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what is the difference between an investment manager and a fund manager | investment managers focus primarily on individual securities and bond investments while fund managers work with mutual funds comprised of multiple securities and assets often tailored to a particular market sector the bottom lineinvestment managers are individuals or organizations who advise clients through financial p... | |
what is the investment multiplier | the term investment multiplier refers to the concept that any increase in public or private investment spending has a more than proportionate positive impact on aggregate income and the general economy it is rooted in the economic theories of john maynard keynes the multiplier attempts to quantify the additional effect... | |
what is an investment objective | an investment objective is used by asset managers to determine the optimal portfolio mix for a client investments are chosen using the guidelines of the investment objective an investor questionnaire often defines financial goals and objectives and determines the asset allocation within the portfolio based on an indivi... | |
what factors influence an individual s investment objective | in addition to an individual s time horizon and risk profile other factors that influence an individual s investment decisions include income capital gains tax dividends tax commission and fees for actively managed portfolios and total wealth which may include assets like social security benefits expected inheritance a... | |
where can an investor find an investment objective questionnaire | investors can find various free questionnaires online at brokerage sites however when choosing not to use a personal advisor it is important to review the questionnaire s assumptions and limitations and accept the firm s terms and conditions an investment objective will typically not be formally completed until a clien... | |
what is an investment policy statement ips | an investment policy statement ips is a document drafted between a portfolio manager and a client that outlines general rules for the manager this statement provides the general investment goals and objectives of a client and describes the strategies that the manager should employ to meet these objectives specific info... | |
what are the components of an investment policy statement | different investment policy statements will have different components but generally they seek to address the scope of the investment the governance the investment s rate of return and time frame risk risk management and taxes | |
what is the purpose of an investment policy statement | the purpose of an investment policy statement is to detail how an investment portfolio will be built managed and assessed its goal is to align both the investor and the investment manager regarding all aspects of the investment process | |
do you need an investment policy statement | if you are working with an investment management firm it is most likely that an investment policy statement will be provided to you if you work for or own an investment management firm it is good practice to offer your clients an investment policy statement this helps to ensure that all parties in the investment proces... | |
what is an investment product | an investment product is a product offered to investors based on an underlying security or group of securities that is purchased with the expectation of earning a favorable return investment products are based on a wide range of underlying securities and encompass a broad range of investment objectives understanding in... | |
what is an investment property | an investment property is real estate property purchased with the intention of earning a return on the investment either through rental income the future resale of the property or both the property may be held by an individual investor a group of investors or a corporation an investment property can be a long term ende... | |
what are investment securities | investment securities are a category of securities tradable financial assets such as equities or fixed income instruments that are purchased with the intention of holding them for investment as opposed to investment securities in general securities are purchased by a broker dealer or other intermediary for quick resale... | |
what is an investment strategy | the term investment strategy refers to a set of principles designed to help an individual investor achieve their financial and investment goals this plan is what guides an investor s decisions based on goals risk tolerance and future needs for capital 1 they can vary from conservative where they follow a low risk strat... | |
what is an investment strategy | the term investment strategy refers to a set of principles designed to help an individual investor achieve their financial and investment goals this plan is what guides an investor s decisions based on goals risk tolerance and future needs for capital 1 they can vary from conservative where they follow a low risk strat... | |
what is an investment vehicle | an investment vehicle is a product used by investors to gain positive returns investment vehicles can be low risk such as certificates of deposit cds or bonds or they can carry a greater degree of risk such as stocks options and futures other types of investment vehicles include annuities collectibles such as art or co... | |
what is an investment vehicle | an investment vehicle is a product used by investors to gain positive returns investment vehicles can be low risk such as certificates of deposit cds or bonds or they can carry a greater degree of risk such as stocks options and futures other types of investment vehicles include annuities collectibles such as art or co... | |
what are investor relations ir | the investor relations ir department is a division of a business usually a public company whose job it is to provide investors with an accurate account of company affairs this helps private and institutional investors make informed decisions on whether to invest in the company understanding investor relations ir invest... | |
