subset stringclasses 6
values | context stringlengths 16 17.7k | context_tokens dict | qid stringlengths 32 32 | question stringlengths 1 717 | question_tokens dict | detected_answers dict | answers listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SQuAD | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | {
"tokens": [
"From",
"the",
"early",
"12th",
"century",
",",
"French",
"builders",
"developed",
"the",
"Gothic",
"style",
",",
"marked",
"by",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"rib",
"vaults",
",",
"pointed",
"arches",
",",
"flyin... | 01042f275cae42c7be0b83606a99b430 | In what century did the Gothic style first flourish? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"century",
"did",
"the",
"Gothic",
"style",
"first",
"flourish",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
16,
20,
24,
31,
37,
43,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"12th"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
15
],
"end": [
18
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
3
]
}
]
} | [
"12th"
] |
SQuAD | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | {
"tokens": [
"From",
"the",
"early",
"12th",
"century",
",",
"French",
"builders",
"developed",
"the",
"Gothic",
"style",
",",
"marked",
"by",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"rib",
"vaults",
",",
"pointed",
"arches",
",",
"flyin... | 9f6e07f82e4a46d1b231f3d3168dd226 | In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"century",
"did",
"the",
"Gothic",
"style",
"cease",
"to",
"be",
"used",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
16,
20,
24,
31,
37,
43,
46,
49,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"16th"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
252
],
"end": [
255
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48
],
"end": [
48
]
}
]
} | [
"16th"
] |
SQuAD | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | {
"tokens": [
"From",
"the",
"early",
"12th",
"century",
",",
"French",
"builders",
"developed",
"the",
"Gothic",
"style",
",",
"marked",
"by",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"rib",
"vaults",
",",
"pointed",
"arches",
",",
"flyin... | 9b0595a8568e4c7f89dc6e1833dc4293 | Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located? | {
"tokens": [
"Along",
"with",
"Reims",
",",
"where",
"is",
"a",
"notable",
"Gothic",
"cathedral",
"in",
"France",
"located",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
16,
18,
24,
27,
29,
37,
44,
54,
57,
64,
71
]... | {
"text": [
"Chartres"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
332
],
"end": [
339
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
61
],
"end": [
61
]
}
]
} | [
"Chartres"
] |
SQuAD | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | {
"tokens": [
"From",
"the",
"early",
"12th",
"century",
",",
"French",
"builders",
"developed",
"the",
"Gothic",
"style",
",",
"marked",
"by",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"rib",
"vaults",
",",
"pointed",
"arches",
",",
"flyin... | 98087aaecbae46528dc9aa426c892abc | What is a notable English Gothic cathedral? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"a",
"notable",
"English",
"Gothic",
"cathedral",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
10,
18,
26,
33,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"Salisbury Cathedral"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
392
],
"end": [
410
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
71
],
"end": [
72
]
}
]
} | [
"Salisbury Cathedral"
] |
SQuAD | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | {
"tokens": [
"From",
"the",
"early",
"12th",
"century",
",",
"French",
"builders",
"developed",
"the",
"Gothic",
"style",
",",
"marked",
"by",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"rib",
"vaults",
",",
"pointed",
"arches",
",",
"flyin... | 861a8508b86746c4aeec63088671ea79 | Among which builders was the Gothic style first used? | {
"tokens": [
"Among",
"which",
"builders",
"was",
"the",
"Gothic",
"style",
"first",
"used",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
12,
21,
25,
29,
36,
42,
48,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
34
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
6
],
"end": [
6
]
}
]
} | [
"French"
] |
SQuAD | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"military",
"affairs",
",",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"infantry",
"with",
"specialised",
"roles",
"increased",
".",
"Along",
"with",
"the",
"still",
"-",
"dominant",
"heavy",
"cavalry",
",",
"armies",
"often"... | ce86426192484f778151732b22f350ff | Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"recorded",
"as",
"using",
"gunpowder",
"in",
"1304",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
17,
20,
26,
36,
39,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"the English"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
609
],
"end": [
619
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
113
],
"end": [
114
]
}
]
} | [
"the English"
] |
SQuAD | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"military",
"affairs",
",",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"infantry",
"with",
"specialised",
"roles",
"increased",
".",
"Along",
"with",
"the",
"still",
"-",
"dominant",
"heavy",
"cavalry",
",",
"armies",
"often"... | 9f0154ec16c14642afec22e28f76db19 | Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304? | {
"tokens": [
"Against",
"whom",
"was",
"gunpowder",
"used",
"in",
"1304",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
13,
17,
27,
32,
35,
39
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Scots"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
629
],
"end": [
637
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
116
],
"end": [
117
]
}
]
} | [
"the Scots"
] |
SQuAD | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"military",
"affairs",
",",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"infantry",
"with",
"specialised",
"roles",
"increased",
".",
"Along",
"with",
"the",
"still",
"-",
"dominant",
"heavy",
"cavalry",
",",
"armies",
"often"... | 675d6247ab9f4782a37b0e4481b3c0fb | In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"decade",
"were",
"siege",
"cannon",
"known",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"used",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
15,
20,
26,
33,
39,
42,
47,
52,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"1320s"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
754
],
"end": [
758
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
143
],
"end": [
143
]
}
]
} | [
"1320s"
] |
SQuAD | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"military",
"affairs",
",",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"infantry",
"with",
"specialised",
"roles",
"increased",
".",
"Along",
"with",
"the",
"still",
"-",
"dominant",
"heavy",
"cavalry",
",",
"armies",
"often"... | 97d11b0138474e1eac0d6e234b046f4b | What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"increased",
"use",
"of",
"armor",
"in",
"the",
"12th",
"century",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
12,
16,
26,
30,
33,
39,
42,
46,
51,
58
]
} | {
"text": [
"The increasing use of crossbows"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
362
],
"end": [
392
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
65
],
"end": [
69
]
}
]
} | [
"The increasing use of crossbows"
] |
SQuAD | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"large",
"external",
"sculptural",
"schemes",
"of",
"Early",
"Gothic",
"churches",
"gave",
"way",
"to",
"more",
"sculpture",
"inside",
"the",
"building",
",",
"as",
"tombs",
"became",
"more",
"elaborate",
... | 5a030418e71b489ea92e95ff2e75fcf9 | Who carved the Pulpit in Sant'Andrea? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"carved",
