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يقع كيفيندر K-8 في مبنى كوبر ابتدائي على نقطة الزهرة في غرب سياتل. كيفيندر K-8 هي مدرسة عامة بديلة حيث يشارك الأطفال في التعلم التجريبي. الثقافات الأمريكية الأصلية هي الأساس الذي نعلم عنه عن العديد من الثقافات، مما يوفر فرصاً لطلابنا لإنشاء علاقات ثقافية خاصة بهم. كيفيندر يثقيف الطلاب ليصبحوا عاطفين، متعلمين مدى الحياة، واحترام أنفسهم والآخرين والبيئة. في كيفيندر نعتقد: - بيئة آمنة واحترمة ضرورية للتعلم. - المعايير الأكاديمية والسلوكية العالية تشجع الأطفال على الوصول إلى أفضل ما لديهم الشخصي. - التعليم الكامل يأتي من مجتمع رعاية، بما في - يحتاج الأطفال إلى التقنية الحالية والوسائل المناسبة والبيئة البدنية لدعم تعلمهم. - تعليم أطفالنا احترام ورعاية بيئتنا الطبيعية يخلق حراس مستقبليين لمكاننا.
Like the Republican party, the Democratic party also cracked beneath the weight of the issues at hand. States that favored slavery in the territories walked out of the Democratic convention at Charleston, preventing nominee Stephen Douglas from winning the party endorsement. A reconvened convention eventually nominated Douglas, but kept territory slavery out of the platform altogether. As a result of disagreements over the issue of slavery, splinter parties formed. The Southern Democratic Party spun off from traditional Democrats to nominate John Breckenridge, an advocate of slavery in the West. Republican breakaways formed the Constitutional Union Party. They nominated John Bell who would not address the issue of slavery at all, but rather spoke of upholding the Constitution. With four candidates in the race, Lincoln won the 1860 election. But by the time he took office in March of 1861, seven southern states had already seceded from the Union. When the first shot rang out at Fort Sumter, just one month after Lincoln took office, the Civil War began. Lincoln's hopes for peacefully preserving the union were dashed. In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. He also promoted a Constitutional Amendment to permanently abolish slavery. These bold steps marked a shift from Lincoln's more moderate campaign position on slavery issues. They also shifted the focus of the war from preserving the union to freeing the slaves. Remarkably, the election of 1864 was not suspended during the bloody Civil War. Union soldiers were given absentee ballots or furloughed to permit them to vote. With mounting Union victories, the votes of soldiers and the campaign slogan, "Don't switch horses in mid-stream," Lincoln won the election. Sadly, as this 1864 campaign song strangely foreshadows, Lincoln did not live to see passage of the 13th Amendment that abolished slavery forever. He was assassinated just five days after Ulysses S. Grant celebrated victory over Robert E. Lee at Appomattox. Lincoln's presidency causes one to wonder: - Why he changed his position on the issue of abolition during his presidency? - Whether these changes might affect the way we view his original platform? - What were Lincoln's priorities when he created his original platform? How did the advent and progress of the war affect these priorities? - To what extent did Lincoln's original platform represent his personal views? To what extent did it reflect a desire and strategy to win the presidency? - If YOU were running for president, how would you balance your own opinions with the need to appeal to party and popular opinion?
وقد كشف العلماء أن العلاجات الجديدة للمرض العصبي الذي لا يُعافى المعروف باسم مرض لو غيريغ أو التشكيل الجانبي الأميوتروفيك (السرطان الجهازي) يمكن تطويرها عن طريق دواء مضاد للسرطان يستخدم منذ فترة طويلة. أظهرت بحثهم عن كيفية منع الدواء من تجميع إنزيم مرتبط بالسرطان الجهازي في مجلة الجمعية الكيميائية الأمريكية. تشرح لوسيا بانسي وإيفانو بيرتيني وزملائه أن مرض الجهازي يسبب فقدان تدريجي في السيطرة على العضلات حيث تتجف والأعصاب التي تحكم حركات الجسم وتموت. يصبح المرضى ضعفاء ويكون لديهم صعوبة في ابتلاع وتنفس، ومعظمهم يموتون خلال استكشاف ما إذا كان للسيسبلاتين، وهو دواء كيميائي يستخدم منذ الستينيات والذي من المعروف أنه يتفاعل مع بعض الأحماض الأمينية في الإنزيم، أي تأثير على مجموعات hSOD1. وجد العلماء أنه في التجارب المختبرية، كان الدواء المضاد للسرطان cisplatin يرتبط بسهولة بالإنزيم، مما يمنع hSOD1 من تجميع وذوبان الكتل الموجودة. يستهدف cisplatin المواقع التي يمكن أن تشكل روابط بين hSOD1 بعد أن يفقد الإنزيم ذرة النحاس التي يحملها عادة. يلاحظ العلماء أن cisplatin لا يمنع الإنزيم من أداء وظائفها الطبيعية. "من هذا العمل يبدو أن cisplatin هو مركز الرصاص الم
يمكن أن يكون التجبر على نفسك على النظر إلى الصورة الكبيرة ، أو التظاهر بأنك ذبابة على الجدار مراقبة مشهد ما أثناء تطوره ، استراتيجية فعالة لإدارة الغضب. يقول الخبراء أن تغيير التركيز من كونك مشاركًا في حالة ضغط ، إلى كونك مراقبًا من منظور بعيدًا يمكن أن يساعد الفرد على التعرف على مشاعره الحقيقية. يدعو الباحثون إلى هذه الاستراتيجية الابتعاد عن نفسك. وقال ميشكوفسكي إن أسوأ شيء يمكن القيام به في حالة تسبب الغضب هو ما يفعله الناس عادة: محاولة التركيز على إيذاءهم والشعور الغضب لفهمهمهم ، قال براد بوشمان ، PhD ، وهو أحد مؤلفي الدراسة. إذا ركزت كثيراً على كيف تشعر ، فإنه عادة ما يعكس ، قال بوشمان. يبقي الأفكار والشعور العدوانية نشطة في عقلك ، مما يجعل من أكثر عرضة للعمل بفعالية. طباعة مطبوعة. لإثبات المفهوم، قام الباحثون بدراسات ذات صلة. أولها شملت 94 طالبًا جامعيًا الذين قيل لهم أنهم كانوا يشاركون في دراسة حول تأثيرات الموسيقى على حل المشاكل، والإبداع والعواطف. استمع الطلاب إلى قطعة موسيقية كلاسيكية مكثفة أثناء محاولة حل 14 خطة صعبة (إعادة ترتيب مجموعة من الحروف لتشكيل كلمة مثل بانديمونيا). لم يكن لديهم سوى سبعة ثوانٍ لتسوية كل خطة ، وتسجيل إجاباتهم وتوصيلها إلى المجرّب عبر جهاز اتصال. ولكن خطة الدراسة كانت لإثارة الطلاب إلى الغضب ، والتي قام بها المجرّبون باستخدام تقنية استخدمت مرات عديدة في الدراسات المشابهة. اتفق المشاركون على المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة في المشاركة. لم يُخبر المجموعة التابعة الثالثة كيفية مشاهدة المشهد أو تحليل مشاعرهم. أُخبر كل مجموعة بتمثيل المشهد في عقولهم لمدة 45 ثانية. ثم قام الباحثون بفحص المشاركين لمشاهدة أفكار العدوانية والشعور الغضب. أظهرت النتائج أن الطلاب الذين استخدموا منظور المسافة الذاتية لديهم أفكار أقل عدوانية وشعور غضبًا أقل من أولئك الذين استخدموا النهج الغامض الذاتي والذين في المجموعة التابعة. ساعد النهج الذاتي في تنظيم مشاعرهم الغضبية وكذلك تقليل أفكارهم العدوانية ، قال ميشكوفسكي. في دراسة ثانية ، ذهب الباحثون إلى أبعد من ذلك وأظهروا أن المسافة الذاتية يمكن أن تجعل الناس أقل عد شريك طالب غير مرئي، وليس أحد الباحثين (في الواقع، كان في الواقع أحد الباحثين). في هذه الحالة، كان الشريك المفترض هو الشخص الذي قدم التعليقات المُحزنة حول اتباع الاتجاهات. كما في الدراسة الأولى، تم تعيين المشاركين بعد ذلك عشوائياً لتحليل مشاعرهم المحيطة بالمهمة من منظور غمر أو بعيد عن النفس. لم يتلق المشاركون الذين تم تعيينهم لمجموعة مراقبة ثالثة أي تعليمات حول كيفية مشاهدة المشهد أو التركيز على مشاعرهم. بعد ذلك، تم إخبار المشاركين أنهم سينافسون ضد نفس الشريك الذي أثارهم في وقت سابق في مهمة رد فعل. سيحصل الفائز في المهمة على فرصة للفائز بفجر الضوضاء من خلال سماعات الرأس والفائز أظهرت مستويات أقل من العدوان من تلك في المجموعتين الأخرى. أي أن انفجارات الضوضاء ضد شريكهم تميل إلى أن تكون أقصر وأقل كثافة. تم اختبار هؤلاء المشاركين بعد فترة وجيزة جدًا من استفزازهم من قبل شريكهم ، قال ميشكوفسكي. حقيقة أن أولئك الذين استخدموا الامتناع عن أنفسهم أظهروا مستويات أقل من العدوان تظهر أن هذه التقنية يمكن أن تعمل في حرارة اللحظة ، عندما لا تزال الغضب طازجة. من المثير للاهتمام اكتشاف أن أولئك الذين استخدموا نهج الامتناع عن أنفسهم أظهروا عدوانًا أقل من أولئك في المجموعة التحكمية ، الذين لم يُخبروا كيفية النظر إلى الحادث العمل من خلال الوضع، قد يكون عكس النجاح و يجعل الفرد أكثر عدوانية. تقنية أفضل لاستخدامها عندما تكون غاضبة هي الاهتمام التفكير في شيء هادئ لإزالة العقل من الغضب. ومع ذلك، حتى هذه التقنية ليست سوى استراتيجية قصيرة الأجل. يعتقد ميشكوفسكي أن البحث يظهر بوضوح أن الاهتمام بالنفس هو أفضل طريقة لتخفيف الغضب. ولكن الاهتمام بالنفس يعمل حقاً، حتى بعد الاستفزاز مباشرة إنه أداة تدخل قوية يمكن لأي شخص استخدامها عندما يكون غاضباً. المصدر: جامعة ولاية أوهايو
Battle of the Boyne The Battle of the Boyne was a turning point in the Williamite war in Ireland, between the deposed King James VII of Scotland and II of England and his son-in-law and successor, William III ("William of Orange"), for the English, Scottish, and Irish thrones. It took place on July 1, 1690 (Old Style date), just outside of the town of Drogheda on Ireland's east coast. As a consequence of the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the battle is now commemorated on July 12. Though not militarily decisive, its symbolic importance has made it one of the most infamous battles in British and Irish history and a key part in Irish Protestant folklore. It is still commemorated today, principally by the Orange Order. Irish Protestants have cast the battle as one between William the representative of Christ and the forces of darkness. Their victory meant that the Protestants had "won" Ireland, and it justified their ascendancy. King William's victory was followed by systematic efforts to Protestantize Ireland with Protestant settlers and legal restrictions on the rights of Catholics. However, this was but a chapter in a continuing process of what was called the "pacification" of Ireland, beginning with Pope Adrian IV's bull that granted Ireland to England and Henry II's invasion of 1171. This process led to the establishment of a Protestant majority in the province of Ulster, most of which became Northern Ireland in 1921, and where conflict between Catholic and Protestants, known as the "troubles," led to British military intervention in between 1969 and 1997. A sectarian battle The battle of the Boyne was the decisive encounter in a war that was primarily about James's attempt to regain the thrones of England and Scotland, but is widely remembered as a decisive moment in the struggle between Protestant and Catholic factions in Ireland. However, recent analyses have played down the religious aspect of the conflict. In fact, both armies were religiously mixed, and William of Orange's own elite force—the Dutch Blue Guards—had the papal banner with them on the day, many of the Guardsmen being Dutch Catholics. They were part of the League of Augsburg, a cross-Christian alliance designed to stop a French conquest of Europe, supported by the Vatican. The war in Ireland was also the beginning of a long-running but ultimately unsuccessful campaign by James's supporters, the Jacobites, to restore the Stuart dynasty rule to the British thrones. While most Jacobites in Ireland were indeed Catholics, many English and Scottish Jacobites were Protestants and were motivated by loyalty to the principle of monarchy (considering James to have been illegally deposed in a coup) or to the Stuart dynasty in particular, rather than by religion. A handful of British Jacobites fought with James at the Boyne. In addition, some of the French regiments fighting with the Jacobites at the Boyne were composed of German Protestants. In a European context, therefore, the battle was not a religiously motivated one, but part of a complicated political, dynastic, and strategic conflict. In an Irish context, however, the war was a sectarian and ethnic conflict, in many ways a re-run of the Irish Confederate Wars of 50 years earlier. For Irish Jacobites, the war was fought for Irish sovereignty, religious toleration for Catholicism, and land ownership. The Irish Catholic upper classes had lost almost all their lands after Cromwell's conquest and had also lost the right to hold public office, practice their religion, and to sit in the Irish Parliament. They saw the reign of the Catholic King James as a means of redressing these grievances and to secure the autonomy of Ireland from the English Parliament. To these ends, under Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell they had raised an army to restore James to his throne after the Glorious Revolution. By 1690, they controlled all of Ireland except for the Northern province of Ulster. Most of James II's troops at the Boyne were Irish Catholics. Conversely, for Williamites in Ireland, the war was about maintaining Protestant and British rule in Ireland. The Irish Williamites were mainly Protestant settlers from England and Scotland who had come to the country during the Plantations of Ireland. They were a majority in the northern province of Ulster. They feared for both their lives and their property if James and his Catholic supporters were allowed to rule Ireland. In particular, they feared a repeat of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, when there had been widespread massacres of Protestants. For these reasons, the Protestant settler community fought en masse for William III. Many of the Williamite troops at the Boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were Protestants from Ulster, who called themselves "Eniskilleners" and were referred to by contemporaries as "Scotch-Irish." The competing sides The opposing armies in the battle were led by the Roman Catholic King James of England, Scotland and Ireland and opposing him, his son-in-law the Protestant William III ("William of Orange"), who had deposed James from his English and Scottish thrones in the previous year. James' supporters still controlled much of Ireland and the Irish Parliament. James also enjoyed the support of the French King, Louis XIV, who did not want to see a hostile monarch, such as William, on the throne of England. To support James' restoration, Louis sent 6000 French troops to Ireland to support the Irish Jacobites. William was already Stadtholder of the Netherlands and was able to call on Dutch and allied troops from continental Europe as well as from Great Britain. James was a seasoned general who had proven his bravery when fighting for his brother—King Charles II—in Europe, notably at the battle of the Dunes in 1658. However, recent historians have noted that he was prone to panicking under pressure and to making rash decisions. William was also a seasoned commander and able general but had yet to win a full battle. Many of his battles ended in bloody stalemates, prompting at least one modern historian to argue that William lacked an ability to manage armies in the thick of battle. William's success against the French had been reliant upon tactical maneuvers and good diplomacy rather than force. His diplomacy had assembled the League of Augsburg—a multi-national coalition formed to resist French aggression in Europe. From William's point of view, his takeover of power in England and the ensuing campaign in Ireland was just another front in the war against Louis XIV of France. James II's subordinate commanders were Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, who was the Lord Deputy of Ireland and James's most powerful supporter in that country; and the French general Lauzun. William's second in command was the Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg, a 75 year old professional soldier. He had formerly been a Marshal of France, but had been expelled in 1685, from his native country by Louis XIV because he was a Huguenot Protestant. The Williamite army at the Boyne was about 36,000 strong, composed of troops from many countries. Around 20,000 had been in Ireland since 1689, commanded by Schomberg. William himself arrived with 16,000 more in June 1690. William's troops were in general far better trained and equipped than were those of James. The best Williamite infantry were from Denmark and the Netherlands, professional soldiers equipped with the latest flintlock muskets. There were also a large contingent of French Huguenot troops fighting with the Williamites. William did not have a high opinion of his British troops, with the exception of the Ulster Protestant irregulars who had held Ulster in the previous year. The English and Scottish troops were felt to be politically unreliable, since James had been their legitimate monarch up to a year before. Moreover, they had only been raised recently and had seen little combat. The Jacobites were 23,500 strong. James had several regiments of French troops, but most of his manpower was provided by Irish Catholics. The Jacobite's Irish cavalry, who were raised from among the dispossessed Irish gentry, proved themselves to be high caliber troops at the battle. However, the Irish infantry, predominantly peasants who had been pressed into service, were not trained soldiers. They had been hastily trained, badly supplied, and only a minority of them had functional muskets. In fact, some of them at the Boyne carried only farm implements, such as scythes. On top of that, the Jacobite infantry who had firearms were all equipped with the obsolete matchlock musket. William had landed in Carrickfergus in Ulster on June 14, 1690, and marched south to take Dublin. It has been argued that the Jacobites should have tried to block this advance in rugged country around Newry, on the present day Irish border. However, James only fought a delaying action there and chose instead to place his line of defense on the Boyne river, around 50 km from Dublin. The Williamites reached the Boyne on June 29. The day before the battle, William himself had a narrow escape, when he was wounded by Jacobite artillery while surveying the fords over which his troops would cross the river. The battle itself was fought on July 1, over a ford of the Boyne at Oldbridge, near Drogheda. William sent about a quarter of his men to cross at a place called Roughgrange, near Slane, about 10 km from Oldbridge. The Duke of Schomberg's son, Meinhardt Schomberg, later the 3rd Duke led this crossing, which was unsuccessfully opposed by Irish dragoons. James panicked when he saw that he might be outflanked and sent half his troops, along with most of his cannon to counter this move. What neither side had realized was that there was a deep ravine at Roughgrange, so that the forces there could not engage each other, but literally sat out the battle. The Williamites there went on a long detour march which, late in the day, almost saw them cut off the Jacobite retreat at the village of Naul. At the main ford at Oldbridge, William's infantry led by the elite Dutch Blue Guards forced their way across the river, using their superior firepower to slowly drive back the enemy foot-soldiers, but were pinned down by the counter-attacks of the Jacobite cavalry. Having secured the village of Oldbridge, some Williamite infantry held off successive cavalry attacks with disciplined volley fire while others were driven into the river. William's second in command, the Duke of Schomberg, and George Walker (1645-1690) were killed in this phase of the battle. The Williamites were not able to resume their advance until their own horsemen managed to cross the river and, after being badly mauled, held off the Jacobite cavalry, who retired and regrouped at Donore, where they once again put up stiff resistance before retiring. The Jacobites retired in good order. William had a chance to trap the retreating Jacobites as they crossed the river Nanny at Duleek, but was held up by a successful Jacobite rear-guard. The casualty figure of the battle was quite low for a battle of such a scale—of the 50,000 or so participants, about 2,000 died, three quarters of whom were Jacobites. The reason for the low death toll was that in contemporary warfare, most of the casualties tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already-beaten enemy. This did not happen at the Boyne because the counter-attacks of the Jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their army. The Jacobites were badly demoralized by their defeat, however, and many of the Irish infantrymen deserted. The Williamites triumphantly marched into Dublin two days after the battle. The Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the river Shannon, where they were besieged. James left so quickly that he outpaced the messenger that was sent to warn Limerick of the defeat. After his defeat, James quickly returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed. James's loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield enraged his Irish supporters, who fought on until the Treaty of Limerick in 1691. The battle was overshadowed in its time in Great Britain by the destruction