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what does a higher ytm indicate | whether or not a higher ytm is positive depends on specific circumstances a higher ytm might indicate a bargain opportunity is available since the bond in question is available for less than its par value however investors must determine whether or not this discount is justified by fundamentals such as the creditworthi... | |
what is yield to worst ytw | yield to worst is a measure of the lowest possible yield that can be received on a bond that fully operates within the terms of its contract without defaulting it is a type of yield that is referenced when a bond has provisions that would allow the issuer to close it out before it matures early retirement of the bond c... | |
what is yield variance | yield variance is the difference between actual output and standard output of a production or manufacturing process based on standard inputs of materials and labor the yield variance is valued at standard cost yield variance is generally unfavorable where the actual output is less than the standard or expected output b... | |
how to calculate yield variance | yield variance is calculated as the actual yield minus the standard yield multiplied by standard unit cost yield variance sc actual yield standard yield where sc standard unit cost begin aligned text yield variance text sc left text actual yield text standard yield right textbf where text sc standard unit cost end alig... | |
what does yield variance tell you | yield variance is a common financial and operational metric within manufacturing industries to improve or enhance the measure it s fairly regular for an analyst to adjust inputs for special scenarios for instance during a raw material price spike it may not make sense to use temporary price inputs experiencing short te... | |
what is yo yo | yo yo is a slang term for a very volatile market the name comes from the movements of a yo yo toy in a yo yo market security prices continually go up and down a yo yo market has no distinguishing features of either an up or down market rather it exhibits characteristics of both security prices in a yo yo market may sw... | |
what are york antwerp rules | the york antwerp rules are a set of maritime regulations concerning protocols surrounding jettisoned cargo often contracts and bills of lading will include these maritime rules and use them as a framework to establish liability and assign costs for lost and damaged cargo the rules are broken into provisions that help s... | |
how york antwerp rules work | the york antwerp rules are a set of maritime rules that were established in 1890 amended several times since their inception this set of maritime rules outlines the rights and obligations of both ship and cargo owners in the case that cargo must be jettisoned in order to save a ship generally bills of lading contracts ... | |
when do you use the york antwerp rules | in a life threatening situation at sea the captain and crew may deem it necessary to jettison the cargo to jettison cargo is a maritime term that is the last resort in an emergency situation where the crew throws the cargo overboard in order to stabilize the vessel if there is a threat to a ship due to damage to the hu... | |
what was a yugen kaisha yk | a yugen kaisha yk was a type of limited liability company that could be established in japan from 1940 through early 2006 the companies act enacted in japan in june 2005 abolished the yk business form the law changed most yks into kks or kabushiki kaisha kk which were in turn replaced by godo gaisha gg a joint stock co... | |
what is a yuppie | yuppie is a slang term denoting the market segment of young urban professionals a yuppie is often characterized by youth affluence and business success they are often preppy in appearance and like to show off their success by their style and possessions understanding yuppiescoined in the 1980s the term yuppie was used ... | |
what is z in the nasdaq | the term z refers to a designation for nasdaq listed securities that identifies a miscellaneous entity this extension is just one of the fifth letter identifiers that appear after a company s ticker symbol it indicates that the stock is different from single issues of common or capital stock the reasons for a z designa... | |
what is z bond | a z bond also known as an accrual bond is often the last bond to mature it receives payment which is the accrual of interest added to the principal after all other bond classes understanding z bonda z bond is the last tranche of a collateralized mortgage obligation cmo as the last portion of the debt security it receiv... | |
what is z score | z score is a statistical measurement that describes a value s relationship to the mean of a group of values z score is measured in terms of standard deviations from the mean in investing and trading z scores are measures of an instrument s variability and can be used by traders to help determine volatility understandin... | |
how to calculate z score | calculating a z score requires that you first determine the mean and standard deviation of your data once you have these figures you can calculate your z score so assume you have the following variables you would use the variables in the formula so your selected value has a z score that indicates it is 1 25 standard de... | |
how the z score is used | in it s most basic form the z score allows you determine how far measured in standard deviations the returns for the stock you re evaluating are from the mean of a sample of stocks the average score you have could be the mean of a stock s annual return the average return of the index it is listed on or the average retu... | |