"the",
"Pulpit",
"in",
"Sant'Andrea",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
15,
22,
25,
36
]
} | {
"text": [
"Giovanni Pisano"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
229
],
"end": [
243
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
39
],
"end": [
40
]
}
]
} | [
"Giovanni Pisano"
] |
SQuAD | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"large",
"external",
"sculptural",
"schemes",
"of",
"Early",
"Gothic",
"churches",
"gave",
"way",
"to",
"more",
"sculpture",
"inside",
"the",
"building",
",",
"as",
"tombs",
"became",
"more",
"elaborate",
... | df3ea51c3bfd42c183689c97982a898c | Along with being carved, how were altarpieces often decorated in this period? | {
"tokens": [
"Along",
"with",
"being",
"carved",
",",
"how",
"were",
"altarpieces",
"often",
"decorated",
"in",
"this",
"period",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
17,
23,
25,
29,
34,
46,
52,
62,
65,
70,
7... | {
"text": [
"Painted"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
261
],
"end": [
267
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
44
],
"end": [
44
]
}
]
} | [
"Painted"
] |
SQuAD | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"large",
"external",
"sculptural",
"schemes",
"of",
"Early",
"Gothic",
"churches",
"gave",
"way",
"to",
"more",
"sculpture",
"inside",
"the",
"building",
",",
"as",
"tombs",
"became",
"more",
"elaborate",
... | 5582eb19bbc14d51bddacc22c7698db4 | When did Rogier van der Weyden die? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"Rogier",
"van",
"der",
"Weyden",
"die",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
16,
20,
24,
31,
34
]
} | {
"text": [
"1464"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
471
],
"end": [
474
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
83
],
"end": [
83
]
}
]
} | [
"1464"
] |
SQuAD | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"large",
"external",
"sculptural",
"schemes",
"of",
"Early",
"Gothic",
"churches",
"gave",
"way",
"to",
"more",
"sculpture",
"inside",
"the",
"building",
",",
"as",
"tombs",
"became",
"more",
"elaborate",
... | 90fa90044b634ce48a6b31b65d79f33a | Of what nationality was Jan van Eyck? | {
"tokens": [
"Of",
"what",
"nationality",
"was",
"Jan",
"van",
"Eyck",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
20,
24,
28,
32,
36
]
} | {
"text": [
"Netherlandish"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
376
],
"end": [
388
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
63
],
"end": [
63
]
}
]
} | [
"Netherlandish"
] |
SQuAD | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"large",
"external",
"sculptural",
"schemes",
"of",
"Early",
"Gothic",
"churches",
"gave",
"way",
"to",
"more",
"sculpture",
"inside",
"the",
"building",
",",
"as",
"tombs",
"became",
"more",
"elaborate",
... | 8d63e3a4ff314c1199e5c174681f7d3c | What does incunabula refer to? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"incunabula",
"refer",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
21,
27,
29
]
} | {
"text": [
"works printed before 1500"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
825
],
"end": [
849
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
145
],
"end": [
148
]
}
]
} | [
"works printed before 1500"
] |
SQuAD | In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle.... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1968",
"Noam",
"Chomsky",
"and",
"Morris",
"Halle",
"published",
"The",
"Sound",
"Pattern",
"of",
"English",
"(",
"SPE",
")",
",",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"generative",
"phonology",
".",
"In",
"this... | fc431176308e42afa3c07ad5a7079208 | When was The Sound Pattern of English published? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"The",
"Sound",
"Pattern",
"of",
"English",
"published",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
27,
30,
38,
47
]
} | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
6
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"1968"
] |
SQuAD | In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle.... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1968",
"Noam",
"Chomsky",
"and",
"Morris",
"Halle",
"published",
"The",
"Sound",
"Pattern",
"of",
"English",
"(",
"SPE",
")",
",",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"generative",
"phonology",
".",
"In",
"this... | 51ff5982c9b044d39d9e9bfcbd605507 | Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English? | {
"tokens": [
"Other",
"than",
"Chomsky",
"who",
"else",
"published",
"The",
"Sound",
"Pattern",
"of",
"English",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
19,
23,
28,
38,
42,
48,
56,
59,
66
]
} | {
"text": [
"Morris Halle"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
25
],
"end": [
36
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
5
],
"end": [
6
]
}
]
} | [
"Morris Halle"
] |
SQuAD | In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle.... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1968",
"Noam",
"Chomsky",
"and",
"Morris",
"Halle",
"published",
"The",
"Sound",
"Pattern",
"of",
"English",
"(",
"SPE",
")",
",",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"generative",
"phonology",
".",
"In",
"this... | bf5e668e6e114e668b341b4222579b8a | Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on phonological theory? | {
"tokens": [
"Besides",
"the",
"syllable",
"what",
"was",
"downplayed",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"SPE",
"'s",
"influence",
"on",
"phonological",
"theory",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
12,
21,
26,
30,
41,
44,
46... | {
"text": [
"emphasis on segments"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
820
],
"end": [
839
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
139
],
"end": [
141
]
}
]
} | [
"emphasis on segments"
] |
SQuAD | In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle.... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1968",
"Noam",
"Chomsky",
"and",
"Morris",
"Halle",
"published",
"The",
"Sound",
"Pattern",
"of",
"English",
"(",
"SPE",
")",
",",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"generative",
"phonology",
".",
"In",
"this... | 7ae3faee33fc4d37a5d413f72aa7eb83 | What other discipline was combined with phonology by the generativists? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"other",
"discipline",
"was",
"combined",
"with",
"phonology",
"by",
"the",
"generativists",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
22,
26,
35,
40,
50,
53,
57,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"morphophonology"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
880
],
"end": [
894
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
148
],
"end": [
148
]
}
]
} | [
"morphophonology"
] |
SQuAD | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"particular",
"contrasts",
"which",
"are",
"phonemic",
"in",
"a",
"language",
"can",
"change",
"over",
"time",
".",
"At",
"one",
"time",
",",
"[",
"f",
"]",
"and",
"[",
"v",
"]",
",",
"two"... | 7372e76a53ec4021a2bff4122f6bcd51 | What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"kind",
"of",
"linguistics",
"describes",
"how",
"factors",
"of",
"languages",
"change",
"in",
"history",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
25,
35,
39,
47,
50,
60,
67,
70,
77
]
} | {
"text": [
"historical"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
374
],
"end": [
383
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
76
],
"end": [
76
]
}
]
} | [
"historical"
] |
SQuAD | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"particular",
"contrasts",
"which",
"are",
"phonemic",
"in",
"a",
"language",
"can",
"change",
"over",
"time",
".",
"At",
"one",
"time",
",",
"[",
"f",
"]",
"and",
"[",
"v",
"]",
",",