of the Anglo-Dutch fleet by the French two days later, off Beachy Head, a far more serious event in the short term; only on the Continent was the Boyne treated as a major victory. The reason for this was that it was the first proper victory for the League of Augsburg, the first ever alliance between Catholic and Protestant countries, and in achieving this William of Orange and Pope Alexander VIII (its prime movers) scotched the myth—particularly emanating from Sweden—that such an alliance was blasphemous, resulting in more joining the alliance and in effect ending the very real danger of a French conquest of Europe. The Boyne was not without strategic significance on both Great Britain and Ireland, however. It marked the end of James's hope of regaining his throne by military means and virtually assured the triumph of the Glorious Revolution. In Scotland, news of this defeat led to the Highlanders gradually abandoning the Jacobite Rising which Bonnie Dundee had led. In Ireland, the Boyne was the beginning of the Williamite victory over the Jacobites, which maintained British and Protestant dominance over the country. For this reason, the Boyne is still celebrated by the Protestant Orange Order on the twelfth of July. Commemoration of the battle Originally, Irish Protestants commemorated the Battle of Aughrim on the July 12, as symbolizing their victory in the Williamite war in Ireland. At Aughrim, which took place a year after the Boyne, virtually all of the old native Irish Catholic and Old English aristocracies plantations under Elizabeth I and Oliver Cromwell) were wiped out. The Boyne, which in the old Julian calendar, took place on July 1, was treated as less important, third in commemorative value after Aughrim and the anniversary of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 on October 23. What was celebrated on the twelfth was not William's "victory over popery at the Battle of the Boyne," but the extermination of the elite of the native Irish at Aughrim, thereby ending the fear of having to surrender the planted lands. In 1752, a new Gregorian calendar was introduced to the United Kingdom, which placed the Boyne on July 12, instead of Aughrim. However, even after this date, "The Twelfth" still commemorated Aughrim. But after the Orange Order was founded in 1795, amid sectarian violence in Armagh, the focus of parades on July 12, switched to the battle of the Boyne. Usually the dates before the introduction of the calendar on September 14, 1752, are mapped in English language histories directly onto the Julian dates without shifting them by 11 days. Being suspicious of anything with papist connotations, however, rather than shift the anniversary of the Boyne to the new July 1, or celebrate the new anniversary of Aughrim, the Orangemen continued to march on the July 12, which, in New Style dates marked the battle of the Boyne. Despite this, there are also smaller parades and demonstrations on July 1, the date which maps the old style date of the Boyne to the new style in the usual manner and which also commemorate the massacre of the 36th (Ulster) Division on the first day of the Battle of the Somme in 1916. It has also been suggested that the Boyne was preferred to Aughrim because the Jacobites' rout there allowed the Irish Catholics to be presented as contemptible cowards, whereas at Aughrim they fought bravely and died in great numbers. In the context of a resurgent Irish nationalism from the 1790s onwards, it is argued that the narrative of the Boyne was more comforting for Loyalists in Ireland. The commemoration of the battle of the Boyne therefore has more to do with the politics of the Unionist community than it has to do with the military significance of the battle itself. It is not uncommon to see large murals of a monarch, William on a white horse at the head of his army marking out Loyalist territory. The memory of the battle also has resonance among Irish Nationalists. Most Irish people see the battle as a major step on the road to the complete British colonization of Ireland. In 1923, Irish Republican Army members blew up a large monument to the battle on the battlefield site on the Boyne and also destroyed a statue of William III in 1929, that stood outside Trinity College Dublin in the center of the Irish capital. "The Twelfth" in Ireland today The Battle of the Boyne remains a controversial topic today, especially in Northern Ireland where Protestants remember it as a great victory over Catholics and responsible for the sovereignty of Parliament and the 'Protestant monarchy'. In recent years "The Twelfth" has often been marked by confrontations as members of the Orange Order attempt to celebrate the date by marching past or through what they see as their traditional route. However some of these areas now have a nationalist majority, who now object to marches passing through their areas. This is mainly due to population migrations caused by institutionalized sectarianism in Northern Ireland in the mid 1900s which had made Northern Ireland, in the words of Ulster Unionist Party leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner David Trimble, a "cold house for Catholics" at the time. Each side thus dresses up the disputes in terms of the other's supposed attempts to repress them; Catholics still see Orange Order marches as provocative attempts to 'show who is boss', while Protestants insist they have a right to "walk the Queen's highway" and see any attempt to deny them the right to walk through traditional routes used for centuries as an attempt to marginalise and restrict their freedom to celebrate their Protestant identity earned in the Glorious Revolution settlement. Thus the battle is still very present in the awareness of those involved in the Catholic-Protestant rivalry in Ireland. The battlefield today The site of the battle of the Boyne sprawls over a wide area west of the town of Drogheda. Oldbridge, the scene of the main Williamite crossing, has an Irish Government Interpretive Centre on it, which is dedicated to informing tourists and other visitors about the battle. This facility is currently being redeveloped. The other main combat areas on the day (at Duleek, Donore and Plattin—along the Jacobite line of retreat) are marked with tourist information signs. - Hayes-McCoy, Gerard Anthony. Irish Battles. Harlow: Longmans, 1969. ISBN 0582112486 - Lenihan, Padraig. 1690 Battle of the Boyne. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0752433040 - McNally, Michael and Graham Turner. Battle of the Boyne 1690: The Irish Campaign for the English Crown. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 184176891X All links retrieved January 7, 2013. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
St. Anne, Patroness of Detroit St. Anne was named by the Vatican as the patron saint of the Archdiocese of Detroit. We honor the mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary and prayerfully ask for her intercession. One may pray to any saint for any intention, but a patron saint is seen as the particular advocate for a chosen place or activity. St. Anne is the mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Though she is not mentioned by name in the Bible, we know of her through early Christian writings, the most important of which is the Protoevangelium of James, written in about 150 A.D. We are told that Anne, the wife of Joachim, was advanced in years before her prayers for a child were answered. An angel appeared and told her she would conceive a child who "shall be spoken of in all the world." St. Anne's feast day is celebrated on July 26. She is known as the patron saint of equestrians, housewives, women in labor, cabinet-makers, and miners. Devotion to St. Anne became popular in the Christian East by the fourth century, and that tradition later spread to the Christian West. When the French began to colonize modern-day Quebec, they brought their devotion to St. Anne with them—asking for her protection in the New World. This devotion was planted on the banks of the Detroit River by the original French-Canadian settlers. Two days after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac landed with 51 others in what is now downtown Detroit on July 24, 1701, they celebrated Mass and began construction of a church named after Saint Anne. Today, Ste. Anne de Detroit Church is the second oldest continually operating parish in the United States. As is now recognized by the Holy See, the church of Detroit was placed under St. Anne's protection from its very founding.
This “The Best…” list is a companion to The Best Sites To Learn About The U.S. Financial Crisis. Those sites tried to explain how we got into this mess. The resources on this list share what is happening to us as a result. These sites try to give a picture of the recession’s effects throughout the world. These sites, all relatively accessible to English Language Learners, are divided into three sections. The first are some narrative reports on what is occurring. The second are interactive charts or graphs that show “the numbers.” The third are multimedia presentations giving a human face to the recession (of course, most of my students are experiencing that human face directly in their own lives). Here are my picks for The Best Sites To Learn About The Recession: Voice of America’s Special English has a report (with audio support for the text) titled Trying To Live With A Recession In The World’s Largest Economy. Breaking New English has a lesson (again, with audio support for the text) called Huge U.S. Job Losses Spark Recession Fears. ESL Podcast Blog has an engaging report on ways a recession affects society CBBC has a good report on the recession in the United Kingdom. CHARTS & GRAPHS: Where Does Your State Rank? is a map from CNN showing the recession’s effect across the United States. Layoffs Pile-Up is a graph from the Wall Street Journal showing what economic sectors are experiencing the worst job loss. USA Today has a very complete analysis on jobs loss and growth in the United States. The National Conference of State Legislatures also has an interactive map on the effects of the recession in all fifty states. These would require some teacher explanation, but are intriguing nevertheless. They’re are two infographics showing how the proposed economic stimulus would be used — one from the Washington Post and the other from Credit Loan. CNN has a new interactive on the compromise that the Senate and House just agreed to. The Obamameter is a regularly updated visual representation of different aspects of the U.S. economy. It would be accessible to Intermediate English Language Learners with some explanation. FinViz shows the stock market in a vivid color-code. The Economy Tracker from CNN shows the latest economic data on a map, and combines that with personal stories of those affected. The Geography Of A Recession comes from The New York Times and shows, in detail, unemployment rates throughout the United States. Maplibs has a color-coded world map that shows international financial centers. The key is the color — if it’s shown in red then it’s down, if it’s shown in green then it’s up. The Sacramento Bee has a scary map of unemployment in California. Economic Reality Check is from CNN and provide short facts about different aspects of the recession. The Sacramento Bee has just published an Income Gap Interactive Graphic. It’s based on Sacramento data, but I suspect the information is similar across the United States. It vividly, and in a way that’s accessible to English Language Learners, shows how long it takes for different people (by occupation, ethnicity, and educational background) to earn $100,000. MSNBC has developed what they call an Adversity Index. It’s an animated map that “measures the economic health of 381 metro areas and all 50 states.” It’s pretty intriguing, though would probably require some initial explanation before English Language Learners could fully decipher it. Right below the Adversity Map, you can also find a “Map:Recession-resistant areas” that highlights communities in the U.S. that have escaped the recession’s effects. The San Francisco Chronicle published a simple and very accessible chart today titled Unemployment Characteristics. It “breaks down” unemployment data by race, gender, and education background. Great Depression Comparison is an excellent interactive comparing the Depression to our present Recession. Here’s a very accessible infographic that shows the change in unemployment in major US cities over the past year. The Associated Press has an Economic Stress Index which shows, in an interactive graphic form, what is happening to every county in the United States economically. It measures bankruptcies, home foreclosures, and unemployment, and then interprets it into what they call a “stress index.” The New York Times has published an interactive graphic titled Broad Unemployment Across the U.S. It shows both the official unemployment rate, and what the rate would be if it included “ipart-time workers who want to work full time, as well some people who want to work but have not looked for a job in the last four weeks.” Moody’s has put together an impressive and accessible Global Recession Map showing how all the economies in the world are going. “Food Assistance” is a very simple and visual infographic from GOOD Magazine tracking the rise of food stamps over the past year. Times Of Crisis is an extraordinary interactive timeline showing the critical events of the economic recession over the past 365 days. The Geography of Jobs is an excellent animated map demonstrating the loss of jobs in different parts of the United States during the recession. Flowing Data has some maps that very visually show where unemployment has increased over the past few years. The Unemployed States of America, a nice infographic (in terms of accessibility, not because it shares good news) How the Great Recession Reshaped the U.S. Job Market, an informative (and a bit “busy” looking) interactive from The Wall Street Journal. “America’s 35 Hardest-Hit Cities” is a very accessible infographic showing the communities around the U.S. with the highest unemployment rates. Quite a few of them are located right here in California’s Central Valley. Comparing This Recession to Previous Ones: Job Changes is a New York Times graphic that very clearly shows we’re not doing so great right now. “How The Great Recession Has Changed Life In America” is an interactive from The Pew Center. Who’s Hurting? is a Wall Street Journal interactive showing which economic sector is losing/gaining jobs How Do Americans Feel About The Recession? is an infographic from MINT.It has some interesting information, and a teacher could ask similar questions of their students. “Decline and fall of the California job market” is a very good interactive from The Sacramento Bee showing the chronological progress of the monthly unemployment rate for each county in the state over the past three years. Visual Economics has published two good infographics in one place: “Cities That Have Missed The Recovery” and “Cities That Are Having A Great Recovery.” “How The Recession Has Changed Us” is what I think is a pretty amazing infographic from The Atlantic. Where Are The Jobs? is a very good interactive infographic from The Washington Post showing which economic sectors are increasing jobs and which are not doing so well. GOOD has just published a very good series of infographics explaining the economy. It’s called All About The Benjamins. VIDEOS & SLIDESHOWS: Boomtown To Bust is a New York Times slideshow on the recession’s effect in Florida. The Sacramento Bee has a series of photos Chronicling The Economic Downturn. Long Lines Of Job Seekers Continue is a slideshow from The Washington Post. Downturn Leaves More Families Homeless is another slideshow from The Washington Post. The Wall Street Journal has excerpts from recent songs that have been written about the recession. Following A Closing, The Struggle To Find Work is another slideshow from The New York Times. A Community Facing Hunger is a video from The New York Times. Out Of Work In China is a video showing the effects of the recession in that country. A Painful Return is a slideshow discussing the recession’s effects in China. Tough Times For Summitville Tiles is a Wall Street Journal slideshow about the closing of a factory. Black Thursday In France is a Wall Street Journal slideshow about protests in that country demanding that the government do more to stop the recession. Ohio Town Faces Economic Collapse is a slideshow from Pixcetra. The American Economy: Down and Out is a slideshow from TIME Magazine. Tough Times In Cleveland is another TIME slideshow. An audio slideshow from The New York Times called In Economic Vise, Pontiac Struggles. There Goes Retirement is an online video from The Wall Street Journal. The progressive magazine The Nation has a useful slideshow called The Great Recession. It’s a bit ideological, but provides a different kind of analysis and response to the recession. It also includes links to articles that would not be accessible to ELL’s. However, the images, teacher modifications of the articles, and lesson ideas provided by them could offer some good opportunities for student discussion and higher order thinking. The Faces Of The Unemployed is a slideshow from The New York Times. Searching For A Job is a series of photos from the Sacramento Bee. Looking For Work is an audio slideshow from Reuters. Desperately Seeking A Salary is another audio slideshow from Reuters. Job Seekers Flood Local Job Fair is a slideshow from The Sacramento Bee. Recession Hits The Saddle is a slideshow from The New York Times. Auto Town Struggles With Unemployment is a slideshow from The New York Times. Dark Stores from TIME Magazine. The New York Times has an audio slideshow about people looking for work in the state of Tennessee. Inside California’s Tent Cities is the newest addition to this list. It’s a New York Times slideshow on the growing number of homeless encampments around the United States, particularly here in Sacramento (which was recently featured on Oprah Winfrey’s show) and in Fresno. The Death of the American Mall is a slideshow from The Wall Street Journal. Stimulus Watch is a site that doesn’t really fit into any of the categories on this list, but it’s intriguing. It supposedly lists all the projects different governmental projects have proposed to do with stimulus money, and then people can vote which ones they think are best. They’re categorized by community, so they’re very accessible. The only drawback to it is since it’s a wiki, even though all the projects are listed, many don’t have detailed information yet on what the project entails. Nevertheless, its interactivity could offer some good possibilities for student engagement. How Do You Feel About The Economy? is a great interactive graphic — especially for English Language Learners — from The New York Times. You’re supposed to be able to enter a word that indicates how you’re filling, and you’re given many choices. It’s a good opportunity for vocabulary development. Picturing The Recession is yet another exceptional interactive from The New York Times. It’s composed of photos contributed by readers, including captions, divided by topic or location. Adapting To Job Loss is a slideshow from The Washington Post. Survival Strategies is a new interactive feature from The New York Times. People offer brief ideas on how they’re saving money now in the recession. Readers can vote on which ones they think are best. You have to register in order to vote, offer suggestions, or contribute your own. Forced From Home is a slideshow from The Wall Street Journal. Ghost Factories is a slideshow from The New York Times. “The Long-Term Unemployed” is a multimedia interactive from The Wall Street Journal. “America Out Of Work” is ongoing series of video interviews the Los Angeles Times is doing with the unemployed. America at Work is slideshow from The Atlantic. As always, feedback is welcome.
