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what are examples of covenants
covenants may be related to finances property law or religion in business a loan covenant may disallow a company from acquiring another company or may require a certain amount of cash on hand a property covenant may require the grass to be cut a specific number of times per year a religious covenant may be a promise fr...
what do covenants on a property mean
covenants on a property restrict how a property can be used or set the precedence of how it must be used consider a house under the provision of a homeowner s association the hoa may restrict the owner from renting out the property or listing the property on airbnb
what is an example of covenants in real estate
real estate covenants used to restrict who could legally purchase or occupy real property for example consider covenants in king county seattle that used to enforce restrictions based on race national origin or ethnic background 5today real estate covenants are more related to the actual operation and maintenance of a ...
what are the covenants in a contract
a contract can outline any covenant one party wishes to require as long as the other party agrees to its compliance as part of the contracting stage the two parties must communicate their requirements and negotiate what to include and exclude in a contract the covenants listed from one contract to another may be entire...
what is the lord s covenant
according to the bible the lord has made several covenants at the highest level god has promised to humanity that he will one day return to earth and grant everlasting life the bible also outlines several other covenants where god has made a promise to mankind that may or may not require action on humanity s part the b...
what is a cover letter
a cover letter is a written document commonly submitted with a job application outlining the applicant s credentials and interest in the open position since a cover letter is often one of only two documents sent to a potential employer a well or poorly written letter can impact whether the applicant is called for an in...
when employers post a job ad that requires a cover letter they may specify certain requirements for the cover letter to address for example they may require applicants to answer certain questions or to respect a certain word limit it is important to follow these requirements as they reflect on the applicant s ability t...
if the employer does not set any expectations a typical cover letter should be about a page or less and may include a formal greeting contact information and links to the applicant s portfolio or work it should highlight any special skills and explain why you would be a good fit for the position this is your chance to ...
how long should a cover letter be
according to indeed a leading job seeking site a typical cover letter should be about three or four paragraphs long and highlight any special experience or achievements that make the applicant exceptionally well suited to the position 4
how do you start a cover letter
a cover letter should start with a formal greeting preferably addressed to the hiring manager if you do not know who will be reading your cover letter a generic to whom it may concern is an acceptable albeit old fashioned way to address a cover letter it is also acceptable to address the letter to a title such as dear ...
what should a cover letter contain
an effective cover letter should highlight the applicant s skills experience and any achievements that make them a good fit for their prospective employer it is also a good chance to mention anything that is not included in the resume for example if an applicant is drawn to a certain employer because they love a certai...
what is a coverage ratio
a coverage ratio broadly is a metric intended to measure a company s ability to service its debt and meet its financial obligations such as interest payments or dividends the higher the coverage ratio the easier it should be to make interest payments on its debt or pay dividends the trend of coverage ratios over time i...
where
ebit earnings before interest and taxesan interest coverage ratio of two or higher is generally considered satisfactory the debt service coverage ratio dscr measures how well a company is able to pay its entire debt service debt service includes all principal and interest payments due to be made in the near term the ra...
where
total assets tangibles such as land buildings machinery and inventoryas a rule of thumb utilities should have an asset coverage ratio of at least 1 5 and industrial companies should have an asset coverage ratio of at least 2 other coverage ratiosseveral other coverage ratios are also used by analysts though they are no...
the term covered call refers to a financial transaction in which the investor selling call options owns an equivalent amount of the underlying security to execute this an investor who holds a long position in an asset then writes sells call options on that same asset to generate an income stream the investor s long pos...
investopedia alex dos diazunderstanding covered callscovered calls are a neutral strategy meaning the investor only expects a minor increase or decrease in the underlying stock price for the life of the written call option this strategy is often employed when an investor has a short term neutral view of the asset and f...
when to use and when to avoid covered calls
the best time to sell covered calls is when the underlying security has neutral to optimistic long term prospects with little likelihood of either large gains or large losses this allows the call writer to earn a reliable profit from the premium covered calls are not an optimal strategy if the underlying security has a...
are covered calls a profitable strategy
as with any trading strategy covered calls may or may not be profitable the highest payoff from a covered call occurs if the stock price rises to the strike price of the call that has been sold and is no higher the investor benefits from a modest rise in the stock and collects the full premium of the option as it expir...