what is z score | the z score is a way to figure out how far away a piece of data is from the average of a group measured in standard deviations it tells us if a data point is typical or unusual compared to the rest of the group which is useful for spotting unusual values and comparing data between different groups | |
how is z score calculated | the z score is calculated by finding the difference between a data point and the average of the dataset then dividing that difference by the standard deviation to see how many standard deviations the data point is from the mean | |
how is z score used in real life | a z score is used in many real life applications such as medical evaluations test scoring business decision making and investing and trading opportunity measurements traders that use statistical measures like z scores to evaluate trading opportunities are called quant traders quantitative traders | |
what is a good z score | the higher or lower a z score is the further away from the mean the point is this isn t necessarily good or bad it merely shows where the data lies in a normally distributed sample this means it comes down to preference when evaluating an investment or opportunity for example some investors use a z score range of 3 0 t... | |
why is z score so important | a z score is important because it tells where your data lies in the data distribution for example if a z score is 1 5 it is 1 5 standard deviations away from the mean because 68 of your data lies within one standard deviation if it is normally distributed 1 5 might be considered too far from average for your comfort th... | |
what is a z share | a z share is a class of mutual fund shares that employees of the fund s management company are allowed to own employees may have the option to buy z shares they are also used in employee benefit plans and offered as a part of compensation or through a reward package | |
how z shares work | z shares are typically no load funds which can make them an even more attractive investment for employees they usually have no front end or back end fees generally they also have one of the lowest expense ratios while z share investors will pay the same management and miscellaneous fund expenses as other investors thei... | |
what is a z test | a z test is a statistical test used to determine whether two population means are different when the variances are known and the sample size is large it can also be used to compare one mean to a hypothesized value the data must approximately fit a normal distribution otherwise the test doesn t work parameters such as v... | |
when conducting a z test the null and alternative hypotheses and alpha level should be stated the z score also called a test statistic should be calculated and the results and conclusion stated a z statistic or z score is a number representing how many standard deviations above or below the mean population a score deri... | examples of tests that can be conducted as z tests include a one sample location test a two sample location test a paired difference test and a maximum likelihood estimate z tests are closely related to t tests but t tests are best performed when an experiment has a small sample size also t tests assume the standard de... | |
what is a z tranche | a z tranche is the lowest ranked tranche of a collateralized mortgage obligation cmo in terms of seniority its owners are not entitled to any coupon payments receiving no cash flow from underlying mortgages until the more senior tranches are retired or paid off instead of paying interest to the z tranche the money is u... | |
how can i buy a cmo | cmos are over the counter product offerings and can be purchased through an issuing institution other than individual investors pension funds insurance companies commercial banks credit unions savings banks and other financial institutions also buy cmos 2 | |
which cmo tranche has the most prepayment risk | the cmo tranche that carries the most prepayment risk is the first tranche which is the most junior as more payments are made and tranches retired the risk of prepayment decreases | |
what kinds of risk do cmos have | cmos carry specific risks such as the possibility that not all payments will be made on time there could be a loss of premium due to prepayments a risk of interest rates rising and the effect that would have on the securities and extensions when the principal is returned earlier or later than expected 3 | |
is a cmo a pass through security | a cmo is not a pass through security although they are similar in that they are both securities created from pools of mortgages the bottom linea z tranche is the riskiest tranche in a cmo and the one that takes the longest time to pay out investors will typically consider z tranches if they want to park their money in ... | |
what is zacks investment research | zacks investment research is an american company dedicated to the production of independent research and investment related content it was founded in 1978 by len zacks based on his insights while pursuing his ph d at mit the company provides professional investors with financial data and analysis to help make better in... | |
what is zacks stock screener | the stock screener is a paid product by zacks investment research that allows an investor to sort and search for stocks according to desirable metrics such as price changes dividends or return on investment in keeping with their focus on earnings estimates the zacks stock screener also allows investors to sort stocks a... | |
how much does zacks stock screener cost | zacks premium screens are available with a premium membership priced at 249 per year this product is also available for higher tiers with prices ranging as high as 2995 per year 7 | |
