subset stringclasses 6
values | context stringlengths 16 17.7k | context_tokens dict | qid stringlengths 32 32 | question stringlengths 1 717 | question_tokens dict | detected_answers dict | answers listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SQuAD | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"empirical",
"therapy",
",",
"a",
"patient",
"has",
"proven",
"or",
"suspected",
"infection",
",",
"but",
"the",
"responsible",
"microorganism",
"is",
"not",
"yet",
"unidentified",
".",
"While",
"the",
... | 8600d7cab9384ab19f8bff3bd08389a7 | What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"happens",
"when",
"a",
"doctor",
"does",
"n't",
"know",
"the",
"microorganism",
"yet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
18,
20,
27,
31,
35,
40,
44,
58,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"broad spectrum antibiotic"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
309
],
"end": [
333
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
50
],
"end": [
52
]
}
]
} | [
"broad spectrum antibiotic"
] |
SQuAD | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"empirical",
"therapy",
",",
"a",
"patient",
"has",
"proven",
"or",
"suspected",
"infection",
",",
"but",
"the",
"responsible",
"microorganism",
"is",
"not",
"yet",
"unidentified",
".",
"While",
"the",
... | 58473f842ad940769adb7273a75c2a92 | What happens in empirical therapy? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"happens",
"in",
"empirical",
"therapy",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
16,
26,
33
]
} | {
"text": [
"a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
123
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
1... | [
"a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified"
] |
SQuAD | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"empirical",
"therapy",
",",
"a",
"patient",
"has",
"proven",
"or",
"suspected",
"infection",
",",
"but",
"the",
"responsible",
"microorganism",
"is",
"not",
"yet",
"unidentified",
".",
"While",
"the",
... | 5f66ec4113ca45b088c855be81360a58 | When is empirical started? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"is",
"empirical",
"started",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
18,
25
]
} | {
"text": [
"before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
375
],
"end": [
439
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
59
],
"end": [
67
]
}
]
} | [
"before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim"
] |
SQuAD | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"advances",
"in",
"medicinal",
"chemistry",
",",
"most",
"modern",
"antibacterials",
"are",
"semisynthetic",
"modifications",
"of",
"various",
"natural",
"compounds",
".",
"These",
"include",
",",
"for",
"exa... | 4b7f1a4bb67c48a7a6cc0834db4d53e7 | What are antibiotics in chemical terms? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"antibiotics",
"in",
"chemical",
"terms",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
21,
24,
33,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"semisynthetic modifications"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
69
],
"end": [
95
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
11
]
}
]
} | [
"semisynthetic modifications"
] |
SQuAD | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"advances",
"in",
"medicinal",
"chemistry",
",",
"most",
"modern",
"antibacterials",
"are",
"semisynthetic",
"modifications",
"of",
"various",
"natural",
"compounds",
".",
"These",
"include",
",",
"for",
"exa... | a2756009e9894ccfa93333aa8b9579d9 | What type of antibiotics include penicilin? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"antibiotics",
"include",
"penicilin",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
25,
33,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"beta-lactam antibiotics"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
159
],
"end": [
181
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
24
],
"end": [
27
]
}
]
} | [
"beta-lactam antibiotics"
] |
SQuAD | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"advances",
"in",
"medicinal",
"chemistry",
",",
"most",
"modern",
"antibacterials",
"are",
"semisynthetic",
"modifications",
"of",
"various",
"natural",
"compounds",
".",
"These",
"include",
",",
"for",
"exa... | 5cbfb77ba3754663b2f823683c02bd4f | What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"the",
"type",
"of",
"antibiotics",
"which",
"are",
"taken",
"from",
"still",
"living",
"things",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
21,
33,
39,
43,
49,
54,
60,
67,
73
]... | {
"text": [
"aminoglycosides"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
365
],
"end": [
379
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
60
],
"end": [
60
]
}
]
} | [
"aminoglycosides"
] |
SQuAD | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"advances",
"in",
"medicinal",
"chemistry",
",",
"most",
"modern",
"antibacterials",
"are",
"semisynthetic",
"modifications",
"of",
"various",
"natural",
"compounds",
".",
"These",
"include",
",",
"for",
"exa... | 926b1648f4854bb1b867a98476826516 | How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"are",
"the",
"slufonamides",
",",
"quinolones",
",",
"and",
"oxazolidinones",
"created",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
24,
25,
35,
37,
41,
56,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"synthesis"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
513
],
"end": [
521
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
84
],
"end": [
84
]
}
]
} | [
"synthesis"
] |
SQuAD | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"advances",
"in",
"medicinal",
"chemistry",
",",
"most",
"modern",
"antibacterials",
"are",
"semisynthetic",
"modifications",
"of",
"various",
"natural",
"compounds",
".",
"These",
"include",
",",
"for",
"exa... | df6c2af362d64136a69263d0b8a06f52 | Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials? | {
"tokens": [
"Besides",
"semisytetic",
"modifications",
",",
"what",
"advances",
"in",
"medicinal",
"chemistry",
"regarding",
"antibacterials",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
20,
33,
35,
40,
49,
52,
62,
72,
82,
96
]
} | {
"text": [
"various natural compounds"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
100
],
"end": [
124
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
13
],
"end": [
15
]
}
]
} | [
"various natural compounds"
] |
SQuAD | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"advances",
"in",
"medicinal",
"chemistry",
",",
"most",
"modern",
"antibacterials",
"are",
"semisynthetic",
"modifications",
"of",
"various",
"natural",
"compounds",
".",
"These",
"include",
",",
"for",
"exa... | 0e6aee774a0b4937a65c4a54175968fd | What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"beta",
"-",
"lactam",
"antibiotics",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
17,
20,
24,
28,
29,
36,
47
]
} | {
"text": [
"penicillins"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
202
],
"end": [
212
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
32
],
"end": [
32
]
}
]
} | [
"penicillins"
] |
SQuAD | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"advances",
"in",
"medicinal",
"chemistry",
",",
"most",
"modern",
"antibacterials",
"are",
"semisynthetic",
"modifications",
"of",
"various",
"natural",
"compounds",
".",
"These",
"include",
",",
"for",
"exa... | ac11e227e8d3474f8174dfdb35ce6dcf | What is penicillins produced by? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"penicillins",
"produced",
"by",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
20,
29,
31
]
} | {
"text": [
"fungi"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
227
],
"end": [
231
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
36
],
"end": [
36
]
}
]
} | [
"fungi"
] |
SQuAD | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"successful",
"outcome",
"of",
"antimicrobial",
"therapy",
"with",
"antibacterial",
"compounds",
"depends",
"on",
"several",
"factors",
".",
"These",
"include",
"host",
"defense",
"mechanisms",
",",
"the",
"lo... | 42a6f253cbf343af8c9db919376fc6fe | What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"the",
"potency",
"of",
"antibacterials",
"depend",
"upon",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
22,
25,
40,
47,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"concentration"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
605
],
"end": [
617
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
91
],
"end": [
91
]
}
]
} | [
"concentration"
] |
SQuAD | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"successful",
"outcome",
"of",
"antimicrobial",
"therapy",
"with",
"antibacterial",
"compounds",
"depends",
"on",
"several",
"factors",
".",
"These",
"include",
"host",
"defense",
"mechanisms",
",",
"the",
"lo... | 5755d5c0dc93471f81c31a123b7e04cd | What does this eliminate? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"this",
"eliminate",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
15,
24
]
} | {
"text": [
"bacterial infection"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
521
],
"end": [
539
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
79
],
"end": [
80
]
}
]
} | [
"bacterial infection"
] |
SQuAD | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"successful",
"outcome",
"of",
"antimicrobial",
"therapy",
"with",
"antibacterial",
"compounds",
"depends",
"on",
"several",
"factors",
".",
"These",
"include",
"host",
"defense",
"mechanisms",
",",
"the",
"lo... | 42aad83d0037434eb3c2cd582df0d9e3 | What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"the",