why is it important for a company to have an investor relations division | companies require an investor relations division to provide current and prospective investors with relevant information so they can make informed investment decisions failure to disclose information that may have a material impact on a company s share price could result in a fine or other disciplinary action from regul... | |
what are the primary functions of an investor relations division | the investor relations team oversees functions such as coordinating shareholder meetings and press conferences releasing financial data leading financial analyst briefings publishing sec filings and handling the public relations of a company specific financial crisis | |
what role does an investor relations division play before a company goes public | before a company goes public an investor relations division may assist with establishing corporate governance conducting internal financial audits and disseminating information to prospective ipo investors | |
what effect does government legislation have on investor relations | legislation such as the sarbanes oxley act and dodd frank act have strengthened investor relations by requiring financial institutions to provide greater transparency particularly about fees and risk reforms have also increased reporting requirements for publicly traded companies the bottom lineinvestor relations refer... | |
what is the invisible hand | the invisible hand is a metaphor for the unseen forces that move the free market economy through individual self interest and freedom of production and consumption the best interests of society as a whole are fulfilled the constant interplay of individual pressures on market supply and demand causes the natural movemen... | |
how the invisible hand works | the invisible hand metaphor distills two critical ideas first voluntary trades in a free market produce unintentional and widespread benefits second these benefits are greater than those of a regulated planned economy each free exchange signals which goods and services are valuable and how difficult they are to bring t... | |
why is the invisible hand important | the invisible hand allows the market to reach equilibrium without government or other interventions forcing it into unnatural patterns when supply and demand find equilibrium naturally oversupply and shortages are avoided the best interest of society is achieved via self interest and freedom of production and consumpti... | |
what did adam smith say about the invisible hand | adam smith wrote about an invisible hand during the 1700s noting that it benefits the economy and society thanks to self interested individuals the invisible hand include the automatic pricing and distribution mechanisms in an economy that interact directly and indirectly with centralized top down planning authorities | |
why is the invisible hand controversial | critics argue that the idea that actions of self interested profit driven actors will converge on some social optimum is clearly false instead they naturally lead to negative externalities economic and social inequalities greed and exploitation moreover competition driven by the invisible hand can ultimately result in ... | |
what is an invoice | an invoice is a time stamped commercial document that itemizes and records a transaction between a buyer and a seller if goods or services were purchased on credit the invoice usually specifies the terms of the deal and provides information on the available payment methods types of invoices may include a paper receipt ... | |
is an invoice a bill or receipt | an invoice is generally used to document products or services sold and delivered to a customer so it is a bill a receipt is a document that shows payment was received | |
does an invoice mean you ve been paid | an invoice generally serves as a notification that payment is owed | |
what is an invoice used for | besides notifying a customer that payment is due it also serves as a paper trail for accounting purposes the bottom linean invoice is a document used to notify a customer that payment is due it also serves as a record for the issuing business so that it can track its receivables in the past invoices were only issued on... | |
what is invoice financing | invoice financing is a way for businesses to borrow money against the amounts due from customers invoice financing helps businesses improve cash flow pay employees and suppliers and reinvest in operations and growth earlier than they could if they had to wait until their customers paid their balances in full businesses... | |
when businesses sell goods or services to large customers such as wholesalers or retailers they usually do so on credit this means that the customer does not have to pay immediately for the goods that it purchases the purchasing company is given an invoice that has the total amount due and the bill s due date however o... | invoice financing is a form of short term borrowing that is extended by a lender to its business customers based on unpaid invoices through invoice factoring a company sells its accounts receivable to improve its working capital which would provide the business with immediate funds that can be used to pay for company e... | |
how invoice financing is structured | invoice financing can be structured in a number of ways most commonly via factoring or discounting with invoice factoring the company sells its outstanding invoices to a lender who might pay the company 70 to 85 up front of what the invoices are ultimately worth assuming the lender receives full payment for the invoice... | |
what is iota | iota miota is a distributed ledger designed to record and execute transactions between machines and devices in the internet of things iot ecosystem the ledger uses a cryptocurrency called miota to account for transactions in its network iota s key innovation is tangle a system of nodes used for confirming transactions ... | |