what is the zacks industry rank | the zacks industry rank is the average zacks rank of all the companies in a specific industry sector this metric can be used to identify favorable industry wide conditions that could benefit similar companies 8 | |
what is the zacks mutual fund rank | the zacks mutual fund rank is a rating that is applied to mutual funds in the same way that zacks ranks are assigned to individual stocks each quarter the zacks quantitative research department calculates a rating for 19 000 different mutual funds based on the average zacks rank of the stocks held by each fund as well ... | |
what is the zacks etf rank | zacks etf rank is a similar ranking system that seeks to identify exchange traded funds that have a favorable one year outlook these rankings are based on a wide range of quantitative metrics such as expense ratio momentum yields and the assets contained in each etf 10 | |
what are zacks lifecycle indices | zacks lifecycle indices are a series of indexes developed by zacks investment research inc that provide a benchmark for the lifecycle allocation of various target date funds with a different index for each target date understanding zacks lifecycle indiceszacks lifecycle indices provide comparative benchmarks for lifecy... | |
what does zakat mean | zakat is an islamic finance term referring to the obligation that an individual has to donate a certain proportion of wealth each year to charitable causes zakat is mandatory for all muslims in most countries and is considered to be a form of worship giving away money to the poor is said to purify yearly earnings that ... | |
how zakat works | there are five pillars of islam the declaration of faith prayer fasting during ramadan the hajj pilgrimage and zakat zakat is a compulsory procedure for muslims who earn above a certain threshold it should not be confused with sadaqah the act of voluntarily giving charitable gifts out of kindness or generosity religiou... | |
what is zakat in islam | zakat is an islamic financial term as one of the pillars of the faith it requires all muslims to donate a portion of their wealth to charity muslims must meet a certain threshold before they can qualify for zakat the amount is 2 5 or 1 40 of an individual s total savings and wealth zakat can be paid at any time during ... | |
how do you calculate zakat | muslims should take inventory of their possessions and wealth once they reach nisab or the threshold which is the value of 87 48 grams of gold or 612 36 grams of silver they must pay zakat the total amount to be paid is 2 5 or 1 40 of their total savings and wealth muslims can use any number of zakat calculators which ... | |
what are the rules of zakat | individuals must meet a certain threshold known as nisab in order to qualify for zakat every lunar year this is set at the value of 87 48 grams of gold or 612 36 grams of silver people whose wealth exceeds the value of these amounts must pay 2 5 of the value of their wealth in zakat individuals who do not meet this lim... | |
how much are muslims obligated to pay in zakat | muslims are obligated to pay 2 5 of the total value of their wealth less any liabilities in zakat provided they reach nisab this is the threshold which is the value of 87 48 grams of gold or 612 36 grams of silver some muslim countries make zakat mandatory just like taxes others though do not obligate their citizens to... | |
what is zcash zec | zcash emerged in 2016 when a group of scientists decided they wanted to create a cryptocurrency similar to bitcoin but with some additional features they developed a fork of the bitcoin blockchain with enhanced user security and anonymity the scientists first invented zerocoin which became zerocash not too long after i... | |
how is zcash different from bitcoin | the bitcoin community prides itself on transparent transactions while maintaining anonymity however anyone interested or who has a stake in a transaction could trace the parties within it zcash doesn t eliminate transaction information instead it encrypts it so that it cannot be tracked the zcash blockchain is still tr... | |
how to mine zcash | new coins are produced by mining you can use an application specific integrated circuit asic miner or your computer if it has a graphics card capable of mining operating systems supported by zcash are docker debian ubuntu mac and other linux flavors however zcash recommends using an asic miner and mining pool because t... | |
is there a future for zcash | zcash has been turned over to the zcash foundation which will continue development regarding its future it s difficult to say whether zcash has any staying power or not | |
what is the disadvantage of zcash | one of the most significant hurdles zcash faces is that it is another cryptocurrency payment system in an ocean full of them it offers users more anonymity than other cryptocurrencies but due to the regulatory environment and investigations into anti money laundering techniques using crypto anonymizing services that me... | |
what is a zero balance account zba | a zero balance account zba is exactly what it sounds like a checking account in which a balance of 0 is maintained when funds are needed in the zba the exact amount of money required is automatically transferred from a central or master account similarly deposits are swept into the master account daily corporations som... | |
how zero balance accounts zbas work | the master account provides a centralized place to manage an organization s funds whenever funds are required in the zba checking account to cover a charge or transaction money is transferred from the master account in the exact amount required there is no need for an employee to do this manually as the process is full... | |
