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Four people excluded from the kill list of Dark Young of Shub-Niggurath In Overlord Season 3 Episode 12 , Ainz decides to use the baby goats ( Dark Young of Shub-Niggurath ) to show his power to the other countries. Begin pursuit, my adorable baby goats! That's right. There are three... No, four people that you ...	As one of Zanac's most powerful supporters, perhaps Renner asked Ainz to also not kill him, so not to reduce Prince Zanac's influence in the kingdom.
Would Naruto awaken the Rinnegan if he takes the Sharingan from Sasuke? The reason I ask this is because I think the only important things to awaken Rinnegan is to have Indra and Ashura's chakra. Someone will say that the requirement is Uchiha and Senju's chakra. However, Obito had both of them, but he didn't awaken th...	It is explained that for one to awaken the Rinnegan they have to replicate Hagoromo's chakra, so that means that not just any Uchiha or Senju can awaken the Rinnegan.
Is Ashura the actual creator of the "Rasengan"? So as you can see in the fillers, that when Ashura is helping out the other villagers, he is using a jutsu just like the Rasengan. Is this the Rasengan we know and love, or is this a different jutsu for say a wind release? If it is indeed the Rasengan, then does this ...	Yes,Ashura was the creator of Rasengan. Thus, in the manga, there was no mention of Ashura ever using Rasengan, or pretty much any specific jutsu for that matter.
In Black Clover, how is Nero able to find the magic stones? I have been watching Black Clover from the start and was interested in the bird (which later became his pet name Nero) from the start and followed him on his head from the time he joined the Black Bulls squad. I knew they said in the start of episodes that t...	Nero is a bird who senses magic but is also a human sealed away possibly has part of all the magic stones mana within her but nit to be told from where I stand.
Is Naruto still a Genin after becoming Hokage? While watching "funny Boruto moments" on YouTube, I came across a scene where Naruto tells Iwabe and his team, that he is still a Genin, but he is a Hokage. In the starting episodes of Naruto, it is shown that Hokage is a rank above Jonin, so I want some clarification on w...	Well, according to Kishimoto, Naruto became the Hokage as a Genin. He must have still learned everything that needs to be learned for the Hokage position but just didn't get the chance to actual showcase this in the exams.
Is Dragon Ball Heroes Goku Ultra Instinct way stronger than Dragon Ball Super Goku Ultra Instinct? In the preview for episode 6 of Dragon Ball Heroes we see Goku UI handling Super Saiyan 3 Cumber. This is the same Goku who fused with Vegeta fought Cumber before. When Goku was fused with Vegeta, they used kaioken tim...	Dragon ball Heroes Characters are multiple times stronger than characters from any of the canon series.
Why are Fairy Tail and Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest separate series? Someone please explain why Mashima continued Fairy Tail under another title. Why is this under a different name when the 100 Years Quest could also be included in the first Fairy Tail as a different arc? <Q> From storyline point of view, the whol...	Despite the title, the series could continue beyond just this quest as in the new manga, new continents, characters, etc., are introduced and the title may have simply been the title he had in mind or simply liked for the sequel.
Which was the power level of Broly when he was a kid, 10,000 or 920? So there is an unofficial summary of the Dragon Ball Super Broly movie from apparently someone who watched it in Japan in an exclusive event, and there it claims Broly when he was a kid had a power level of 920 (stated in the movie). But in the Dragon...	When Paragus scans Broly's power level, it is shown to be 920. You should completely disregard all information with regard to Broly from any of the previous series while watching the new movie as Broly has been written as a completely different character and this character is canon to the original series.
Why Goku and Vegeta didnt use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken and Super Saiyan Blue Evolution to defeat Broly? So in the new Dragon Ball Super Broly movie, Goku and Vegeta try to defeat Broly by fighting together in Super Saiyan Blue, but they dont use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken and Super Saiyan Blue Evolution like they d...	The reason for Kaioken not being used is because both Goku and Vegeta mastered SSB.
Does Asuna speak English? In episode 5 of the English sub of Sword Art Online: Alicization, Asuna infiltrates the Ocean Turtle facility disguised as Mayumi Reynolds. When she arrives at the facility, she says "nice to meet you" to the guard who greets her in English. Further in, when another guard asks her to remove ...	To add to Rumplestiltskin's answer, Asuna was raised in a strict environment by her parents, particularly, her mother. At least for a Japanese she is fluent.
Why Goku's Ultra Instinct wasn't awakened in his battle with Broly? In the tournament of power, Goku was pushed to his limits several times, and he awakened Ultra Instinct Omen, and Mastered Ultra Instinct. But in the battle with Broly (in which I would assume he was pushed to his limits too, since not even with Ve...	From the movie's perspective there are many reasons why Goku doesn't tap into UI, While Broly is undoubtedly strong, he definitely doesn't rival the might of Ultra Instinct Goku and having Goku use UI against Broly would be a bit ridiculous considering the fact that Ultra Instinct has been regarded as such a complex sk...
Why Raikage didn't consider Minato using Body Flicker in their fight? In his fight against Raikage, Minato spread his marked Kunai to many locations. It seemed like the Raikage was very sure that Minato would only appear at the marked area/kunai. My question is, can Minato appear at unmarked location using Body Flic...	The reason why Raikage A did not anticipate Minato's offense was because he did not know enough about Minato's Flying Raijin Jutsu.