how is iota different from bitcoin | iota s solution to bitcoin s problems is to do away with several key concepts and topographical constraints of a blockchain miota iota s cryptocurrency is premined and consensus of transactions occurs differently compared to a blockchain iota developers have proposed a new data structure a way to organize numeric repre... | |
what is an iou | an iou a phonetic acronym of the words i owe you is a document that acknowledges the existence of a debt an iou is often viewed as an informal written agreement rather than a legally binding commitment dating as far back as the 18th century at least ious are still very much in use an iou between two people conducting b... | |
how an iou works | typically ious are produced on the spur of the moment towards the end of a business meeting for example as a sort of memorandum of intent they then are often followed up with a more formal written agreement or contract no standard format or terminology exists for an iou at the very least details such as the date of the... | |
what is an ira rollover | an ira rollover is a transfer of funds from a retirement account such as an employer sponsored plan into an individual retirement account ira the purpose of a rollover is to maintain the tax deferred status of those assets ira rollovers are commonly used to hold 401 k 403 b or profit sharing plan assets that are transf... | |
what is a direct rollover | a direct rollover is when a distribution from a retirement account is not paid directly to you instead the financial institution or plan sponsor holding your existing retirement funds makes the transfer directly to your new individual retirement account ira a direct transfer is the easiest way to avoid taxes and early ... | |
what is an indirect rollover | an indirect rollover is a transfer of money from a tax deferred plan or account to another tax deferred retirement account such as an ira in which the funds are paid to you directly you must redeposit the full distribution amount into another qualified retirement account within 60 days to avoid taxes and penalties can ... | |
what is the iranian rial irr | irr is the currency abbreviation or fx symbol for the iranian rial iran s official currency the rial named after the spanish real first appeared in 1798 and is issued and managed by the central bank of the islamic republic of iran 1understanding the iranian rial irr one iranian rial is made up of 100 dinars but dinars ... | |
which countries use the iranian rial | the only country to use the iranian rial is iran | |
how do you calculate the iranian rial exchange rate | the best way to calculate the iranian rial exchange rate is to use a currency converter such as the one found on xe com depending on the currency exchange rate you are interested in finding you can choose that currency in conjunction with the rial and get the exchange rate | |
why is iran s rial so weak | the iranian rial is weak primarily because of the political instability of iran the country operates an authoritarian regime that is unpopular amongst many of its citizens it also has been accused of supporting terrorism which has resulted in strict economic sanctions on the country which has decimated its economy furt... | |
what is the rial to toman exchange rate | one toman is equal to 10 iranian rials | |
what is an iron butterfly | an iron butterfly is an options trade that uses four different contracts as part of a strategy to benefit from stocks or futures prices that move within a defined range the trade is also constructed to benefit from a decline in implied volatility the key to using this trade as part of a successful trading strategy is f... | |
how an iron butterfly works | option traders combine a number of bull and bear trades with the same expiration dates to form wingspread trade strategies some of these trading strategies include the condor spread the iron butterfly and the modified butterfly spread the iron butterfly trade is created with four options consisting of two call options ... | |
what is the internal rate of return irr rule | the internal rate of return irr rule states that a project or investment should be pursued if its irr exceeds the minimum required rate of return or the hurdle rate its root lies in the internal rate of return which is the return required to break even or net present value npv this rule is an important tool for compani... | |
doesn t consider anomalies in cash flows | assumes that reinvestments are made at the same internal rate of returnexample of the irr rulelet s assume that a company is reviewing two projects in which to invest its money management must decide whether to move forward with one both or neither of the projects its cost of capital is 10 the cash flow patterns for ea... | |
where | the formula looks like this with the terms in order the initial outlay is multiplied by 1 because it is money being subtracted from the project using the above examples the company can calculate irr for each project in each term irr must be substituted with an educated guess because the only way to determine the best i... | |
where | the following table shows the entries and the function in the spreadsheet enter the following in one cell irr a1 a6 and in another cell enter irr b1 b6 in the spreadsheet project a results in an irr of 17 and project b results in an irr of 5 given that the company s cost of capital is 10 management should proceed with ... | |
is using the irr rule the same as using the discounted cash flow method | yes using irr to obtain net present value is known as the discounted cash flow method of financial analysis the internal rate of return is the interest rate also known as the discount rate that will bring a series of cash flows positive and negative to a net present value of zero or to the current value of cash investe... | |