Kate Wiley (202) 633-3129 Smithsonian’s Lemelson Center Spotlights Hollywood’s History of Innovation “Places of Invention” Exhibition to Feature Development of Technicolor The Academy Awards would be much less colorful without the innovations in 1930s and ’40s Hollywood filmmaking that the Smithsonian’s Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation will showcase in its upcoming “Places of Invention” exhibition, set to open in 2015. Initiative and creativity drove Hollywood’s “Golden Age”—a time of great technological change in the motion picture industry, moving from silent and black-and-white to sound and color. “Places of Invention” will highlight the invention and adoption of Technicolor, detailing the three-strip process used in The Wizard of Oz and Gone With the Wind and reveal the people behind its success, inventors Herbert Kalmus, Daniel Comstock and W. Burton Westcott, who set up shop in Hollywood in 1923. Also integral to its success was Natalie Kalmus, a consultant for Technicolor on many classic films who, in making decisions about makeup, costumes and lighting, controlled the aura of Technicolor. “Our take on the Hollywood story goes behind the camera to examine the inventions that significantly changed both the way movies were made and the complexity and popularity of movies themselves,” said Art Molella, director of the center. “The Hollywood and Technicolor stories exemplify the outcomes possible when creativity and collaboration are allowed to thrive.” The invention and evolution of Technicolor made possible such awards as Best Visual Effects while transforming Hollywood into a hot spot of innovation—a place where a critical mass of inventive people, networks, institutions and funding come together and creativity flourishes. This year alone, six of the nine nominees for Best Picture implemented various Technicolor technologies in their films. Overall, 19 films nominated for Oscars employed Technicolor’s various offerings in their respective films. “Places of Invention”—made possible by a $2.6 million grant from the National Science Foundation—will feature a selection of hot spots of invention and innovation. The planned 3,500-square-foot exhibition will focus on the mid-19th century to the present and will feature hands-on experiences based on inventive skill-building and illustrating the ways that places and social collaboration shape the inventive process. For more on the exhibition, visit http://invention.smithsonian.org/places. The Smithsonian’s Lemelson Center’s activities advance scholarship on the history of invention, share stories about inventors and their work and nurture creativity in young people. The center embodies a philosophy akin to that of the inventors we study, of valuing creativity and embracing the potential rewards of intellectual risk-taking. The center is supported by The Lemelson Foundation, a private philanthropy established by one of the country’s most prolific inventors, Jerome Lemelson, and his family. The Lemelson Center is located in the National Museum of American History. For more information, visit http://invention.smithsonian.org. # # #
المدمرة ZCAREER (النازية ألمانيا) المميزة في المقام الأول من عام 1934م. النوع الأول من النوع الأول من الطائرة المدمرة: 220 طن (206 طن) طولها: 321 طن (319 طن) طولها: 240 طن (3119 طن) طولها: 114 طن (3119 طن) في المقام الأول من عام 1934م. المخطط: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع: الموقع 1934م - قاذفة من فئة A بنيت للبحرية الألمانية (Kriegsmarine) في أواخر الثلاثينيات من القرن العشرين. في بداية الحرب العالمية الثانية، تم نشر السفينة في البداية لحصار الساحل البولندي، لكنها تم نقلها بسرعة إلى الخليج الألماني لوضع حقول ألمانية في المياه الألمانية. في أواخر عام 1939، أجرت السفينة عملية إزالة ألغام ناجحة قبالة الساحل الإنجلي التي طالبت بحرية حربية بريطانية واحدة وسبعة سفن تجارية. خلال المراحل الأولى من الحملة النرويجية، قاتل بيرند فون أرنيم المدمرة البريطانية غلوورم أثناء نقلها للقوات إلى منطقة نارفيك في أوائل أبريل 1940م، ولكن طولها 119 مترًا (390 قدم 5 إن) وكان طوله 114 مترًا (374 قدم 0 إن) على خط المياه. كان لدى السفينة شعاعًا يبلغ 11.3 مترًا (37 قدم 1 إن) ، و أقصى مسافة 4.23 مترًا (13 قدم 11 إن). قامت بتحويل 2,171 طن طويلاً (2,206 طن) عند الحمل القياسي و 3,190 طنًا (3,240 طن) عند الحمل العميق. تم تصميم توربينات البخار المجهزة لفاغنر لإنتاج 70,000 قوة حصان (52,199 كيلوواط) التي من شأنها دفع السفينة بسرعة 36 عقدًا (67 كم / ساعة; 41 ميلا في الساعة). تم توفير البخار إلى المحركات بواسطة ست كيتلات بنسون عالي الضغط مع حرار تصل نطاق النفط إلى 1530 نيم (2,830 كيلومتر) فقط. أثبتت برند فون أرنيم أن المسلحة الفائقة كانت خمسة قنابل SK C/34 ذات ارتفاع 12.7 سم مع قواح مدفعية واحدة، اثنين من كل فوقها، في الأمام والخلف. تم حمل المسلحة الخامسة فوق سطح السفينة الخلفية. كانت تتمثل في أربعة قنابل SK C / 30 من 3.7 سم في اثنين من قواحين في القواحلة الخلفية وستة قنابل SK C / 30 في قواح مائية واحدة. حملت المسلحة الخامسة فوق 53.3 سم. تم تركيب أربعة أجهزة رمي شحن عميق على أطراف السفينة الخلفية وتم إضافة ستة أوقات لشحن عميق على أطراف السفينة الخلفية. تم حمل شحن عميق كاف لأي من النماذج الثانية أو الأربعة من 16 شحنًا لكل. يمكن تركيب خطوط الألغام على السفينة الخلفية التي كانت لديها قدرة أقصى 60 ألغام. تم تركيب "GHG" (Gruppenhorchgerät) المكافات المائية السلبية لاكتشاف الغواصات. تم طلب السفن في 4 أغسطس 1934 وأرسلت في Germania, Kiel في 26 مارس 1935 باسم رقم G537. تم إطلاقها في 8 يوليو 1936 وتم الانتهاء من 6 يوليو 1938. عندما بدأ العالم الثاني في سبتمبر 1939 ، تم نشر بيرند فون أرنيم في تم نقلها إلى بولندا ، ولكن تم نقلها إلى خليج الألمان في وقت قريب حيث انضمت إلى أخواتها في وضع حقول ألغام دفاعية. دورت السفينة أيضًا على سكاجيررك للتفتيش على الشحن المحايد للبضائع المهربية. انضم بيرند فون آرنيم إلى المدمرات الأخرى في وضع حقول ألغام قبالة الساحل البريطاني في نوفمبر ، عندما وضع بيرند فون آرنيم وهيرمان كونه وويلهلم هايدكام حوالي 180 من الألغام المغناطيسية في وسط مدخل التايمز في ليلة 17/18 نوفمبر. الغرقت من قبل هذا الحقل المدمرة HMS Gipsy ، ومركاة واحدة ، وسبعة سفن أخرى تبلغ إجمالي 27,565 طن GGR Register (T). بعد أربعة أيام ، كانت واحدة من المد مع أخواتها هانز لودي وإيريش جيز، كان من المفترض أن تضع بيرند فون أرنيم ساحة ألغام قبالة كرومير خلال ليلة 6/7 ديسمبر، لكنها واجهت مشاكل مع اثنين من غلاياتها وكان عليها إيقافها. أُمرت السفينة بالعودة إلى الميناء بينما استمرت السفينة الأخرى بعملها. تم تعيين حملة برند فون أرنيم في النرويجية إلى المجموعة 1 للجزء النرويجي من عملية ويسيروبونغ في أبريل 1940. كانت مهمة المجموعة هي نقل فوج المشاة الجبلية 139 (فرقة Gebirgsjäger 139.) ومقر الفرقة الجبلية الثالثة (3. Gebirgs-Dision) للاستيلاء على نارفيك. بدأت السفن في تحميل القوات في 6 أبريل وتركت في صباح 8 أبريل ، تحول السفينة إلى الشمال الغربي بسرعة كاملة بعد وضع شاشة الدخان. كانت السفينة الألمانية تعاني من أضرار في البحر الثقيل بسرعة 35 عقدة (65 كيلومتر في الساعة) ، وأجبرت على تقليل السرعة إلى 27 عقدة (50 كيلومتر في الساعة) بعد خسارتها رجلين فوق سطح السفينة. كانت المدمرة البريطانية أكثر ملاءمة للظروف وبدأت في إغلاق برند فون أرنيم. تحول الملازم كماندر (Korvettenkapitän) كيرت ريشيل ، قائد فون أرنيم ، سفينته إلى الشمال الشرقي ، أقرب إلى الممرقة الثقيلة إدميرال هيبر. تبادلت السفن النار دون تأثير لمدة ساعة حتى وصل هيبر إلى نطاق وغمرت غلوورم فييلم هايدمب، برند فون أرنيم وجورج ثيل من خلال القارب إلى نارفيك. تمكن عاصفة ثلجية ثقيلة من دخول فون أرنيم و ثيل إلى الميناء دون تحدي و إرتبطوا بمقام. بدأت قوات الجبال على الفور بالنزول ، ولكن تم رصد السفينة بعد بضع دقائق من قبل سفينة الدفاع الساحلي نورج. فتح السفينة الأخيرة النار على الفور وتمكنها من إطلاق حوالي 13 قذيفة على نطاق 600800 متر (660870 yd) قبل أن تمكّن فون أرنيم من إطلاق سبعة طُرود. ضربت اثنان فقط من سفينة النرويجية ، لكنها أوقفت واحدة أو أكثر من مجلات السفينة ، وقمت و تغرقت على الفور. لم تضرب أي من قذائف تمكن البحارة النرويجيين من التقاط 96 رجلًا مع قارب من رجال التجار في الميناء. كان فون أرنيم وتايلي أول من قاموا بتزود الوقود من الناقلة الوحيدة التي وصلت بأمان إلى نارفيك ثم انتقلوا لاحقاً إلى بولانجنفيدور ، وهي الذراع الجنوبية من أوفوتفيدور ، أقرب إلى المدخل. قبل فجر في 10 أبريل ، فاجأت خمسة مدمرات من فلوتيلا المدمرة الثانية البريطانية خمسة مدمرات ألمانية في ميناء نارفيك. قاموا بتوربي اثنين من المدمرات الألمانية وأضروا بقية الثلاثة بشكل كبير بينما كانوا يتعرضون لأضرار طفيفة فقط. في حين كانوا في طريق الانسحاب ، واجهوا ثلاثة مدمرات من الفلوتيلا الراب كان على السفن الألمانية أن تتحول لتجنب صلوة ثلاثة طوارئ طُرقتها واحدة من المدمرات في نارفيك، ولكن فون آرنيم وتايلي أيضاً قد أُذِنوا وكانوا قادمان على مواجهة البريطانيين. عبرت المدمرات الألمانية T من الأسطول البريطاني وتمكنت من إطلاق النار على أرض واسعة كاملة على بعد 4000 متر فقط. وقاموا أولاً بمواجهة السفينة الأمريكية HMS هاردي، وأضررت بها بشدة. تم إطلاق النار على اثنين من أسلحتها الأمامية وتم إطلاق النار على البناء الأساسي. اضطرت هاردي على الشاطئ لتأتي نفسها، وأصبحت السفن الألمانية تغير النار إلى HMS هافوك، السفينة التالية في الخط. كانت النار في كلا سحب هافوك إلى الخلف لمحاربة أي مطاردة من قبل سفن الفلوثيلا الرابعة. هذا وضع HMS Hunter في المقدمة وأصبحت بسرعة حرقها من قبل السفن الألمانية. ربما ضربها ثيليه أيضًا بمقنعة وأصابتها من الخلف HMS هوتسبور عندما فقدت السفينة الأخيرة سيطرة القيادة. تمكنت هوتسبور من التخلّص ، ولكن هونتر سقطت بعد فترة وجيزة. تمكنت السفن البريطانية الثلاثة المتبقية من الهروب من الألمان تحت غطاء الدخان. كان فون أرنيم من قبل خمس قذائف بريطانية ، التي أطلقت بوائلر واحدة. تم إصلاح هذا بحلول صباح 13 أبريل وتلقت ستة قذائف من المدمرات المدمرة تلقيت الرسالة إلى توقع هجوم في اليوم التالي من قبل سفن رأس المال البريطانية مدعومة من عدد كبير من المدمرين ومساندة من طائرات حاملة. ظهرت السفينة الحربية وارسبيت وتسعة مدمرات بشكل لائح في 13 أبريل ، على الرغم من ذلك في وقت سابق من توقعات القائد بي ، وأخذت الألمان من موقعهم. خرجت خمس مدمرات قابلة للتشغيل ، بما في ذلك بيرند فون آرنيم ، من ميناء نارفيك وقاموا بمشاركة السفن البريطانية. على الرغم من عدم حصول أي ضربات ، إلا أنها أدت إلى تلف شقق على العديد من المدمرات المفقودة. تمكنت السفينة من القيام بهجوم بمصارفة على المدمرات البريطانية قبل أن يتم طردها ، ولكن كل من ط وقد حاول فون أرنيم أن يحتوي على قواصنة لملاحقة المدمرين البريطانيين. نفدت ذخيرةها وتم وضعها على الشاطئ عند رأس الفيورد. وضع طاقمها رسوم هدم وتخلّى عن السفينة. في الوقت الذي وصل فيه البريطانيون إلى السفينة كانت قد غادرت إلى جانبها. انضم طاقم السفينة إلى القوات الألمانية إلى الشاطئ وشارك في الحملة حتى أن قام البريطانيون بإخلاء المنطقة في يونيو. - غرينر، ص. 199 - ويتلي، ص. 18 - كوب وشمالك، ص. 26 - ويتلي، ص. 215 - ويتلي، ص. 7172 - ويتلي، ص. 204 - كوب وشمالك، ص. 91 - روهور، ص. 23 ويتلي، ص 96 - هير، ص 9193 - هير، ص 323 - هير، ص 327 - هير، ص 334 - ويتلي، ص 99 - هير، ص 33943 - هير، ص 34447 - ويتلي، ص 101 - هير، ص 35657, 362, 366 - ويتلي، ص 103 - هير، ص 368, 37374 - جرينلي، إريك (1990). سفن حرب ألمانية: 18151945. المجلد 1: سفن سطحية كبرى. أنابوليس، ماريلان: المعهد البحري. ISBN 0-87021-790-9. - هيرفيوكس، حرب بيري (1980). "عمليات مدمرة ألمانية على الساحل الإنجلي (19401941) ". في إنجلترا: كونواي ماريتيم بريس. ص 11016. ISBN 0-87021-979-0. - هير، جيير ه. (2009). الغزو الألماني النرويج، أبريل 1940. انابوليس، ماريلان: معهد البحرية بريس. ISBN 978-1-59114-310-9. - كوب، جيرهارد؛ شوملك، كلاس بيتر (2003). المدمرون الألمان في الحرب العالمية الثانية. انابوليس، ماريلان: معهد البحرية بريس 1-59114-307-1. - روهور، جورجن (2005). 1-55750-302-8.
Who doesn’t love hippos? Aren’t they the strangest creature? My second and third grade students agree and we discussed the anatomy of the hippo as we drew their robust bodies. Using a basic oil pastel and watercolor resist, the children turned their drawings into an underwater collage. To start, the children drew a hippo onto a piece of 12″ x 18″ white paper with an oil pastel. After drawing the body, the students drew a water line through the middle of the hippo’s head just below the eyes. Everything above this line was considered the sky and below; the murky water. I provided liquid watercolors so the children could run their brushes over the entire drawing. For a final flourish, children used foam 3-D dots to add fish and birds and tissue paper for watergrass. Lots of techniques in this lesson: directed line drawing, watercolor resist, oil pastel rendering, composition and collage. Whew! Second and Third grade Hippos….
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Preventive medicine or preventive care refers to measures taken to prevent diseases, (or injuries) rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. The term contrasts in method with curative and palliative medicine, and in scope with public health methods (which work at the level of population health rather than individual health). This takes place at primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. - Primary prevention avoids the development of a disease. Most population-based health promotion activities are primary preventive measures. - Secondary prevention activities are aimed at early disease detection, thereby increasing opportunities for interventions to prevent progression of the disease and emergence of symptoms. - Tertiary prevention reduces the negative impact of an already established disease by restoring function and reducing disease-related complications. - Quaternary prevention is the set of health activities that mitigate or avoid the consequences of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system. Simple examples of preventive medicine include hand washing and immunizations. Preventive care may include examinations and screening tests tailored to an individual's age, health, and family history. For example, a person with a family history of certain cancers or other diseases would begin screening at an earlier age and/or more frequently than those with no family history. On the other side of preventive medicine, some non-profit organizations, such as the Northern California Cancer Center, apply epidemiological research towards finding ways to prevent diseases. Universal, selective, and indicated Gordon (1987) in the area of disease prevention, and later Kumpfer and Baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three-tiered preventive intervention classification system: universal, selective, and indicated prevention. Amongst others, this typology has gained favour and is used by the U.S. Institute of Medicine, the NIDA and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. - Universal prevention addresses the entire population (national, local community, school, district) and aim to prevent or delay the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. All individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills necessary to prevent the problem. - Selective prevention focuses on groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. The subgroups may be distinguished by characteristics such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. For example, drug campaigns in recreational settings. - Indicated prevention involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. Identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc. Outside the scope of this three-tier model is environmental prevention. Environmental prevention approaches are typically managed at the regulatory or community level, and focus on interventions to deter drug consumption. Prohibition and bans (e.g. smoking workplace bans, alcohol advertising bans) may be viewed as the ultimate environmental restriction. However, in practice environmental preventions programmes embrace various initiatives at the macro and micro level, from government monopolies for alcohol sales, through roadside sobriety or drug tests, worker/pupil/student drug testing, increased policing in sensitive settings (near schools, at rock festivals), and legislative guidelines aimed at precipitating punishments (warnings, penalties, fines). Professionals involved in the public health aspect of this practice may be involved in entomology, pest control, and public health inspections. Public health inspections can include recreational waters, pools, beaches, food preparation and serving, and industrial hygiene inspections and surveys. In the United States, preventive medicine is a medical specialty, one of the 24 recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). It encompasses three areas of specialization: - General preventive medicine and public health - Aerospace medicine - Occupational medicine In order to become board-certified in one of the preventive medicine areas of specialization, a licensed U.S. physician (M.D. or D.O.) must successfully complete a preventive medicine medical residency program following a one-year internship. Following that, the physician must complete a year of practice in that special area and pass the preventive medicine board examination. The residency program is at least two years in length and includes completion of a master's degree in public health (MPH) or equivalent. The board exam takes an entire day: the morning session concentrates on general preventive medicine questions, while the afternoon session concentrates on the one of the three areas of specialization that the applicant has studied. In addition, there are two subspecialty areas of certification: These certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an MT or UHB fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 ABMS-recognized specialties. Prophylaxis (Greek "προφυλάσσω" to guard or prevent beforehand) is any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure a disease. In general terms, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis (to prevent the development of a disease) and secondary prophylaxis (whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process). Some specific examples of prophylaxis include: - Influenza vaccines are prophylactic. - Antibiotics are sometimes used prophylactically: For example, during the 2001 anthrax attacks scare in the United States, patients believed to be exposed were given ciprofloxacin. In similar manner, the use of antibiotic ointments on burns and other wounds is prophylactic. Antibiotics are also given prophylactically just before some medical procedures such as pacemaker insertion. - Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) may, with caution, be an example of a chronic migraine preventative (see Amitriptyline and migraines' prevention by medicine). - Antimalarials such as chloroquine are used both in treatment and as prophylaxis by visitors to countries where malaria is endemic to prevent the development of the parasitic Plasmodium, which cause malaria. - Condoms are sometimes referred to as "prophylactics" because of their use to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. - Low-molecular-weight heparin is used as a prophylaxis in hospital patients, as they are at risk for several forms of thrombosis due to their immobilisation. - Professional cleaning of the teeth is dental prophylaxis. - Risk Reducing or Prophylactic Mastectomies may be carried out for carriers of the BRCA mutation gene to minimise the risk of developing Breast Cancer - Daily and moderate physical exercise in various forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one's health. Cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular- and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - Prophylaxis may be administered as vaccine. Prophylactic vaccines include: PEP, nPEP, PREP, or nPREP. PEP stands for post-exposure prophylaxis used in an occupational setting. nPEP is non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis. nPEP may be used in a recreational setting; for example, during intercourse, if the condom breaks and one partner is HIV-positive, nPEP will help to decrease the probability of spread of infection of HIV. PREP is often used in occupational settings, e.g., in hospital staff to prevent the spread of HIV or Hepatitis C from patient to staff. nPREP is a measure taken before exposure but in a non-occupational setting (non-occupational Pre-exposure prophylaxis); for example, injection drug users may seek nPREP vaccinations. Leading cause of preventable death Leading causes of preventable death worldwide as of the year 2001. Leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States in the year 2000. - ^ MeSH Preventive+Medicine - ^ MeSH Primary+Prevention - ^ MeSH Secondary+Prevention - ^ MeSH Tertiary+Prevention - ^ Gordon, R. (1987), ‘An operational classification of disease prevention’, in Steinberg, J. A. and Silverman, M. M. (eds.), Preventing Mental Disorders, Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1987. - ^ Kumpfer, K. L., and Baxley, G. B. (1997), 'Drug abuse prevention: What works?', National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville. - ^ How should influenza prophylaxis be implemented? - ^ de Oliveira JC, Martinelli M, D'Orio Nishioka SA, et al. (2009). "Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: Results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial". Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2: 29–34. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.108.795906. - ^ Lars Bo Andersen et al. (June 2000). "All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work.". Arch Intern Med. 160 (11): 1621–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.11.1621. PMID 10847255. - ^ Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (May 2006). "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data". Lancet 367 (9524): 1747–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9. PMID 16731270. - ^ Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL (March 2004). "Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000". JAMA 291 (10): 1238–45. doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238. PMID 15010446. http://www.csdp.org/research/1238.pdf. - Sackett DL. The arrogance of preventive medicine. CMAJ. 2004;167:363-4. - Gérvas J, Pérez Fernández M. Los límites de la prevención clínica. AMF. 2007; 3(6):352-60. - Gérvas J, Pérez Fernández M, González de Dios J. Problemas prácticos y éticos de la prevención secundaria. A propósito de dos ejemplos de pediatría. Rev Esp Salud Pública. 2007;81:345-52. - Starfield B, Hyde J, Gérvas J, Heath I. The concept of prevention: a good idea gone astray? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(7):580-3. - Gérvas J, Starfield B, Heath I. Is clinical prevention better than cure? Lancet. 2008;372:1997-9. - Gérvas J, Pérez Fernández M. Los daños provocados por la prevención y por las actividades preventivas. RISAI. 2009; 1(4). - Gérvas J. Abuso de la prevención clínica. El cribaje del cáncer de mama como ejemplo. Rev Espaço Saùde. 2009; 11(1):49-53. - Gérvas J, Heath I, Durán A, Gené J; Members of the Seminar of Primary Health Innovation 2008. Clinical prevention: patients' fear and the doctor's guilt. Eur J Gen Pract. 2009; 15(3):122-4.