Why was Kisame surprised when he saw Obito (Tobi/fake Madara) without the mask the second time they've met in person? So, Kisame first met Obito (Tobi) when he introduced himself as the guy who controlls the Mizukage. Then, he tells Kisame about his Eye of the Moon Plan (Tsuki no Me) and recruits him to Akatsuki. So th...	When Tobi revealed himself, Kisame was surprised because he did not expect that it was 'Madara' . And so he was surprised to see him. It might have something to do with the masks.
Who was Levi's host? Spoiler alert! Do no proceed unless you are up to date with the manga or you don't mind being spoiled. In Chapter 112 of Shingeki no Kyojin, according to Eren, the Ackerman are able to unleash their power when their host are in danger and they will often have headaches as their inner self fights...	So yeah, it seems that Erwin was Levi's "host."
How did Trafalgar Law get to and leave Marineford? My question is two-fold: How did Trafalgar Law and the other "Worst Generation" pirates get to Marineford? I thought you had to go through the tri-currents? Or is that the tri-currents are just a faster way but you can come any other way since Marineford is not in t...	Using their sub, they were either able to pass below the Gates of Justice (this is my presumption) or travel under/around the currents normally blocking passage to Marineford.
What's Goku's and Vegeta's green aura in Dragon Ball Super Broly? In Dragon Ball Super Broly, both Goku and Vegeta displayed a green aura for a couple of seconds. Vegeta did it when he switched from super saiyan to super saiyan god, and Goku did it when he switched from super saiyan god to super saiyan blue (Goku also ...	I believe it was the choice of color for some of the scenes, such as Goku’s transformation into Super Saiyan Blue, some of the colors may have mixed to make green.
In Fate, can a Master summon an Extra Class Servant during a Holy Grail War, or under any circumstances? In Fate, can a Master summon an Extra Class Servant during a Holy Grail War, or under any circumstances? For example, one Master summons Jeanne of the Ruler Class, and another Master summons Edmond Dantes of the Av...	Outside of a Holy Grail War summoning a Servant is nigh on impossible
In what episode did Karin meet Orochimaru? There is an episode in Naruto series when Orochimaru protected Karin against some guy. Which episode is it? <Q> It's from Naruto Shippuuden Episode 431: To See That Smile, Just One More Time . <S> Notably, unlike the previous episodes in this set of fillers (mainly just...	This one is from the run of Infinite Tsukuyomi fillers that aired during the Fourth Shinobi World War arc. I'm not having any luck finding the specific episode that you're talking about (if it even exists).
What is the meaning of the title of "Perfect Blue"? What is the meaning of the title of Perfect Blue ? Most of Satoshi Kon's (Director) work has a deeper meaning behind them, so I was wondering if there is a meaning behind the name. <Q> As for the movie, there is no meaning. <S> Most of answers given on various fo...	According to another website, blue is a color which represents purity and cleanliness in traditional Japanese culture, largely because of the vast stretches of blue water that surrounds the Japanese islands.
Can the Eternal Mangekyo Sharingan affect people without direct eye contact? I was in a discussion today with a friend of mine about the strength of the Mangekyo Sharingan, and the question of "can the Eternal Mangekyo Sharingan affect people without direct eye contact?". We weren't certain, and lacked the materials to...	The general expectation seems to be that ocular jutsu requires eye contact, regardless of whether the Sharingan is regular, Mangekyou, or Eternal Mangekyou.
Why did Hisoka want to kill Panthom Troupe's members? I am not quite understand why Hisoka tried to kill all Phantom Troupe member after he was lost from its leader, Chrolo Lucifer. That fight, Chrollo vs Hisoka i think is reasonable because Hisoka always intended to beat a person that more powerful than himself, b...	It's because hisoka fought chrollo and chrollo used the phantom troupes powers to aid him in the fight, so he's going to kill them all in order to have a fair fight with chrollo.because killing the user
Why Does Ichigo look different after he gets his soul reaper powers back? Why in the fullbring arc he looks different when his powers are restored I mean his Zanpaktuou looks slightly different but his robe in normal and bankai state are different why is that? Also is Zangetsu still within him because Ichigo still has ...	I assume that it's because he retrieved his powers with the help of a lot of Shinigami who gave a part of their powers to create the sword Rukia used to reawaken him. And yes, Zangetsu is still within him, just keep forward into the manga, there is a lot to see about that subject.
Do Metal Bat and Tatsumaki get any closer to Saitama at any point of the story? In the opening of season 2 of One Punch Man, there is a shot where you see Saitama with his friends (Genos, King, Bang , Fubuki) and also Metal Bat and Tatsumaki. Is there any obvious reason why Metal Bat and Tatsumaki are there? Do Metal B...	As of now in the manga, neither Metal Bat nor Tatsumaki are closer to Saitama than before.
What were the two siblings referencing in episode 5 of No Game No Life? In episode 5 of No Game No Life , when the two siblings saw the home of the Flugle, they said something and their clothes changed. I'm pretty sure it was a reference to something, but I can't figure it out. What were the two siblings referencing...	The previous answer is possibly correct and it may be likely that it is referencing to the Studio Ghibli film .
