual financial benefit of an investment after accounting for the effects of inflation and taxes it is a more accurate measure of an investor s net earnings after income taxes have been paid and the rate of inflation has been adjusted both of these factors must be accounted for... | |
what is the difference between the after tax real rate of return and the nominal rate of return | the after tax real rate of return is figured after accounting for fees inflation and tax rates the nominal rate of return is simply the gross rate of return before considering any outside factors that impact an investment s actual performance |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.