what is a zero balance account | a zero balance account is a bank account that intentionally carried 0 a company only funds the account when items need to be paid and any remaining cash after deposits is often swept at the end of the night a zero balance account relies heavily on a master account to sweep money | |
is a zero balance account bad | in the context of the financial product a zero balance account is not bad a company intentionally holds 0 in the account and only puts money into the account when a transaction will occur a company does this to strategically manage cash and protect its assets | |
how can i open a zero balance account | zero balance accounts are often only offered to businesses in addition a business must often have been operating for some time with credit history banking history and proof of future cash flow prior to opening a zba | |
what are the benefits of a zero balance account | a zero balance account automatically sweeps funds from a master account to pay obligations or sweeps unused funds into a master account the account is intended to increase efficiency of how cash is used limit risk and fraud and streamline the banking process | |
what is a zero balance card | the term zero balance card refers to a credit card with no outstanding balance of debt credit card users can maintain zero balance cards either by paying off their full balances at the end of each billing cycle or by simply not using their cards in either case maintaining zero balance cards can benefit credit card user... | |
what is zero based budgeting zbb | zero based budgeting zbb is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period the process begins from a zero base and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs the budgets are then built around what s needed for the upcoming period regardless of whether ea... | |
how zero based budgeting zbb works | zbb allows top level strategic goals to be implemented into the budgeting process by tying them to specific functional areas of the organization costs can then be first grouped and then measured against previous results and current expectations zero based budgeting can be a rolling process done over several years with ... | |
what is zero based budgeting | zero based budgeting was created in the late 1960s by former texas instruments account manager peter pyhrr 2zero based budgeting starts at zero unlike traditional budgeting it justifies each expense for a reporting period zero based budgeting starts from scratch analyzing each granular need of the company instead of us... | |
what are the advantages of zero based budgeting | zero based budgeting offers several advantages including focused operations lower costs budget flexibility and strategic execution the highest revenue generating operations come into greater focus when managers think about how each dollar is spent lowered costs may result because zero based budgeting may prevent the mi... | |
what are the disadvantages of zero based budgeting | zero based budgeting has several disadvantages it s time and resource intensive the time cost involved may not be worthwhile because a new budget is developed each period using a modified budget template instead may prove more beneficial 3zbb may reward short term perspectives in the company by allocating more resource... | |
what is a zero basis risk swap zebra | a zero basis risk swap zebra is an interest rate swap agreement between a municipality and a financial intermediary a swap is an agreement with two counterparties where one party pays the other party a fixed interest rate and receives a floating rate this particular swap is considered zero risk because the municipality... | |
what is a zero beta portfolio | a zero beta portfolio is a portfolio constructed to have zero systematic risk or in other words a beta of zero a zero beta portfolio would have the same expected return as the risk free rate such a portfolio would have zero correlation with market movements given that its expected return equals the risk free rate or a ... | |
what is zero bound | zero bound is an expansionary monetary policy tool where a central bank lowers short term interest rates to zero if needed to stimulate the economy a central bank that is forced to enact this policy must also pursue other often unconventional methods of stimulus to resuscitate the economy understanding zero boundzero b... | |
when faced with a liquidity trap alternative procedures for monetary stimulus often become necessary conventional wisdom was that interest rates could not move into negative territory meaning once interest rates reach zero or are close to zero for example 0 01 monetary policy has to be altered to continue to stabilize ... | the most familiar alternative monetary policy tool is perhaps quantitative easing qe this is where a central bank engages in a large scale asset buying program often involving treasuries and other government bonds not only will this keep short term rates low but it will push down longer term rates which further incenti... | |
what is a zero bound interest rate | a central bank s weapons for stimulating the economy may become ineffective if short term interest rates are zero bound or hit zero at least that is the conventional wisdom but the assumption has been tested in the recent past and found faulty in three recent cases a central bank s action in pushing interest rates belo... | |
what is a zero capital gains rate | a zero capital gains rate implies a tax rate of 0 on capital gains this 0 rate may be charged to individuals who sell property within a so called enterprise zone such a zone is a geographic area that has been granted special tax breaks regulatory exemptions or other public assistance in order to encourage private econo... | |