are covered calls risky
covered calls are considered relatively low risk covered calls however would limit any further upside profit potential if the stock continued to rise and would not protect much from a drop in the stock price 3 note that unlike covered calls call sellers that do not own an equivalent amount in the underlying shares are ...
is there such a thing as a covered put
in contrast to call options put options grant the contract holder the right to sell the underlying as opposed to the right to buy it at a set price 5 the equivalent position using puts would involve selling short shares and then selling a downside put this however is uncommon instead traders may employ a married put wh...
what is covered interest rate parity
covered interest rate parity refers to a theoretical condition in which the relationship between interest rates and the spot and forward currency values of two countries are in equilibrium the covered interest rate parity situation means there is no opportunity for arbitrage using forward contracts which often exists b...
what does covered interest rate parity tell you
covered interest rate parity is a no arbitrage condition that could be used in the foreign exchange markets to determine the forward foreign exchange rate the condition also states that investors could hedge foreign exchange risk or unforeseen fluctuations in exchange rates with forward contracts consequently the forei...
what is the covered interest rate parity
the covered interest rate parity is a theoretical occurrence where a pair s spot and forward currency prices are equal representing no arbitrage opportunity
what are the 2 types of interest rate parity
the two types are covered and uncovered the difference is that the covered type uses forward or futures contracts while the uncovered uses expected spot rates
when does interest rate parity not hold
interest rate parity does not hold when the spot and forward prices are not in equilibrium representing an arbitrage opportunity the bottom linecovered interest rate parity is a condition where a currency pair s spot and forward prices are equal it is used by currency traders to help them make decisions on arbitrage op...
what is creative destruction
creative destruction is the dismantling of long standing practices in order to make way for innovation and is seen as a driving force of capitalism understanding creative destructionthe term creative destruction was first coined by austrian economist joseph schumpeter in 1942 schumpeter characterized creative destructi...
why is creative destruction a good thing
while creative destruction can cause short term pain and job losses it is generally seen as a positive force for long term economic growth and progress creative destruction is driven by innovation which is a key driver of economic growth creative destruction also encourages competition which helps to keep prices low an...
what emerges from creative destruction
creative destruction can give rise to entirely new industries that did not exist before for example the rise of the internet has created new industries such as e commerce social media and digital marketing this also means that existing products and services are replaced by new innovations which can lead to brand new bu...
what areas of the economy and markets is creative destruction used to describe
creative destruction can occur within almost any industry leading to the destruction of existing companies and the emergence of new ones it can further happen at a lower level such as individual products and services leading to the replacement of existing products and services with new ones by extension this all has an...
what are modern examples of creative destruction
consider apple s frequent product releases when the company deems it necessary they release new gadgets hardware or software that usually takes the place of prior offerings this is an example of apple embarking on creative destruction where they make their older items obsolete in favor of coming up with innovative new ...
what is credit
the word credit has many meanings in the financial world but it most commonly refers to a contractual agreement in which a borrower receives a sum of money or something else of value and commits to repaying the lender at a later date typically with interest credit can also refer to the creditworthiness or credit histor...
what is a letter of credit
often used in international trade a letter of credit is a letter from a bank guaranteeing that a seller will receive the full amount that it is due from a buyer by a certain agreed upon date if the buyer fails to do so the bank is on the hook for the money
what is a credit limit
a credit limit represents the maximum amount of credit that a lender such as a credit card company will extend such as to a credit card holder once the borrower reaches the limit they are unable to make further purchases until they repay some portion of their balance the term is also used in connection with lines of cr...
what is a line of credit
a line of credit refers to a loan from a bank or other financial institution that makes a certain amount of credit available to the borrower for them to draw on as needed rather than taking all at once one type is the home equity line of credit heloc which allows owners to borrow against the value of their home for ren...
what is revolving credit
revolving credit involves a loan with no fixed end date a credit card account being a good example as long as the account is in good standing the borrower can continue to borrow against it up to whatever credit limit has been established as the borrower makes payments toward the balance the account is replenished these...
what is a credit analyst
the term credit analyst refers to a financial professional who assesses the creditworthiness of securities individuals or companies credit analysts determine the likelihood that a borrower can repay their financial obligations by reviewing their financial and credit history and determining whether the state of the subj...