Is anything known about Saitama's family? I've watched season 1 and 2 of the anime, read part of the manga, read part of the webcomic and watched at least some OVAs (not sure they were all of them). I dont remember anything said or shown about Saitama's family. Is anything known about them? Also , aside of those source...	So far there is still no information regarding about Saitama's family.
What is the point of using the kunai? The kunai just seems very pointless. With the power of characters in the Naruto and Boruto series people can easily stop them. They barely ever do damage to people and there are so many different fighting techniques/abilities to use during a fight. The kunai just seems very poi...	Kunais are one of the many tools shinobi have at their disposal.
Do Bang, Bomb and Genos know who killed Elder Centipede? I'm assuming that the Hero Association thought it was King and not Saitama who killed Elder Centipede, otherwise they would have likely promoted him. But how about Bang, Bomb and Genos who were there? Do they know who killed Elder Centipede or couldn't they tell ...	Bang already knew and likely told Bomb.
How could Armored Gorilla beat Marshall Gorilla? https://onepunchman.fandom.com/wiki/Armored_Gorilla We all remember this gorilla in season 1, who seems really weak and lost against Genos . In season 2, we see him beating Marshall Gorilla in one punch. It sounded very weird to me. The previous episodes showed t...	Marshall Gorilla uses his Banana Slash to Armored Gorilla, the same technique he use to defeat the A-rank hero Heavy Kong.
If Tobi could use the izanagi, which requires both Senju and Uchiha DNA, then why wasn’t he able to awaken the Rinnegan on his own? It was stated by Tobi during his fight with Konan that Izanagi can only be used by those with both the DNA of Senju and Uchiha. We also know this is how the rinnegan is awakened, so why di...	At first, it was believed that the mixing of Senju and Uchiha DNA resulted in the Rinnegan but it was later in the series it was clarified that it's not necessarily the DNA of both that is needed but the chakra of the Sage of the Six Paths that awakens the Rinnegan. Tobi's Sharingan never reached the EMS and so thats w...
Did Kakashi use genjutsu before the end of the Fourth Shinobi War? When you have the Sharingan, you can perform a genjutsu on a person for example, every Uchiha can use this ability. But what about Kakashi? He is not an Uchiha but can he perform genjutsu? If yes, please list it down. Note: I'm not referring to after t...	But for your question, Kakashi uses 3 times genjutsu in the series.
Why is Nezuko stronger than regular demons? In manga #83 it is mentioned that Nezuko's regeneration speed matches that of an upper moon, and later it's mentioned that it surpasses the regeneration speed of one of the upper moons Also, Nezuko has shown to be stronger than an average demon before, when she kicked th...	Muzan Kibutsuji may be tried to kill by exploding her after injecting a lot of his blood into her veins but maybe somehow she able to survive with that much of the blood that makes her powerful demon.
How was the Black Bull squad ranked at the beginning of the Black Clover anime? At the begining of the anime, it is stated that Golden Dawn and Silver Eagle are the best squads. However, in the wikia, It is shown that Black Bull is the second squad with more stars This makes me conclude they progressed as the stor...	The Black Bull is last in ranking in terms of the number of stars they have gathered The Black Bulls had gathered -31 stars due to destructive behaviour that caused their performance to be more harmful than the threat of the missions themselves. They’re now sitting in 2nd place behind Yuno’s squad, the Golden Dawn.
How come when Dio stops time Jotaro can move but Dio can't when Jotaro stops time? In JoJo's Bizarre Adventure , Jotaro seems able to move even while Dio stops the time. On the other hand, Dio can't when Jotaro stops the time. Why? <Q> Jotaro planned to stop when the limit of Dio stop time was finishing. <S> This h...	I think Dio can't move in Jotaro's stopped time after the Road Roller attack because he already used up his stopped time.
Can humans be cut out of all Titans? This question is in regards to the anime. I've watched all of the episodes that are available, so I do not mind spoilers. Since humans who can turn to Titans at will (I think they're called shifters) can be cut out of the Titan body, can the humans inside other "normal" titans (lik...	Considering the currently available information, the answer is No.
Why Kinro and Ginro are guardians of the entrance of the village if in the world they leave no other humans are supposed to be alive? Kinro and Ginro are guardians of the entrance of the village "the kingdom of science" now. When people from Tsukasa empire came to attack, they were the ones supposedly in charge of let...	Which suggests that there are at least a few people who have been kicked out at some point, although it's not clear who they are, when they were exiled, or if they (or their descendants) are still out there somewhere.
Is there a reason for not training Nezuko in breathing? I understand that Nezuko gets stronger from just sleeping but the entire time Tanjiro is training to master his breathing alongside Zenitsu and Inosuke she just sleeps. Would it not have made more sense to train her to breathe as well and she could sleep during tr...	Nezuko sleeps not because she has nothing else to do but because in such a way she restores her strength instead of eating flesh.
Why didn’t the heroes try to use Eri to rewind Nighteye to prevent him from dying? Nighteye was about to die and they had a girl who can rewind someone to their former state, make them younger or repair their injuries. Why didn’t the heroes try to use Eri to rewind Nighteye to prevent him from dying? <Q> There are mu...	With the reason being that she can’t control her power, which could result in restoring him to nothing.