what is a zero cost collar | a zero cost collar is a form of options collar strategy that limits your losses to execute it you sell a short call option and buy a long put option whose prices cancel each other out the downside of this strategy is that profits are capped if the underlying asset s price increases understanding zero cost collara zero ... | |
is a costless collar really costless | buying and selling the option make the collar costless although additional fees and costs might be associated with the trade | |
what is the benefit of a zero cost collar | this strategy minimizes your losses if the market takes a turn for the worse however your gains are also minimized by selling the call that will be the highest price you can get for your stock unless the buyer elects not to exercise | |
what is the risk reversal | risk reversal is the same strategy as a zero cost collar you sell a call and buy a put on a long position to minimize the risk of significant losses the bottom linethe zero cost collar is a long position strategy that protects you from significant losses if the market drops to create the collar you buy a put with a low... | |
what is a zero cost strategy | the term zero cost strategy refers to a trading or business decision that does not entail any expense to execute a zero cost strategy costs a business or individual nothing while improving operations making processes more efficient or serving to reduce future expenses as a practice a zero cost strategy may be applied i... | |
how zero cost strategies work | employing a zero cost strategy means there are no additional expenses to make improvements or additions to the activities of a business or other entity as mentioned above an individual or business can cut future expenses as well as simplify and streamline its current processes by using zero cost strategies zero cost tr... | |
what is meant by zero cost marketing | a zero cost marketing strategy stresses the use of low cost or no cost ways to promote a product service or brand the purpose of zero cost marketing is to generate greatest impact with the least amount of money this strategy often relies on free platforms to raise awareness of a company or product | |
what are zero cost materials | in many college courses instructors may implement zero cost materials for the class this type of course does not require a student to buy any type of course material to fulfill the course in these classes a study may still have a textbook but may be able to receive it for free online provided by the instructor | |
what is a zero marginal cost product | a zero cost margin refers to when each additional product made of a certain good approaches zero this occurs when there is substantial technological or computational disruption occurs and the company is able to capture strong efficiencies in how raw materials or labor are used the bottom linea zero cost strategy is an ... | |
what is a zero coupon bond | a zero coupon bond is an investment in debt that does not pay interest but instead trades at a deep discount the profit is realized at its maturity date when the bond is redeemed for its full face value a zero coupon bond is also known as an accrual bond investopedia laura porterunderstanding zero coupon bondssome bond... | |
when the bond matures the bondholder is repaid an amount equal to the face value of the bond the par or face value of a corporate bond is typically stated as 1 000 | if a corporate bond is issued at a discount this means investors can purchase the bond below its par value for example an investor who purchases a bond for 920 at a discount will receive 1 000 when it reaches its maturity date the 80 return plus coupon payments are the investor s earnings for holding the bond but not a... | |
where | if an investor wishes to make a 6 return on a bond with 25 000 par value that is due to mature in three years they will be willing to pay the following if the debtor accepts this offer the bond will be sold to the investor at 20 991 25 000 84 of the face value upon maturity the investor gains 25 000 20 991 4 009 which ... | |
how does a zero coupon bond differ from a regular bond | payment of interest or coupons is the key difference between a zero coupon and a regular bond regular bonds which are also called coupon bonds pay interest over the life of the bond and then repay the principal at maturity a zero coupon bond does not pay interest but instead trades at a deep discount giving investors a... | |
how does an investor price a zero coupon bond | the main factor to consider is the imputed interest rate that the investor will earn at maturity the price of a zero coupon bond can be calculated with the following equation zero coupon bond price maturity value 1 required interest rate number years to maturity | |
how does the irs tax zero coupon bonds | imputed interest sometimes referred to as phantom interest is an estimated interest rate the imputed interest on the bond is subject to income tax the irs uses an accretive method when calculating the imputed interest on treasury bonds and sets a minimum interest rate relative to imputed interest and the original price... | |
what is a zero coupon certificate of deposit cd | a zero coupon certificate of deposit cd is a type of cd that does not pay interest during its term instead zero coupon cds provide a return by being sold for less than their face value this means that an investor would receive more than their initial investment once the cd reaches its maturity date this provides the in... | |
how zero coupon cds work | a zero coupon cd is a cd sold at a steep discount which nevertheless pays out the full face value at maturity for instance a zero coupon cd with a face value of 100 might be sold for only 90 meaning investors would receive a profit of 10 upon reaching the end of the term the term zero coupon comes from the fact that th... | |