Study promoter activity using the Living Colors Fluorescent Timer, a fluorescent protein that shifts color from green to red over time (1). This color change provides a way to visualize the time frame of promoter activity, indicating where in an organism the promoter is active and also when it becomes inactive. Easily detect the red and green emissions indicating promoter activity with fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Easily Characterize Promoter Activity The Fluorescent Timer is a mutant form of the DsRed fluorescent reporter, containing two amino acid substitutions which increase its fluorescence intensity and endow it with a distinct spectral property: as the Fluorescent Timer matures, it changes color—in a matter of hours, depending on the expression system used. Shortly after its synthesis, the Fluorescent Timer begins emitting green fluorescence but as time passes, the fluorophore undergoes additional changes that shift its fluorescence to longer wavelengths. When fully matured the protein is bright red. The protein’s color shift can be used to follow the on and off phases of gene expression (e.g., during embryogenesis and cell differentiation). Fluorescent Timer under the control of the heat shock promoter hsp16-41 in a transgenic C. elegans embryo. The embryo was heat-shocked in a 33°C water bath. Promoter activity was studied during the heat shock recovery period. Green fluorescence was observed in the embryo as early as two hr into the recovery period. By 50 hr after heat shock, promoter activity had ceased, as indicated by the lack of green color. pTimer (left) is primarily intended to serve as a convenient source of the Fluorescent Timer cDNA. Use pTimer-1 (right) to monitor transcription from different promoters and promoter/ enhancer combinations inserted into the MCS located upstream of the Fluorescent Timer coding sequence. Without the addition of a functional promoter, this vector will not express the Fluorescent Timer. Detecting Timer Fluorescent Protein You can detect the Fluorescent Timer with the DsRed Polyclonal Antibody. You can use the DsRed1-C Sequencing Primer to sequence wild-type DsRed1 C-terminal gene fusions, including Timer fusions. Terskikh, A., et al. (2000) Science290(5496):1585–1588.
Here to There: A History of Mapping From the 16th to 18th centuries, many European mapmakers were convinced that California was an island — an Edenic paradise populated by black Amazons. The error persisted for over a hundred years after expeditions had proven that California was, in fact, firmly attached to the mainland. The idea of California as a fierce paradise appealed to Europeans, who were reluctant to let the mundane reality interfere with their vision of the world. So in that spirit, we’re devoting this episode of BackStory to maps — asking what they show us about who we are and and where we want to go. How do maps shape the way we see our communities and our world? What do they tell us about the kind of information we value? And what do they distort, or ignore? Please help us shape this show! Share your questions, ideas and stories below. Have opinions on New York vs. D.C. subway maps? On the merits or shortcomings of Google Maps? And do you even still use old-fashioned, ink-and-paper maps? Leave us a comment!
إشارات الدخان، وبرام التليغراف، ومركز الماراثون كلها أمثلة على جهود الإنسان لكسب طغيان المسافة. ومع ذلك، كان الحل الأول الناجح حقا لمشكلة نقل اللغة بسرعة عبر الفضاء هو الفرنسي كلود تشابيب. سلسلة تشابيب من الأبراج الحجرية، التي تصل إلى 10 أقدام، و14 أقدام، والتي تدور في أعضاء، والمتفصلة بعيداً عن بعضها بقدر ما يمكن العين رؤيتها، تم إظهارها للجمهور في مارس 1791 في ساحات إليزي. خلق تشابيب لغة من 9.999 كلمة، تمثل كل منها موقع مختلف من الذراعين المتحركة. عندما كان يعمل بها الرسائل البصرية المدربة جيدا، كان النظام سريعاً بشكل استثنائي. يمكن نقل الرسائل تم بناء خطوط من أبراج تشابيل من باريس إلى دونكرك وستراسبورغ. خلال عقد، عبر شبكة من خطوط برقية البصرية البلاد. عندما استولى نابليون على السلطة في عام 1799، استخدم برقية البصرية لإرسال الرسالة، "باريس هادئة والمواطنين الجيدين راضين". تم تجديدها في عام 1998، وكان البرقية البصرية بجوار قلعة روهان في سابرن تعمل كجزء من خط ستراسبورغ من عام 1798 حتى عام 1852.
المفترس. المستعد. نجوم غورغون. دنيمايت. اليوم الجهازات بدون طيار عالية التكنولوجيا لديها جاذبية هوليوود ليشكر وجودها. تم بناء أحد أولى الطائرات بدون طيار من قبل طيار إنجليزي من الحرب العالمية الأولى الذي قفز على البحيرة ليتبع حلمه التمثيلي. بين الأدوار الصغيرة جنبا إلى جنب مع غريتا غاربو وفرانك سيناترا، حول ريجنالد دني هوايته التحكم عن بعد إلى عقد عسكري. أول RP-1 ، المصممة لممارسة الهدف العسكري ، ستكون أول مركبة جوية بدون طيار تنتج من الجيش الأمريكي. قام في الأساس بطرح طائرة ذات تحكم جماعي للطيران كمستهدف ، يقول توني تشونغ ، المؤ لم يكن قفزة كبيرة لتعليم الموظفين العسكريين كيفية استخدامها. ريجينالد ديني، إطلاق OQ-3، 1940. ديني (لعدم الخلط مع لوس أنجلوس) ريجينالد ديني) سمي شركته راديوبلاين وتعديل تصميم طائرته الهادفة، وبيع 53 RP-4 للجيش الأمريكي في 1940. خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، صنعت الشركة 15,000 طائرة بدون طيار للجيش الأمريكي من مصنعها في مطار فان نيوز في لوس أنجلوس. الدفاع البحري أيضا دخلت في العمل، وتسمى طائراتهم بدون طيار TDD-1: Target Drone Denny 1. لم يكن حتى أواخر 1940s أن بدأت راديوبلاين تطوير التكنولوجيا لتسهيل في المستقبل ، ستبدأ مسيرته التمثيلية ، أصبح ممثلًا شخصيًا ، وظهر في ريبيكا في هيتشوك. وقد يساعد هو ومؤسسه أيضًا على إطلاق مسيرة الممثلة الأكثر شهرة على الإطلاق. كان ديني يعتقد أن هناك إمكانات أخلاقية حقيقية في طابق المصنع ، وحث قائد قسم العلاقات العامة في الجيش (رونالد ريغان) على إرسال مصور. وهناك وجد امرأة شابة تدعى نورما جيين تعمل في خط التجميع. تم اكتشاف مارلين مونرو. كيف كان ذلك بالنسبة للموجودة الأخلاقية؟
color="#FFFFFF" size="2">Back to Regional News Digest Saturday, September 19, 1998 Last modified at 3:24 a.m. on Saturday, September 19, 1998 State gets more rain, except in plains ALBUQUERQUE (AP) - Slightly higher averages of rain in New Mexico this summer masked big differences in precipitation levels statewide, the National Weather Service said. The state's June-through-August average was 5 percent wetter than normal. But while summer rains fell on the western and northern parts of the state, the eastern plains were dry, said Charlie Liles, head of the weather service's Albuquerque office. Liles said you could draw a line south from Clayton and Las Vegas, N.M., through Cloudcroft to see the demarkation: It mostly was dry to the southeast and wet in the northwest. Part of weather systems that steered rain away from Texas did the same to eastern New Mexico. "The dry east and southeast plains shows the westward expansion of the Texas drought that has taken place the past three to four months," Liles said.ce Clovisn got 61 percent less rain this summer, he said. Monsoons caused an unusually wet July across the rest of the state but then stopped in August, said Dave Gutzler, a climate researcher at the University of New Mexico. Jal, in the southeast, was the driest spot for the three-month period, with just 1.43 inches of rain, 72 percent below normal. The wettest spot was Black Lake near Angel Fire, with 14.53 inches, Liles said. Albuquerque was two percent below normal with 3.42 inches, while Socorro was nearly 50 percent above normal with 5.6 inches. Santa Fe had 33 percent more rain at 7.15 inches, while Las Cruces was 47 percent below normal at 2.37 inches.
Turning Of The Tide At Tonle Sap Tonle Sap is an interesting body of fresh water. Certain times of the year, it is a lake and other times of the year it is a river. During the dry season (November-May) the water drains into the Mekong in Phnom Penh creating a river and when the monsoon season hits (June-October), the flow of water reverses back and forms a lake. The lake/river hybrid is also an important element of Cambodia because of the area’s rich diversity of ecological life and the water’s importance to the villagers in the area. Bon Om Thong or the Khmer Water Festival is celebrated during late October or early November’s full moon when the water reverses its flow. For three days, the towns and villages along the river, including Phnom Penh bursts into life with fleets of luminously decorated boats filling Tonle Sap. Celebrations also happen in Angkor Wat, although smaller in scale it is still impressive, with the temple serving as a scenic backdrop. The highlights of the festival are the boat races that draw huge crowds from all over and are contested by hundreds of boats comprising thousands of paddlers.The festival itself has ancient roots. Angkorian kings would hold competitions and see who the greatest warriors were. You can compare this competition to a joust in Europe as a means of training and a contest under the king’s watchful eye. Bon Om Thong also has spiritual significance. People would pray and thank the river for providing water, fertile land, and fish. Being around Tonle Sap around this time is an excellent time to discover Cambodia and join the locals in the biggest celebration of the year. * * * * * Published on 11/12/09
Bolivia: Coca-chewing protest outside US embassy Indigenous activists in Bolivia have been holding a mass coca-chewing protest as part of campaign to end an international ban on the practice. Hundreds of people chewed the leaf outside the US embassy in La Paz and in other cities across the country. Bolivia wants to amend a UN drugs treaty that bans chewing coca, which is an ancient tradition in the Andes. But the US has said it will veto the amendment because coca is also the raw material for making cocaine. The protesters outside the US embassy also displayed products made from coca, including soft drinks, toothpaste, sweets and ointments. They were supporting a Bolivian government campaign to amend the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to remove language that bans the chewing of coca leaf. The convention stipulates that coca-chewing be eliminated within 25 years of the convention coming into effect in 1964. Bolivia says that is discriminatory, given that coca use is so deeply rooted in the indigenous culture of the Andes.Eradication The US is opposed to changing the UN convention because it says it would weaken the fight against cocaine production. In a statement, the US embassy said Washington recognised coca-chewing as a "traditional custom" of Bolivia's indigenous peoples but could not support the amendment. "The position of the US government in not supporting the amendment is based on the importance of maintaining the integrity of the UN convention, which is an important tool in the fight against drug-trafficking," it said. The US is the world's largest consumer of cocaine and has been leading efforts to eradicate coca production in the Andes for decades. Bolivia is the world's first biggest producer of cocaine after Peru and Colombia, and much of its coca crop is used to make the illegal drug. Bolivian President Evo Morales has long advocated the recognition of coca as a plant of great medicinal, cultural and religious importance that is distinct from cocaine. As well as being Bolivia's first indigenous head of state, Mr Morales is also a former coca-grower and leader of a coca-growers trade union. The Bolivian amendment would come into effect on 31 January only if there were no objections.
This database of images for the study and teaching of art, design, and visual culture at Illinois State University, is produced as a collaboration between the School of Art and Milner Library. The images come from many sources, including publications, original photography, and the Visual Resources Collection of the School of Art. The slides of Sverre "Bex" Braathen combine a "Passion for Circus" with the skills and artistry of photography at its finest. Images were captured in the saturated colors of Kodachrome slides and date from the early 1940s to the late 1950s as well as black and white film in the 1930s. Set within the context of the entire Braathen … Illinois State University History is a growing collection that currently includes campus history books, proceedings of the first university governing board, and nearly 400 photographs. Support for this collection is provided by the Friends of Milner Library and the Illinois State Library, a division of the Office of the Secretary of … Welcome to Milner Library's International Collection of Child Art digital image collection! This resource holds images of art created by children and adolescents representing more than fifty countries and cultures from Argentina to New Zealand. The artworks are two dimensional and use varied media. The work in this collection … Voices of Extremism: Conflicting Ideologies in United States Politics in the Decades Following WWII is a unique audio documentation of the individuals and movements that characterized the Extremist politics in the United States in the decades following the Second World War from 1946 to 1980. The collection also includes a documentary on … Cultivated in the spirit of teaching, learning and research, Milner Library's digital collections provide a variety of resources. They reflect the rich cultural heritage at Illinois State University, and include audio recordings, historic documents, photos, and images of art and visual culture. Discover all collections Art & Culture Circus & Allied Arts Illinois State University History International Collection of Child Art Voices of Extremism Native American Collection Normal Editions Workshop (N.E.W.) Towanda Area History World War I Women
Affton, Mo (KSDK) -- School leaders are teaching character education to prevent bullying. Teachers and counselors at Mesnier Primary School in Affton are getting the message across early that words hurt and the kids are paying attention. Counselors are also teaching kids anger management, using puppets. "It's a turtle trick. When someone's bullying you, you go over to the peace path and there's this little turtle and he bends in his shell like this, and then you do it, and you count to 10, and most of the time, it gets your anger from being bullied," sauid Camden Schlueter, a student. In Ladue, administrators have given teachers and students a took to report bullyig. "Students and staff can use forms to fill out to go directly to counselors and administrators," said Maggie Travers, a Ladue School District psychologist. "We have some policies in places that address these issues when they come up." In South Roxana, Illinios, the approach is pro-active. "The thing we try to do most is to promote positive behavior," said Principal Nate Porter. Even with these tools, there are conflicts, something Mesnier school teaches young kids to resolve. "We bring them itno the office where we have a peace place to talk to the kids," explained Guidance Counselor Janet Winchester. "If they're comfortable with it, then we have the kids work it out and we have a littel conflict mediation." "It's called rock, paper, scissors," said Abbey Dallman, a student. "And like if you're fighting over a swing, you can do rock, paper, scissors, to see who gets the swing. What teachers and administrators have learned is that early intervention tools work. They said teaching good behaviour in class was constructive than reactionary discipline. They believe the number one way to identify conflicts is by students speaking up and reporting problems.