Is naming things a fantasy in Japan? In a lot of isekai manga, the main character comes across someone or something ( e.g. a slime monster) that has no name, and must give a name to him/her/it. Every time, the one who is given a name accepts it, is happy, etc. For example: In Tensei Shitara Slime Datta Ken , Rimu...	Not that I'm aware of, but in many cultures, naming is of great significance, there are often attitudes that being given a name or title is perceived as a great honour. There are lots of values attached to this concept.
Did Minoru die because of the Death Notes' new rule or because Ryuk wrote his name in a Death Note? There is a one-shot manga for Death Note that was published on Mangaplus, on February 3th, 2020 (you can read the manga officially here . In the final scene of this one-shot manga, Minoru Tanaka, the new owner of Death...	Ryuk was just obligated to write his name, as his time had come by breaking a Death Note rule.
Can wearing sunglasses prevent sharingan? If one is wearing dark black sunglasses, then how will eye contact work? Sharingan user won't be able to tell when he has eye contact? I haven't finished shippuden yet, so may be answer lies ahead but I am curious. <Q> The only known way to avoid the effects of the Sharingan ...	Yes, if the opponent restrains himself or somehow blocks the Genjutsu caster from having the eye-contact, he can protect himself from being caught in Genjutsu.
Why heroes are physically stronger than average humans In the world of My Hero Academia, the human society acquired Quirks. So basically instead of having regular humans, we have humans with abilities. With the exception of Power-Up quirks (like one for all...etc), why do humans/heroes/villains seem physically strong...	It's just a common thing in many anime that humans have higher-tier durability than their real life counterparts.
Why didn’t Levi inject both Armin and Erwin? Levi decided to inject Armin with the Titan serum to have transform the almost dead Armin into a Titan so he can consume Bertholdt to gain his Colossal Titan Abilties Why doesn’t Levi just inject both Armin and Erwin with half of the serum each so both survive? <Q> I cant ...	There has been no precedence in the manga nor a mention of an event where two people inherited the same Titan powers but a person may acquire multiple Titan shifter abilities .
Is Naruto's most proficient move still Shadow Clones? After becoming Hokage, and so much more in ''Boruto'', it is safe to say that Naruto has learned a great deal more than when he was just a kid, and originally learned to use the Shadow Clone jutsu. He has been using it frequently since then, using it whilst fighting...	I believe it is still his most proficient jutsu as he is using it all the time even at the village so as to keep up with the workload and help many.
Should you wait to switch to the ground frequency until after crossing a runway? I've never had the opportunity to fly into a controlled airport with parallel runways, so I've never actually faced the situation. But, in the interest of being ahead of it, when would it be prudent to switch to ground frequency with this ...	When you're given a clearance related to a runway, you need to stay with whoever gave you that clearance until you're clear of that runway--and only then do you follow an instruction to change frequency.
Why would a Cessna 182T not enter a stall? When I took delivery of a new Cessna 182T last year, I did a test flight for certification purposes. During the test flight we had to perform a power off stall but that didn't go as planned as it was simply impossible to stall. What happened is this: when the airspeed dropped ...	Many small planes with "normal" or "utility" category ratings (or "limited" light-sports) are designed with a large amount of "departure resistance"; their aerodynamic design and mass distribution makes it hard to fully depart the aircraft and enter a nose-down stall (or a spin, spiral dive etc).
I just flew into class B airspace without a clearance, what should I do now? Hypothetical: Let's say (for whatever reason) a pilot became distracted or disorientated, and found themselves in class B airspace . What steps should they take immediately and after landing to be safe and avoid any backlash from authorities...	While still in the airspace, you should contact the controller if you can, since it may be important to safety.
Are there benefits to opening a flight plan if I'm flying over populated areas? Here in Idaho we have a lot of mountains and desert areas where if I had to make an emergency landing or crashed it may take a very long time to find me. In that case I can see the benefit to opening a flight plan. But in areas where I'm fl...	It is strongly recommended that a flight plan (for a VFR flight) be filed with an FAA FSS. This will ensure that you receive VFR Search and Rescue Protection. I would say that - excluding large cities - populated areas are actually not very densely populated at all (relatively speaking), and there is a very good chance...
Is a rotary wing craft capable of supersonic flight? Just what the title states. Since the Wright brothers, aviation technology for fixed-wing craft has advanced by an order or more. Rotary wing craft on the other hand (I know little about aviation; please correct me!) have advanced significantly by way of lift capaci...	One of the biggest limitations for making a conventional configuration rotary aircraft fly at supersonic speeds is materials.
When are winds given with respect to true vs. magnetic north? Wind information can be reported by various sources (ATIS, METAR, TAF, spoken on the radio, etc). I was taught that officially some of these sources are relative to magnetic north and others to true north (although practically this isn't always followed). Wh...	Wind direction broadcast over FAA radios is in reference to magnetic north.
Are task cards still used in aircraft maintenance? I used to work for a company making maintenance software for the shipping industry. Each component, from a cylinder in an engine to the furnace has to be inspected after (e.g.) 10,000 running hours, or every 2 years, etc. My question is: Are task cards like the one...	The short answer to your first question is: yes, airlines still use task cards in maintenance.