how is the irr rule used | the irr rule is used as a guideline for deciding whether to proceed with a project or investment the higher the projected irr on a project the higher the net cash flows to the company as long as the irr exceeds the cost of capital in this case a company would be well off to proceed with the project or investment but if... | |
do firms always follow the irr rule | the irr rule may not always be rigidly enforced generally the higher the irr the better however a company may prefer a project with a lower irr as long as it still exceeds the cost of capital that s because it has other intangible benefits such as contributing to a bigger strategic plan or impeding competition companie... | |
what is irrational exuberance | irrational exuberance refers to investor enthusiasm that drives asset prices higher than those assets fundamentals justify the term was popularized by former fed chair alan greenspan in a 1996 speech the challenge of central banking in a democratic society 1 the speech was given near the beginning of the 1990s dot com ... | |
what is an irrevocable beneficiary | an irrevocable beneficiary is a person or entity designated to receive the assets in a life insurance policy or a segregated fund contract what is irrevocable is the beneficiary status you can t choose on your own to change the beneficiary or the terms of the policy and you can t cancel the policy without the beneficia... | |
how often should i review my beneficiaries | some financial planners including insurance companies themselves recommend that you review your beneficiaries annually that might be unnecessary especially if you have named irrevocable beneficiaries however whenever a major life change occurs marriage divorce the birth of a child or death you definitely should look ov... | |
is an irrevocable beneficiary a primary beneficiary | irrevocable beneficiaries will always be primary beneficiaries they take priority over revocable beneficiaries forcing those others into secondary or tertiary status it would be extremely rare for an irrevocable beneficiary to take second place | |
how can i remove an irrevocable beneficiary | you can t without difficulty the point of irrevocable beneficiary status is its permanency generally speaking an irrevocable beneficiary can only be removed if the beneficiary agrees to be displaced voluntarily surrendering their status | |
what is an irrevocable letter of credit iloc | an irrevocable letter of credit iloc is an official correspondence from a bank that guarantees payment for goods or services being purchased by the individual or entity referred to as the applicant that requests the letter of credit from an issuing bank an irrevocable letter of credit cannot be canceled nor in any way ... | |
how an iloc works | an iloc is a means of facilitating a transaction between a buyer and seller with the assistance of their respective banks the buyer requests an iloc from his bank which is then sent to the seller s bank in addition to providing credit risk protection an iloc typically also specifies important details of the transaction... | |
how to obtain an iloc | using an iloc as the form of payment requires both the buyer s and seller s consent prior to obtaining verify that both parties are prepared to proceed with this financial instrument and that they are aware of all of the letter s terms and conditions in many cases legal counsel may be hired to make sure the terms are a... | |
when pursing an iloc consider opting for a reputable bank with knowledge in iloc transactions and global trade various factors that may impact your ability to receive and trust in the iloc process include the bank s financial stability global reach and credit handling experience in many ways the iloc is not only a refl... | banks often have an approval process in which they intake iloc details such the desired iloc amount beneficiary information expiry date required documents and any specific terms and conditions this information is evaluated and an assessment is made not only on the transaction but on the creditworthiness of the requesto... | |
when a transaction is conducted using an open account both the buyer and the seller agree to postpone payment until the product or service has been received 3 this approach is excellent for established long term relationships because it is founded on mutual trust payment depends on the buyer s desire to pay hence the r... | in a documentary collection the buyer and seller exchange paperwork while also paying each other using a bank 4 in contrast to letters of credit this form of e banks serve as mediators but do not guarantee payments instead they help with the document exchange and obtain money from the buyer on the seller s behalf bank ... | |
what is the role of the issuing bank in an irrevocable letter of credit | the issuing bank is the financial institution that issues the iloc on behalf of the buyer it undertakes the obligation to pay the beneficiary upon presentation of compliant documents the issuing bank s creditworthiness and reputation are crucial factors influencing the acceptability of the iloc | |
what are the benefits of using an irrevocable letter of credit for buyers | buyers benefit from the assurance that payment will only be made upon proper documentation and compliance an iloc reduces the risk of non performance by the seller and provides a level of security in international trade transactions | |
what are the benefits of using an irrevocable letter of credit for sellers | sellers benefit from the payment guarantee provided by the issuing bank the iloc assures them that upon fulfilling the specified requirements they will receive payment from the bank mitigating the risk of non payment or delayed payment can an irrevocable letter of credit be amended yes an iloc can be amended if both th... | |
what is an irrevocable trust | the purpose of an irrevocable trust is to move the assets from the grantor s control and name to that of the beneficiary this reduces the value of the grantor s estate in regard to estate taxes and protects the assets from creditors irrevocable trusts cannot be modified amended or terminated without the permission of t... | |