"two"... | 51d4aa2d2981406f952103d9b64c68ac | With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change? | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"passage",
"of",
"time",
"what",
"particular",
"things",
"phonemic",
"in",
"a",
"language",
"are",
"known",
"to",
"change",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
17,
20,
25,
30,
41,
48,
... | {
"text": [
"contrasts"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
15
],
"end": [
23
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
2
],
"end": [
2
]
}
]
} | [
"contrasts"
] |
SQuAD | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"particular",
"contrasts",
"which",
"are",
"phonemic",
"in",
"a",
"language",
"can",
"change",
"over",
"time",
".",
"At",
"one",
"time",
",",
"[",
"f",
"]",
"and",
"[",
"v",
"]",
",",
"two"... | 144b72beaa8a44a4bc40a560a20873f8 | In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"past",
"sounds",
"that",
"now",
"belong",
"to",
"separate",
"phonemes",
"were",
"allophones",
"of",
"what",
"kind",
"of",
"phoneme",
"in",
"English",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
12,
19,... | {
"text": [
"the same phoneme"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
216
],
"end": [
231
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
46
],
"end": [
48
]
}
]
} | [
"the same phoneme"
] |
SQuAD | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently ... | {
"tokens": [
"Part",
"of",
"the",
"phonological",
"study",
"of",
"a",
"language",
"therefore",
"involves",
"looking",
"at",
"data",
"(",
"phonetic",
"transcriptions",
"of",
"the",
"speech",
"of",
"native",
"speakers",
")",
... | 3e0b03f05b2346c39cd7343e55e68fe7 | What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"language",
"study",
"involves",
"trying",
"to",
"deduce",
"underlying",
"phonomes",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
22,
28,
37,
44,
47,
54,
65,
73
]
} | {
"text": [
"phonological"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
23
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
3
]
}
]
} | [
"phonological"
] |
SQuAD | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently ... | {
"tokens": [
"Part",
"of",
"the",
"phonological",
"study",
"of",
"a",
"language",
"therefore",
"involves",
"looking",
"at",
"data",
"(",
"phonetic",
"transcriptions",
"of",
"the",
"speech",
"of",
"native",
"speakers",
")",
... | 254505e60c7148698305cf67926cbde5 | Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language? | {
"tokens": [
"Aside",
"from",
"finding",
"out",
"what",
"underlying",
"phonemes",
"are",
"there",
"what",
"does",
"the",
"phonological",
"study",
"of",
"a",
"language",
"try",
"to",
"find",
"out",
"about",
"the",
"languag... | {
"text": [
"sound inventory"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
206
],
"end": [
220
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
35
],
"end": [
36
]
}
]
} | [
"sound inventory"
] |
SQuAD | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently ... | {
"tokens": [
"Part",
"of",
"the",
"phonological",
"study",
"of",
"a",
"language",
"therefore",
"involves",
"looking",
"at",
"data",
"(",
"phonetic",
"transcriptions",
"of",
"the",
"speech",
"of",
"native",
"speakers",
")",
... | e34e8c4a2f3e49e4803a26d4b4542295 | What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"kind",
"of",
"speaker",
"data",
"does",
"studying",
"a",
"language",
"phonologically",
"involve",
"examining",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
21,
26,
31,
40,
42,
51,
66,
74,
83
]
} | {
"text": [
"native"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
122
],
"end": [
127
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
20
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"native"
] |
SQuAD | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"minimal",
"units",
"that",
"can",
"serve",
"the",
"purpose",
"of",
"differentiating",
"meaning",
"(",
"the",
"phonemes",
")",
",",
"phonology",
"studies",
"how",
"sounds",
"alt... | 53081095fd5b4954a4933b18f3757271 | What do phonemes differentiate? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"do",
"phonemes",
"differentiate",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
17,
30
]
} | {
"text": [
"meaning"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
79
],
"end": [
85
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
13
],
"end": [
13
]
}
]
} | [
"meaning"
] |
SQuAD | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"minimal",
"units",
"that",
"can",
"serve",
"the",
"purpose",
"of",
"differentiating",
"meaning",
"(",
"the",
"phonemes",
")",
",",
"phonology",
"studies",
"how",
"sounds",
"alt... | b2fa4bf533fc4e56ad37f8315ec31629 | Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology? | {
"tokens": [
"Aside",
"from",
"phonemes",
"what",
"is",
"studied",
"by",
"phonology",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
20,
25,
28,
36,
39,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"how sounds alternate"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
121
],
"end": [
140
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
23
]
}
]
} | [
"how sounds alternate"
] |
SQuAD | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"minimal",
"units",
"that",
"can",
"serve",
"the",
"purpose",
"of",
"differentiating",
"meaning",
"(",
"the",
"phonemes",
")",
",",
"phonology",
"studies",
"how",
"sounds",
"alt... | d33b97e933c340eb95e796f4f8e71015 | The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"study",
"of",
"syllable",
"structure",
"is",
"part",
"of",
"what",
"discipline",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
13,
22,
32,
35,
40,
43,
48,
58
]
} | {
"text": [
"phonology"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
103
],
"end": [
111
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
19
]
}
]
} | [
"phonology"
] |
SQuAD | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when ... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"a",
"course",
"at",
"the",
"LSA",
"summer",
"institute",
"in",
"1991",
",",
"Alan",
"Prince",
"and",
"Paul",
"Smolensky",
"developed",
"optimality",
"theory",
"—",
"an",
"overall",
"architecture",
"for... | 6754978d06744e368963800c63d5c78d | When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"Prince",
"and",
"Smolensky",
"develop",
"their",
"theory",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
16,
20,
30,
38,
44,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"1991"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
43
],
"end": [
46
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
9
]
}
]
} | [
"1991"
] |
SQuAD | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when ... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"a",
"course",
"at",
"the",
"LSA",
"summer",
"institute",
"in",
"1991",
",",
"Alan",
"Prince",
"and",
"Paul",
"Smolensky",
"developed",
"optimality",
"theory",
"—",
"an",
"overall",
"architecture",
"for... | f95fe6bf74e4459bb6dde9804ae8185e | Where was optimality theory created? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"was",
"optimality",
"theory",
"created",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
21,
28,
35
]
} | {
"text": [
"LSA summer institute"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
38
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
5
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"LSA summer institute"
] |
SQuAD | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when ... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"a",
"course",
"at",
"the",
"LSA",
"summer",
"institute",
"in",
"1991",
",",
"Alan",
"Prince",
"and",
"Paul",
"Smolensky",
"developed",
"optimality",
"theory",
"—",
"an",
"overall",
"architecture",
"for... | d39f997bdc7a40979fe16bc43d877297 | Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology? | {