Why would ASOS have a caution for Low Density Altitude? I did my initial training in a high altitude area, where it got pretty hot in the summer, so I'm not at all surprised when I hear an ASOS announce: Caution: Density Altitude (a few thousand above field elev.) But recently, I was flying in SE. Kansas when it w...	The potential danger in low density altitudes is that your engine generates more power than it can handle. The caution is probably the default prefix for a nonstandard DA notice, not anything particular to the fact that it's negative.
How is drone (UAS) traffic regulated in the US? Does the FAA regulate drones at this time? Maybe they regulate only a certain class / size of UAV / UAS? Is drone regulation to the level that traffic is managed through ATC? <Q> Regulations regarding UAVs are very restrictive in controlled airspace. <S> Whenever a compa...	The Regulations and Policies pertaining to the use of UAVs(Drones) in US airspace is available on the FAA website http://www.faa.gov/uas/regulations_policies/
What's a quick way to determine which runway to use? Let's say I call up Wx and have the wind direction and I know the runway headings from my charts and the pattern is empty. I can do the math, but it's tedious and slow and even worse when there are multiple runways. This is what I usually do: Runways are 13 and 31 ...	Rather than calculating off the wind direction, start with the runway headings.
What are the different steps to certify a new aircraft in Europe? I know that to be allowed to fly an aircraft has to be certified by an agency and that this one is not the same for European or American (for instance) aircraft. What are the different steps that an aircraft designed to fly in Europe has to go through in...	The initial type certification is done with the authorities in the State of Design / Manufacture.
What are the main differences piloting Boeing vs. Airbus aircraft? What are the main differences in flying a Boeing vs an Airbus aircraft? Ignoring cosmetics, e.g. nose/window shape (see How can I tell apart an Airbus from a Boeing? ) <Q> On a pilot-vs-FBW system perspective, as mentioned in the comments to the quest...	Boeing aircraft primarily feature a traditional "yoke" system, which allows pilots to directly control the plane: The sidestick and autothrust systems of the Airbus are different than the conventional yoke and autothrottle system on the Boeing.
What does the term "trimming" most commonly mean in aviation? Why does an airplane need trim, and what does it do during the flight? Does an autopilot adjust the trim automatically? <Q> In short: trimming neutralizes the force required to keep control surfaces in a specific position. <S> Most (if not all) aircraft h...	In general the aircraft is trimmed for straight and level flight, but it can also be trimmed for descent or even for turns.
If I have a float plane, can I land on any body of water? What are the rules with regards to landing a float plane on a body of water? Can I land anywhere (non-emergency, obviously) that would also accommodate the take-off? If not, how do I determine which bodies of water would allow it and which would not? <Q> It re...	This is handled on jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis.
How dangerous is flying in a single-engine plane? Some people consider flying small planes very dangerous. Just how dangerous is it to fly in a light single-engine plane? For example, how does the fatality rate compare to driving a car, riding a motorcycle, etc.? <Q> I get this question a lot from people who are appreh...	Flying in a small aircraft is far more dangerous than other methods of transportation (see statistics in other answers). If you look at the statistics another way, like AOPA does , you'll find that General Aviation has "about one-sixth as many accidents on a per-vehicle-mile basis" compared to driving.
How do you handle frost on a plane? If you plan to fly on a cold morning and there is frost on the plane, what needs to be done? Do you have to remove the frost from the windows? wings? tail? fuselage? How should you remove a thick layer of frost? Can you rub the frost until it's smooth and take off? <Q> You should ...	For light aircraft, the usual recommendation is to hangar the aircraft and let the frost melt off. It must be removed!
Is there a website which highlights airport locations on a map? Is there a good website which shows airports (both public and GA)? I can look it on Google and Bing Maps (as shown in the image below). Shown the picture, I have zoomed in a lot to see airport icons (bottom left and top right). I feel that the icon on Bing...	I really like SkyVector for aeronautical planning purposes, but the distinction of VFRMap is the inclusion of some of the various Google Map options in addition to the aeronautical charts.
How does the mixture of an engine affect the engine's operation? I know that in most piston aircraft that there is a mixture control for the engine. My question is, how does the mixture control affect the engine's operation and what type of situations dictate a particular mixture setting? Would an incorrect mixture set...	As for the particular situations calling for operations: 99% of the times you simply want a good/ideal mixture, which is why mixture control is pretty much getting automatedthese days. Typically on climbing you want to run the engine a bit rich because your going slower and less air is able to help cool the engine.
Do pilots using an electronic flight bag need to carry paper charts? If a pilot uses an electronic flight bag (say, an iPad with ForeFlight or WingX), are they required to carry paper charts as a backup? Do different rules apply to operations under Parts 91, 121, and 135? <Q> A EFB is a legal replacement for paper ch...	Yes, if you only carry one EFB, then you have to also carry paper charts as a backup.