how credit analysts work
a credit analyst gathers and analyzes financial data associated with lending and credit products this includes reviewing a borrower s payment history along with liabilities earnings and assets they possess the analyst looks for indicators that the borrower might present a level of risk the data are used to recommend th...
what skills do you need to be a credit analyst
a credit analyst should have accounting skills such as the ability to create and analyze financial statements and ledgers many credit analysts will have skills in risk analysis mathematics statistics computing and quantitative analysis credit analysts should be good at problem solving have attention to detail and have ...
how do i become a credit analyst
to become a credit analyst you will usually be required to have a minimum of a bachelor s degree in finance accounting or a related field a potential employer may look to see if you have completed courses in statistics economics financial statement analysis and risk assessment they may also require some previous on the...
is a credit analyst a good job
yes a credit analyst can be a good job if you have an interest in accounting or finance along with a desire to help companies and consumers make decisions regarding the extension of credit and the reduction of financial risk according to the u s bureau of labor statistics bls the estimated wage range for credit analyst...
what is a credit bureau
a credit bureau also known in the u s as a credit reporting agency is an organization that collects and researches individual credit information and sells it to creditors for a fee so they can make decisions about extending credit or granting loans
how credit bureaus work
credit bureaus partner with all types of lending institutions and credit issuers to help them make loan decisions their primary purpose is to ensure that creditors have the information they need to make lending decisions typical clients for a credit bureau include banks mortgage lenders credit card issuers and other pe...
what is a credit card
a credit card is a thin rectangular piece of plastic or metal issued by a bank or financial services company that allows cardholders to borrow funds with which to pay for goods and services with merchants that accept cards for payment credit cards impose the condition that cardholders pay back the borrowed money plus a...
when used responsibly regular non secured and secured cards can help consumers build a positive credit history while providing a way to make online purchases and eliminate the need to carry cash since both types of credit cards report payments and purchasing activity to the major credit agencies cardholders who use the...
building a good credit history is a combination of things making regular on time payments avoiding late payments keeping credit utilization under your credit limit and maintaining a low debt to income ratio by making responsible purchases and paying them off in a timely manner a credit score will rise making a consumer...
how do i get a credit card if i don t have any credit
building credit history can be a bit of a catch 22 if you don t have any credit merchants or banks are less likely to extend credit to you since you re an unproven borrower opening a secured credit card is one of the simplest ways to get started since spenders are only borrowing from the money they put down as a deposi...
do credit cards have fixed or variable annual percentage rates aprs
many credit cards will have both types of annual percentage rates aprs to find out which kind of apr you have read the cardholder agreement that comes with your credit card card issuers must legally disclose what type of apr they have and what it is if a fixed apr changes they must also alert consumers of that 3some cr...
what is a credit card annual fee
the annual fee on a credit card is the fee charged by the card issuer to extend the credit card to you some cards don t charge an annual fee but others most often cards that offer rewards or incentives like cash back can charge annual fees ranging from 50 to 700
what is the difference between the transaction date and the posting date
the transaction date is the day of the purchase or payment using your card these transactions will usually move into a pending category while the company processes the activity the posting date is the day that the purchase or payment is added or deducted from your account balance
what is a credit card balance
a credit card balance is the total amount of money currently owed by a cardholder to their credit card company balances change based on when and how they are used they increase when purchases are made and decrease when cardholders make payments any remaining balance at the end of the billing cycle is carried over to th...
what is a credit card dump
a credit card dump is a type of crime in which the criminal makes an unauthorized digital copy of a credit card this type of crime has existed for decades but it has seen wider public awareness in recent years due to the rising prevalence of credit card forgeries identity theft and other types of cybercrime
how credit card dumps work
there are many ways in which a credit card dump might occur one common method is skimming in which an illegal card reader sometimes hidden in a legitimate automated teller machine atm or gas station pump copies the data from a credit card in other cases cybercriminals are able to obtain a large number of card numbers a...
what was the biggest credit card dump to date
in terms of the number of customers exposed the largest credit card dump so far was a hack on credit bureau equifax in september of 2017 which exposed personal data of more than 147 million customers including credit card details 4
what was the first credit card dump
card theft scams and black markets for personal ids have been around since the advent of credit cards in the 1960s and 70s the first large scale credit card dump however is often attributed to the year 1984 when the new york times reported that the password for a leading credit union trw was stolen from a sears store o...