"tokens": [
"Aside",
"from",
"Alan",
"Prince",
"who",
"brought",
"optimality",
"theory",
"to",
"morphology",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
16,
23,
27,
35,
46,
53,
56,
66
]
} | {
"text": [
"John McCarthy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
440
],
"end": [
452
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
77
],
"end": [
78
]
}
]
} | [
"John McCarthy"
] |
SQuAD | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when ... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"a",
"course",
"at",
"the",
"LSA",
"summer",
"institute",
"in",
"1991",
",",
"Alan",
"Prince",
"and",
"Paul",
"Smolensky",
"developed",
"optimality",
"theory",
"—",
"an",
"overall",
"architecture",
"for... | e0cdba38558a4ccdab731e48153e04a7 | Who were prominent critics of optimality theory? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"were",
"prominent",
"critics",
"of",
"optimality",
"theory",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
19,
27,
30,
41,
47
]
} | {
"text": [
"Mark Hale and Charles Reiss"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
709
],
"end": [
735
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
123
],
"end": [
127
]
}
]
} | [
"Mark Hale and Charles Reiss"
] |
SQuAD | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). Ho... | {
"tokens": [
"An",
"important",
"part",
"of",
"traditional",
",",
"pre",
"-",
"generative",
"schools",
"of",
"phonology",
"is",
"studying",
"which",
"sounds",
"can",
"be",
"grouped",
"into",
"distinctive",
"units",
"within",
... | b46facf5478240af95ebd62fee3a1f84 | What are the units called that traditional phonology studies? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"the",
"units",
"called",
"that",
"traditional",
"phonology",
"studies",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
26,
31,
43,
53,
60
]
} | {
"text": [
"phonemes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
177
],
"end": [
184
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
31
],
"end": [
31
]
}
]
} | [
"phonemes"
] |
SQuAD | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). Ho... | {
"tokens": [
"An",
"important",
"part",
"of",
"traditional",
",",
"pre",
"-",
"generative",
"schools",
"of",
"phonology",
"is",
"studying",
"which",
"sounds",
"can",
"be",
"grouped",
"into",
"distinctive",
"units",
"within",
... | 179edd047eb949938ad21783c8ed9fda | What is another word for variations? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"another",
"word",
"for",
"variations",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
16,
21,
25,
35
]
} | {
"text": [
"allophones"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
389
],
"end": [
398
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
79
],
"end": [
79
]
}
]
} | [
"allophones"
] |
SQuAD | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). Ho... | {
"tokens": [
"An",
"important",
"part",
"of",
"traditional",
",",
"pre",
"-",
"generative",
"schools",
"of",
"phonology",
"is",
"studying",
"which",
"sounds",
"can",
"be",
"grouped",
"into",
"distinctive",
"units",
"within",
... | 0f73a6cf85bc41c3900d4b5e13a52fec | What is the opposite of aspirated? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"opposite",
"of",
"aspirated",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
21,
24,
33
]
} | {
"text": [
"unaspirated"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
552
],
"end": [
562
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
111
],
"end": [
111
]
}
]
} | [
"unaspirated"
] |
SQuAD | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | {
"tokens": [
"Natural",
"phonology",
"is",
"a",
"theory",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"publications",
"of",
"its",
"proponent",
"David",
"Stampe",
"in",
"1969",
"and",
"(",
"more",
"explicitly",
")",
"in",
"1979",
".",
"In"... | 2e303f1846314d2792d3f117cb308f04 | Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology? | {
"tokens": [
"Whose",
"publications",
"started",
"the",
"theory",
"of",
"Natural",
"phonology",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
19,
27,
31,
38,
41,
49,
58
]
} | {
"text": [
"David Stampe"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
73
],
"end": [
84
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
13
]
}
]
} | [
"David Stampe"
] |
SQuAD | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | {
"tokens": [
"Natural",
"phonology",
"is",
"a",
"theory",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"publications",
"of",
"its",
"proponent",
"David",
"Stampe",
"in",
"1969",
"and",
"(",
"more",
"explicitly",
")",
"in",
"1979",
".",
"In"... | 80988cae6bec4cfdafc4f03150c3db2a | According to Stampe what is phonology based on? | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Stampe",
"what",
"is",
"phonology",
"based",
"on",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
20,
25,
28,
38,
44,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"a set of universal phonological processes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
161
],
"end": [
201
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
32
],
"end": [
37
]
}
]
} | [
"a set of universal phonological processes"
] |
SQuAD | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | {
"tokens": [
"Natural",
"phonology",
"is",
"a",
"theory",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"publications",
"of",
"its",
"proponent",
"David",
"Stampe",
"in",
"1969",
"and",
"(",
"more",
"explicitly",
")",
"in",
"1979",
".",
"In"... | d21d8e4b03a34e988f3f0c338e3e99fb | Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in? | {
"tokens": [
"Aside",
"from",
"being",
"active",
"what",
"other",
"condition",
"can",
"the",
"universal",
"phonological",
"processes",
"exist",
"in",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
17,
24,
29,
35,
45,
49,
53,
6... | {
"text": [
"suppressed"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
271
],
"end": [
280
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
51
],
"end": [
51
]
}
]
} | [
"suppressed"
] |
SQuAD | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | {
"tokens": [
"Natural",
"phonology",
"is",
"a",
"theory",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"publications",
"of",
"its",
"proponent",
"David",
"Stampe",
"in",
"1969",
"and",
"(",
"more",
"explicitly",
")",
"in",
"1979",
".",
"In"... | 79802e9b764b4ffe9fb4ae28792ba5f2 | Who is the number two natural phonologist? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"is",
"the",
"number",
"two",
"natural",
"phonologist",
"?",
" "
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
7,
11,
18,
22,
30,
41,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"Patricia Donegan"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
705
],
"end": [
720
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
127
],
"end": [
128
]
}
]
} | [
"Patricia Donegan"
] |
SQuAD | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | {
"tokens": [
"Natural",
"phonology",
"is",
"a",
"theory",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"publications",
"of",
"its",
"proponent",
"David",
"Stampe",
"in",
"1969",
"and",
"(",
"more",
"explicitly",
")",
"in",
"1979",
".",
"In"... | a948c2671f1e4a34a685043a3c4b72c5 | Who was the founder of natural morphology? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"founder",
"of",
"natural",
"morphology",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
20,
23,
31,
41
]
} | {
"text": [
"Wolfgang U. Dressler"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
901
],
"end": [
920
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
165
],
"end": [
167
]
}
]
} | [
"Wolfgang U. Dressler"
] |
SQuAD | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripher... | {
"tokens": [
"Conventionally",
",",
"a",
"computer",
"consists",