"bactericidal",
"activitty",
"of",
"antibacterials",
"depend",
"on",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
27,
37,
40,
55,
62,
65,
69
]
} | {
"text": [
"bacterial growth phase"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
308
],
"end": [
329
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
44
],
"end": [
46
]
}
]
} | [
"bacterial growth phase"
] |
SQuAD | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"successful",
"outcome",
"of",
"antimicrobial",
"therapy",
"with",
"antibacterial",
"compounds",
"depends",
"on",
"several",
"factors",
".",
"These",
"include",
"host",
"defense",
"mechanisms",
",",
"the",
"lo... | 925bd74725c54734a5dd43e633d8d775 | What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"besides",
"ongoing",
"metabolic",
"activity",
"is",
"required",
"in",
"bactericidal",
"activity",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
21,
31,
40,
43,
52,
55,
68,
76
]
} | {
"text": [
"division of bacterial cells"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
385
],
"end": [
411
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
56
],
"end": [
59
]
}
]
} | [
"division of bacterial cells"
] |
SQuAD | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"successful",
"outcome",
"of",
"antimicrobial",
"therapy",
"with",
"antibacterial",
"compounds",
"depends",
"on",
"several",
"factors",
".",
"These",
"include",
"host",
"defense",
"mechanisms",
",",
"the",
"lo... | 642dd4bedb9e44c597fc1adcd66e61f4 | What does the activity of antibacterials depends on? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"the",
"activity",
"of",
"antibacterials",
"depends",
"on",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
23,
26,
41,
49,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"concentration"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
605
],
"end": [
617
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
91
],
"end": [
91
]
}
]
} | [
"concentration"
] |
SQuAD | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"successful",
"outcome",
"of",
"antimicrobial",
"therapy",
"with",
"antibacterial",
"compounds",
"depends",
"on",
"several",
"factors",
".",
"These",
"include",
"host",
"defense",
"mechanisms",
",",
"the",
"lo... | 4e82f1f74c0f4c398c0f9aa867aca074 | What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"a",
"successful",
"treatment",
"using",
"antibiotics",
"entail",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
12,
23,
33,
39,
51,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
119
],
"end": [
245
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
16
... | [
"host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial"
] |
SQuAD | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"successful",
"outcome",
"of",
"antimicrobial",
"therapy",
"with",
"antibacterial",
"compounds",
"depends",
"on",
"several",
"factors",
".",
"These",
"include",
"host",
"defense",
"mechanisms",
",",
"the",
"lo... | 8110da6157f0417fa1fbc357488d2429 | How do you predict the clinical result? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"do",
"you",
"predict",
"the",
"clinical",
"result",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
7,
11,
19,
23,
32,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
942
],
"end": [
1012
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
136
],
"end": [
145
]
}
]
} | [
"several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy"
] |
SQuAD | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | {
"tokens": [
"Other",
"authors",
"have",
"focused",
"on",
"the",
"structural",
"conditions",
"leading",
"up",
"to",
"genocide",
"and",
"the",
"psychological",
"and",
"social",
"processes",
"that",
"create",
"an",
"evolution",
... | ca251c37b4e749f19006422b73822b53 | In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"build",
"-",
"up",
"to",
"genocide",
",",
"what",
"have",
"other",
"authors",
"focused",
"on",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
12,
13,
16,
19,
27,
29,
34,
39,
45,
53,
61,
... | {
"text": [
"structural conditions"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
54
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
6
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"structural conditions"
] |
SQuAD | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | {
"tokens": [
"Other",
"authors",
"have",
"focused",
"on",
"the",
"structural",
"conditions",
"leading",
"up",
"to",
"genocide",
"and",
"the",
"psychological",
"and",
"social",
"processes",
"that",
"create",
"an",
"evolution",
... | f79c89a274574a3ab415f6e03a3ad073 | What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"processes",
"are",
"thought",
"to",
"create",
"an",
"evolution",
"toward",
"genocide",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
15,
19,
27,
30,
37,
40,
50,
57,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"psychological and social"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
87
],
"end": [
110
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
14
],
"end": [
16
]
}
]
} | [
"psychological and social"
] |
SQuAD | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | {
"tokens": [
"Other",
"authors",
"have",
"focused",
"on",
"the",
"structural",
"conditions",
"leading",
"up",
"to",
"genocide",
"and",
"the",
"psychological",
"and",
"social",
"processes",
"that",
"create",
"an",
"evolution",
... | ce94c0543aca436a95dd9442976595be | Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"revealed",
"the",
"starting",
"points",
"of",
"this",
"evolution",
"to",
"be",
"economic",
"deterioration",
"and",
"political",
"confusion",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
17,
26,
33,
36,
41,
5... | {
"text": [
"Ervin Staub"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
164
],
"end": [
174
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
25
],
"end": [
26
]
}
]
} | [
"Ervin Staub"
] |
SQuAD | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | {
"tokens": [
"Other",
"authors",
"have",
"focused",
"on",
"the",
"structural",
"conditions",
"leading",
"up",
"to",
"genocide",
"and",
"the",
"psychological",
"and",
"social",
"processes",
"that",
"create",
"an",
"evolution",
... | 0f1d6be2312848818bb024e19133785f | A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide? | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"history",
"of",
"what",
"is",
"just",
"one",
"factor",
"that",
"contributes",
"to",
"the",
"probability",
"of",
"violence",
"developing",
"into",
"genocide",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
10,
13,
18,
... | {
"text": [
"devaluation of the group"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
469
],
"end": [
492
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
72
],
"end": [
75
]
}
]
} | [
"devaluation of the group"
] |
SQuAD | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | {
"tokens": [
"Other",
"authors",
"have",
"focused",
"on",
"the",
"structural",
"conditions",
"leading",
"up",
"to",
"genocide",
"and",
"the",
"psychological",
"and",
"social",
"processes",
"that",
"create",
"an",
"evolution",
... | 77b30db488e54a29bfd248d0d910d3de | What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"one",
"preventive",
"effort",
"in",
"circumventing",
"conditions",
"that",
"lead",
"to",
"genocide",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
23,
30,
33,
47,
58,
63,
68,
71,
79
]
} | {
"text": [
"humanizing a devalued group"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
995
],
"end": [
1021
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
156
],
"end": [
159
]
}
]
} | [
"humanizing a devalued group"
] |
SQuAD | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | {
"tokens": [
"Jonassohn",
"and",
"Björnson",
"postulate",
"that",
"the",
"major",
"reason",
"why",
"no",
"single",
"generally",
"accepted",
"genocide",
"definition",
"has",
"emerged",
"is",
"because",
"academics",
"have",
"adjust... | c83ace4e46044af9a417c9e4b1c2a8c7 | What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"two",
"writers",
"examined",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"an",
"accepted",
"and",
"singular",
"definition",
"for",
"genocide",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
17,
26,
30,
35,
38,
41,
50,
54,
63... | {
"text": [
"Jonassohn and Björnson"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0,
553
],
"end": [
21,
574
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0,
95
],
"end": [
2,
97
]
}
]
} | [
"Jonassohn and Björnson"
] |
SQuAD | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | {
"tokens": [
"Jonassohn",
"and",
"Björnson",
"postulate",
"that",
"the",
"major",
"reason",
"why",
"no",
"single",
"generally",
"accepted",
"genocide",
"definition",
"has",
"emerged",
"is",
"because",
"academics",
"have",
"adjust... | 200fb7e4b5ac4aeaad5ddfdb259fdac9 | The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"two",
"writers",
"suggested",
"that",
"academics",
"adjusted",
"what",
"in",
"their",
"different",
"definitions",
"to",
"assist",
"them",
"in",
"interpreting",
"events",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
1... | {
"text": [
"their focus"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
155
],
"end": [
165
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
23
]
}
]
} | [
"their focus"
] |
SQuAD | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | {
"tokens": [
"Jonassohn",
"and",
"Björnson",
"postulate",
"that",
"the",
"major",
"reason",
"why",
"no",
"single",
"generally",
"accepted",
"genocide",
"definition",
"has",
"emerged",
"is",
"because",
"academics",
"have",