رحب وزير الخارجية بوب كار بإطار جديد لدعم معاهدة حظر التجارب النووية الشاملة (CTBT). قال السيناتور كار إن الإطار يتضمن التعاون العلمي والتقني بين أستراليا ونيوزيلندا لتعزيز حظر دائم وفعال على اختبارات الأسلحة النووية. "يعزز التعاون الدولي قدرة الخبراء العلميين على تقديم المشورة لحكوماتهم حول ما إذا كان هناك اختبار نووي ،" قال السيناتور كار. "يمكن أن يكون التعاون بين أستراليا ونيوزيلندا نموذجاً لغيرها في جميع أنحاء العالم وسوف يعززز الاتفاق. "تدعم أستراليا بشدة بدخول الاتفاقية السريعة على قدر الإمكان ، لذلك نحن نتخذ خطوات تقنية للتحض الجزيئات الراديوينوكليدية والغازات من انفجار نووي محتمل. يتم توفير البيانات التي تم جمعها من هذه المرافق إلى أطراف CTBT ، والتي تحمل المسؤولية النهائية في تحديد الأحداث التي يمكن أن تكون انفجار نوويًا. على الرغم من أن CTBT لم تدخل حيز التنفيذ بعد ، فقد أظهرت نظام المراقبة له بالفعل إمكاناتها عن طريق الكشف بسهولة عن التجارب النووية التي أجرتها كوريا الشمالية في عامي 2006 و 2009. الوكالات الفنية في أستراليا التي تراقب الانفجارات النووية هي Geoscience Australia ووكالة حماية الإشعاع الأسترالية والسلامة النووية. يتم وضع إطار التعاون الثنائي في مذكرة تفاهم بين مكتب الأستراليا
دروس الكمان الآيرلندية - يان والش يعلم القوس الأيرلندي النسر الذهبي. Tags: كيفية لعب الأغنية "النسر الذهبي" على إيرس، يان والش، دروس الكمان الإيرلندي، تعلم لعب الكمان، تعلم الكمان الأيرلندي، النسر الذهبي، دروس الكمان الايرلندي استلم رمز الفيديو: مرحبا! مرحبا بكم على على OnlineLessonVideos.com. أنا إيان والش وسأدرس أغنية أيرلندية اليوم على الكمان. يسمى النسر الذهبي و هو قوس القرن. سوف نضعه في مفتاحة G. سوف نبدأ بضاعة لكم عينة من النغمة إلى مسار سريع وضعت حوالي 70 ضربة في الدقيقة. لذلك هنا نذهب مع النسر الذهبي. دعونا نبدأ ملاحظات. سنبدأ على C، وهذا هو على سلسلة A هنا. سوف تعمل على A، B، C التي تلعب مباشرة بجوار إصبعك الأول تقريبا على رأسها. لذلك يمكن أن يكون هذا هو أول ملاحظة لدينا ونحن سنبدأ مع الثلاثة هنا. لذلك ثلاثة ملاحظات ثم سنذهب إلى G. لذلك دعونا فقط دورة من خلال ذلك بضع مرات [التظاهر]. حاول الانزلاق في أول ملاحظة، C وأنا سوف أعطيها قليلا من الحافة العدوانية [التظاهر]. دعونا ننظر في قسم آخر هنا، ونحن ننزل إلى B لدينا على سلسلة g ونلعب. لذلك نحن نقترب ثلاثة حبال، بسرعة جدا وأنا لا أفعل أي شيء خاص مع قوسي. أنا قصير حركة القوسي وأنا أعمل في قوس قوسي ولكن أنا لا أبقى هناك إذاً من B [التظاهر] ، فهي تلك النصوص هي B ، D ، G ، B. دعونا ننظر إلى قسم آخر هنا. نبدأ من D مفتوح. هذا أسهل قليلاً ، أنت فقط تعمل عبر اثنين من السلاسل و أنت تستخدم الإصبع الأول والثالث. دعونا ننظر إلى آخر. هذا هو أكثر أو أقل من G arpeggio و يبدأ على G على سلسلة d ونحن نلعب [التظاهر]. مرة أخرى ، أنت تتحرك عبر ثلاث سلاسل هنا تنتهي على سلسلة e على تلك النوت G مع إصبعك الثاني. لذلك دعونا نعود إلى البداية هنا ونحن سوف ننظر إلى ذلك التقطيع ، C ، B ، A إلى أول نوت من هذه النوت ، خذ القليل من النوت G. خذ القليل من القسم الثاني تذهب. ثم ننظر هنا إلى D المنخفضة [التظاهر] ثم أخيرا لدينا G arpeggio [التظاهر] لاحظ أنني أترك أصابعي أسفل على سلسلة A هنا يمكنك تصور اثنين من الطوابع المزدوجة التي هي واضحة هنا ل G. يمكنك استخدام G مع D مع A و E سلسلة أو يمكنك القيام G و B. ترك أصابعك أسفل يمكن أن يكون ممارسة جيدة للحصول على أصابعك فقط على الأوتار الفردية. دعونا نضع كل هذا معا ونرى كيف يبدو. سأحسب في واحد، اثنان، ثلاثة، [التظاهر] واحد، اثنان، ثلاثة. مرة أخرى، واحد، اثنان، ثلاثة [التظاهر]
كان هذا العنب الأحمر الصلب، البانك، والرملة، وهو منتج أساسي لبردو لأكثر من قرن، في تراجع حتى اكتشفتها الأرجنتين. كان هذا في الواقع اكتشافًا جديدًا، لأن أصول مالبك في الأرجنتين تعود إلى أيام قبل فيلوكسرا في أوائل القرن العشرين. حيث يصبح شخصيته أكثر شبهًا من ميرلوت وأكثر رملة من كابيرني ساوفينون. لا يزال يستخدم في جنوب غرب فرنسا في النبيذ البانك الأسود للكاهور، حيث تعرف العنب باسم كوت. على الرغم من أن أستراليا وأرجنتين قد تبنت مالبك أيضًا، إلا أنه من صنع سمعته. هناك، يصبح غنيًا وشميئاً أحمرً
Books Yellow, Red, and Green and Blue, All true, or just as good as true, And here's the Blue Book just for YOU! Hard is the path from A to Z, And puzzling to a curly head, Yet leads to Books—Green, Yellow and Red. For every child should understand That letters from the first were planned To guide us into Fairy Land So labour at your Alphabet, For by that learning shall you get To lands where Fairies may be met. And going where this pathway goes, You too, at last, may find, who knows? The Garden of the Singing Rose. As to whether there are really any fairies or not, that is a difficult question. The Editor never saw any himself, but he knew several people who have seen them-in the Highlands-and heard their music. If ever you are in Nether Lochaber, go to the Fairy Hill, and you may hear the music your-self, as grown-up people have done, but you must go on a fine day. This book has been especially re-published to raise funds for: The Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity By buying this book you will be donating to this great charity that does so much good for ill children and which also enables families to stay together in times of crisis. And what better way to help children than to buy a book of fairy tales. Some have not been seen in print or heard for over a century. 33% of the Publisher’s profit from the sale of this book will be donated to the GOSH Children’s Charity. YESTERDAYS BOOKS for TODAYS CHARITIES LITTLE RED RIDING HOOD Once upon a time there lived in a certain village a little country girl, the prettiest creature was ever seen. Her mother was excessively fond of her; and her grandmother doted on her still more. This good woman had made for her a little red riding-hood; which became the girl so extremely well that everybody called her Little Red Riding-Hood. One day her mother, having made some custards, said to her: "Go, my dear, and see how thy grandmamma does, for I hear she has been very ill; carry her a custard, and this little pot of butter." Little Red Riding-Hood set out immediately to go to her grandmother, who lived in another village. As she was going through the wood, she met with Gaffer Wolf, who had a very great mind to eat her up, but he dared not, because of some faggot-makers hard by in the forest. He asked her whither she was going. The poor child, who did not know that it was dangerous to stay and hear a wolf talk, said to him: "I am going to see my grandmamma and carry her a custard and a little pot of butter from my mamma." "Does she live far off?" said the Wolf. "Oh! aye," answered Little Red Riding-Hood; "it is beyond that mill you see there, at the first house in the village." "Well," said the Wolf, "and I'll go and see her too. I'll go this way and you go that, and we shall see who will be there soonest." The Wolf began to run as fast as he could, taking the nearest way, and the little girl went by that farthest about, diverting herself in gathering nuts, running after butterflies, and making nosegays of such little flowers as she met with. The Wolf was not long before he got to the old woman's house. He knocked at the door—tap, tap. "Your grandchild, Little Red Riding-Hood," replied the Wolf, counterfeiting her voice; "who has brought you a custard and a little pot of butter sent you by mamma." The good grandmother, who was in bed, because she was somewhat ill, cried out: "Pull the bobbin, and the latch will go up."The Wolf pulled the bobbin, and the door opened, and then presently he fell upon the good woman and ate her up in a moment, for it was above three days that he had not touched a bit. He then shut the door and went into the grandmother's bed, expecting Little Red Riding-Hood, who came some time afterward and knocked at the door—tap, tap. Little Red Riding-Hood, hearing the big voice of the Wolf, was at first afraid; but believing her grandmother had got a cold and was hoarse, answered: "’Tis your grandchild, Little Red Riding-Hood, who has brought you a custard and a little pot of butter mamma sends you." The Wolf cried out to her, softening his voice as much as he could: "Pull the bobbin, and the latch will go up." Little Red Riding-Hood pulled the bobbin, and the door opened. The Wolf, seeing her come in, said to her, hiding himself under the bed-clothes: "Put the custard and the little pot of butter upon the stool, and come and lie down with me." Little Red Riding-Hood undressed herself and went into bed, where, being greatly amazed to see how her grandmother looked in her night-clothes, she said to her: "Grandmamma, what great arms you have got!" "That is the better to hug thee, my dear." "Grandmamma, what great legs you have got!" "That is to run the better, my child." "Grandmamma, what great ears you have got!" "That is to hear the better, my child." "Grandmamma, what great eyes you have got!" "It is to see the better, my child." "Grandmamma, what great teeth you have got!" "That is to eat thee up." And, saying these words, this wicked wolf fell upon Little Red Riding-Hood, and tried to start eating her. Red Riding Hood screamed “Someone Help Me!” over and over again. The woodcutter, who was felling trees nearby, heard Red Riding Hood’s screams for help and ran to the cottage. He burst in to find the wolf trying to eat Red Riding Hood. He swung his axe, and with one blow killed the bad wolf for which Red Riding Hood was ever so grateful. Great Book! Really interesting read! Was great to see a published version of Jewish tales! Arrived very quickly too - great service! A thrilling book about a chase across the US! A great story, my son loved it! Quick and Convenient delivery! Stories of the famous spice route across Asia! Great to see a volume of Phillipine Folklore Stories in Print, only one I've found on the web! We deliver to destinations all over the world, and here at Abela, we have some of the best rates in the book industry. We charge shipping dependant on the book you have ordered and where in the world you are ordering from. This will be shown below the price of the book. The delivery time is typically dependant on where in the world you are ordering from, Should you need a estimated delivery time, please do not hesitate to contact us. We pride ourselves on the quality of our packaging and damage rates are very low. In the unlikely event there is damage please contact us before returning your item, as you may have to pay for return shipping, if you have not let us know. Due to the nature of books being read then returned for a refund, unfortunately we do not accept returns unless the item is damaged and we are notified ON THE DAY OF DELIVERY.
الحياة مع مرض السكري هو حالة تؤثر على الجميع من الأطفال حتى البالغين. يشار إليها باسم حالة مزمنة لأن الشخص الذي يعاني منها يمكن أن يمر بتغييرات كثيرة في حياتهم كما يمكن أن تؤثر على جسمه كله. مع مرور الوقت، يمكن أن يسبب السكري العمى، والسكتة الدماغية، والقطع بين أشياء أخرى. هناك نوعان من السكري؛ السكري لدى الشباب أو النوع 1 والسكري لدى البالغين والذي يعرف أيضًا باسم السكري النوع 2. أن الشخص مصاب بالسكري أيضاً. تشمل أعراض السكري زيادة في العطش ؛ الشعور بالتعب طوال الوقت ، والألم والانقاص في الوزن وفي بعض الحالات ضعف الرؤية وحتى جفاف الفم. هناك علاج للسكري ويمكن للمرء أن يبقيه تحت السيطرة بسهولة إذا تم اتخاذ التدابير المناسبة. يجب على المرء أولاً إبقاء نسبة الجلوكوز في الدم تحت السيطرة طوال الوقت و أحد الطرق لتحقيق ذلك هو تناول الأطعمة الصحية للمرأة السكرية. يمكن للمرء أيضًا مكافحة أعراض السكري من خلال الاحتفاظ بدورة تمارين الرياضة وهذا يساعد أيضًا على إبقاء وزنها تحت السيطرة كذلك.
إن أيون الكلوريد يتشكل عندما يلتقط عنصر الكلور إلكترون واحد لتشكيل الأيون (أيون محمول سلبي) Cl−. تحتوي ملحات حمض الكلوريد HCl على أيونات الكلوريد ويتم تسميتها أيضًا الكلوريدات. مثال على ذلك هو ملح الطاولة ، وهو كلوريد الصوديوم مع الصيغة الكيميائية NaCl. في الماء ، يذوب إلى Na + وCl− أيونات. يمكن للكلوريد كلمة الكلوريد أيضًا أن تشير إلى مركب كيميائي يتم فيه ربط ذرات الكلور أو أكثر من التركيبات في الجزيء. وهذا يعني أن الكلوريدات يمكن أن تكون إما غير عضوية أو مركبات عضوية. مثال أسهل على الكلوريد غير عضوي المربط بشكل كوليدي هو الكلوريد الهيد أمثلة على الكلوريدات غير العضوية المرتبطة بالتزامن الكوفالي التي تستخدم كمفاعلات هي: - ثريكلوريد الفوسفور ، ثريكلوريد الفوسفور ، وتخليلوريد الثيونيل - كل ثلاثة منها هي مضادات كلورية تفاعلية تم استخدامها في مختبر. - ثريكلوريد الكبريت (SCl2) - تستخدم لتعقيم المطاط. الأيونات الكلوريد لها أدوار فيزيولوجية مهمة. على سبيل المثال ، في الجهاز العصبي المركزي ، يعتمد التفاعل الممنع للجليسين وبعض إجراءات GABA على دخول Cl− إلى أعصاب معينة. تم ترخيص محتويات هذه المادة من www.wikipedia.org تحت رخصة حقوق الطبع والنشر الحرة GNU. انقر هنا لم
Cybercrime costs $388 billion dollars in annual losses globally and it affected almost 7 in 10 adults last year. This week Norton is released the results of the Norton Cybercrime Report 2011, a study on the impact of cybercrime that included a survey of over 12,000 adults in 24 countries. This provides an important and accurate picture of the scope of cybercrime globally and the results are shocking! Every day of the past year, over 1 million online adults in 24 countries experienced cybercrime. This can also be broken down to 50,000 victims per hour, 820 victims per minute, or 14 victims every second. In just the last 12 months 44% of people have been a victim of cybercrime while only 15% have been a victim of physical crime in the same period. I regularly meet with law enforcement who are fighting cybercrime. The above statistics clearly illustrate the biggest challenge faced by law enforcement—the enormous scope of the problem. With so many victims in many different countries, police can successfully stop one cybercriminal but still be left with thousands of more cases. The police do a great job trying to stop cybercrime but the problem requires significantly more resources than are currently being devoted to stop it. Only 21% of people in the Norton study reported the cybercrime to law enforcement. This also creates a significant problem for police and prosecutors. Some prosecutors will only accept cases that exceed a certain amount of victims or high level of damages. US law allows federal prosecutors to combine multiple victims into a common case if the crime is linked. This is critical in many cybercrime cases where there may be a small number of victims who have lost a relatively small amount individually. However, failure to report cybercrime prevents law enforcement from effectively addressing the problem. Finally, the key message of this report is one of hope. Despite the really frightening statistics on the scale of cybercrime, cybercrime is still largely a preventable crime. Globally the three most common reported forms of cybercrime were viruses, online scams, and phishing attacks. All of these crimes are largely preventable by following good security practices and using updated security software. I have worked with crime victims in some capacity for over a decade now. Nobody wants to be a victim. The police are trying to help but it is an extremely rare cybercrime case in which a victim actually recovers their lost money . Time dealing with cybercrime is also lost forever. It is far better to use good security software and follow careful safety steps online that can greatly reduce the likelihood of becoming one of the 7 in 10 global cybercrime victims last year.
لوبر، كاليفورنيا العنكبوت صيد لوبر هو صيد صغير ولكن مهم محليا ومستدام إلى حد كبير في جنوب كاليفورنيا. يختلف وفيرة لوبر من كاليفورنيا مع التغيرات واسعة النطاق في الظروف البيئية التي تسببها النينو و لا نينا. يديرون الولايات عن كثب الصيد التجاري لبربر العنكبوت، ولكن لا يراقبون الصيد الترفيهي. الصيد المجاور منخفض. فخاخ لبر العنكبوت عادة ما يسمح لبربربر منخ وغيرها من الحيوانات بالهروب. قد يكون له هذا السمكة مستويات عالية من الزئبق التي قد تشكل خطرًا صحيًا للبالغين والأطفال. مزيد من المعلومات عن الزئبق هنا.
إنخفاض رطل أو اثنين ليس بالضرورة شيئًا سيئًا ، خاصة إذا كان حيوانك الأليف يحتوي على بعض الوجبات الإضافية. ولكن فقدان الوزن يجب أن يتم السيطرة عليه ، تدريجياً ويتم إشرافه من قبل طبيب بيطري. عادة ما يشير فقدان الوزن المفاجئ وغير المتوقع إلى مشكلة صحية جوهرية. تحتاج القطط ، على وجه الخصوص ، إلى مراقبة الوزن المنتظمة لمنع التدهور الكبدي ، وهو مرض كبد يضعف. بعض الحيوانات الأليف تفقد الوزن في حرارة الصيف عندما ترتفع درجات الحرارة تقييد شهيتها. في المدى الآخر ، ستجد بعض الحيوانات الأليف تفقد الوزن خلال الطقس البارد لأنه يح استجابة لتغيرات البيئة أو نمط الحياة تعني استخدام حيواناتك الأليفة واحتياجاتها، المزيد من السعرات الحرارية لتلبية الزيادة في الاحتياجات الطاقة. الدواء يلعب دورًا حاسمًا في الحفاظ على الوزن. يحدث سوء التغذية وفقدان الوزن في الحيوانات الأليفة التي يتم تغذيتها بأغذية منخفضة الجودة أو غير صالحة للأكل أو المخلوقات. العديد من الحالات الطبية الأساسية مثل أمراض الأسنان والاضطرابات الغذائية (بما في ذلك الطفيليات) ، السكري المليطس ، أمراض الكبد أو الكلى أو نقص الكلى، وسرطان يجعل تناول الغذاء والامت فيه صعوبة. تشكل الحيوانات الأليفة والحمى والعدو اتصل بالطبيب البيطري في كل مرة تعاني حيوانك من فقدان الوزن غير المفسر. اتصل بالطبيب فوراً إذا كان حيوانك يظهر أعراض إضافية مثل القيء والإسهال والحمى أو زيادة العطش أو التبول. يمكن أن تسبب مئات الحالات في فقدان الوزن في الحيوانات الأليفة ، لذلك يرجى الصبر بينما يقوم الطبيب البيطري بتشخيصه. على الرغم من أن بعض هذه الحالات خطيرة ، إلا أن معظم الحيوانات الأليفة التي تراجعت بسرعة ، ستعود قريباً إلى وزنها الأصلي دون مضاعفات.
العلوم -- Asher et al. 307 (5712): 1091: نقوم بتصف العديد من الأحفوري التي تشير إلى عماد Gomphos elkema من الودائع القريبة من الحدود بين الحصر الحجري والحجري في Tsagan Khushu ، منغوليا. Gomphos تشارك مجموعة من الشخصيات الكراسية مع الأرانب والخنازير والبيكات الموجودة ولكن تحتفظ بأسنان و الفك الاصطناعية في مقارنة بأقاربها الحديثين. يؤيد التحليل الفيلوجيني موقف Gomphos كغلامورف جذع و يستبعد السماحات الكريتاسي من الإشعاع التاجي من الثدييات المثلية. تؤيد نتائجنا فرضية أن القوارض والثدييات أشعرت خلال الحصر الحجري و اختلفت عن غيرها من الثدييات لماذا يهمنا؟ معظم الثدييات هم القوارض، وهذا يخبرنا عن تطور مجموعة من الثدييات الأكثر نجاحا. رائع!