"of",
"at",
"least",
"one",
"processing",
"element",
",",
"typically",
"a",
"central",
"processing",
"unit",
"(",
"CPU",
")",
",",
"and",
"some",
"form",
... | 44bc9963450947bba30d524d8efa193f | In computer terms, what does CPU stand for? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"computer",
"terms",
",",
"what",
"does",
"CPU",
"stand",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
17,
19,
24,
29,
33,
39,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"central processing unit"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
84
],
"end": [
106
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
14
],
"end": [
16
]
}
]
} | [
"central processing unit"
] |
SQuAD | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripher... | {
"tokens": [
"Conventionally",
",",
"a",
"computer",
"consists",
"of",
"at",
"least",
"one",
"processing",
"element",
",",
"typically",
"a",
"central",
"processing",
"unit",
"(",
"CPU",
")",
",",
"and",
"some",
"form",
... | 4fc4c32ee53e4f6fbaca58e5a4aaa67e | What are the devices called that are from an external source? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"the",
"devices",
"called",
"that",
"are",
"from",
"an",
"external",
"source",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
21,
28,
33,
37,
42,
45,
54,
60
]
} | {
"text": [
"Peripheral devices"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
312
],
"end": [
329
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
55
],
"end": [
56
]
}
]
} | [
"Peripheral devices"
] |
SQuAD | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripher... | {
"tokens": [
"Conventionally",
",",
"a",
"computer",
"consists",
"of",
"at",
"least",
"one",
"processing",
"element",
",",
"typically",
"a",
"central",
"processing",
"unit",
"(",
"CPU",
")",
",",
"and",
"some",
"form",
... | 76230c4df8134574b14069beb40fe127 | What are two things that a computer always has? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"two",
"things",
"that",
"a",
"computer",
"always",
"has",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
20,
25,
27,
36,
43,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"(CPU), and some form of memory"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
108
],
"end": [
137
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
25
]
}
]
} | [
"(CPU), and some form of memory"
] |
SQuAD | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | {
"tokens": [
"Since",
"the",
"early",
"1960s",
",",
"theoretical",
"linguists",
"have",
"moved",
"away",
"from",
"the",
"traditional",
"concept",
"of",
"a",
"phoneme",
",",
"preferring",
"to",
"consider",
"basic",
"units",
... | 25b6b54b2c344bfa93601e06ef55f7e0 | When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"theoretical",
"linguists",
"turn",
"away",
"traditional",
"phoneme",
"concepts",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
21,
31,
36,
41,
53,
61,
69
]
} | {
"text": [
"early 1960s"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
20
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
2
],
"end": [
3
]
}
]
} | [
"early 1960s"
] |
SQuAD | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | {
"tokens": [
"Since",
"the",
"early",
"1960s",
",",
"theoretical",
"linguists",
"have",
"moved",
"away",
"from",
"the",
"traditional",
"concept",
"of",
"a",
"phoneme",
",",
"preferring",
"to",
"consider",
"basic",
"units",
... | e04e0c3a53804f59a9f9aa4638899b6e | On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units? | {
"tokens": [
"On",
"what",
"level",
"do",
"theoretical",
"linguists",
"consider",
"basic",
"units",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
14,
17,
29,
39,
48,
54,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"abstract"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
149
],
"end": [
156
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
26
],
"end": [
26
]
}
]
} | [
"abstract"
] |
SQuAD | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | {
"tokens": [
"Since",
"the",
"early",
"1960s",
",",
"theoretical",
"linguists",
"have",
"moved",
"away",
"from",
"the",
"traditional",
"concept",
"of",
"a",
"phoneme",
",",
"preferring",
"to",
"consider",
"basic",
"units",
... | 8e9b6bd5e8b64fbd8923a635ef9b6ccd | What is a name for the basic morpheme unit? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"a",
"name",
"for",
"the",
"basic",
"morpheme",
"unit",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
10,
15,
19,
23,
29,
38,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"morphophonemes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
220
],
"end": [
233
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
40
],
"end": [
40
]
}
]
} | [
"morphophonemes"
] |
SQuAD | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | {
"tokens": [
"Since",
"the",
"early",
"1960s",
",",
"theoretical",
"linguists",
"have",
"moved",
"away",
"from",
"the",
"traditional",
"concept",
"of",
"a",
"phoneme",
",",
"preferring",
"to",
"consider",
"basic",
"units",
... | 024b5b70bd5a48edb4b942350c77d660 | What is the act of analyzing morphophones called? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"act",
"of",
"analyzing",
"morphophones",
"called",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
16,
19,
29,
42,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"morphophonology"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
279
],
"end": [
293
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
49
],
"end": [
49
]
}
]
} | [
"morphophonology"
] |
SQuAD | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | {
"tokens": [
"Since",
"the",
"early",
"1960s",
",",
"theoretical",
"linguists",
"have",
"moved",
"away",
"from",
"the",
"traditional",
"concept",
"of",
"a",
"phoneme",
",",
"preferring",
"to",
"consider",
"basic",
"units",
... | de39c97536054d44896ccb2ad12b3e47 | What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"kind",
"of",
"linguists",
"are",
"leaving",
"the",
"old",
"methods",
"behind",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
23,
27,
35,
39,
43,
51,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"theoretical"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
33
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
5
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"theoretical"
] |
SQuAD | These 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Example of 4GL is SQL. | {
"tokens": [
"These",
"4",
"G",
"languages",
"are",
"less",
"procedural",
"than",
"3",
"G",
"languages",
".",
"The",
"benefit",
"of",
"4GL",
"is",
"that",
"it",
"provides",
"ways",
"to",
"obtain",
"information",
"with... | d99fd26a6d914e10a92914b49045ca15 | An example of a 4GL is what? | {
"tokens": [
"An",
"example",
"of",
"a",
"4GL",
"is",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
11,
14,
16,
20,
23,
27
]
} | {
"text": [
"SQL"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
193
],
"end": [
195
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
37
],
"end": [
37
]
}
]
} | [
"SQL"
] |
SQuAD | These 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Example of 4GL is SQL. | {
"tokens": [
"These",
"4",
"G",
"languages",
"are",
"less",
"procedural",
"than",
"3",
"G",
"languages",
".",
"The",
"benefit",
"of",
"4GL",
"is",
"that",
"it",
"provides",
"ways",
"to",
"obtain",
"information",
"with... | 66658283be8b4607a7327a6a7141a7d8 | What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"pro",
"of",
"4GL",
"over",
"a",
"3",
"G",
"language",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
16,
19,
23,
28,
30,
31,
33,
41
]
} | {
"text": [
"provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
88
],
"end": [
172
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
31
]
}
... | [
"provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer"
] |