what is a zero coupon convertible | a zero coupon convertible is a fixed income instrument that combines the features of a zero coupon bond with that of a convertible bond due to the zero coupon feature the bond pays no interest and is therefore issued at a discount to par value while the convertible feature means that bondholders have the option to conv... | |
what is a zero coupon inflation swap zcis | a zero coupon inflation swap zcis is a type of derivative in which a fixed rate payment on a notional amount is exchanged for a payment at the rate of inflation it is an exchange of cash flows that allows investors to either reduce or increase their exposure to the changes in the purchasing power of money a zcis is som... | |
what is a zero cost inflation swap | this hedge against inflation is called a zero coupon inflation swap because the instrument has no coupon interest payment until maturity it is sold to another investor with payment due at maturity for the inflation rate at that time | |
what is a zero coupon swap | a zero coupon swap is a contract where one party makes fixed interest payments to another and the other makes floating payments based on the agreed upon interest rate index | |
how does an inflation swap work | an inflation swap is a contract where one party agrees to pay a fixed rate and the other pays a floating rate based on an inflation index the bottom linea zero coupon inflation swap is where a debt instrument with an inflation adjusting interest payment is sold to another investor for a fixed amount delivered at maturi... | |
what is a zero coupon inflation swap zcis | a zero coupon inflation swap zcis is a type of derivative in which a fixed rate payment on a notional amount is exchanged for a payment at the rate of inflation it is an exchange of cash flows that allows investors to either reduce or increase their exposure to the changes in the purchasing power of money a zcis is som... | |
what is a zero cost inflation swap | this hedge against inflation is called a zero coupon inflation swap because the instrument has no coupon interest payment until maturity it is sold to another investor with payment due at maturity for the inflation rate at that time | |
what is a zero coupon swap | a zero coupon swap is a contract where one party makes fixed interest payments to another and the other makes floating payments based on the agreed upon interest rate index | |
how does an inflation swap work | an inflation swap is a contract where one party agrees to pay a fixed rate and the other pays a floating rate based on an inflation index the bottom linea zero coupon inflation swap is where a debt instrument with an inflation adjusting interest payment is sold to another investor for a fixed amount delivered at maturi... | |
what is a zero coupon swap | a zero coupon swap is an exchange of cash flows in which the stream of floating interest rate payments is made periodically as it would be in a plain vanilla swap but where the stream of fixed rate payments is made as one lump sum payment at the time when the swap reaches maturity instead of periodically over the life ... | |
what is a zero day attack | a zero day attack also referred to as day zero is an attack that exploits a potentially serious software security weakness that the vendor or developer may be unaware of 1 the software developer must rush to resolve the weakness as soon as it is discovered in order to limit the threat to software users the solution is ... | |
why is it called a zero day attack | the term zero day or 0 day is used for a software exploit or hack referring to the fact that the developer or creator of the at risk program has only just become aware of it so they literally have zero days to fix it | |
how are zero day attacks fixed | once a developer learns of a zero day attack the exploit is usually quickly identified and fixed via a software patch or upgrade | |
what was the most famous zero day attack | while many prominent examples of zero day examples exist many cite the sony pictures hack of 2014 which utilized a previously unrecognized vulnerability to install malware unnoticed which then was used to delete or damage files involved with new films causing millions of dollars in damages and a scarred reputation for ... | |
what is zero dividend preferred stock | a zero dividend preferred stock is a preferred share issued by a company that is not required to pay a dividend to its holder the owner of a zero dividend preferred share will earn income from capital appreciation and may receive a one time payment at the end of the investment term understanding zero dividend preferred... | |
when a company issues stock they issue two types preferred stock and common stock preferred stock has priority over common stock when it comes to dividends and asset distribution and is therefore seen as less risky preferred stock usually does not have voting rights whereas common stock does 1 | owners of zero dividend preference shares will not receive a normal dividend but they will still maintain reimbursement priority over common shareholders in the event of a bankruptcy 1 in such an event they will get a fixed sum that was agreed upon in advance zero dividend preferred stock is comparable in some ways to ... | |
why zero dividend preferred stock is issued | companies that are likely to issue zero dividend preferred stock include investment trusts particularly those that may face challenges getting long term debt approved zero dividend preferred stock usually comes with a specific time period issuing zero dividend preferred stock is a way for an investment trust to raise c... |
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