Now he’s alerted me to a new study and related lecture on what he and his co-authors are calling “peak farmland” — an impending stabilization of the amount of land required for food as humanity’s growth spurt plays out. While laying out several important wild cards (expanded farming of biofuels among them), Ausubel and his co-authors see a reasonable prospect for conserving, and restoring, forests and other stressed terrestrial ecosystems even as humanity exerts an ever greater influence on the planet. The study, “Peak Farmland and the Prospects for Sparing Nature,” is by Ausubel, Iddo K. Wernick and Paul E. Waggoner and will be published next year as part of a special supplement to the journal Population and Development Review, published by the Population Council. Drawing on a host of data sets, the authors conclude that a combination of slowing population growth, moderated demand for land-intensive food (meat, for instance) and more efficient farming methods have resulted in a substantial “decoupling” of acreage and human appetites. Here’s the optimistic opener: Expecting that more and richer people will demand more from the land, cultivating wider fields, logging more forests, and pressing nature, comes naturally. The past half-century of disciplined and dematerializing demand and more intense and efficient land use encourage a rational hope that humanity’s pressure will not overwhelm nature. Ausubel will describe the findings in a talk during a daylong symposium at his university on Tuesday honoring Paul Demeny, who at age 80 is stepping down as editor of the journal. Ausubel’s prepared remarks are online. In his talk, he explains that while the common perception is that meeting humanity’s food needs is the task of farmers, there are many other players, including those of us who can choose what to eat and how many children to have: [T]he main actors are parents changing population, workers changing affluence, consumers changing the diet (more or less calories, more or less meat) and also the portion of crops entering the food supply (corn can fuel people or cars), and farmers changing the crop production per hectare of cropland (yield). The new paper builds on a long string of studies by Ausubel and the others, including the 2001 paper “How Much Will Feeding More and Wealthier People Encroach on Forests?.” Also relevant is “Restoring the Forests,” a 2000 article in Foreign Affairs co-written by Ausubel and David G. Victor (now at the University of California, San Diego) This body of analysis is closely related to the core focus of this blog: finding ways to fit infinite human aspirations (and appetites) on a finite planet. The work presents a compelling case for concentrating agriculture through whatever hybrid mix of means — technological or traditional — that best fits particular situations, but also fostering moderation in consumption. Here’s an excerpt from the paper’s conclusion, which notes the many wild cards that make the peak farmland scenario still only a plausible, and hardly inevitable, future: [W]ild cards remain part of the game, both for and against land sparing. As discussed, the wild card of biofuels confounded expectations for the past 15 years. Most wild cards probably will continue to come from consumers. Will people choose to eat much more meat? If so, will it be beef, which requires more land than poultry and fish, which require less? Will people become vegetarian or even vegan? But if they become vegan, will they also choose clothing made from linen, hemp, and cotton, which require hectares? Will the average human continue to grow taller and thus require more calories? Will norms of beauty accept obesity and thus high average calories per capita? Will a global population with a median age of 40 eat less than one with a median age of 28? Will radical innovations in food production move humanity closer to landless agriculture (Ausubel 2010)? Will hunger or international investment encourage cropland expansion in Africa and South America? (Cropland may, of course, shrink in some countries while expanding in others as the global sum declines.) And will time moderate the disparities cloaked within global averages, in particular disparities of hunger and excess among regions and individuals? Allowing for wild cards, we believe that projecting conservative values for population, affluence, consumers, and technology shows humanity peaking in the use of farmland. Over the next 50 years, the prospect is that humanity is likely to release at least 146 mHa [146 million hectares, or 563,710 square miles], one and a half times the size of Egypt, two and a half times that of France, or ten Iowas, and possibly multiples of this amount. Notwithstanding the biofuels case, the trends of the past 15 years largely resemble those for the past 50 and 150. We see no evidence of exhaustion of the factors that allow the peaking of cropland and the subsequent restoration of nature. In an e-mail exchange today, I asked Ausubel about another issue touched on in the paper: Looking around the planet, it’s clear from a biodiversity standpoint that all forests — or farming pressures — are not equal. For instance, in Southeast Asia, palm oil and orangutans are having a particularly hard time co-existing. So while the overall trend is great, do you see the need for maintaining a focus on particular “hot spots,” to use a term familiar in environmental circles? So far, I don’t see lots of evidence that conservation campaigners (you are one on ocean resources) have found a way to accept this kind of good news and/or incorporate it in their prescriptions for sustaining a rich and variegated biological sheath on Earth. If you agree, any idea why? Indonesia is the number one place where letting the underlying trend work will not work fast enough. The list of threatened regions is quite well identified: parts of the central African forest, parts of the Amazon. Some conservation groups have realized that the slow growth in demand for calories as well as pulp and paper are creating big chances to reserve or protect more land. In the right places, where crops are no longer profitable, some amounts of money can acquire large amounts of land for nature. Conservation groups also ought to attend more to the ecological disaster called biofuels. I encourage you to dig in on this paper and related work, which provides a useful guide for softening the human impact on a crowding planet. There’ll be plenty of losses, and surprises, but there are real prospects for sustaining a thriving, and peopled, orb. 6:57 p.m. \| Addendum \| For relevant work with somewhat different conclusions review the presentations from “Intensifying agriculture within planetary boundaries,” a session at the Planet Under Pressure conference in London last March. I’ll be adding links to other relevant analysis here.
Water creatures caught stealing DNA Tiny freshwater organisms that have a sex-free lifestyle, may have survived so well because they steal genes from other creatures, US scientists report. Researchers from the Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, have found genes from bacteria, fungi and even plants incorporated into the DNA of bdelloid rotifers - minuscule animals that appear to have given up sex 40 million years ago. Their report appears in this week's edition of Science. Sex is used by most life forms as a way of coping with changing circumstances, by allowing organisms to develop useful new genes and ditch harmful, mutated ones. The resilience of bdelloid and their sex-free lifestyle has stumped scientists. The team, headed by Professor Matthew Meselson, looked at the DNA of bdelloid rotifers to see how they manage to survive and evolve. It appears they overcome this hurdle by stealing DNA from our organisms. "Our result shows that genes can enter the genomes of bdelloids in a manner fundamentally different from that which, in other animals, results from the mating of males and females," says Meselson. "We found many genes that appear to have originated in bacteria, fungi, and plants." The translucent, waterborne creatures, which range in size from 0.1 to 1 millimetres long, lay eggs, but all their offspring are female. The researchers believe that when bdelloids dry out, they fracture their genetic material and rupture cellular membranes. When they rehydrate, they rebuild their genomes and their membranes, incorporating shreds of genetic material from other bdelloids and unrelated species in their vicinity. "These fascinating animals not only have relaxed the barriers to incorporation of foreign genetic material, but, more surprisingly, they even managed to keep some of these alien genes functional," report co-author Dr Irina Arkhipova says. According to the researchers, the next step is to determine whether bdelloid genomes also contain homologous genes imported from other bdelloids. Meselson and his colleagues also hope to examine whether the animals actually use any of the hundreds of snippets of foreign DNA they appear to vacuum up. Understanding how the animals acquire and make use of these new genes could have implications for medicine. Genetic mutations, which occur constantly in any living organism, underlie cancer, heart disease and various other diseases.
Wikipedia sobre física de partículas Rapidinho. Me falaram que a definição de física de partículas da Wikipedia era muito ruim. E de fato, era assim: Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary particle\|elementary subatomic constituents of matter and radiation, and their interactions. The field is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under ambient conditions on Earth. They can only be created artificially during high energy collisions with other particles in particle accelerators. Particle physics has evolved out of its parent field of nuclear physics and is typically still taught in close association with it. Scientific research in this area has produced a long list of particles. Mas hein? Partículas que só podem ser criadas em aceleradores? Física de partículas é ensinada junto com física nuclear? A pesquisa produz partículas (essa é ótima!)? Em que mundo essa pessoa vive? Reescrevi: Particle Physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles, which are the constituents of what is usually referred as matter or radiation. In our current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics. Most of the interest in this area is in fundamental fields, those that cannot be described as a bound state of other fields. The set of fundamental fields and their dynamics are summarized in a model called the Standard Model and, therefore, Particle Physics is largely the study of the Standard Model particle content and its possible extensions. Eu acho que ficou bem melhor. Vamos ver em quanto tempo algum editor esquentado da Wikipedia vai demorar para reverter. Atualmente está um saco participar da Wikipedia por causa dessas pessoas.
Schopf, J. William Adult Nonfiction QH325 .S384 1999 Summary: One of the greatest mysteries in reconstructing the history of life on Earth has been the apparent absence of fossils dating back more than 550 million years. We have long known that fossils of sophisticated marine life-forms existed at the dawn of the Cambrian Period, but until recently scientists had found no traces of Precambrian fossils. The quest to find such traces began in earnest in the mid-1960s and culminated in one dramatic moment in 1993 when William Schopf identified fossilized microorganisms three and a half "billion years old. This startling find opened up a vast period of time--some eighty-five percent of Earth's history--to new research and new ideas about life's beginnings. In this book, William Schopf, a pioneer of modern paleobiology, tells for the first time the exciting and fascinating story of the origins and earliest evolution of life and how that story has been unearthed. Gracefully blending his personal story of discovery with the basics needed to understand the astonishing science he describes, Schopf has produced an introduction to paleobiology for the interested reader as well as a primer for beginning s Question about returns, requests or other account details? Add a Comment
Smoke Detectors, Carbon Monoxide Detectors, Gas Detectors SMOKE DETECTOR INFORMATION: Most people are aware of the danger of fire but are unaware of the fatality of smoke. More people die from breathing smoke than by burns. In fact, deaths from smoke inhalation outnumber deaths by burning by 2:1. In a hostile fire, smoke and deadly gases tend to spread farther and faster than heat from flames. Moreover, when people are asleep, deadly fumes can send them deeper into unconsciousness. Smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors are a powerful and effective fire safety technology. They are the first lines of defense against smoke and fire. They may awaken those who would otherwise have been overcome by smoke and toxic gases in their sleep. And most importantly, they provide an early warning alerting individuals of a fire, allowing them precious time to escape. According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 75 to 80% of all deaths by fire happen in the home. More than half of these deaths occurred in buildings without smoke detectors. By installing a smoke detector, individuals can reduce the risk of dying by almost 50%. Ionization smoke detectors monitor 'ions,' or electrically charged particles in the air. Air molecules in a sample chamber of ionization smoke detectors, are 'ionized' by a radioactive source. This allows a small electrical current flow. Smoke particles entering the sensing chamber change the electrical balance of the air. The greater the amount of smoke, the higher the electrical imbalance. When combustion particles enter the smoke detector, they obstruct the flow of the current. An alarm is pre-programmed to sound when the current gets too low. Ionization smoke detectors respond first to fast flaming fires. A flaming fire devours combustibles extremely fast, spreads rapidly and generates considerable heat with little smoke. Ionization alarms are best suited for rooms, which contain highly combustible material. These types of material include: 1. Cooking fat/grease 2. Flammable liquids 3. Newspaper 4. Paint 5. Cleaning solutions Smoke alarms with ionization technology are the most popular types sold in the United States. The NFPA recommends smoke alarms be installed in EVERY room and area of your home or bulding for complete protection. For maximum protection, install at least one ionization and one photoelectronic smoke alarm on each level of your home. All smoke alarms should be replaced after 10 years of operation. Ten years is a smoke alarm's useful lifetime and for continued, reliable safety and protection, smoke alarms need to be replaced. Consumer's should consult their owner's manual for specific instructions when locating a smoke alarm. The following are some general guidelines: Because smoke rises, smoke alarms should be installed on the ceiling or on walls at least 4 to 6 inches below the ceiling. Smoke alarms should not be located less than 4 to 6 inches from where the wall and ceiling meet on either surface; this space is dead air that receives little circulation. Smoke alarms should not be mounted in front of an air supply, return duct, near ceiling fans, peaks of A-frame ceilings, dusty areas, locations outside the 40 degree Farenheit to 100 degree Farenheit temperature range, in humid areas or near fluorescent lighting. If you hear the smoke alarm, roll to the floor and crawl to the door. Stay low where the air is cleaner and cooler. Touch the door. If the door feels cool, open it just a crack and check for smoke. If there is no smoke, leave by your planned escape route. Crawl and keep your head down. If the door feels hot, do not open it. Do no panic. Escape out the window or use an alternate exit. If you can't leave your room, seal the cracks around the doors and vents as best you can. Use a wet towel or clothing if possible. Open a window at both the top and bottom. Stay low and breathe fresh air. Shout for help and signal your location by waving a bright cloth, towel or sheet out of a window. If you live in a high rise building, never use the elevator to escape fire. If the fire blocks your exit, close your apartment door and cover all cracks where smoke could enter. Telephone the fire department, even if fire fighters are aleready at the scene, and tell them where you are. Shout for help and signal your location by waving a bright cloth, towel or sheet out of a window. If your clothes catch on fire, "Stop, Drop and Roll" to put out the flames. Do not run-running will only increase the flames. Photoelectronic alarms contain a light emitting diode (LED) which is adjusted to direct a narrow infrared light across the unit's detection chamber. When smoke particles enter this chamber they interfere with the beam and scatter the light. A strategically placed photodiode monitors the amount of light scattered within the chamber. When a pre-set level of light strikes the photodiode, the alarm is activated. Photoelectronic smoke alarms respond first to slow smoldering fires. A smoldering fire generates large amounts of thick, black smoke with little heat and may smolder for hours before bursting into flames. Photoelectronic models are best suited for living rooms, bedrooms and kitchens. This is because these rooms often contain large pieces of furniture, such as sofas, chairs, mattresses, counter tops, etc. which will burn slowly and create more smoldering smoke than flames. Photoelectronic smoke alarms are also less prone to nuisance alarms in the kitchen area than ionization smoke alarms. The use of both ionization and photoelectronic smoke alarms will provide a home with maximum protection and an ample warning in the event of a fire. Families should get together and draw a floor plan of their home. They should show two ways out of every room. The first way should be out a door and the second way could be through a window. If it is a second or third story window, they might consider purchasing a safety ladder. They should choose a meeting place for all family members outside the home and mark it on the plan. A good meeting place would be a driveway, tree or a neighbor's home. Families should practice the escape plan to make sure everyone understands the planned routes. Involve every member of the family. Start with everyone in their beds with the doors closed. Have one person sound the smoke alarm. Have each person touch his or her door. (Tip: sleep with bedroom doors closed. A closed door will help show the spread of fire, smoke and heat). Practice low escape routes-one for a cool door and one for a hot door. Meet outdoors at the assigned meeting place. Designate one person to call the fire department. Make sure everyone knows the fire department or local emergency telephone number. Consumers should be advised of the following features when choosing a smoke alarm to best suit their needs: Smoke detectors with an alarm silencer feature will silence an alarming unit for several minutes, giving the air time to clear. These models are idal near kitchen and cooking areas where most nuisance alarms occur. Note: consumers should always determine the reason for the unit sounding before quickly dismissing it as a nuisance alarm and pressing the alarm silencer feature to silence the alarm. Long Life Smoke Detectors The NFPA reports that 1/3 of all smoke detectors installed in homes are not operating because of dead or missing batteries. This is an all too common occurrence in smoke detectors that leaves families and homes vulnerable. Long life smoke detectors utilize lithium batteries that provide up to 10 years of continuous protection. Lithium batteries eliminate the need and expense of semi-annual battery replacement. When long life smoke detectors near the end of their tenth year in operation, they will sound a low battery signal to remind consumers to replace the entire unit. Note: it is recommended that smoke detectors be replaced every 10 years and be tested regularly. Some smoke detectors have a built-in emergency light that will turn on when the unit goes into alarm. The emergency light will illuminate an escape route in case of a power failure. These units are best utilized when installed by stairs and in hallways. Hardwire smoke detectors are connected to a home's AC power supply and should be intalled by a licensed electrician according to the local electrical code. AC power means you never have to replace a battery to protect your home and family. CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTOR INFORMATION: Carbon monoxide poisoning is often confused with the flu. It is important that you discuss with all family members the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning. Different carbon monoxide concentrations and exposure times cause different symptoms. Remember, carbon monoxide detectors are your first defense against carbon monoxide poisoning. EXTREME EXPOSURE: Unconsciousness, convulsions, cardiorespiratory failure, and death MEDIUM EXPOSURE: Severe throbbing headache, drowsiness, confusion, vomitting, and fast heart rate MILD EXPOSURE: Slight headache, nausea, fatigue (often described as 'flu-like' symptoms) For most people, mild symptoms generally will be felt after several hours of exposure of 100 ppm's of carbon monoxide. Many reported cases of carbon monoxide poisoning indicate that while victims are aware they are not well, they become so disoriented that they are unable to save themselves by either exiting the building or calling for assistance. Also, due to small size, young children and household pets may be the first affected. If left unchecked, a child's exposure to carbon monoxide can lead to neurological disorders, memory loss, personality changes and mild to severe forms of brain damage. If a child complains or shows signs of headaches, dizziness, fatigue or nausea or diarrhea, he or she could have carbon monoxide poisoning. Be especially aware of symptoms that disappear when the child is out of the house and reappear upon return, or symptoms that affect the entire household at once. Since the symptoms closely mimic viral conditions such as the flu, without the fever, carbon monoxide poisoning is often treated improperly, if at all. A physician can perform a simple blood test (called a carboxyhemoglobin test) to determine the level of carbon monoxide in the bloodstream. If elevated levels of carbon monoxide are present, hyperbaric (high-pressure) oxygen treatment may be used to rid the body of carbon monoxide. A physician will make this determination and administer treatment if necessary. Children with carbon monoxide poisoning have mistakenly been treated for indigestion. The following are considerations consumers should be advised to take when choosing a carbon monoxide detector that will be sure to meet their needs. 