SQuAD | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"papacy",
"further",
"refined",
"the",
"practice",
"in",
"the",
"Mass",
"in",
"the",
"Late",
"Middle",
"Ages",
",",
"holding",
"that",
"the",
"clergy",
"alone",
"was",
"allowed",
"to",
"partake",
"... | 5522003cec734f609e09cdb14e7a40cb | In the Late Middle Ages, who was allowed to drink wine at Mass? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"Late",
"Middle",
"Ages",
",",
"who",
"was",
"allowed",
"to",
"drink",
"wine",
"at",
"Mass",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
12,
19,
23,
25,
29,
33,
41,
44,
50,
55,
58,
6... | {
"text": [
"the clergy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
90
],
"end": [
99
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"the clergy"
] |
SQuAD | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"papacy",
"further",
"refined",
"the",
"practice",
"in",
"the",
"Mass",
"in",
"the",
"Late",
"Middle",
"Ages",
",",
"holding",
"that",
"the",
"clergy",
"alone",
"was",
"allowed",
"to",
"partake",
"... | a3996920159d4452a9e681bd13a7e906 | When did Thomas à Kempis die? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"Thomas",
"à",
"Kempis",
"die",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
16,
18,
25,
28
]
} | {
"text": [
"1471"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
394
],
"end": [
397
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
77
],
"end": [
77
]
}
]
} | [
"1471"
] |
SQuAD | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"papacy",
"further",
"refined",
"the",
"practice",
"in",
"the",
"Mass",
"in",
"the",
"Late",
"Middle",
"Ages",
",",
"holding",
"that",
"the",
"clergy",
"alone",
"was",
"allowed",
"to",
"partake",
"... | fbf6f0c8b70047f099eb97a3cb106a10 | In what year did the Church condemn witches? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"year",
"did",
"the",
"Church",
"condemn",
"witches",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
21,
28,
36,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"1484"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
738
],
"end": [
741
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
137
],
"end": [
137
]
}
]
} | [
"1484"
] |
SQuAD | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"papacy",
"further",
"refined",
"the",
"practice",
"in",
"the",
"Mass",
"in",
"the",
"Late",
"Middle",
"Ages",
",",
"holding",
"that",
"the",
"clergy",
"alone",
"was",
"allowed",
"to",
"partake",
"... | 03efd99bedf644dda4049468b300f03e | In what year was the Malleus Maleficarum published? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"year",
"was",
"the",
"Malleus",
"Maleficarum",
"published",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
21,
29,
41,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"1486"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
766
],
"end": [
769
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
142
],
"end": [
142
]
}
]
} | [
"1486"
] |
SQuAD | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"papacy",
"further",
"refined",
"the",
"practice",
"in",
"the",
"Mass",
"in",
"the",
"Late",
"Middle",
"Ages",
",",
"holding",
"that",
"the",
"clergy",
"alone",
"was",
"allowed",
"to",
"partake",
"... | 9dfa7673ce7940feafca08512ec203a8 | What was the Malleus Maleficarum? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"Malleus",
"Maleficarum",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
21,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"handbook for witch-hunters"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
816
],
"end": [
841
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
151
],
"end": [
155
]
}
]
} | [
"handbook for witch-hunters"
] |
SQuAD | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"principles",
"of",
"phonological",
"analysis",
"can",
"be",
"applied",
"independently",
"of",
"modality",
"because",
"they",
"are",
"designed",
"to",
"serve",
"as",
"general",
"analytical",
"tools",
",",
... | 6cb7b23b82c347d69aae216e00fbe93d | Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be? | {
"tokens": [
"Instead",
"of",
"being",
"language",
"-",
"specific",
"what",
"kind",
"of",
"tools",
"are",
"the",
"principles",
"of",
"phonological",
"analysis",
"designed",
"to",
"be",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
11,
17... | {
"text": [
"general analytical tools"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
119
],
"end": [
142
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
18
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"general analytical tools"
] |
SQuAD | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"principles",
"of",
"phonological",
"analysis",
"can",
"be",
"applied",
"independently",
"of",
"modality",
"because",
"they",
"are",
"designed",
"to",
"serve",
"as",
"general",
"analytical",
"tools",
",",
... | c7ef1c2869854a7eb239934b192b945e | What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"other",
"types",
"of",
"language",
"have",
"the",
"phonological",
"analysis",
"principles",
"been",
"applied",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
17,
20,
29,
34,
38,
51,
60,
71,
76,
... | {
"text": [
"sign languages"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
230
],
"end": [
243
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
38
],
"end": [
39
]
}
]
} | [
"sign languages"
] |
SQuAD | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"principles",
"of",
"phonological",
"analysis",
"can",
"be",
"applied",
"independently",
"of",
"modality",
"because",
"they",
"are",
"designed",
"to",
"serve",
"as",
"general",
"analytical",
"tools",
",",
... | b70a9bd352724fa788c2278008259ba6 | What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"the",
"principles",
"of",
"phonological",
"analysis",
"able",
"to",
"be",
"applied",
"separately",
"from",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
24,
27,
40,
49,
54,
57,
60,
68,
79,
... | {
"text": [
"modality"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
72
],
"end": [
79
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"modality"
] |
SQuAD | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"principles",
"of",
"phonological",
"analysis",
"can",
"be",
"applied",
"independently",
"of",
"modality",
"because",
"they",
"are",
"designed",
"to",
"serve",
"as",
"general",
"analytical",
"tools",
",",
... | 172ca42e70294899aad4b53eabcf9083 | In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"sign",
"languages",
"what",
"are",
"not",
"represented",
"as",
"instances",
"of",
"speech",
"sounds",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
18,
23,
27,
31,
43,
46,
56,
59,
66,
72
]
} | {
"text": [
"sub-lexical units"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
295
],
"end": [
311
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
51
],
"end": [
54
]
}
]
} | [
"sub-lexical units"
] |
SQuAD | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"findings",
"and",
"insights",
"of",
"speech",
"perception",
"and",
"articulation",
"research",
"complicate",
"the",
"traditional",
"and",
"somewhat",
"intuitive",
"idea",
"of",
"interchangeable",
"allophones",
"b... | f7ffd8a66bbd4d2fa44ebf270b9b0eba | How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"do",
"speech",
"perception",
"and",
"articulation",
"findings",
"and",
"insights",
"affect",
"previous",
"and",
"more",
"traditional",
"ideas",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
7,
14,
25,
29,
42,
51,
... | {
"text": [
"complicate"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
73
],
"end": [
82
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"complicate"
] |
SQuAD | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"findings",
"and",
"insights",
"of",
"speech",
"perception",
"and",
"articulation",
"research",
"complicate",
"the",
"traditional",
"and",