"adjust... | dec13f7df8e44db594808f1d80833178 | What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"writer",
"joined",
"Jonassohn",
"in",
"the",
"study",
"of",
"the",
"whole",
"of",
"human",
"history",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
19,
29,
32,
36,
42,
45,
49,
55,
58,
64,
71
]
... | {
"text": [
"Frank Chalk"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
308
],
"end": [
318
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],
"end": [
48
]
}
]
} | [
"Frank Chalk"
] |
SQuAD | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | {
"tokens": [
"Jonassohn",
"and",
"Björnson",
"postulate",
"that",
"the",
"major",
"reason",
"why",
"no",
"single",
"generally",
"accepted",
"genocide",
"definition",
"has",
"emerged",
"is",
"because",
"academics",
"have",
"adjust... | e4dfbf2638d34766b5371f5012334250 | With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works? | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"whom",
"was",
"Leo",
"Kuper",
"paired",
"in",
"research",
"that",
"focused",
"on",
"20th",
"century",
"works",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
18,
24,
31,
34,
43,
48,
56,
59,
64... | {
"text": [
"R. J. Rummel"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
395
],
"end": [
406
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
63
],
"end": [
65
]
}
]
} | [
"R. J. Rummel"
] |
SQuAD | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | {
"tokens": [
"Jonassohn",
"and",
"Björnson",
"postulate",
"that",
"the",
"major",
"reason",
"why",
"no",
"single",
"generally",
"accepted",
"genocide",
"definition",
"has",
"emerged",
"is",
"because",
"academics",
"have",
"adjust... | 67a9a4dfef754bb68731f56bba246b15 | Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events? | {
"tokens": [
"Two",
"women",
"and",
"what",
"man",
"concentrated",
"on",
"post",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"events",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
19,
23,
36,
39,
44,
50,
54,
57,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"Ted Gurr"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
503
],
"end": [
510
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
84
],
"end": [
85
]
}
]
} | [
"Ted Gurr"
] |
SQuAD | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"molecular",
"mechanisms",
"of",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"exist",
".",
"Intrinsic",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"may",
"be",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"genetic",
"makeup",
"of",
"bacterial",
"strains",
... | 737eb78050f743b496d9ec95a6843686 | What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"part",
"of",
"hje",
"the",
"make",
"up",
"of",
"bacterial",
"strains",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
13,
16,
20,
24,
29,
32,
35,
45,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"Intrinsic antibacterial resistance"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
64
],
"end": [
97
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
8
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"Intrinsic antibacterial resistance"
] |
SQuAD | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"molecular",
"mechanisms",
"of",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"exist",
".",
"Intrinsic",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"may",
"be",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"genetic",
"makeup",
"of",
"bacterial",
"strains",
... | 12c3627c318f4c3d839ed4a6643b2280 | What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"exchanged",
"between",
"between",
"bacterial",
"strains",
"or",
"species",
"via",
"plasmids",
"that",
"have",
"this",
"resistance",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
18,
26,
34,
44,
52,
55,
... | {
"text": [
"antibacterial resistance genes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
712
],
"end": [
741
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
112
],
"end": [
114
]
}
]
} | [
"antibacterial resistance genes"
] |
SQuAD | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"molecular",
"mechanisms",
"of",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"exist",
".",
"Intrinsic",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"may",
"be",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"genetic",
"makeup",
"of",
"bacterial",
"strains",
... | 051c0bfff377470ebb8da0d751d76700 | What can be absent from the bacterial genome? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"can",
"be",
"absent",
"from",
"the",
"bacterial",
"genome",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
12,
19,
24,
28,
38,
44
]
} | {
"text": [
"antibiotic target"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
171
],
"end": [
187
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
26
],
"end": [
27
]
}
]
} | [
"antibiotic target"
] |
SQuAD | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"molecular",
"mechanisms",
"of",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"exist",
".",
"Intrinsic",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"may",
"be",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"genetic",
"makeup",
"of",
"bacterial",
"strains",
... | 2f6174b696344cf09f38ac47425c1419 | When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/ | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"does",
"the",
"spread",
"of",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"frequently",
"occurs/"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
21,
24,
38,
49,
60
]
} | {
"text": [
"vertical transmission"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
581
],
"end": [
601
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
92
],
"end": [
93
]
}
]
} | [
"vertical transmission"
] |
SQuAD | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"molecular",
"mechanisms",
"of",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"exist",
".",
"Intrinsic",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"may",
"be",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"genetic",
"makeup",
"of",
"bacterial",
"strains",
... | 91cf767a97174442b8147e0d3d604b97 | What does some resistance come from? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"some",
"resistance",
"come",
"from",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
15,
26,
31,
35
]
} | {
"text": [
"mutation"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
265
],
"end": [
272
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
41
],
"end": [
41
]
}
]
} | [
"mutation"
] |
SQuAD | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"molecular",
"mechanisms",
"of",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"exist",
".",
"Intrinsic",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"may",
"be",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"genetic",
"makeup",
"of",
"bacterial",
"strains",
... | e3d6f7864ba847a8adf5c67ee5aefd77 | What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"method",
"of",
"spread",
"can",
"occur",
"in",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
15,
22,
26,
32,
35,
49,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"vertical transmission of mutations"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
581
],
"end": [
614
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
92
],
"end": [
95
]
}
]
} | [
"vertical transmission of mutations"
] |
SQuAD | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"molecular",
"mechanisms",
"of",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"exist",
".",
"Intrinsic",
"antibacterial",
"resistance",
"may",
"be",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"genetic",
"makeup",
"of",
"bacterial",
"strains",
... | e5327b332767476f983a892e790ad6e7 | What do plasmids do in resistance? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"do",
"plasmids",
"do",
"in",
"resistance",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
17,
20,
23,
33
]
} | {
"text": [
"carry several different resistance genes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
869
],
"end": [
908
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
134
],
"end": [
138
]
}
]
} | [
"carry several different resistance genes"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"of",
"bacteria",
"to",
"antibiotics",
"is",
"a",
"common",
"phenomenon",
".",
"Emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"often",
"reflects",
"evolutionary",
"processes",
"that",
"take"... | 240f90d1c3224dad86b3f8c5d0e79625 | What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"a",
"modern",
"common",
"occurence",
"with",
"antibiotics",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
10,
17,
24,
34,
39,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"resistance of bacteria"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
38
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"resistance of bacteria"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"of",
"bacteria",
"to",
"antibiotics",
"is",
"a",
"common",
"phenomenon",
".",
"Emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"often",
"reflects",
"evolutionary",
"processes",
"that",
"take"... | 4b5b5f8622cf411cb67119615ed784b2 | When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"the",
"Luria",
"-",
"Delbruck",
"experiment",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
19,
28,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
610
],
"end": [
613
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
90
],
"end": [
90
]
}
]
} | [
"1943"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"of",