1. Consumers should consider ease of installation, the location of installation and the power source of an alarm when choosing a plug-in, battery powered or hardwire model. Plug-in units are designed to directly plug into a standard 120-volt electrical outlet for simple installation. This location provides easy access for both testing and resetting the detector. In addition, the location provides both a visual and audible difference from a ceiling mounted smoke alarm, which may help to eliminate confusion during an emergency alarm condition. A plug-in unit also requires no additional costs for annual battery replacement. Battery powered units can be easily mounted to a wall or ceiling if the consumer wishes to keep electrical outlets free, if they wish to keep the unit relatively out of sight, or if they would like to keep the alarm away from the reach of children. Some battery-powered units are portable alarms that work anywhere--no installation required. These units may be mounted to a wall, left on a tabletop or carried while traveling. Battery powered units require battery replacement every year, similar to smoke alarms. These units will have a low battery-warning signal to indicate when the batteries need repacing. Hardwire units are powered by wiring the unit directly into a household's AC power supply at a junction box. A licensed electrician according to the local electrical code should install them. The unit can be permanently installed to prevent tampering. 2. Consumers should choose a carbon monoxide detector with the features (e.g. low level warning, battery back up, digital display, etc.) that meet their needs. Low Level Warning-some carbon monoxide alarms sound a warning (e.g. 3 short beeps) when a low level of carbon monoxide has been detected. Low levels of carbon monoxide can be hazardous over a long period of time. Low level warnings flag potential carbon monoxide problems and allow consumers time to respond to them before an emergency situation arises. Battery Backup-some plug-in carbon monoxide alarm models have a back-up power source that allows the unit to function in the event of a main line power failure. During a power outage, people are likely to use alternate sources of power, light and heat (e.g. kerosene heaters, gas-powered portable generators and fireplaces) which may be out of tune and may produce deadly carbon monoxide gas. Digital Display-some carbon monoxide alarms have a digital display that shows the levels of carbon monoxide in the air in parts per million (ppm). For some people, this added feature provides at-a-glance peace of mind. 3. Consumers should choose an alarm that has been accuracy tested. American Sensors(TM), guarantees each of its alarms to be Triple Accuracy Tested(TM). American Sensors'(TM) triple Accuracy Testing process exposes every alarm to three separate tests during manufacturing. This testing process includes twice exposing the alarm to carbon monoxide to precisely calibrate each unit. One test is at high levels and the second is at lower levels of carbon monoxide. In the third step, every alarm is tested to protect against nuisance alarms. This stringent method of testing and quality control helps ensure that every American Sensors(TM) carbon monoxide alarm will provide years of reliable, accurate protection for your family and home. 4. Consumers should compare alarm warranties and note hidden operating costs. Consumers should select an alarm that offers a comprehensive warranty. The alarm's warranty should include its sensor. Consumers should be advised that some CO alarms require the purchase of an expensive replacement sensor and/or battery pack as an ongoing expense. American Sensors(TM) alarms do not require replacement sensors and carry a 5 year warranty. 5. Check that the product is Listed by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. UL 2034 and/or Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada. Consumers should avoid any brand that does not bear the mark of Underwriters Laboratories Inc. and/or Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada. All American Sensors(TM) carbon monoxide alarms meets and/or exceeds the latest stringent standards of Underwriters Laboratories Inc. and/or Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada. Carbon monoxide is generated through incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, propane, heating oil, kerosene, coal, and charcoal, gasoline or wood. This incomplete combustion can occur in a variety of home appliances. The major cause of high levels of carbon monoxide in the home is faulty ventilation of funaces, hot water heaters, fireplaces, cooking stoves, grills and kerosene heaters. Other common sources are car exhausts, and gas or diesel powered portable machines. Faulty or improper ventilation of natural gas and fuel oil furnaces during the cold winter months accouts for most carbon monoxide poisoning cases. Correct operation of any fuel burning equipment requires two key conditions. There must be: * An adequate supply of air for complete combustion. * Proper ventilation of fuel burning appliances through the chimney, vents or duct to the outside. Install carbon monoxide alarms as a first line of defense against poisoning. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission recommends installing at least one carbon monoxide alarm with an audible alarm near the sleeping areas in every home. Install additional alarms on every level and in every bedroom to provide extra protection. Carbon monoxide poisoning can happen anywhere and at any time in your home. However, most carbon monoxide poisoning cases occur while people are sleeping. Therefore, for the best protection, a carbon monoxide alarm should be installed in the sleeping area. Approximately 250 people in the US died last year from the 'silent killer'-carbon monoxide. The safety experts at Underwriter's Laboratories Inc. (UL) recommend that consumers follow these steps to help prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. 1. Have a qualified technician inspect fuel-burning appliances at least once a year. Fuel-burning appliances such as furnaces, how water heaters and stoves require yearly maintenance. Over time, components can become damaged or deteriorate. A qualified technician can identify and repair problems with your fuel-burning appliances. Carbon monoxide detectors can detect a carbon monoxide condition in your home. 2. Be alert to the danger signs that signal carbon monoxide problems, e.g., streaks of carbon or soot around the service door of your fuel burning appliances; the absence of a draft in your chimney; excessive rusting on flue pipes or appliance jackets; moisture collecting on the windows and walls of furnace rooms; fallen soot from the fireplace; small amounts of water leaking from the base of the chimney, vent or flue pipe; damaged or discolored bricks at the top of your chimney and rust on the portion of the vent pipe visible from outside your home. 3. Be aware that carbon monoxide poisoning may be the cause of flu-like symptoms such as headaches, tightness of chest, dizziness, fatigue, confussion and breathing difficulties. Because carbon monoxide poisoning often causes a victim's blood pressure to rise, the victim's skin may take on a ink or red cast. 4. Install a UL/ULC Listed carbon monoxide detector outside sleeping areas. A UL/ULC Listed carbon monoxide alarm will sound an alarm before dangerous levels of carbon monoxide accumulate. Carbon monoxide poisoning can happen to anyone, anytime, almost anywhere. While anyone is susceptible, experts agree that unborn babies, small children, senior citizens and people with heart or respiratory problems are especially vulnerable to carbon monoxide and are at the greatest risk for death or serious injuries. Itís time to install your carbon monoxide detector. Infants and children are especially vulnerable to carbon monoxide due to their high metabolic rates. Because children use more oxygen faster than adults do, deadly carbon monoxide gas accumulates in their bodies faster and can interfere with oxygen supply to vital organs such as the brain and the heart. Unborn babies have an even higher risk of carbon monoxide poisoning and carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnant women has been linked to birth defects. This is another reason to install a carbon monoxide detector. Hundreds of people die each year, and thousands more require medical treatment, because of carbon monoxide poisoning in their home. Now, with recent technological breakthroughs, you can avoid becoming one of these statistics simply by installing a carbon monoxide detector in your home. Consumers should consult their owner's maunal for a carbon monoxide detector procedure. However, the following is a general procedure: If a carbon monoxide detector sounds a low level warning or hazard level alarm, consumers should push the test/reset button to silence it. If no one in the household has any carbon monoxide symptoms (headache, dizziness, nausea, and fatigue) consumers should be advised to open the doors and windows to air out their house. They should turn off any gas, oil or other fuel powered appliances including the furnace and call a qualified technician or thier local utility company to inspect and repair their home before restarting the furnace and all fuel-burning appliances. If anyone in the household does have signs of carbon monoxide poisoning, consumers should leave their home immediately and call their local emergency service or 911 for help. They should do a head count to check that all persons are accounted for once outside in the fresh air. They should not re-enter their home until it has been aired out and the problem corrected by a qualified technician or utility company. Most carbon monoxide detectors sold at retail are for use in single residential living units only. They should only be used inside a single family home or apartment. They cannot be used in RV's or boats. Carbon monoxide detectors should not be installed in the following locations: 1. Kitchens or within 5 feet of any cooking appliance where grease, smoke, and other decomposed compounds from cooking could build up on the surface of the carbon monoxide sensor and cause the alarm to malfunction. 2. Bathrooms or the other rooms where long-term exposure to steam or high levels of water vapor could permanently damage the carbon monoxide sensor. 3. Very cold (below 40 degrees Fahrenheit) or very hot (above 100 degrees Fahrenheit) rooms. The alarm will not work properly under these conditions. 4. Do not place in a close proximity to an automobile exhaust pipe, as this will damage the sensor. *PLACE ONE CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTOR ON EVERY LEVEL OF YOUR HOME FOR MAXIMUM PROTECTION* Read the manufacturer's instructions carefully before installing a carbon monoxide alarm. Do not place the alarm within five feet of household chemicals. If your alarm is wired directly into your home's electrical system, you should test it monthly. If your unit operates off a battery, test the alarm weekly and replace the battery at least once a year. Avoid placing your alarm directly on top of or directly across from fuel-burning appliances. These appliances will emit some carbon monoxide when initially turned-on. Never use charcoal grills inside a home, tent, camper or unventilated garage. Don't leave vehichles running in an enclosed garage, even to 'warm up' your car on a cold morning. Know how to respond to a carbon monoxide detector. If your alarm sounds, immediately open windows and doors for ventilation. if anyone in the home is experiencing symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning-headache, dizziness or other flu-like symptoms, immediately evacuate the house and call the fire department. Don't go back into the house until a fire fighter tells you it is okay to do so. If no one is experiencing these symptoms, continue to ventilate, turn off fuel-burning appliances and call a qualified technician to inspect your heating system and appliances as soon as possible. Because you have provided ventilation, the carbon monoxide buildup may have dissipated by the time help responds and your problem may appear to be temporarily solved. Do not operate any fuel-burning appliances until you have clearly identified the source of the problem. A carbon monoxide alarm indicates elevated levels of carbon monoxide in the home. NEVER IGNORE THE ALARM. The safety experts urge consumers to recognize the danger signs of carbon monoxide before any harm can come to them or their families.
في آخر يوم دردشة فيديو المخدرات في نيدا، طرح رازورفانغ هذه السؤال: "هل يمكنك الحصول على الفيروسات من المخدرات؟" قد يفاجئك الإجابة على هذا. على الرغم من أنك لا تستطيع الحصول على الفيروسات مباشرة من المخدرات، إلا أن استخدام المخدرات يمكن أن يزيد من فرصك في التقاط فيروس مثل فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية (فيروس الذي يسبب الإيدز). في الواقع، السلوك المرتبط بالإساءة إلى المخدرات هو أحد أكبر العوامل في انتشار فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة. ذلك لأن المخدرات يمكن أن تخلل من حكمك وتؤدي إلى قرارات سيئة. والجنس المخاطر يمكن أن يؤدي إلى أكثر من الحمل. يمكن أن يؤدي أيضًا إلى التصاب ب
عالم اقتصادي وضع فائدة على الحقيقة: مذكرات لليونيد هورويتش في صحيفة "فايننشال تايمز" ، 19 يوليو 2008 ، ليونيد هورويتش ، وهو الاقتصادي الذي أصبح العام الماضي أقدم شخص قد حصل على جائزة نوبل ، ساعد على تحويل التفكير الاقتصادي في النصف الثاني من القرن العشرين. لسنوات كان الاقتصاديون يناقشون بشغف مزايا التخطيط الحكومي مقابل الأسواق الحرة. في كلا النظمين ، كان لدى الناس حافزات للكذب على المخططين البيروقراطيين أو الموظفين حول مصالحهم أو مهاراتهم أو ظروفهم. شبكات النظام التصويت إلى قواعد التحكيم. لابد أن النقاش بين التخطيط الحكومي والأسواق الحرة بدا بعيدا عن الأكاديمية لهوروييتز. كان والديه يهوداً بولنداً فروا من جيش القيصر الغازي ، ذهبوا إلى موسكو ، حيث ولد هوروييتز في عام 1917. عادوا إلى بولندا في عربة جري على حصان للهرب من البولشيفيكين عندما كان في سنين. ذهب إلى جامعة وارسو وأخذ شهادة في القانون ، على الرغم من أنه درس البيانو أيضًا في المحافظة. طوال حياته كان هوروييتز رجلاً من عصر النهضة شملت اهتماماته الموسيقى واللغويستيا والرياضيات والفيزياء والمييتورولوجيا. ومع ذلك عندما كان طالبًا ، في رحلته، كان هرويتش قد درس تحت كل من لوودويغ فون مايز و فريدريش هايك، الذي كان في كلية لندن للاقتصاد حيث بدأ هرويتش دراساته الدكتوراه هناك في عام 1938. جادل فون مايز وهايك بأن الاقتصاد المخطط المركزي محكوم عليه الانهيار: لأن كل فرد يعرف احتياجاته وقدراته بشكل أفضل، لم يتمكن المخططون الحكوميون من تأمل في جمع كل شيء معا واتخاذ قرارات معقولة. لم يوافق علماء الاقتصاد الآخرين، مثل أوسكار لانج. النظرية الاقتصادية الناشئة من الأسواق التنافسية، وخبرة مريرة من فشل الاقتصادات الاشتراكية، أدت العديد إلى استنتاج أن فون مايز وهايك كانوا على حق. كان هرويتش أكثر وقال هارفيتز: "إننا لا نريد أن نستمر في التفكير في هذه المشكلة، ولكننا نريد أن نستمر في التفكير في هذه المشكلة بشكل مباشر. لقد أدرك في أن هارفيتز قد أدرج في المشكلة، وكتب في عام 1984، وقال: "إنني لا أدرج في المشكلة، ولكنني أدرج في المشكلة، و أنا لا أدرج في المشكلة، ولكنني أدرج في المشكلة". وقال: "هربيتز" هو المخطط الذكي، ولكن لا يعرف ما يمكن أن يستخدمهربت من أجل استخراج المعلومات من الآخرين ثم تخصيص الموارد بشكل عادل وفعال أو مربح. هذه الآليات قديمة مثل التجارة نفسها، ومن الواضح أن المزاد، حيث يمكن حتى البائع الذي لا يعرف ما يمكن أن يتوقع سعرًا جيدً يحدد مجموعة محددة مسبقاً للقواعد النتيجة. هذا التوصيف المجرد هو حساب مثالي لمزاد eBay: يحدد البائع عرضًا أدنى، وحدًا زمنيًا وربما سعرًا احتياطيًا، في حين يقدم المُقدمون عروض لا تشبه القيمة الحقيقية التي يضعونها على الجائزة. EBay هو مجرد مثال واحد على مركز الرسائل؛ أظهر Hurwicz أنه من المفيد التفكير بهذه الطريقة في العديد من المؤسسات الاقتصادية. يمكن للمشاركين في آلية الكذب دائمًا. يمكن للمشتري الحار أن يظاهر بأنه لا يهتم؛ يمكن للموظف الذكي أن يخفي عن كثرته. أدرك Hurwicz أن من أجل الحصول على عرض أفضل من المشتري الحار ، على سبيل المثال ، يجب على القاعدة الأخرى ما لم يحصل على جهد إضافي يجلب مكافآت إضافية. المشكلة العامة لإقناع العملاء الأفضل للتصرف بشكل مختلف عن البقية تسمى القيود التوافقية التحفيزية. مثال واحد سيكون مزاد حيث يفوز أعلى مقدم عروض ولكن فقط يجب أن يدفع أعلى عروض ثانية. هذه القاعدة الغريبة التي تبدو غريبة هي كل ما يلزم لإقناع المزود الأكثر حماسة لإقناع الحقيقة حول القيمة الحقيقية التي يضعها على الجائزة. يستخدم eBay قاعدة مماثلة. على الرغم من أن هرويتش درس مع أعظم العاملين في هذا المجال بما في ذلك نيكولاس كالدور في LSE ، وبول سامويلسون لم يكن لديه درجة الاقتصاد. ما تعلمته من الاقتصاد في المجلس، أعلن أن الدليل كان واضحا وشاهد حوله، يجرؤ على أي شخص أن يتحدىه. هل هذا الدليل من خلال التهديد؟ قال هرويتش. انضم إلى كلية جامعة مينيسوتا في عام 1951 وبقيت هناك طوال حياته العاملة، حتى عندما تجاوز سمعه الجهات. قال جون روبرتس، أستاذ في ستانفورد: "كان من الممكن أن ينتقل ولم يختار عدم الانتقال". سافر على نطاق واسع، حيث قضى وقتًا ك أستاذ زائر في العديد من الجامعات، بما في ذلك فترة في بنغالور وتوكيو وبكين. عضوًا طويلًا في الديمقراطيين في مينيسوتا، دعم مرشح يوجين مكارتي ضد الحرب في فيتنام وجلس كمندت في مؤتمر وقال إريك ماسكين، الذي شارك في الجائزة مع هورويتز وروجر مايرسون. يتبقى له زوجته، إيفلين جينسن، تزوجوا في عام 1944 وأبنائهم الثلاث وابنتين.
Washington, DC. Public libraries have become essential points of access to the Internet and computers in local communities, with nearly every library in the country offering public internet access. Yet, individual library practices can have significant affect on the quality and character of this public service. Opportunity for All: How Library Policies and Practices Impact Public Internet Access, offers an analysis of the service in four public library systems and makes recommendations for strategies that help to sustain and improve public access service. The report was funded through a partnership between the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Institute of Museum and Library Services and was produced by the University of Washington Information School. [Read more] Access to the Internet has become a central part of American society, helping all of us in many areas of our daily lives. Over the past twenty years, libraries and community technology centers have taken on the role of public access centers for those who are unable to reach the Internet at home or work, for reasons ranging from lack of financial resources to personal preference. The U.S. Impact Study is examining the users and use of these public services to better understand the impact of free access to computers and the Internet on the individuals, families and communities served by these public and private resources.
هل شعرت من قبل أنه لا يهم ما تفعله لتصبح أكثر صحة أو تناسبًا لا يبدو أنك تنجح؟ هل جربت كل نظام غذائي هناك ، فقط لتجد القيود صعبة جدًا على الإدارة؟ هل حاولت بجد الحفاظ على برنامج اللياقة البدنية فقط لإيجاد أنه ، على الرغم من جهودك الباهظة ، فإن القيام بعملية متسقة صعب جدًا على الإدارة؟ مع كل هذه البدايات والإيقافات على مر سنوات وعقود ، قد تفكر: ما هو المغزى من المحاولة؟ أو ربما قد استسلمت وقررت على قبول صحة سيئة فقط كجزء من حياتك. حسناً ، عدم القدرة على التزام بها له العديد من الجوانب ، والتي قد لا تكون قادرة على السيطرة عليها. في الواقع ، تظهر الأبحاث أن دراسة ما يحدث في الدماغ عندما يحاول البشر الامتناع عن شيء ما يريدون. أي عندما نحاول استخدام القوة الإرادة للاعتناء عن العمل على رغباتنا للقيام بشيء معين. يُوجد عدم السيطرة على سلوك الشخص في جميع جوانب الحياة. تشمل التصرف في الخارج ، قول أشياء سيئة ، السرقة واستهلاك المخدرات. تشمل أيضًا عدم القيام بأشياء مفيدة لك مثل المشي ، والطعام الصحي والراحة. أطلقت إنزليتش دراسة ، نشرت في مجلة علم النفس ، التي اختبرت المشاركين السيطرة على الذات بمرور الوقت. تم مطالبة المشاركين أولاً بفعل شيء ما لإنقاذ قوتهم أو السيطرة السلوكية ثم لمعرفة كمية قد تبقى لهم لمهام آخر غير مرتبط. أولاً ، شاهد المشار هذا، قد يبدو هذا المهمة بسيطة. في حين يبدو هذا بسيطًا، إذا حاولت ذلك سترى كم من السيطرة الذاتية التي يتطلبها عدم التفجير لللون المطبوع وتضطر إلى قمع هذا الحاجة واستبداله باستجابة صحيحة. أثناء مشاهدة الفيلم ومهمة ستروب، تم قياس نشاط الدماغ من قبل جهاز EEG (الكهرباء العصبي). هذا يُسجل التغييرات الكهربائية على فروة الرأس لقياس التشغيل العصبي. ما اكتشف الباحثون عندما كان على المشاركين أن يستريحوا ويقوموا ببعض التدريب العصبي. عندما كان هناك ارتفاع في نشاط الدماغ في الجزء الأمامي من الدماغ المعروف باسم القشرة الحلقية الأمامية. هذه هي منطقة الدماغ المشاركة في وظائف مستقلة، مثل تنظيم ضغط الدم ومعدل ضربات القلب، فضلا عن وظائف المعرفية العقلانية، مثل توقع المكافأة، واتخاذ القرارات والعواطف. النتيجة المثيرة للاهتمام في هذه الدراسة هو أن هناك نشاط أقل في الدماغ مع وظيفة ستروب بعد مشاهدة فيلم مزقق الأمعاء. وبعبارة أخرى، عندما تم استخدام كمية كافية من التحكم الذاتي في وقت سابق في مهمة واحدة، كان هناك أقل من المتاحة لاستخدامها في المرة التالية التي كانت هناك حاجة إليها. تشير هذه النتائج إلى أن الناس قد لا يكون لديهم قدر من القوة أو السيطرة فمن المحتمل أن يكون هناك الكثير من المعلومات عن هذا الموقف، والتي قد تُظهر في المعلومات التي تُقدّم عن الاعتبار، والتي قد تُظهر في الدراسة، والتي قد تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة، والتي تُظهر في المقالة يجد أن نموذج محدود الموارد للسيطرة على الذات ضيق جداً ولا يفسر الاستثناءات، في الأوقات التي يكون فيها السيطرة على الذات في مكان ويمكن المرء أن يحافظ على المستوى اللازم لإحداث تغيير إيجابي من خلال اتخاذ خيارات جيدة مراراً. ليس من استعمالها أو فقدانها حالة كما كان يعتقد سابقاً، ولكن أكثر ربطاً بالتحفيز، كما تظهر هذه الدراسة. في حين أن الأبحاث السابقة أشارت على ما يبدو إلى انخفاض في كمية قوة الإرادة المتاحة مع كل مهمة تتمثل في بعض أشكال من التحكم على الذات، قد يكون هذا خطأًا بسبب النشاط العام المستخدم في الدراسات. بمعنى آخر، قد قام الباحثون بت يُقترح شمايكل أن "التشارك في السيطرة الذاتية من خلال التعريف، هو عمل شاق؛ يتضمن التفكير والاهتمام واليقظة". ليس من المحتمل أن تقاوم قطعة إضافية من الخنزير في الإفطار يستهلك مخزوننا اليومي من القوة الإرادة، مما يجعل السيطرة الذاتية أكثر صعوبة في وقت لاحق من اليوم. بدلاً من ذلك، يبدو أن الدافع للاستخدام من أجل ممارسة قوتنا الإرادة في وقت لاحق من اليوم يبدو أقل تحفيزاً. في ذلك الوقت لا يزال لدينا المرجع في الرغبة في مكافأة أنفسنا على العمل الشاق. في النهاية، كما هو الحال مع كل شيء آخر يؤثر على الصحة والرفاه، يمكنك تقسيم ظروفك إلى أشياء يمكنك القيام بها لمساعدة أهداف تخلق روتينات ونمط النوم في نفس الوقت صراعًا ساحقًا. بدلاً من ذلك ، فإن إجراء تغيير واحد لبضعة أسابيع قبل إضافة آخر يبدو أنه يسمح للدماغ والسلوكيات بإعادة تشكيل وإعادة تشكيل النشاط الجديد. يتحول التكرار مع مرور الوقت سلوكًا ذاتيًا تحكمًا إلى عادة تبقى على متن الطائرة التلقائية. بمجرد أن تكون الجزء الأول من السلوك الصحي تحت سيطرة جديدة ، أضف الجزء الثاني ، وهلم جرى. بهذه الطريقة ، لا تنفد من مخازن إرادةك ، ولا تنفد من دوافعتك وتتعلم سلوكيات صحية جديدة على طول الطريق. دون تعديل السلوك ، ستفشل جميع برامج التغيير. فكر في الأوقات التي حاولت إجراء الطريق إلى النجاح ولكن سمح لنفسك مغفرة للعمل الذي قمت به بشكل جيد، وهذا الغفرة يضعك مرة أخرى في جهودك. إذا قمت بتحليل في ضوء البحوث حول السيطرة على الذات، يمكنك العثور على الطريق إلى الأمام. يذكرني القاعدة القديمة: ينش عن بعد، الحياة هي كينش ؛ يارد عن بعد، انها صعبة جدا. مما يؤدي إلى القاعدة الأخرى المناسبة: رحلة ألف ميل تبدأ في الخطوة الأولى. إبطاء جهودك لتكون أكثر صحة إلى خطوات قابلة للتدبير، ومع مرور الوقت سيقوم سلوكيات جديدة تجعل السيطرة على الذات أسهل واستعادة الرفاهية هدفاً يمكن تحقيقه بشكل عام.