how an irrevocable trust works | irrevocable trusts are primarily set up for estate and tax considerations that s because it removes all incidents of ownership removing the trust s assets from the grantor s taxable estate it also relieves the grantor of the tax liability on the income generated by the assets 1 while the tax rules vary between jurisdic... | |
when using revocable trusts government entities will consider that any property held in one still belongs to the trust s creator and therefore may be included in their estate for tax purposes or when qualifying for government benefits 97 once a revocable trust s creator dies the trust becomes irrevocable 5 | secure act rulesthe setting every community up for retirement enhancement secure act changes some of the tax saving benefits of see through trusts previously certain non spousal beneficiaries of retirement accounts that had been placed in an irrevocable trust could take their distributions over their life expectancy ho... | |
how does an irrevocable trust work | an irrevocable trust cannot be changed or modified without the beneficiary s permission essentially an irrevocable trust removes certain assets from a grantor s taxable estate and these incidents of ownership are transferred to a trust a grantor may choose this structure to relieve assets in the trust from tax liabilit... | |
what is the difference between an irrevocable and a revocable trust | first irrevocable trusts cannot be changed or altered among the primary reasons they are used is for tax reasons where the assets in the trust are not taxed on income generated in the trust along with taxes in the event of the benefactor s death 1 revocable trusts on the other hand can change beneficiaries may be remov... | |
what is form 4868 application for automatic extension of time to file u s individual income tax return | form 4868 application for automatic extension of time to file u s individual income tax return is an internal revenue service irs form for individuals who wish to extend the amount of time they have to file their tax returns any extension your tax returns granted by the irs applies only to the paperwork you must send i... | |
how to file form 4868 application for automatic extension of time to file u s individual income tax return | this short form should be completed with the individual or married couple s names address social security numbers an estimate of total tax liability for the year total payments already made the remaining amount due and the amount being paid if any 2the form should be filed by the tax deadline date 2filing form 4868 doe... | |
what is the irs publication 15 | irs publication 15 employer s tax guide is a document published by the internal revenue service detailing an employer s responsibilities for filing and reporting tax information the document covers the withholding depositing reporting paying and correcting of taxes for employees although not for the corporation itself ... | |
how to use irs publication 15 | the easiest way to access irs publication 15 is typically online through the irs website the employer s tax guide contains any updates and new legislative changes pertinent to employers along with the following sections | |
what is irs publication 463 travel gift and car expenses | irs publication 463 travel gift and car expenses explains the expenses associated with business activities that an individual taxpayer can deduct to reduce their overall taxable income the document primarily focuses on expenses for sole proprietors reporting business income on schedule c it also applies to armed forces... | |
what is irs publication 519 | irs publication 519 is the u s tax guide for aliens a document the internal revenue service irs publishes that details the tax procedures for aliens individuals that are not citizens of the united states 1 not all aliens are subject to u s taxes resident aliens those who have been in the country for a defined period ar... | |
what is irs publication 525 | publication 525 taxable and nontaxable income is a document published by the internal revenue service irs detailing what types of income taxpayers should consider taxable or nontaxable when filing tax returns 1 a taxpayer s income can come from a number of sources other than regular employment 2 income can be in the fo... | |
what is irs publication 527 | irs publication 527 residential rental property is a document published by the internal revenue service irs that provides tax information for individuals who own residential properties that are rented out for income typically all income earned from rental properties is reported to the irs though the type of rental acti... | |
what is publication 535 business expenses | publication 535 business expenses is an internal revenue service irs document that discusses common business expenses and explains the rules for deducting business expenses the guide explains what is and is not deductible and lists some of the most common business deductions for a business expense to be deductible it m... | |
how do you quality for business expense deduction | for a business expense to qualify as a deduction it must meet two criteria required by the irs the expense must be ordinary and necessary to the business an expense is considered ordinary if it is common and accepted in your industry an expense is considered necessary if it is helpful and appropriate for your business | |
what cannot be written as a business expense | non deductible business expenses are those not directly related to your business some examples of non deductible business expenses include meals and entertainment car payments and home office deductions | |
is it illegal to write off personal expenses as business expenses | because business expenses are tax deductible they can lower your taxable income and reduce the amount of tax you owe however personal expenses cannot be used as tax write offs against business income if you are caught doing this you will end up paying penalties and be charged interest on your unpaid taxes if the amount... | |