"bacteria",
"to",
"antibiotics",
"is",
"a",
"common",
"phenomenon",
".",
"Emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"often",
"reflects",
"evolutionary",
"processes",
"that",
"take"... | 0e54f565b22d4854be314cc8c25eac32 | Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"two",
"antibiotics",
"that",
"have",
"high",
"efficacy",
"are",
"much",
"less",
"useful",
"now",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
22,
27,
32,
37,
46,
50,
55,
60,
67,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"penicillin and erythromycin"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
669
],
"end": [
695
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
101
],
"end": [
103
]
}
]
} | [
"penicillin and erythromycin"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"of",
"bacteria",
"to",
"antibiotics",
"is",
"a",
"common",
"phenomenon",
".",
"Emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"often",
"reflects",
"evolutionary",
"processes",
"that",
"take"... | 3a8994cdf0304cd1bf8c66fb51d8f7db | What does emergence of resistance reflect? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"reflect",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
20,
23,
34,
41
]
} | {
"text": [
"evolutionary processes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
118
],
"end": [
139
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
18
],
"end": [
19
]
}
]
} | [
"evolutionary processes"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"of",
"bacteria",
"to",
"antibiotics",
"is",
"a",
"common",
"phenomenon",
".",
"Emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"often",
"reflects",
"evolutionary",
"processes",
"that",
"take"... | 299d7812db11465f95eec9fc52b274dd | What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"purpose",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
20,
23,
34,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"survive high doses of antibiotics"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
299
],
"end": [
331
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
42
],
"end": [
46
]
}
]
} | [
"survive high doses of antibiotics"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"of",
"bacteria",
"to",
"antibiotics",
"is",
"a",
"common",
"phenomenon",
".",
"Emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"often",
"reflects",
"evolutionary",
"processes",
"that",
"take"... | 1cd5d74a7e29415aada5f0c456f018d4 | When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"antibacterial",
"-",
"resistance",
"demonstrated",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
22,
23,
34,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
610
],
"end": [
613
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
90
],
"end": [
90
]
}
]
} | [
"1943"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"of",
"bacteria",
"to",
"antibiotics",
"is",
"a",
"common",
"phenomenon",
".",
"Emergence",
"of",
"resistance",
"often",
"reflects",
"evolutionary",
"processes",
"that",
"take"... | 01b108445c3743d89e9c34f366c0cf62 | Who made the demonstration in 1943? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"made",
"the",
"demonstration",
"in",
"1943",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
13,
27,
30,
34
]
} | {
"text": [
"Luria–Delbrück"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
622
],
"end": [
635
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
93
],
"end": [
95
]
}
]
} | [
"Luria–Delbrück"
] |
SQuAD | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"effects",
"of",
"some",
"types",
"of",
"mold",
"on",
"infection",
"had",
"been",
"noticed",
"many",
"times",
"over",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"history",
"(",
"see",
":",
"History",
"of",
"penicillin... | 23972488f5714bcd9b82b10cd6a10d3c | What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"organism",
"has",
"been",
"reported",
"to",
"have",
"worked",
"on",
"infections",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
22,
26,
31,
40,
43,
48,
55,
58,
68
]
} | {
"text": [
"mold"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
32
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
6
],
"end": [
6
]
}
]
} | [
"mold"
] |
SQuAD | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"effects",
"of",
"some",
"types",
"of",
"mold",
"on",
"infection",
"had",
"been",
"noticed",
"many",
"times",
"over",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"history",
"(",
"see",
":",
"History",
"of",
"penicillin... | fcddb21b6e8b41a3aa612f3d3b0cd7d4 | Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"noticed",
"in",
"a",
"lab",
"the",
"antibacterial",
"characteristics",
"of",
"mold",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
15,
17,
21,
25,
39,
55,
58,
62
]
} | {
"text": [
"Alexander Fleming"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
141
],
"end": [
157
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
30
],
"end": [
31
]
}
]
} | [
"Alexander Fleming"
] |
SQuAD | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"effects",
"of",
"some",
"types",
"of",
"mold",
"on",
"infection",
"had",
"been",
"noticed",
"many",
"times",
"over",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"history",
"(",
"see",
":",
"History",
"of",
"penicillin... | ef2ee552c6a342e1a4f3bf86f5e430a1 | What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"mold",
"did",
"Fleming",
"notice",
"had",
"antibacterial",
"properties",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
22,
29,
33,
47,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"penicillin"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
378
],
"end": [
387
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
72
],
"end": [
72
]
}
]
} | [
"penicillin"
] |
SQuAD | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"effects",
"of",
"some",
"types",
"of",
"mold",
"on",
"infection",
"had",
"been",
"noticed",
"many",
"times",
"over",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"history",
"(",
"see",
":",
"History",
"of",
"penicillin... | 1cc88d566372479eb28d41bcfbcec69f | What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"Fleming",
"initially",
"think",
"a",
"good",
"use",
"would",
"be",
"for",
"it",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
17,
27,
33,
35,
40,
44,
50,
53,
57,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"chemotherapy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
451
],
"end": [
462
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
83
],
"end": [
83
]
}
]
} | [
"chemotherapy"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"-",
"resistant",
"strains",
"and",
"species",
",",
"sometimes",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"\"",
"superbugs",
"\"",
",",
"now",
"contribute",
"to",
"the",
"emergence",
"of",
"diseases",
"that",
... | 73ac6325a8f648aeb0ae2fcc6078f2e9 | What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"strains",
"that",
"are",
"resistant",
"to",
"antibiotics",
"called",
"sometimes",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
17,
22,
26,
36,
39,
51,
58,
67
]
} | {
"text": [
"superbugs"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
71
],
"end": [
79
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
12
]
}
]
} | [
"superbugs"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"-",
"resistant",
"strains",
"and",
"species",
",",
"sometimes",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"\"",
"superbugs",
"\"",
",",
"now",
"contribute",
"to",
"the",
"emergence",
"of",
"diseases",
"that",
... | 1a03453461e24157828c182dba4b82c6 | What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"a",
"once",
"almost",
"controlled",
"disease",
"that",
"is",
"coming",
"back",
"do",
"to",
"resistance",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
11,
16,
23,
34,
42,
47,
50,
57,
62,
65... | {
"text": [
"tuberculosis"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
214
],
"end": [
225
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
37
],
"end": [
37
]
}
]
} | [
"tuberculosis"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"-",
"resistant",
"strains",
"and",
"species",
",",
"sometimes",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"\"",
"superbugs",
"\"",
",",
"now",
"contribute",
"to",
"the",
"emergence",
"of",
"diseases",
"that",
... | 3bf709400d474fdaa788c4200f6d03c6 | How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"new",
"infections",
"of",
"resistant",
"TB",
"are",
"reported",
"per",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
13,
24,
27,
37,
40,
44,
53,
57,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"half a million"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
353
],
"end": [
366
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
58
],
"end": [
60
]
}
]
} | [
"half a million"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"-",
"resistant",
"strains",
"and",
"species",
",",
"sometimes",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"\"",
"superbugs",
"\"",
",",
"now",
"contribute",
"to",
"the",
"emergence",
"of",
"diseases",
"that",
... | 1b71343ef56f42cca8f2d61e504832fe | What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"acronym",
"used",
"to",
"describe",
"resistant",
"TB",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
20,
25,
28,
37,
47,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"MDR-TB"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
415
],
"end": [
420
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
69
],
"end": [
71
]
}
]
} | [