how can i avoid being a victim of a credit card dump
unfortunately since credit card dumps involve security breaches of companies that you may shop at having your card numbers stolen may be out of your hands if you are aware of a breach contact your credit card issuer immediately to put a freeze on your account and cancel replace your cards another newer innovation is th...
what is a credit default swap cds
a credit default swap cds is a financial derivative that allows an investor to swap or offset their credit risk with that of another investor to swap the risk of default the lender buys a cds from another investor who agrees to reimburse them if the borrower defaults most cds contracts are maintained via an ongoing pre...
how credit default swaps cdss work
a credit default swap is a derivative contract that transfers the credit exposure of fixed income products it may involve bonds or forms of securitized debt derivatives of loans sold to investors for example suppose a company sells a bond with a 100 face value and a 10 year maturity to an investor the company might agr...
when a credit event occurs the contract may be settled physically historically the most common method or by cash in a physical settlement sellers receive an actual bond from the buyer cash settlement though became the more preferred method when the purpose of cdss shifted from hedging tools to speculation in this type ...
the u s comptroller of the currency issues a quarterly report on credit derivatives in a report regarding the first quarter of 2024 it placed the size of the entire credit derivative market at 4 7 trillion 3 2 trillion of which were cdss 2
when are cdss used
as an insurance policy against a credit event on an underlying asset credit default swaps are used in several ways because swaps are traded they naturally have fluctuating market values that a cds trader can profit from investors buy and sell cdss from each other attempting to profit from the difference in prices 1a cr...
what triggers a credit default swap
the cds provider must pay the swap purchaser if the underlying investment usually a loan is subject to a credit event 6
is a credit default swap legal
credit default swaps are not illegal but they are regulated by the securities and exchange commission and the commodity futures trading commission under the dodd frank act 12
what are the benefits of credit default swaps
credit default swaps are beneficial for two main reasons hedging risk and speculation to hedge risk investors buy credit default swaps to add a layer of insurance to protect a bond such as a mortgage backed security from defaulting on its payments in turn a third party assumes the risk in exchange for a premium by cont...
what is a credit facility
a credit facility is a type of loan made in a business or corporate finance context it allows the borrowing business to take out money over an extended period of time rather than reapplying for a loan each time it needs money in effect a credit facility lets a company take out an umbrella loan for generating capital ov...
how credit facilities work
credit facilities are used broadly across the financial market as a way to provide funding for different purposes companies frequently implement a credit facility in conjunction with closing a round of equity financing or raising money by selling shares of their stock a key consideration for any company is how it will ...
what are the types of credit facilities
there are several credit facilities a company can secure a revolving loan facility allows a company to take out a loan repay the loan then use the same loan agreement again as long as there are principal funds available to borrow a retail credit facility is often used to provide liquidity for cyclical companies that re...
what is the difference between a loan and a credit facility
a loan is often a more rigid agreement between a bank and a borrower the borrower usually receives the funds upfront and then repays it with interest a credit facility is more flexible as the agreement allows a borrower to take on debt only when they need the funds
what is a credit card facility
a credit card facility is different than a credit facility the term credit card facility is often used to describe features of a credit card that a cardholder receives when a credit card is opened for example a credit card may come with technology allowing for transactions to be automatically paid split into tracking c...
is credit facility used in debt
a credit facility is a way for a company to take on debt it s an agreement between a company and a lender that should the company need funds it can draw on the facility and borrow money just because a company has a credit facility doesn t mean it has incurred debt a credit facility simply grants the company the right t...
what is a credit limit
a credit limit is the maximum amount of credit a financial institution extends to a client on a credit card or a line of credit lenders usually set credit limits based on specific information about the credit seeking applicant including their income and employment status credit limits are an important factor that can a...
how a credit limit works
a credit limit is the maximum amount of money a lender will allow you to spend using a particular credit card or revolving line of credit lenders set those limits based on several factors including your credit score personal income and loan repayment history lenders generally offer higher limits to borrowers they view ...
how credit limits affect your credit score
your credit limits can have an impact on your credit score an important number that lenders use to decide whether to issue you new credit and what interest rate to charge you for it that s because your credit utilization ratio or the amount of debt you have outstanding at any given time as a percentage of the total cre...