Which ATC instructions should be repeated back by the pilot? AIM 4-4-7 (b) says: Pilots of airborne aircraft should read back those parts of ATC clearances and instructions containing altitude assignments, vectors, or runway assignments as a means of mutual verification. As a student pilot soloing into class C ai...	Taxi routes Instructions, ESPECIALLY runway crossings & hold-short instructions. You should acknowledge with at the bare minimum your aircraft call sign and preferably something that lets them know that you got their instructions/message and understand it, every time that ATC talks to you.
Is English sufficient for international aviation? Is it possible to fly internationally understanding only English for radio communications? Are there exceptions? <Q> There are 191 countries that are members of the ICAO, covering almost all of the world. <S> While communications may be performed in the local language...	ATC and pilots must be able to communicate in English on international flights involving ICAO member states.
What is ground effect? We've all heard the "acts like a cushion of air" explanation tossed casually around by CFIs. There's also plenty of books and reference materials that give a detailed, accurate, and complete explanation of ground effect, and which are incomprehensible to most student pilots. What's the simplest...	When you're in ground effect, the high pressure below the wing encounters an incompressible solid, and therefore cannot dissipate as quick, causing higher pressure below the wing, and therefore more lift. Simple explanation: When out of ground effect, air on the bottom of the wing has plenty of room to move around.
What's P-Factor and why does it occur? Whenever I hear anyone talking about P-Factor, (whether it be single-engine left turning tendencies or multi-engine loss of directional control scenarios), someone always brings up the fact that the descending blade of a propeller generates more thrust than the ascending blade. I...	Just like the advancing blade on a helicopter produces more thrust because it's heading upwind, the descending blade of the propeller produces more thrust because it has a higher angle of attack relative to the aircraft's motion through the air.
Is it required to contact approach when flying VFR into a Class D airfield? Is it required when under VFR to contact an airfield's approach when approaching to land at a class D? KDLH is my example airfield. They possess independent radar approach and departure (same frequency) with a separate tower frequency. What ...	Out of courtesy, you MAY contact approach when VFR, but it is by no means necessary. Standard Procedure to land VFR at Westchester County Airport, White Plains NY (KHPN) is to contact NY Approach first for sequencing.
What is the best altitude to penetrate a thunderstorm? 135.293(a)(7)(iii) requires that pilots be tested on: (iii) Operating in or near thunderstorms (including best penetrating altitudes), turbulent air (including clear air turbulence), icing, hail, and other potentially hazardous meteorological conditions; So ...	Avoiding thunderstorms is the best policy.
What can a new commercial pilot do to build flight time? Most new commercial pilots don't have a lot of flight time, so won't be hired by the airlines or corporate operators. A lot of operations require an air carrier certificate (even though they are a "commercial" pilot, they can't just start flying people around)! ...	For a commercial pilot (without a CFI rating) you've got some options, but the real golden goose of time building is flight instructing. I know who are time-building accumulate the minimum amount of time until they have enough to get the CFI rating, then go out and instruct to get to their end goal (time / types).
How common are conformal fuel tanks? I know that the F-16 (F-16I and Block 50/52/60 models) have conformal fuel tanks standard now on top of the wing/fuselage area. The Silent Eagle model of the F-15E proposed by Boeing for South Korea, and other F-15E customers had them added. The F-18E (Superhornet) has demoed a se...	Technically speaking, conformal tanks don't take up hardpoints, so I'm not sure what we have today has an equivalent in older designs.
What is Class F airspace, and why is it not used in the US? I've read that ICAO defines Class F airspace but the FAA has chosen not to use the airspace class in the US. What is the ICAO definition of Class F airspace and how does it differ from other airspace classes? What countries use Class F airspace? Why does the F...	Class F airspace is "airspace of defined dimensions within which activities must be confined because of their nature, and within which limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities. From a functional/regulatory standpoint Class F is a sort of hybrid between "Class E" contro...
What is the maximum taxi speed and who defines it? Which is the maximum speed that an airliner is limited to while taxiing? I know that during 90 degree turns it is 10 knots, but what about long, straight taxiways? 20 knots? 25? 30? More broadly, where I can find this information? Would it be in company SOPs? Manufac...	Since it's not clearly defined by the FAA, I assume that most airlines limit taxi speeds via their SOPs, also due to the variety of equipment, it might be unfeasible for the FAA to mandate a specific speed.
How do I explain what makes an airplane fly to a non-technical person? As an engineer I can explain in very technical terms exactly what makes an airplane fly, however, it isn't easily understood by non-technical people. How can I explain it to a non-technical person, or a nine year old, in a way that isn't really inc...	The plane's engine simply makes sure the "hand" keeps moving forward against the force of the wind.
Why would an airplane pilot choose to intentionally use more runway than required for a takeoff? An assumed temperature takeoff intentionally requires a pilot to use more runway than would be normally required. Why would someone want to do that instead of getting off the runway in the minimum distance possible? <Q> Im...	Derating your takeoff means using a lower thrust setting for the engine which means less wear and thus less money spent on maintenance.
Is it safe to roll an airplane that isn't approved for it? I have heard of pilots rolling airplanes that aren't approved for it (Cessna 172, Learjets, etc.), and other than the obvious legal issues, are there any mechanical or safety reasons to avoid it? DISCLAIMER I do not advocate doing anything (like this) that is ...	Non-aerobatic aircraft typically have limited elevator authority; once upside down, you might find it very difficult to keep the nose pushed up high enough to keep the roll going. A barrel roll, when properly executed, does not put the aircraft through any unusual stress and is possible with almost any aircraft. It's a...