"MDR-TB"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | d21d5dbc82e0491d9781d85e7681ccc6 | What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"one",
"potential",
"issue",
"with",
"drinking",
"alcohol",
"while",
"taking",
"antibiotics",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
22,
28,
33,
42,
50,
56,
63,
74
]
} | {
"text": [
"decreased effectiveness"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
94
],
"end": [
116
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
15
],
"end": [
16
]
}
]
} | [
"decreased effectiveness"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | f70af04127e440958de7536156769cc4 | Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol? | {
"tokens": [
"Do",
"all",
"antibiotics",
"interact",
"dangerously",
"with",
"alcohol",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
19,
28,
40,
45,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
147
],
"end": [
228
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
32
]
}
... | [
"moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | fdb3aeb3989e4000ad51ff9580999796 | Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic? | {
"tokens": [
"Is",
"it",
"OK",
"to",
"drink",
"alcohol",
"while",
"taking",
"any",
"antibiotic",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
6,
9,
12,
18,
26,
32,
39,
43,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
231
],
"end": [
331
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
... | [
"there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | c8c5955b18424a2880d20da9452c3110 | How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"common",
"is",
"the",
"belief",
"that",
"alcohol",
"and",
"antibiotics",
"should",
"never",
"be",
"mixed",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
14,
18,
25,
30,
38,
42,
54,
61,
67,
70,
75
... | {
"text": [
"widespread"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
560
],
"end": [
569
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
88
],
"end": [
88
]
}
]
} | [
"widespread"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | 32ad67a17f6244deb9737a2aa2253de8 | What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"can",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"cause",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
17,
21,
29,
41,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
94
],
"end": [
138
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
15
],
"end": [
19
]
}
]
} | [
"decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | 5e3dab5559fe45d2b453d3b726b4ceb3 | What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"unlikely",
"to",
"interfere",
"with",
" ",
"with",
"many",
"common",
"antibiotics",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
17,
20,
30,
35,
36,
41,
46,
53,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"alcohol consumption"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
156
],
"end": [
174
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"alcohol consumption"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | ea0fe659212041f58b98f0dd3f823d20 | What belief should bever be mixed widespread? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"belief",
"should",
"bever",
"be",
"mixed",
"widespread",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
19,
25,
28,
34,
44
]
} | {
"text": [
"alcohol and antibiotics"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
511
],
"end": [
533
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
80
],
"end": [
82
]
}
]
} | [
"alcohol and antibiotics"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | 9453a7a803bb45e6b0b105233cbb2835 | What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"common",
"drug",
"can",
"reduce",
"antibiotic",
"effectiveness",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
17,
21,
28,
39,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"alcohol"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
27
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
2
],
"end": [
2
]
}
]
} | [
"alcohol"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | db4752ba50bc4b549df1aff62d6158a1 | What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"is",
"most",
"likely",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"problem",
"with",
"alcohol",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
24,
27,
32,
39,
42,
45,
47,
55,
60,
67
]
} | {
"text": [
"specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
241
],
"end": [
331
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
36
],
"end": [
49
]... | [
"specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
] |
SQuAD | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | {
"tokens": [
"Interactions",
"between",
"alcohol",
"and",
"certain",
"antibiotics",
"may",
"occur",
"and",
"may",
"cause",
"side",
"-",
"effects",
"and",
"decreased",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"While",
... | 46658ac9f3ea4afdb22e50175b58d7a3 | Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics? | {
"tokens": [
"Should",
"alcohol",
"be",
"used",
"while",
"on",
"antibiotics",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
15,
18,
23,
29,
32,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
511
],
"end": [
555
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
80
],
"end": [
86
]
}
]
} | [
"alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed"
] |
SQuAD | The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect a... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"first",
"sulfonamide",
"and",
"first",
"commercially",
"available",
"antibacterial",
",",
"Prontosil",
",",
"was",
"developed",
"by",
"a",
"research",
"team",
"led",
"by",
"Gerhard",
"Domagk",
"in",
"1932... | 0c33f2f420ce40ed8b127515fb52b25b | What was the first available antibiotic? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"available",
"antibiotic",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
29,
39
]
} | {
"text": [
"Prontosil"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
70
],
"end": [
78
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
9
]
}
]
} | [
"Prontosil"
] |
SQuAD | The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect a... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"first",
"sulfonamide",
"and",
"first",
"commercially",
"available",
"antibacterial",
",",
"Prontosil",
",",
"was",
"developed",
"by",
"a",
"research",
"team",
"led",
"by",
"Gerhard",
"Domagk",
"in",
"1932... | cae7afdccade491889a2087336a03517 | What company developed Prontosil? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"company",
"developed",
"Prontosil",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
23,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"IG Farben"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
177
],
"end": [
185
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"IG Farben"
] |
SQuAD | The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect a... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"first",
"sulfonamide",
"and",
"first",
"commercially",
"available",
"antibacterial",
",",
"Prontosil",
",",
"was",
"developed",
"by",
"a",
"research",
"team",
"led",
"by",
"Gerhard",
"Domagk",
"in",
"1932... | c25607a835cc4d09a54b8e1a5bef4ed7 | Who led the team that came up with Prontosil? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"led",
"the",
"team",
"that",
"came",
"up",
"with",
"Prontosil",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
17,
22,
27,
30,
35,
44
]
} | {
"text": [
"Gerhard Domagk"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
121
],
"end": [
134
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"Gerhard Domagk"
] |
SQuAD | The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect a... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"first",
"sulfonamide",
"and",
"first",
"commercially",
"available",
"antibacterial",
",",
"Prontosil",
",",
"was",
"developed",
"by",
"a",
"research",
"team",
"led",
"by",
"Gerhard",
"Domagk",
"in",
"1932... | 91237ba6118f44d68f98638cd2fd3455 | What prize did Domagk get for his work? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"prize",
"did",
"Domagk",
"get",
"for",
"his",
"work",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
15,
22,
26,
30,
34,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
232
],
"end": [
260
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
38
],
"end": [
42
]
}
]
} | [
"1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine"
] |
SQuAD | Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course o... | {
"tokens": [
"Common",
"forms",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"misuse",
"include",
"excessive",
"use",
"of",
"prophylactic",
"antibiotics",
"in",
"travelers",
"and",
"failure",
"of",
"medical",
"professionals",
"to",
"prescribe",
"the",
"c... | 4023a820def14c428f354a0bbef576a6 | What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"a",
"way",
"of",
"improperly",
"using",
"antibiotics",
"for",
"those",
"traveling",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
10,
14,
17,
28,
34,
46,
50,
56,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"prophylactic antibiotics"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
59
],
"end": [
82
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"prophylactic antibiotics"
] |
SQuAD | Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course o... | {
"tokens": [
"Common",
"forms",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"misuse",
"include",
"excessive",
"use",
"of",
"prophylactic",
"antibiotics",
"in",
"travelers",
"and",
"failure",
"of",
"medical",