سان فرانسيس، الحيوانات والبيئة الدكتور مارسلينو د أومبروسيو غالبا ما ترى تمثال حديقة له مع طائر على كتفه. نعم، كان لدى سان فرانسيس من أسيس علاقة خاصة بالحيوانات. كان يوعظ الطيور، ويهدأ الذئب، ووضع مجموعة من النسخ الحيوانية لما يعتبر أول مشهد ولادة حي. لكنه لم يكن له اهتمام بالبيئة. لا شعور به على الإطلاق. بدلاً من ذلك، كان يحب الخلق. وهذا لأنه كان يحب الخالق، الذي لم يعتبره قوة كوسيمية أو بعيدة، ملك منفصلة، ولكن كآب. والعمال الفنية المدهشة التي صنعها الله البشر أولاً وقبل كل شيء، ولكن أيضاً الحيوانات وحتى الأشياء غير الحية التي تُزين السماء والأرض. كان العاطفة والقرباء التي شعر به القديس فرانسيس مع أخو ابن وأخت القمر هدية حقيقية. ولكن هو هدية نتلقى جميعًا عندما نتلقى الروح القدس لأن هذه هي واحدة من سبعة هدايا المذكورة في إشعيا 11: 2-3. على الأقل هكذا شرح القديس توماس أكويناس وكثيرون من بعده هذا الهدية الجميلة والعابرة للطبيعة من الالتقوى. تمتد فضيلة الالتقوى الطبيعية من قبل اليونانيين و حب أولئك الذين أعطوك الحياة ، أولاً وأولئك والآباء وبعدهم ، وطينتك. هذا ينط أما في حالة بلدك، فإن علمه، وطنيته، وتاريخها وأبطالها. مصطلح الالتزام بالتربية تجاه بلد واحد هو الوطنية، والذي يحتوي في الواقع على جذوره، مصطلح آباء أو آباء. كان سانت فرانسيس يحب بلدة أصله أسيسيس. ولكن وطنيته العميقة كانت للمملكة. وشملت عاطفته للمملكة احترامًا واحترامًا لجميع مخلوقات الملك ومواطنيه، سواء كانت كبيرة أو صغيرة. الآن، هذا لا يعني أن فرانسيس رأى جميع المخلوقات على قدم المساواة، كما يبدو أن بعض دعاة حقوق الحيوان اليوم يفعلون. يذهب فيلسوف حقوق الحيوان واحد، بيتر سينجر، إلى حد تعليمه بأن الحيتان البالغة والبلدانيات متفوق يسمح الإجهاض والقتل الطفولي. قد يدهش القديس فرانسيس بمثل هذا المفهوم. كان الشخص الكتابي ، فهو يفهم أن المرأة والرجل هم اللوحات العليا لله ، التي تم صنعها على صورته ومثاله ، على عكس الحيوانات. يتم منح البشر السلطة على بقية الخلق في جينيس 2 لا استغلال ، ولكن لتكليف ، والرعاية ، والتحقيق. الله لا يوكل آدم وحواء مع البيئة ، ولكن مع الحديقة مكان الجمال الذي جعلنا نمشي معه. لذلك يحب القديس فرانسيس الطيور ، ولكن أيضا الضغط عليهم في خدمة الإنجيل. يُحكم ذئب غوبيو من غضب أهالي المدينة الغاضبين ، لكنه يندمها على وحشيته والرج والذئب للعيش في وئامة مع الله. مشهد الولادة؟ هم رفيق الطفل الذي هو الكلمة التي أصبحت جسدًا. لذا فإن النهج الكتابي والكاثوليكي الأصلي لـ البيئة ليس أن نراه ببرد وعلميًا باعتباره البيئة. ولكن بدلاً من ذلك ، على طراز سانت فرانسيس ، نقترب منه كإعلان عن جمال الآب ، كعرض من حب الآب ، كآياقة ، نافذة إلى الخلق الجديد. لا يستحق الاستغلال اللائق مثل هذا الرؤية. ولكن لا يناسبنا أيضًا بعض البيئة العلمانية. اتبعنا - انضم إلينا على تويتر الدكتور مارسيلين دي أمبروسيو يكتب من تكساس. لمزيد من المعلومات حول موارده وحجاره إلى إيطاليا والأرض المقدسة ، زيارة www.crossroadsiniti وسائل لتغذية إيمانك، زيارة صفحة الرئيسية مبادرة التقاطع. للتسجيل في بريدنا الإلكتروني الأسبوعي المجانى مع تعليقات الدكتور دي أمبروسيو على قراءات الأحد، والعيدات الطبوية، والتحديثات حول مكان الدكتور دي سوف يتحدث فيه، فرصة لربح قراصنة مجانية وأكثر، انقر هنا! الصلاة الشخصية: طريق إلى الفرح مارسلينو دي أمبروسيو، الدكتوراه. الجميع يعرف أن الصلاة الشخصية مهمة. لا يمكن أن نتوقع تعميق العلاقة مع الله التحدث معه مرة واحدة فقط في الأسبوع! ولكن كيف، في وسط الحياة المزدحمة والضوضوحية التي نعيش بها جميعا، يمكننا تطوير نمط للصلاة التي تعمل حقا؟ وإذا كنا ننجح في حفر بعض اللحظات لل د'أمبروسيو درس اللاهوت الروحي أكاديميا، ولكن، والأهم من ذلك، كان لديه الكثير من الممارسة تطبيق هذه التقليد على الحياة اليومية. مع عائلة من سبعة أفراد، وشركة، وشركة غير ربحية لتنفيذ، هو يعرف التحديات التي يمكن أن تكون الحياة المزدحمة، النشطة التي يشكلها المسيحي الذي يريد الصلاة. في هذه المحادثة، يضع مبادئ ويعطي اقتراحات عملية حول كيف يمكن للمدنيين المزدحمة تطوير حياة الصلاة التي تؤدي إلى الفرح والتحول الشخصي. الديناميكيات المدمرة والادمانية لهذه العيوب السبعة وكيف تتسلل ويتحكم في نهاية المطاف بحياة الناس. والأهم من ذلك، نكتشف كيفية التحرر من السلاسل التي صممتها هذه الخطايا والصفات اللازمة التي يجب أن نحصل عليها لجعلها مصحوبة لهم في المستقبل. خارج الطيور والنشبات "المحادثة". المجموعة، والبوبكاس يساعدك على التنقل بأمان في أطفالك من طفولتك حتى سن المراهقة وما بعدها. بناء منزلنا على الصخرة: خطبة المسيح على الجبل.
Marlin, Blue – Hawaii Blue Marlin is a large pelagic species, found globally in both tropical and temperate waters. Blue Marlin mature early, produce many eggs , and grow fast, reaching sizes up to 450 cm and 900 kg. They are caught commercially throughout the Pacific Ocean and are considered to comprise a single, ocean-wide population. The last population assessment for Blue Marlin in the Pacific indicated that abundance levels were moderate, but the assessment has not been updated for over a decade. There is some indication that Blue Marlin abundance around Hawaii may be declining. This species is primarily captured with pelagic longlines, which result in minimal habitat damage and moderate bycatch rates. Around Hawaii, trolling is another common method used to catch Blue Marlin. Regulations for pelagic fisheries that capture Blue Marlin are set at both the international and national level, and include measures to effectively reduce fishery interactions with protected seabirds and sea turtles. This fish may have high levels of mercury that could pose a health risk to adults and children. More mercury info here.
I’ve seen several articles debating when oil production will peak. For those of you who have missed them, oil prices rise due to scarcity (real or not) or increased production costs, and the latter become important sometime around when oil production peaks. Also, the time for us to go through the second half of the world’s oil will be considerably less than the history of oil use to date, and our transportation infrastructure in particular is heavily oil-based. Among climate change scientists, there seems to be less worry about running out of oil, and considerably more worry about its use. Recent readings have given me some understanding. David Greene, et al, from (pdf file) Running Out of and into Oil: Analyzing Global Oil Depletion and Transition Through 2050 “It is possible that the world could go partway down the path of developing unconventional oil resources and later reverse direction. But such a strategy would strand huge investments in the more capital-intensive production and refining of unconventional oil. If the transition to unconventional oil is gradual, there might be time to introduce low-carbon alternatives and a reversal might not be too costly. But if the transition to unconventional oil is sudden and massive, the world’s economies might quickly become locked into a high carbon future. Avoiding or even slowing the transition to unconventional fossil resources might improve the world’s chances of successfully dealing with global climate change.” The unconventional oil sources referred to are coal to liquids (synfuel), for example, or natural gas to liquids (isn’t all natural gas needed for electricity and heating?) Both increase carbon emissions, in part because of the energy needed to convert them to liquid. Both are expensive because they require so much energy for the process. Oil prices will rise if we hit a peak, but Europeans and others are already living with much higher gasoline prices. Detour: A vote on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is expected soon. My understanding is that oil companies are not particularly interested in drilling there without some kind of guarantee (a large guarantee, but will that dissuade Congress?), as there is relatively little oil, and it’s relatively far from where it would be used. I’m not sure why anyone would vote for opening up the site to oil drilling, both for practical reasons and because it’s nice to imagine those few places in the world not crowded by us. What I hear is, “got you, you crummy environmentalists”, but perhaps our legislators have other reasons, poorly articulated to date. Certainly these reasons have little to do with oil security, even for the rare person who also votes to increase car mileage standards. That said, the overwhelming concern to the caribou is not the drilling, but the use of oil. Climate change alters the environment at high altitudes faster, and refuge status will not protect ANWR. Return: From my reading, it is apparent that the rest of the world, as non-OPEC is generally referred to, is running out of oil much faster than is OPEC. Fareed Zakaria in The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad points out that governments that finance themselves without taxes are not as accountable to citizens. Hence there is worldwide discomfort at financing these governments. But the discomfort is not great enough here in the United States to taxing oil in order to encourage us to change our behavior. We would be much better off raising taxes on oil use today. Even a moderate tax, perhaps as little as $1/gallon, will begin to shift behavior, to help stretch out our current oil supply and allow the transitions away from fossil fuels, so that we don’t finance OPEC governments so heavily. Oh, I’ve heard many, particularly poor people, say, but we can’t afford it. Perhaps more earned income credit, or some other mechanism, could help the poor in this transition, and let people choose whether to spend the extra money on a car or the bus. It isn’t right to ignore those who will be hurt in a transition. But we are wrong if we do not transition. Some talk about making the carbon tax revenue neutral, an idea I was more sympathetic to until the Bush deficits, and back when I thought roads and bridges are paid for by the current gasoline tax rather than out of general revenue. We could do more regional planning of mass transit systems. We could use some of the gasoline tax to pay for the roads and mass transit that makes our roads less crowded. We could teach bicycling as a PE option, as those who learn to bicycle and signal correctly are less dangerous to themselves and others and are more likely to continue bicycling as adults. This would leave more oil for those of you who can’t or don’t want to bicycle. There’s lots we can do. The cost of our transportation continues to increase. The obvious increases in price are accompanied by the continued power of corrupt governments, the costs to agriculture and water supplies and human settlements and peace from climate change. Let’s add some of these costs, or the desire to avoid these costs, to the price of gasoline. The costs will be paid, either as lower costs consciously assumed today or higher costs imposed tomorrow.
الخميس 1 سبتمبر 1859 11:18 صباحا: ريتشارد كارينغتو البالغ من العمر ثلاثين عامًا ، المعترف به على نطاق واسع بأنه أحد أبرز علماء الفلك الشمسيين في إنجلترا ، كان في مرصده الخاص المجهز بشكل جيد. تماماً كالمعتاد في كل يوم مشمس ، كان تلسكوبه يبرز صورة 11 بوصة على الشمس على الشاشة ، وسرعان ما رسم كارينغتون البقع الشمسية التي رأاها. في ذلك الصباح ، كان يصور تشبه مجموعة هائلة من البقع الشمسية. فجأة ، أمام عينيه ، ظهرت كرة لامعة من الضوء الأبيض المُعثر فوق البقع الشمسية ، وتكثفت بسرعة ، وأصبح شكلًا كلية. إدراك أنه كان يشهد بش "أعتقد أن هذا هو السبب في أنّه كان من المثير للاهتمام، ولكن في الواقع، لم يكن من المفترض أن يكون هناك أيّ شيء آخر في العالم، ولكن كان من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون هناك شيء آخر في العالم، وهو أنّه كان من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحتمل أن يكون من المحت [انقر على الصور التالية لاقراءة أفضل.] إشعارات شهرية للمجتمع الفلكي الملكي تنبؤ تأثير عاصفة كبيرة من طراز 1859 على موارد الأقمار الصناعية
كيفية القيام بذلك بشكل خاص في جزر فيرجين عرض يوم الثلاثاء في مدرسة غود هووب عندما رعت جمعية سانت كروس للبيئة معرض عمل العلوم البيئية الثاني بالتعاون مع شبكة VI للمعلمين البيئية. كان الهدف من الحدث هو تمكين طلاب المدارس الوسطى والثانوية من معرفة الخيارات المهنية والخبرة والمهارات اللازمة لتحقيق الوظائف في مجالات العلوم والتكنولوجيا مع ممثلي الشركات الخاصة والحكومة والوكالات غير الربحية. قالت روبرتس إنها تأمل في أن تضع في معرضين آخرين من هذه المهن في نهاية هذا العام في كل من المدارس الثانوية المركزية والمعقدة. قالت مارشيا تيلور من مركز جامعة جزر فيرجن للدراسات البحرية والبيئية إنها كانت هناك لتجنيد المستقبل. نريد المزيد من الشباب الذين يذهبون إلى وظائف تتعلق بالبيئة البحرية، قال تايلور. نريد الحصول على المزيد من الطلاب المحليين تدريبًا بحيث يمكنهم أخذ وظائف الصيد البحري هنا في ديارهم. هناك الكثير من الفرص هنا وسيكون من الرائع إذا كان الناس الذين يعيشون هنا يمكن أن يستفيدوا من ذلك ، قال تايلور. قالت إنها قالت خريجي البرنامج ، إذا كانوا يريدون البقاء والعمل في قالت إن احتمالات العمل في المستقبل في هذه المجالات ستكون وفيرة لمن يهتمون بتعلم كيفية إدارة هذه المشاكل وتخفيف آثارها، خاصة عندما يتعلق الأمر بنظم الشعاب المرجانية في إف.آي. هناك المزيد من الدولارات الاتحادية التي يتم إنفاقها هنا لأننا ندرك أننا على وشك فقدان موارد لا تصدق. هناك المزيد من المنح المتعلقة بذلك، والمزيد من الناس يدرسونها وهذا هو منطقة حيث يتم ضخ المزيد من المال في كل الوقت. المشاريع المقدمة لطلاب كريستيانسون في الصف الخامس والثامن من الصف العلمي. وقال كريستيانسن: "هذا هو المستقبل، هنا، وأشار إلى بعض المشاريع التي تتم في مجال الطاقة الشمسية. "يجب على الأطفال معرفة ما هي المستقبل، والحاجة إلى الاستعداد للمستقبل، وما هي أنواع الوظائف والمهارات المتاحة". قال مولر: "سنقوم أيضًا ببناء مباني أكثر استدامة ومباني أخضرًا، وأضاف أن هذا هو المكان الذي يقع فيه المستقبل. ونريد أن يعرف العقول الشابة ما هي الفرص في مجال الطاقة. " قال كريستيان يانيز وريك بيغز، كبار أكاديمية AZ، إنهم خرجوا من الحدث مع المزيد من المعرفة حول كيفية حماية يومًا ما سأجد طريقة جديدة لحماية المرجانات. أعتقد أنني قد أكون عالمة بيولوجيا بحرية، ربما الغابات الغابات أو شيء من هذا القبيل، أضاف يانيز. أحب العمل في أماكن مثل نهر المالح. إنه أمر مثير للاهتمام.

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