what is irs publication 550 | irs publication 550 is a document published by the internal revenue service irs that provides information on how investment income and expenses are to be treated when filing taxes irs publication 550 explains what investment expenses are deductible when gains and losses from the sale of investment property are to be re... | |
what s in irs publication 550 | this is one of the agency s most complex topics covering information on the tax treatment of investment income and expenses it includes information on the tax treatment of investment income and expenses for individual shareholders of mutual funds or other regulated investment companies such as money market funds accord... | |
what is irs publication 590 individual retirement arrangements iras | irs publication 590 entitled individual retirement arrangements iras is an irs document that outlines rules for individual retirement accounts iras the document published by the internal revenue service provides information on how to set up an ira how to contribute to it how much may be contributed how to treat distrib... | |
what is irs publication 590 b | irs publication 590 b explains the tax implications of withdrawing money from any type of individual retirement account ira before or after retirement it specifies when you can t withdraw money without paying a penalty and when you must withdraw money the publication includes three chapters several appendixes and works... | |
what is irs publication 590 b used for | irs publication 590 b details the tax implications of taking money out of any type of ira before or after retirement it specifies when you can t withdraw money without paying a penalty and when you must withdraw money via required minimum distributions in retirement | |
how can i find out about changes since the last publication 590 b was published | the irs provides updates about related developments before a new version of publication 590 b is published on a web page titled about publication 590 b distributions from individual retirement arrangements iras these may include legislation enacted after the current edition was published | |
how long is irs publication 590 b | 2023 irs publication 590 b the latest edition available as of may 2024 has 69 pages it has three chapters and additional sections that provide information about the rules for the traditional ira and the roth ira permitted early withdrawals used to pay for damage caused by natural disasters rules for required distribut... | |
what is irs publication 970 tax benefits for education | irs publication 970 is a document published by the internal revenue service irs that provides information on tax benefits available to students and families saving or paying for college it explains the tax treatment for the most common forms of college funding such as scholarships fellowships and grants and tuition red... | |
what was publication 972 child tax credit | publication 972 was a document published by the internal revenue service irs that provided guidance on determining the exact amount of the child tax credit that taxpayers can claim 1it was used for information about the child tax credit from tax years 2020 and earlier for tax years 2021 and later you will no longer use... | |
what is the is lm model | the is lm model which stands for investment saving is and liquidity preference money supply lm is a keynesian macroeconomic model that shows how the market for economic goods interacts with the loanable funds market or money market it is represented as a graph in which the is and lm curves intersect to show the short r... | |
is the is lm model actually used | the is lm model has limited use as a shortcut that enables quick decision making because it is too simplistic it is not useful for formulating tax or spending policies even its creator john hicks called it a classroom gadget and expected it to be eventually replaced by something more sophisticated | |
why does the lm curve slope upward | the lm curve slopes upward because a higher gross domestic product gdp causes greater demand to hold money for transactions this in turn raises interest rates so that money supply and liquidity can stay in equilibrium who developed the is lm model a british economist named john hicks developed the is lm model in 1936 b... | |
published by the international swaps and derivatives association isda an isda master agreement is a standardized contract for over the counter otc derivative transactions 1 it s the lingua franca of the derivatives world used extensively by financial institutions corporations and other market participants | the agreement provides prearranged terms conditions and forms of documentation including payment arrangements and schedule what happens if there s a default what counts as termination events and credit dealings the isda master agreement is standardized but has customized schedules and sometimes a credit support annex t... | |
how an isda master agreement works | while futures and most options are fully standardized and traded on exchanges like the chicago mercantile exchange otc derivatives are just between two parties not through an exchange or intermediary risk managers must carefully oversee traders and ensure approved transactions are correctly managed when two parties ent... | |
how can one of the parties end an isda master agreement | each isda master agreement has provisions that specify how one or both parties can cancel the agreement they also include events that will automatically end the agreement such as one party entering default | |
are isda master agreements also called hunting licenses | yes the term hunting license was used to describe isda master agreements in michael lewis s the big short this refers to the massive market for otc derivatives and how these agreements give some investors the chance to make high level trades unavailable to most 3the bottom linethe isda master agreement is a standardize... |
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