"professionals",
"to",
"prescribe",
"the",
"c... | 19cf4926c14f475b876ab433ce88a25c | What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"can",
"happen",
"if",
"a",
"doctor",
"does",
"n't",
"prescribe",
"to",
"a",
"person",
"'s",
"weight",
"and",
"prior",
"use",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
16,
19,
21,
28,
32,
36,
4... | {
"text": [
"failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
101
],
"end": [
164
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
14
],
"end": [
22
]
}
]
} | [
"failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage"
] |
SQuAD | Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course o... | {
"tokens": [
"Common",
"forms",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"misuse",
"include",
"excessive",
"use",
"of",
"prophylactic",
"antibiotics",
"in",
"travelers",
"and",
"failure",
"of",
"medical",
"professionals",
"to",
"prescribe",
"the",
"c... | 8e78e24aa7914bc3a58122895fd3299e | What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"3",
"other",
"common",
"forms",
"of",
"bad",
"antibiotic",
"practices",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
11,
17,
24,
30,
33,
37,
48,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
274
],
"end": [
416
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
... | [
"failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery"
] |
SQuAD | Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course o... | {
"tokens": [
"Common",
"forms",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"misuse",
"include",
"excessive",
"use",
"of",
"prophylactic",
"antibiotics",
"in",
"travelers",
"and",
"failure",
"of",
"medical",
"professionals",
"to",
"prescribe",
"the",
"c... | 9a16c9f008494f68ad66bea1c1d52c1c | What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"happens",
"when",
"a",
"cold",
"is",
"treated",
"with",
"antibiotics",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
18,
20,
25,
28,
36,
41,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"Inappropriate antibiotic treatment"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
419
],
"end": [
452
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
68
],
"end": [
70
]
}
]
} | [
"Inappropriate antibiotic treatment"
] |
SQuAD | Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course o... | {
"tokens": [
"Common",
"forms",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"misuse",
"include",
"excessive",
"use",
"of",
"prophylactic",
"antibiotics",
"in",
"travelers",
"and",
"failure",
"of",
"medical",
"professionals",
"to",
"prescribe",
"the",
"c... | 095bdc6325864f9ba4a106e976417823 | What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"do",
"doctors",
"usually",
"do",
"when",
"a",
"patient",
"seems",
"to",
"want",
"antibiotics",
"even",
"though",
"they",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"right",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
16,
24,
... | {
"text": [
"prescribe antibiotics"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
621
],
"end": [
641
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
101
],
"end": [
102
]
}
]
} | [
"prescribe antibiotics"
] |
SQuAD | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | {
"tokens": [
"About",
"30",
"people",
"have",
"been",
"indicted",
"for",
"participating",
"in",
"genocide",
"or",
"complicity",
"in",
"genocide",
"during",
"the",
"early",
"1990s",
"in",
"Bosnia",
".",
"To",
"date",
",",
... | 1f812d2d0ba14078a5285487b07baf99 | In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"1990s",
",",
"how",
"many",
"people",
"were",
"indicted",
"for",
"war",
"crimes",
"that",
"were",
"officially",
"defined",
"as",
"genocide",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
12,
14,
18,
... | {
"text": [
"About 30"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
7
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"About 30"
] |
SQuAD | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | {
"tokens": [
"About",
"30",
"people",
"have",
"been",
"indicted",
"for",
"participating",
"in",
"genocide",
"or",
"complicity",
"in",
"genocide",
"during",
"the",
"early",
"1990s",
"in",
"Bosnia",
".",
"To",
"date",
",",
... | 987f20a0e5b04fc8af51be2196ec9006 | Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action? | {
"tokens": [
"Convicted",
"perpetrators",
"Popovic",
"and",
"Beara",
"were",
"found",
"guilty",
"of",
"genocide",
"despite",
"what",
"evasive",
"action",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
23,
31,
35,
41,
46,
52,
59,
62,
... | {
"text": [
"several plea bargains"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
140
],
"end": [
160
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
25
],
"end": [
27
]
}
]
} | [
"several plea bargains"
] |
SQuAD | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | {
"tokens": [
"About",
"30",
"people",
"have",
"been",
"indicted",
"for",
"participating",
"in",
"genocide",
"or",
"complicity",
"in",
"genocide",
"during",
"the",
"early",
"1990s",
"in",
"Bosnia",
".",
"To",
"date",
",",
... | c442c65f07d5461abe562aafcebc56f0 | Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge? | {
"tokens": [
"Tolimir",
"was",
"found",
"guilty",
"of",
"both",
"genocide",
"and",
"what",
"other",
"charge",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
12,
18,
25,
28,
33,
42,
46,
51,
57,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"conspiracy to commit genocide"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
383
],
"end": [
411
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
64
],
"end": [
67
]
}
]
} | [
"conspiracy to commit genocide"
] |
SQuAD | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | {
"tokens": [
"About",
"30",
"people",
"have",
"been",
"indicted",
"for",
"participating",
"in",
"genocide",
"or",
"complicity",
"in",
"genocide",
"during",
"the",
"early",
"1990s",
"in",
"Bosnia",
".",
"To",
"date",
",",
... | 80644e2e50dd40a49b1bbdc715f42744 | Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what? | {
"tokens": [
"Another",
"charge",
"beyond",
"the",
"act",
"of",
"genocide",
"and",
"for",
"which",
"Krstic",
"and",
"Nikolic",
"were",
"found",
"guilty",
"was",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
15,
22,
26,
30,
... | {
"text": [
"aiding and abetting genocide"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
491
],
"end": [
518
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
84
],
"end": [
87
]
}
]
} | [
"aiding and abetting genocide"
] |
SQuAD | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | {
"tokens": [
"About",
"30",
"people",
"have",
"been",
"indicted",
"for",
"participating",
"in",
"genocide",
"or",
"complicity",
"in",
"genocide",
"during",
"the",
"early",
"1990s",
"in",
"Bosnia",
".",
"To",
"date",
",",
... | 8f3c861371484624b60df70b0e43e703 | Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts? | {
"tokens": [
"Three",
"others",
"were",
"charged",
"with",
"participating",
"in",
"genocides",
"in",
"Bosnia",
"by",
"which",
"country",
"'s",
"courts",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
13,
18,
26,
31,
45,
48,
58,
61... | {
"text": [
"German courts"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
600
],
"end": [
612
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
102
],
"end": [
103
]
}
]
} | [
"German courts"
] |
SQuAD | Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicr... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"organizations",
"concerned",
"with",
"antimicrobial",
"resistance",
"are",
"lobbying",
"to",
"eliminate",
"the",
"unnecessary",
"use",
"of",
"antibiotics",
".",
"The",
"issues",
"of",
"misuse",
"and",
"ov... | 1505637ee2474e19a7ad5b3d19e032a4 | What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"a",
"US",
"government",
"agency",
"tasked",
"with",
"trying",
"to",
"stop",
"improper",
"use",
"of",
"antibiotics",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
17,
20,
22,... | {
"text": [
"US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
216
],
"end": [
268
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
32
],
"end": [
38
]
}
]
} | [
"US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance"
] |
SQuAD | Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicr... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"organizations",
"concerned",
"with",
"antimicrobial",
"resistance",
"are",
"lobbying",
"to",
"eliminate",
"the",
"unnecessary",
"use",
"of",
"antibiotics",
".",
"The",
"issues",
"of",
"misuse",
"and",
"ov... | 54a395b904994573bd78d7b65c1797e4 | Which agencies control this task force? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"agencies",
"control",
"this",
"task",
"force",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
15,
23,
28,
33,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
364
],
"end": [
493
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
55
... | [
"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)"
] |
SQuAD | Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicr... | {
"tokens": [
"Several",
"organizations",
"concerned",
"with",
"antimicrobial",
"resistance",
"are",
"lobbying",
"to",
"eliminate",
"the",
"unnecessary",
"use",
"of",
"antibiotics",
".",
"The",
"issues",
"of",
"misuse",
"and",
"ov... | 673802bb9824408493c3aa3f32a87aa3 | When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"the",
"French",
"start",
"going",
"after",
"overuse",
"of",
"antibiotics",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
20,
26,
32,
38,
46,
49,
60
]
} | {
"text": [
"2002"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
654
],