what is available credit
available credit is the unused portion of a credit limit so if you have a total credit limit of 10 000 on your credit card and you have used 5 000 you would have the remaining 5 000 as available credit available credit can fluctuate throughout the billing cycle based on account usage
what is a credit score
a credit score is a calculated value that serves as a proxy for your creditworthiness or ability and likelihood that you will repay any debts on time according to the terms of the loan agreement credit scores are generated based on information collected by credit reporting agencies such as experian equifax and transuni...
why does a credit limit matter
a credit limit matters because it dictates how much money you can access to pay for expenses you need to know your credit limit when you make purchases so you do not go over the limit and incur fees a merchant in that situation may also refuse to accept your card in addition your collective credit limits can impact you...
what is a credit linked note
a credit linked note cln is a security with an embedded credit default swap permitting the issuer to shift specific credit risk to credit investors credit linked notes are created through a special purpose vehicle spv or trust which is collateralized with aaa rated securities investors buy credit linked notes from a tr...
what is a credit rating
a credit rating is an independent assessment of the ability of a corporation or a government to repay a debt either in general terms or regarding a specific financial obligation credit scores are assigned to individuals based on their personal history of acquiring and repaying debt they are checked by lenders consideri...
what s the difference between a credit rating and a credit score
the terms are often used interchangeably but a credit rating evaluates a company s or government s ability to repay a debt while credit scores are assigned to individual consumers their functions are quite similar both credit ratings and credit scores are used by lenders being asked to loan money as an indication of th...
what does a credit rating tell an investor
a credit rating is an educated opinion about the financial health of a business or government it is a conclusion of the likelihood that the business or government will be able to repay its debts investors use that information when deciding whether to buy bonds issued by that entity and whether they will be adequately c...
what is a nationally recognized statistical rating organization
nationally recognized statistical rating organizations nrsros are credit rating agencies that are overseen by the office of credit ratings ocr in the u s securities and exchange commission the ocr was created by the dodd frank wall street reform and consumer protection act in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007 20...
what is a credit report
a credit report is a detailed breakdown of your credit history prepared by a credit bureau credit bureaus collect financial information about you and compile their reports based on that information lenders use the reports often along with other data to determine your creditworthiness insurance companies employers and l...
how credit reports work
in the united states there are three major credit reporting bureaus equifax experian and transunion each of these companies collects information about your credit history to create a unique credit report on you although most of their information is similar there are often small differences among the three reports depen...
what had happened was that the client had the same name as their father so when the credit report was run it pulled their correct information but also accidentally pulled their father s credit card balance
make sure to check for errors before you think you will need to apply for credit so you can have them fixed if there are any not doing this could delay your credit decision cause your lender to think twice about lending you credit and ultimately delay a time sensitive purchase
what information is in my credit report
credit reports typically divide information into four sections these are 2credit reports and credit scorescredit scores are three digit numbers typically ranging from 300 to 850 that serve as a sort of shorthand for your creditworthiness the information in your credit reports is used to compute your credit scores but t...
how long does information remain on your credit report
information on your credit report will typically remain for at least seven years after which it basically falls off one exception is chapter 7 bankruptcy which can remain for up to 10 years 4who can see your credit report under the fair credit reporting act businesses and other parties need a legally permissible reason...
how can you obtain your credit report
by law you are entitled to a free copy of your credit report from each of the three major bureaus at least once a year the official website for that purpose is annualcreditreport com you re also entitled to see your credit report free of charge if you ve recently been denied credit insurance or employment based on the ...
what is credit risk
credit risk is the probability of a financial loss resulting from a borrower s failure to repay a loan essentially credit risk refers to the risk that a lender may not receive the owed principal and interest which results in an interruption of cash flows and increased costs for collection lenders can mitigate credit ri...
when lenders offer mortgages credit cards or other types of loans there is a risk that the borrower may not repay the loan similarly if a company offers credit to a customer there is a risk that the customer may not pay their invoices 3
credit risk can describe the chance that a bond issuer may fail to make payment when requested or that an insurance company will be unable to pay a claim 4credit risks are calculated based on the borrower s overall ability to repay a loan according to its original terms to assess credit risk on a consumer loan lenders ...