"somewhat",
"intuitive",
"idea",
"of",
"interchangeable",
"allophones",
"b... | f57108c90b6740e1aaf1d09057073447 | How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"does",
"interchanging",
"allophones",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"pheneme",
"render",
"words",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
23,
34,
37,
41,
46,
54,
61,
66
]
} | {
"text": [
"unrecognizable"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
260
],
"end": [
273
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
38
],
"end": [
38
]
}
]
} | [
"unrecognizable"
] |
SQuAD | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"findings",
"and",
"insights",
"of",
"speech",
"perception",
"and",
"articulation",
"research",
"complicate",
"the",
"traditional",
"and",
"somewhat",
"intuitive",
"idea",
"of",
"interchangeable",
"allophones",
"b... | 5da254dd3bd14ef89ee3fb5beb9d57af | What does splicing words affect? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"splicing",
"words",
"affect",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
19,
25,
31
]
} | {
"text": [
"speech perception"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
450
],
"end": [
466
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
75
],
"end": [
76
]
}
]
} | [
"speech perception"
] |
SQuAD | The sector, a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"sector",
",",
"a",
"calculating",
"instrument",
"used",
"for",
"solving",
"problems",
"in",
"proportion",
",",
"trigonometry",
",",
"multiplication",
"and",
"division",
",",
"and",
"for",
"various",
"func... | 2cb6047422404411891db4a5dd72bfed | The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"sector",
",",
"a",
"calculating",
"instrument",
",",
"was",
"invented",
"during",
"what",
"century",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
12,
14,
26,
36,
38,
42,
51,
58,
63,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"16th century"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
206
],
"end": [
217
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
36
],
"end": [
37
]
}
]
} | [
"16th century"
] |
SQuAD | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"abacus",
"was",
"initially",
"used",
"for",
"arithmetic",
"tasks",
".",
"The",
"Roman",
"abacus",
"was",
"used",
"in",
"Babylonia",
"as",
"early",
"as",
"2400",
"BC",
".",
"Since",
"then",
",",
... | 0e84f2f614b847e483aa04e2dd698677 | What was the abacus first used for? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"abacus",
"first",
"used",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
20,
26,
31,
34
]
} | {
"text": [
"arithmetic tasks"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
49
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
6
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"arithmetic tasks"
] |
SQuAD | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"abacus",
"was",
"initially",
"used",
"for",
"arithmetic",
"tasks",
".",
"The",
"Roman",
"abacus",
"was",
"used",
"in",
"Babylonia",
"as",
"early",
"as",
"2400",
"BC",
".",
"Since",
"then",
",",
... | 264be0b891124039a9620e860d28fd61 | When was the Roman abacus first used? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"the",
"Roman",
"abacus",
"first",
"used",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
26,
32,
36
]
} | {
"text": [
"2400 BC"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
103
],
"end": [
109
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"2400 BC"
] |
SQuAD | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"abacus",
"was",
"initially",
"used",
"for",
"arithmetic",
"tasks",
".",
"The",
"Roman",
"abacus",
"was",
"used",
"in",
"Babylonia",
"as",
"early",
"as",
"2400",
"BC",
".",
"Since",
"then",
",",
... | e101ac6377ef4ff7a8a2f622806c63a9 | Where was the Roman abacus first used? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"was",
"the",
"Roman",
"abacus",
"first",
"used",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
14,
20,
27,
33,
37
]
} | {
"text": [
"Babylonia"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
81
],
"end": [
89
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
15
],
"end": [
15
]
}
]
} | [
"Babylonia"
] |
SQuAD | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"abacus",
"was",
"initially",
"used",
"for",
"arithmetic",
"tasks",
".",
"The",
"Roman",
"abacus",
"was",
"used",
"in",
"Babylonia",
"as",
"early",
"as",
"2400",
"BC",
".",
"Since",
"then",
",",
... | 62784543df5643bda603e600d7bf2b00 | In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"medieval",
"Europe",
"was",
"was",
"placed",
"on",
"a",
"table",
"to",
"help",
"count",
"money",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
19,
23,
27,
34,
37,
39,
45,
48,
53,
59,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"a checkered cloth"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
230
],
"end": [
246
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
44
],
"end": [
46
]
}
]
} | [
"a checkered cloth"
] |
SQuAD | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"abacus",
"was",
"initially",
"used",
"for",
"arithmetic",
"tasks",
".",
"The",
"Roman",
"abacus",
"was",
"used",
"in",
"Babylonia",
"as",
"early",
"as",
"2400",
"BC",
".",
"Since",
"then",
",",
... | 52b66a45e9d947698720ae74b71ec3eb | A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what? | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"checkered",
"cloth",
"on",
"a",
"table",
"was",
"used",
"in",
"medieval",
"Europe",
"to",
"help",
"count",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
12,
18,
21,
23,
29,
33,
38,
41,
50,
57,
... | {
"text": [
"sums of money"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
360
],
"end": [
372
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
70
],
"end": [
72
]
}
]
} | [
"sums of money"
] |
SQuAD | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or blee... | {
"tokens": [
"Phonology",
"also",
"includes",
"topics",
"such",
"as",
"phonotactics",
"(",
"the",
"phonological",
"constraints",
"on",
"what",
"sounds",
"can",
"appear",
"in",
"what",
"positions",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"languag... | 03092b27ed0345479f910ae0aac561da | Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied? | {
"tokens": [
"Under",
"what",
"topic",
"is",
"suprasegmentals",
"studied",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
17,
20,
36,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"prosody"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
338
],
"end": [
344
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
58
],
"end": [
58
]
}
]
} | [
"prosody"
] |
SQuAD | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or blee... | {
"tokens": [
"Phonology",
"also",
"includes",
"topics",
"such",
"as",
"phonotactics",
"(",
"the",
"phonological",
"constraints",
"on",
"what",
"sounds",
"can",
"appear",
"in",
"what",
"positions",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"languag... | d05b95fdb6334f6cb219b5b1fe80927f | Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes? | {
"tokens": [
"Aside",
"from",
"bleeding",
"what",
"is",
"an",
"order",
"of",
"rules",
"that",
"define",
"how",
"pronunciation",
"of",
"a",
"sound",
"changes",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
20,
25,
28,
31,
37,
... | {
"text": [
"feeding"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
305
],
"end": [
311
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
50
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"feeding"
] |
SQuAD | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or blee... | {
"tokens": [
"Phonology",
"also",
"includes",
"topics",
"such",
"as",
"phonotactics",
"(",
"the",
"phonological",
"constraints",
"on",
"what",
"sounds",
"can",
"appear",
"in",
"what",