How often does an autopilot update control surfaces' positions? How often does an autopilot update the position of the ailerons (or any other control surface) during cruise? Per second, per minute, or something else? <Q> So often that to any observer (visual or tactile) it appears continuous. <S> I say this as someo...	According to the paper Reconfigurable autopilot design for a high performance aircraft using model predictive control , each control surface is updated at a different rate depending on the needs of the overall system.
How do turbochargers aid engine performance as density altitude increases? How do turbochargers improve engine performance at high altitudes / density altitudes? Could you also address how this benefit could become a liability at low density altitudes, for example when the density altitude is negative? <Q> An oversimpl...	The turbocharger will rotate at a higher RPM at altitude, compressing the air such that the amount of fuel & air entering the combustion chamber is nearly the same as at sea level.
Do autopilots force the aircraft to fly over certain coordinates? As part of a project I'm doing I plotted the flight paths of about 2000 flights around the globe, I noticed over both the North Atlantic and Pacific that there is a pattern to the flight paths: You should be able to see Europe on the right and the USA ...	So in answer to your question, it's not the autopilot, but rather there are published reporting point and standard routes that most pilots program their autopilot to follow.
What is an easy format for giving pilot reports? Is there a technique anyone has to make it easier to give PIREPs (mnemonics, etc?) I'd like to be able to give them while I fly but I can never find the expected format handy, so it ends up being a hassle. If there's a trick anyone has to make it easy to give one, plea...	I often call in nothing but winds aloft and temperature, simply because I know those are more difficult for the weather service to measure.
Are fireworks a hazard to aircraft? Tonight's fireworks got me wondering: With all of the firework displays happening at the same time, how do they keep aircraft away from them? Is there any risk of collision or blinding the pilots? Is there anything that pilots need to do differently when fireworks are in the area?...	In addition to the previous answer, there are often TFRs (Temporary Flight Restrictions) around the areas of organized fireworks displays- before you fly you're responsible for knowing where these locations are and not flying into that airspace.
How to go about designing a custom airfoil? I am familiar with the NACA 4-digit and 5-digit airfoil design system where airfoils, but I was wondering if anyone had some good reference material or software for designing a completely custom airfoil. From what I understand, many new aircraft use completely custom non-NAC...	XPlane has a feature called Airfoil Maker that I messed with once.
How/Where can I get additional weather information for flight planning? METARs, TAFs, the area forecast (FA), and flight service briefings are great tools, but if I'm planning a flight with an overnight stay (or a flight that itself might take me a couple of days of travel time) I often feel that the weather picture I'...	A good NOAA source you didn't mention is http://aviationweather.gov , which has a more classic aviation focus in its available data. the weather briefs from http://avwxworkshops.com/ are great.
What is the security policy for getting into a Control Tower in the US? Are there any regulations the FAA has ruled to get into a Control Tower? Do people need any special kind of security clearance? Are there forbidden items or other special rules? I'd also want to know if there's a way for non-pilots (your average c...	At towered GA airports - particularly ones with a lot of flight training - you can also contact the tower directly. You will also be expected to have government issued photo ID with you when you show up.
Is a full traffic pattern required when there is no traffic at an untowered airport? If there seems to be very little traffic at an untowered airport, and no one's replied to any of your radio calls, is it acceptable to just fly a straight-in approach to the runway, or should you still fly the full traffic pattern to f...	The FAA encourages pilots to use the standard traffic pattern.
Why the pitot tube is heated but the static port isn't? In some light aircraft, like a Cessna 172, the pitot tube is heated but the exterior static port isn't. The usual reason I've heard is that static ports are much less susceptible to icing, but why is that the case? <Q> When pitot heat is turned on in these aircraf...	Ice doesn't normally accrete where the static ports are located unless you have a huge icing problem. Some aircraft DO heat the static port, if only by side effect: Piper PA28 aircraft (Cherokee/Warrior/Archer/Arrow ) for example have the static port located on the pitot mast.
What is the EASA definition of night time? EASA requires pilots to log separately night time and night landings in the personal logbook. Now, I'm not sure in which period of time a landing is a night landing and flight time is night flight time. I would appreciate your answer, maybe also with a trustworthy source. <Q> ...	The hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other periodbetween sunset and sunrise, as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority.
Can gliders access restricted airspace? If I recall, in America there were several "Prohibited Access" airspaces and others required permission, via radio, to enter in a typical aircraft. But, what if I'm gliding over a restricted airspace? (Say, over the Capitol?). Would I be shot down (or fined, sued, etc.)? <Q> Thes...	Since gliders have no engines, they are often permitted to operate under special agreements called Letters of Authorization, which permit them to operate where other aircraft may not.
What materials are plane windows made of? I've always wondered, what are those dual-layered (bonus: sometimes they have a little <2mm hole, why is it there?) windows commercial jets put next to their seats made of? <Q> This material is light, relatively strong (not shatter-proof, but it'll take a moderate beating) and ...	Generally aircraft windows are made of what we colloquially call "plexiglass" of some kind (Lexan polycarbonate is common in light General Aviation aircraft, acrylic plastics are also used).