how do banks manage credit risk
banks can manage credit risk with several strategies they can set specific standards for lending including requiring a certain credit score from borrowers then they can regularly monitor their loan portfolios assess any changes in borrowers creditworthiness and make any adjustments 9
what are the five cs of credit
the five cs of credit include capacity capital conditions character and collateral these are the factors that lenders can analyze about a borrower to help reduce credit risk performing an analysis based on these factors can help a lender predict the likelihood that a borrower will default on a loan 10
how do lenders measure the five cs of credit
each lender will measure the five cs of credit capacity capital conditions character and collateral differently generally lenders emphasize a potential creditor s capacity or the amount of income they have relative to the debt they are carrying 10the bottom linecredit risk is a lender s potential for financial loss to ...
what is credit risk
credit risk is the probability of a financial loss resulting from a borrower s failure to repay a loan essentially credit risk refers to the risk that a lender may not receive the owed principal and interest which results in an interruption of cash flows and increased costs for collection lenders can mitigate credit ri...
when lenders offer mortgages credit cards or other types of loans there is a risk that the borrower may not repay the loan similarly if a company offers credit to a customer there is a risk that the customer may not pay their invoices 3
credit risk can describe the chance that a bond issuer may fail to make payment when requested or that an insurance company will be unable to pay a claim 4credit risks are calculated based on the borrower s overall ability to repay a loan according to its original terms to assess credit risk on a consumer loan lenders ...
how do banks manage credit risk
banks can manage credit risk with several strategies they can set specific standards for lending including requiring a certain credit score from borrowers then they can regularly monitor their loan portfolios assess any changes in borrowers creditworthiness and make any adjustments 9
what are the five cs of credit
the five cs of credit include capacity capital conditions character and collateral these are the factors that lenders can analyze about a borrower to help reduce credit risk performing an analysis based on these factors can help a lender predict the likelihood that a borrower will default on a loan 10
how do lenders measure the five cs of credit
each lender will measure the five cs of credit capacity capital conditions character and collateral differently generally lenders emphasize a potential creditor s capacity or the amount of income they have relative to the debt they are carrying 10the bottom linecredit risk is a lender s potential for financial loss to ...
savvy investors know that credit spreads may be one of the best indicators of the broader economy s health not just the creditworthiness of this or that company in bond trading the difference between the yields of two bonds with the same maturity but different credit quality is known as the credit spread and it can hav...
credit spreads are measured in basis points which are equal to 0 01 for example a 1 difference in yield is equal to a spread of 100 basis points also known as bond yield or default spreads they allow you to quickly compare the yields of corporate bonds to risk free alternatives such as treasury notes for instance if a ...
what is the difference between baa and aaa bonds
the primary difference between baa and aaa bonds lies in their credit ratings and associated risk levels baa bonds are rated as medium grade investments by moody s investors service they are considered to be of moderate credit quality meaning they carry a higher risk of default than higher rated bonds but are still inv...
how does credit spread affect bond price
the credit spread is the result of the difference in risk corporate bonds come with more risk than u s treasury bonds so they need to offer higher yields to attract investors the price you pay for either bond may be the same but you are assuming a higher risk with corporate bonds which means you have the potential to e...
what is a credit union
a credit union is a type of financial cooperative that provides traditional banking services ranging in size from small volunteer only operations to large entities with thousands of participants spanning the country credit unions can be formed by large corporations organizations and other entities for their employees a...
what benefits do credit unions offer
normally credit unions offer higher rates on interest bearing accounts lower rates on loans lower fees and a more personal touch when it comes to customer service can anyone join a credit union nowadays you ll find more credit unions offering membership to all some still have specific eligibility requirements though so...
how do i join a credit union
once you ve located a credit union that interests you you should be able to find membership specifics and an application to join on its website the application usually requires the kind of personal information related to opening a financial account which is what you re doing as part of applying for membership you ll th...
what is a creditor
a creditor is an individual or institution that extends credit to another party to borrow money usually by a loan agreement or contract creditors are commonly classified as personal or real those who loan money to friends or family or a business that provides immediate supplies or services to a company or individual bu...
what happens if creditors are not repaid
secured creditors often a bank or mortgage company have a legal right to reclaim the property such as a car or home used as collateral for a loan often through a lien or repossession an unsecured creditor such as a credit card company is a creditor where the borrower has not agreed to give the creditor any property suc...