"end": [
657
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
112
],
"end": [
112
]
}
]
} | [
"2002"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"are",
"commonly",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"their",
"mechanism",
"of",
"action",
",",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"or",
"spectrum",
"of",
"activity",
".",
"Most",
"target",
... | a8818b1c96264153b6f50ab8685ce56a | What do anitibiotics mostly target? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"do",
"anitibiotics",
"mostly",
"target",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
21,
28,
34
]
} | {
"text": [
"bacterial functions or growth processes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
143
],
"end": [
181
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
26
]
}
]
} | [
"bacterial functions or growth processes"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"are",
"commonly",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"their",
"mechanism",
"of",
"action",
",",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"or",
"spectrum",
"of",
"activity",
".",
"Most",
"target",
... | 88c79121d03446f18646faaae7606281 | Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"two",
"types",
"of",
"antibiotics",
"target",
"the",
"cell",
"wall",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
16,
19,
31,
38,
42,
47,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
227
],
"end": [
256
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
36
],
"end": [
38
]
}
]
} | [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"are",
"commonly",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"their",
"mechanism",
"of",
"action",
",",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"or",
"spectrum",
"of",
"activity",
".",
"Most",
"target",
... | e5f085fa35c244619f35b77380c181f5 | Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"type",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"goes",
"after",
"the",
"cell",
"membrane",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
14,
25,
30,
36,
40,
45,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"polymyxins"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
281
],
"end": [
290
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
45
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"polymyxins"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"are",
"commonly",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"their",
"mechanism",
"of",
"action",
",",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"or",
"spectrum",
"of",
"activity",
".",
"Most",
"target",
... | 550404bf77364fafa4666ef3dcf2abd5 | What 3 types go after protein synthesis? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"3",
"types",
"go",
"after",
"protein",
"synthesis",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
7,
13,
16,
22,
30,
39
]
} | {
"text": [
"(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
463
],
"end": [
505
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
73
],
"end": [
78
]
}
]
} | [
"(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"are",
"commonly",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"their",
"mechanism",
"of",
"action",
",",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"or",
"spectrum",
"of",
"activity",
".",
"Most",
"target",
... | dc0c7dcc5f00401284740e43222b306e | Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified? | {
"tokens": [
"Besides",
"sprectrum",
"of",
"activity",
"and",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"how",
"can",
"antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"classified",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
18,
21,
30,
34,
43,
52,
54,
58,
62,... | {
"text": [
"mechanism of action"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
65
],
"end": [
83
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
8
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"mechanism of action"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"are",
"commonly",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"their",
"mechanism",
"of",
"action",
",",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"or",
"spectrum",
"of",
"activity",
".",
"Most",
"target",
... | 748e92d37945436eb364ae46c70cf8e3 | What is another name used for bacterial cell wall? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"another",
"name",
"used",
"for",
"bacterial",
"cell",
"wall",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
16,
21,
26,
30,
40,
45,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
227
],
"end": [
256
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
36
],
"end": [
38
]
}
]
} | [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"are",
"commonly",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"their",
"mechanism",
"of",
"action",
",",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"or",
"spectrum",
"of",
"activity",
".",
"Most",
"target",
... | dc194b126f3f482b9ec99f0e3f60634e | whats another word for cell membrane? | {
"tokens": [
"what",
"s",
"another",
"word",
"for",
"cell",
"membrane",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
6,
14,
19,
23,
28,
36
]
} | {
"text": [
"polymyxins"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
281
],
"end": [
290
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
45
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"polymyxins"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"are",
"commonly",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"their",
"mechanism",
"of",
"action",
",",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"or",
"spectrum",
"of",
"activity",
".",
"Most",
"target",
... | 26f3c5105ee44aaeb150ae1221347356 | How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/ | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"new",
"classes",
"of",
"antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"was",
"introduced",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"2000's/"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
13,
21,
24,
38,
50,
54,
65,
68,
72,
77
]
} | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
928
],
"end": [
931
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
149
],
"end": [
149
]
}
]
} | [
"four"
] |
SQuAD | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | {
"tokens": [
"Antibacterial",
"antibiotics",
"are",
"commonly",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"their",
"mechanism",
"of",
"action",
",",
"chemical",
"structure",
",",
"or",
"spectrum",
"of",
"activity",
".",
"Most",
"target",
... | ec800b659f0846adac47f7e7fefdc921 | What three ways are antibiotics classified? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"three",
"ways",
"are",
"antibiotics",
"classified",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
16,
20,
32,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
65
],
"end": [
128
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
8
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Associatio... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"resistance",
"has",
"prompted",
"restrictions",
"on",
"their",
"use",
"in",
"the",
"UK",
"in",
"1970",
"(",
"Swann",
"report",
"1969",
")",
",",
"and",
"the",
"EU"... | 604e8d470e6d41408d7881c5d7b36425 | When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"the",
"EU",
"ban",
"antibiotics",
"for",
"speeding",
"up",
"growth",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
16,
20,
32,
36,
45,
48,
54
]
} | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
197
],
"end": [
200
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
37
],
"end": [
37
]
}
]
} | [
"2003"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Associatio... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"resistance",
"has",
"prompted",
"restrictions",
"on",
"their",
"use",
"in",
"the",
"UK",
"in",
"1970",
"(",
"Swann",
"report",
"1969",
")",
",",
"and",
"the",
"EU"... | 963996cdb7194012a8dd9278c9332822 | What report caused the UK to worry about resistance? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"report",
"caused",
"the",
"UK",
"to",
"worry",
"about",
"resistance",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
19,
23,
26,
29,
35,
41,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"Swann report 1969"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
97
],
"end": [
113
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
19
]
}
]
} | [
"Swann report 1969"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Associatio... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"resistance",
"has",
"prompted",
"restrictions",
"on",
"their",
"use",
"in",
"the",
"UK",
"in",
"1970",
"(",
"Swann",
"report",
"1969",
")",
",",
"and",
"the",
"EU"... | fe4febfe24af40cfb0abec956b8a203c | What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"3",
"US",
"organizations",
"have",
"called",
"for",
"the",
"banning",
"of",
"antibiotics",
"in",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"food",
"animals",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
7,
10,
24,
29,
36,
... | {
"text": [
"American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
246
],
"end": [
370
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],... | [
"American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Associatio... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"resistance",
"has",
"prompted",
"restrictions",
"on",
"their",
"use",
"in",
"the",
"UK",
"in",
"1970",
"(",
"Swann",
"report",
"1969",
")",
",",
"and",
"the",