Are there advantages when operating with CG near forward or aft limits? If the center of gravity of an airplane is too far aft, it will become more unstable Iif the CG is too far forward, then drag will increase due to increased angle of attack. But what are the benefits to operating with the CG near the aft, or forw...	A forward CG results in greater flight stability and reduced danger of sudden stalling, but also increased drag (because of the increased downforce required from the tailplane).
How can I get more details about information in a NOTAM? In doing some planning for an upcoming flight, I noticed my destination (a towered airport) has a NOTAM about the runway: "FICON PATCHY ICE". That seems rather vague, I'd like more information before departing. Who should I contact to get more details about the r...	Failing all of those, you can also call the tower phone number at a towered field (you can get that number from Flight Service too) and ask them for details.
Where does the Oxygen for the emergency gas masks come from? Normal commercial jets drop gas masks when cabin pressure drops, and supply oxygen, but, where does that oxygen come from? Do commercial jets store oxygen? If they do, isn't pressurised oxygen very flammable and too hazardous to carry? <Q> The flight deck is ...	On commercial aircraft the oxygen supply of the masks in the cabin comes either from a chemical oxygen generator or a centralized oxygen bottle system.
What does it take to maintain a private pilot certificate? What, if any, requirements are there to maintain a private pilot certificate? For example: Do I have to renew my certificate after a period of time? E.g. annually, 5 years, 10 years Do I have to receive a minimum number of continued training hours? Do I hav...	You will need to have a Flight Review within the previous two years that you will need to be able to pass (and you have to be proficient in order to pass it). A license, once granted, is good forever (barring some enforcement action). Your certificate never expires and never needs renewed.
Is there a dedicated emergency frequency? Coast patrol has a dedicated frequency for emergency that must be watched at almost all hours, and even if I recall, it had a "dead silent period" to prioritise whatever emergency might be reported. Is there a dedicated frequency for aviation? Or shall MAYDAYs just be sent to t...	Yes, the aircraft emergency frequency (which we often call "guard") is 121.5 MHz. As a general rule, declaring an emergency should be done on the frequency you are currently communicating on.
Why are dirt and bugs on an aircraft so bad? It's noted in many POHs to keep your aircraft clean all the time, but is there a reason to this? Dirt hardly add any sort of weight to the aircraft, bugs are extremely small and other things such as cars easily move even when dirty as a mud pig. Does having dirt or bugs ...	It can build up on windows and obstruct the view A heavy buildup of dirt could make the brakes less effective
Are there any LSA aircraft that can be flown IFR in IMC? Are there any LSA aircraft that are IFR certified? A LSA would be the perfect private commuter plane for an instrument rated private pilot. If not, what are the most cost effective airplanes that are IFR certified? Is there anything cheaper than a C172? Just to...	More broadly, you can operate light sport aircraft under IFR (in VMC or IMC) as long as it's permitted by the operating instructions.
Why is 121.5 called "guard"? What is a "guarded" frequency and how does it differ from a frequency that's unguarded? <Q> Guard definitions: a state of caution, vigilance, or preparedness against adverse circumstances watch over in order to protect or control. <S> The AIM 6-3-1 (h)(1) says (emphasis mine): 1...	It is called guard because everybody is supposed to listen/guard the frequency just in case someone has a problem.
What happens when an airplane gets struck by lightning? I know that they certify airplanes for lightning strikes (at least some of them anyway), but does it cause any damage to the airplane or to the electronics? Are there any required inspections if an airplanes is struck by lightning? <Q> The vast majority of aircra...	Usually, they require at the very least: A visual inspection of the aircraft for damage, particularly the nose, tail section and wingtips.
When should the term "pan-pan" be used instead of "Mayday"? FAAO JO 7110.65 , §10-1-1 states that "pan-pan" can be used to indicate a state of urgency: a. An emergency can be either a Distress or an Urgency condition as defined in the "Pilot/Controller Glossary." b. A pilot who encounters a Distress condition ...	Pan-Pan is used when a safety problem exists, which might not necessarily be related to your plane (eg if you see another aircraft/vehicle in danger or if you for example notice a fire on ground).
Why don't pilots always use autoland? In aeroplanes that are equipped for autoland and landing at an airport with a working and adequate instrument landing system for the conditions, why would a pilot choose not to use autoland? If I had to guess, I'd say it's due to some of the following: Autoland is stressful and ...	There are phases of flight whereit is better or even required to let the autopilot do its job, butlanding is one the things pilot are allowed to and need to be capableof doing themselves. Autoland is typically only used when it absolute has to, which means when the weather dictates or when it needs to be used for curre...
Why do some aircraft have multiple ailerons per wing? In a recent flight on an Airbus A380 I noticed that its ailerons are split into three segments which move independently. What advantages does this design have? Do other aircraft have split ailerons (or other control surfaces)? <Q> General Reasons <S> There are t...	Building on what Bret Copeland has already discussed in his answer, multiple ailerons can be used by fly-by-wire computers to flex the aircraft's wings in a specific manner to allow for less loading on the wing during cruise (counteracts the wing's natural tendency to flex upwards), as well as allowing for dynamic turb...

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