"EU"... | 1f061522330148178134328621424358 | Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production? | {
"tokens": [
"Name",
"two",
"US",
"bills",
"that",
"want",
"to",
"ban",
"antibiotics",
"in",
"food",
"production",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
12,
18,
23,
28,
31,
35,
47,
50,
55,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"S.742 and H.R. 2562"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
830
],
"end": [
848
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
146
],
"end": [
149
]
}
]
} | [
"S.742 and H.R. 2562"
] |
SQuAD | The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Associatio... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"emergence",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"resistance",
"has",
"prompted",
"restrictions",
"on",
"their",
"use",
"in",
"the",
"UK",
"in",
"1970",
"(",
"Swann",
"report",
"1969",
")",
",",
"and",
"the",
"EU"... | 8d31e152d7e949fb9ab39e2c1d8e5ec2 | What 3 medical associations supported the bills? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"3",
"medical",
"associations",
"supported",
"the",
"bills",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
7,
15,
28,
38,
42,
47
]
} | {
"text": [
"American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
1045
],
"end": [
1166
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
184
],... | [
"American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)"
] |
SQuAD | In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating woun... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1939",
",",
"coinciding",
"with",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"World",
"War",
"II",
",",
"Rene",
"Dubos",
"reported",
"the",
"discovery",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"naturally",
"derived",
"antibiotic",
",",
... | bf0203b4f2014d28bd3dc3bfebd92f7e | What was the first antibiotic developed from nature? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"antibiotic",
"developed",
"from",
"nature",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
30,
40,
45,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"tyrothricin"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
129
],
"end": [
139
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
24
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"tyrothricin"
] |
SQuAD | In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating woun... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1939",
",",
"coinciding",
"with",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"World",
"War",
"II",
",",
"Rene",
"Dubos",
"reported",
"the",
"discovery",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"naturally",
"derived",
"antibiotic",
",",
... | b112d55853294e17916e4bc86fda07cd | When was tyrothricin created? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"tyrothricin",
"created",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
21,
28
]
} | {
"text": [
"1939"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
6
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"1939"
] |
SQuAD | In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating woun... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1939",
",",
"coinciding",
"with",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"World",
"War",
"II",
",",
"Rene",
"Dubos",
"reported",
"the",
"discovery",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"naturally",
"derived",
"antibiotic",
",",
... | 4d6d5f2825224052a59809a189ac7f57 | What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"also",
"happened",
"in",
"1939",
"besides",
"tyrothricin",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
19,
22,
27,
35,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"start of World War II,"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
50
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
6
],
"end": [
11
]
}
]
} | [
"start of World War II,"
] |
SQuAD | In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating woun... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1939",
",",
"coinciding",
"with",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"World",
"War",
"II",
",",
"Rene",
"Dubos",
"reported",
"the",
"discovery",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"naturally",
"derived",
"antibiotic",
",",
... | cfbc5bfdc58940af975af73d67c43db5 | Who discovered tyrothricin? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"discovered",
"tyrothricin",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
15,
26
]
} | {
"text": [
"Rene Dubos"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
52
],
"end": [
61
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
13
]
}
]
} | [
"Rene Dubos"
] |
SQuAD | In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating woun... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1939",
",",
"coinciding",
"with",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"World",
"War",
"II",
",",
"Rene",
"Dubos",
"reported",
"the",
"discovery",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"naturally",
"derived",
"antibiotic",
",",
... | 4dac2b912f684c0494e4bdd2af7ba4e4 | What was tyrothricin used for during the war? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"tyrothricin",
"used",
"for",
"during",
"the",
"war",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
21,
26,
30,
37,
41,
44
]
} | {
"text": [
"wounds and ulcers"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
316
],
"end": [
332
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
57
],
"end": [
59
]
}
]
} | [
"wounds and ulcers"
] |
SQuAD | Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a... | {
"tokens": [
"Vaccines",
"rely",
"on",
"immune",
"modulation",
"or",
"augmentation",
".",
"Vaccination",
"either",
"excites",
"or",
"reinforces",
"the",
"immune",
"competence",
"of",
"a",
"host",
"to",
"ward",
"off",
"infecti... | c57496efce9547fe8527e8c115ecba6c | What do vaccines need to work? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"do",
"vaccines",
"need",
"to",
"work",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
17,
22,
25,
29
]
} | {
"text": [
"immune modulation or augmentation"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
49
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
6
]
}
]
} | [
"immune modulation or augmentation"
] |
SQuAD | Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a... | {
"tokens": [
"Vaccines",
"rely",
"on",
"immune",
"modulation",
"or",
"augmentation",
".",
"Vaccination",
"either",
"excites",
"or",
"reinforces",
"the",
"immune",
"competence",
"of",
"a",
"host",
"to",
"ward",
"off",
"infecti... | b0e400a4cdb14860a0c3a4f6e96b990a | What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"vaccines",
"have",
"saved",
"millions",
"of",
"lives",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
22,
27,
33,
42,
45,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"Antibacterial vaccines"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
270
],
"end": [
291
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
44
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"Antibacterial vaccines"
] |
SQuAD | Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a... | {
"tokens": [
"Vaccines",
"rely",
"on",
"immune",
"modulation",
"or",
"augmentation",
".",
"Vaccination",
"either",
"excites",
"or",
"reinforces",
"the",
"immune",
"competence",
"of",
"a",
"host",
"to",
"ward",
"off",
"infecti... | 97cf39292977415ca2e4f601a6ec8ed2 | What types of vaccines have been phased out? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"types",
"of",
"vaccines",
"have",
"been",
"phased",
"out",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
14,
23,
28,
33,
40,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
369
],
"end": [
420
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
58
],
"end": [
65
]
}
]
} | [
"Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates"
] |
SQuAD | In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de ... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"Paris",
",",
"Chopin",
"encountered",
"artists",
"and",
"other",
"distinguished",
"figures",
",",
"and",
"found",
"many",
"opportunities",
"to",
"exercise",
"his",
"talents",
"and",
"achieve",
"celebrity",
... | 84c8396e32a4404082afbae57f6fd573 | In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"city",
"did",
"Frédéric",
"achieve",
"celebrity",
"status",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
26,
34,
44,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"Paris"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
7
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"Paris"
] |
SQuAD | In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de ... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"Paris",
",",
"Chopin",
"encountered",
"artists",
"and",
"other",
"distinguished",
"figures",
",",
"and",
"found",
"many",
"opportunities",
"to",
"exercise",
"his",
"talents",
"and",
"achieve",
"celebrity",
... | d70a06ce3d5c4be9b2b966a4f179c859 | Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"principal",
"of",
"the",
"Polish",
"Literary",
"Society",
"that",
"Frédéric",
"became",
"acquainted",
"with",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
22,
25,
29,
36,
45,
53,
58,
... | {
"text": [
"Adam Mickiewicz"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
368
],
"end": [
382
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
66
],
"end": [
67
]
}
]
} | [
"Adam Mickiewicz"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.