"positions",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"languag... | 32a4b417ba994cccad58afc39757fc3a | Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline? | {
"tokens": [
"Phonotactics",
",",
"phonological",
"alternation",
"and",
"prosody",
"are",
"topics",
"contained",
"in",
"what",
"discipline",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
14,
27,
39,
43,
51,
55,
62,
72,
75,
80,
9... | {
"text": [
"Phonology"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
8
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
0
]
}
]
} | [
"Phonology"
] |
SQuAD | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or blee... | {
"tokens": [
"Phonology",
"also",
"includes",
"topics",
"such",
"as",
"phonotactics",
"(",
"the",
"phonological",
"constraints",
"on",
"what",
"sounds",
"can",
"appear",
"in",
"what",
"positions",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"languag... | 133a2451d22c439f94ed3f2481c34c38 | Stress and intonation are studied under what topic? | {
"tokens": [
"Stress",
"and",
"intonation",
"are",
"studied",
"under",
"what",
"topic",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
22,
26,
34,
40,
45,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"prosody"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
338
],
"end": [
344
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
58
],
"end": [
58
]
}
]
} | [
"prosody"
] |
SQuAD | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items... | {
"tokens": [
"Devices",
"have",
"been",
"used",
"to",
"aid",
"computation",
"for",
"thousands",
"of",
"years",
",",
"mostly",
"using",
"one",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"one",
"correspondence",
"with",
"fingers",
".",
"The",
"ea... | fd7af5f2605c49139472afacda9e02e8 | The earliest device to help count was what? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"earliest",
"device",
"to",
"help",
"count",
"was",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
20,
23,
28,
34,
38,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"a form of tally stick"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
161
],
"end": [
181
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
33
]
}
]
} | [
"a form of tally stick"
] |
SQuAD | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items... | {
"tokens": [
"Devices",
"have",
"been",
"used",
"to",
"aid",
"computation",
"for",
"thousands",
"of",
"years",
",",
"mostly",
"using",
"one",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"one",
"correspondence",
"with",
"fingers",
".",
"The",
"ea... | 7371a7df58b345c3ac90ca625aa95382 | Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what? | {
"tokens": [
"Calculi",
"during",
"the",
"Fertile",
"Crescent",
"refers",
"to",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
15,
19,
27,
36,
43,
46,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"(clay spheres, cones, etc.)"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
259
],
"end": [
285
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
45
],
"end": [
53
]
}
]
} | [
"(clay spheres, cones, etc.)"
] |
SQuAD | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital compute... | {
"tokens": [
"Mechanical",
"analog",
"computers",
"started",
"appearing",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"century",
"and",
"were",
"later",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"medieval",
"era",
"for",
"astronomical",
"calculations",
".",
"In",
"Wor... | c13fa3c9f9204420b3d244e8b3c97484 | What were analog computers originally used for? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"were",
"analog",
"computers",
"originally",
"used",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
17,
27,
38,
43,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"astronomical calculations"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
111
],
"end": [
135
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
18
],
"end": [
19
]
}
]
} | [
"astronomical calculations"
] |
SQuAD | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital compute... | {
"tokens": [
"Mechanical",
"analog",
"computers",
"started",
"appearing",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"century",
"and",
"were",
"later",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"medieval",
"era",
"for",
"astronomical",
"calculations",
".",
"In",
"Wor... | 70d5f0b176aa4e7bad10abc96911b90d | During what war were computers first used for military applications? | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"what",
"war",
"were",
"computers",
"first",
"used",
"for",
"military",
"applications",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
12,
16,
21,
31,
37,
42,
46,
55,
67
]
} | {
"text": [
"World War II,"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
141
],
"end": [
153
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
25
]
}
]
} | [
"World War II,"
] |
SQuAD | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital compute... | {
"tokens": [
"Mechanical",
"analog",
"computers",
"started",
"appearing",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"century",
"and",
"were",
"later",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"medieval",
"era",
"for",
"astronomical",
"calculations",
".",
"In",
"Wor... | 44784adfff604c418b2c4bcb1155df45 | In computer terms, what does PC stand for? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"computer",
"terms",
",",
"what",
"does",
"PC",
"stand",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
17,
19,
24,
29,
32,
38,
41
]
} | {
"text": [
"personal computers"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
436
],
"end": [
453
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
70
],
"end": [
71
]
}
]
} | [
"personal computers"
] |
SQuAD | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital compute... | {
"tokens": [
"Mechanical",
"analog",
"computers",
"started",
"appearing",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"century",
"and",
"were",
"later",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"medieval",
"era",
"for",
"astronomical",
"calculations",
".",
"In",
"Wor... | 742dc1599de34e4886103bd6b8977878 | During what war were the first digital computers invented? | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"what",
"war",
"were",
"the",
"first",
"digital",
"computers",
"invented",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
12,
16,
21,
25,
31,
39,
49,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
141
],
"end": [
152
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"World War II"
] |
SQuAD | The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the med... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"medieval",
"period",
"is",
"frequently",
"caricatured",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"time",
"of",
"ignorance",
"and",
"superstition",
"\"",
"that",
"placed",
"\"",
"the",
"word",
"of",
"religious",
"authorities",
... | 33b9a6af8f8d445abd2f7aa6202ecff5 | Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged? | {
"tokens": [
"Along",
"with",
"the",
"Renaissance",
",",
"during",
"what",
"period",
"were",
"the",
"Middle",
"Ages",
"disparaged",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
15,
26,
28,
35,
40,
47,
52,
56,
63,
68,
... | {
"text": [
"Enlightenment"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
231
],
"end": [
243
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
40
],
"end": [
40
]
}
]
} | [
"Enlightenment"
] |
SQuAD | The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the med... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"medieval",
"period",
"is",
"frequently",
"caricatured",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"time",
"of",
"ignorance",
"and",
"superstition",
"\"",
"that",
"placed",
"\"",
"the",
"word",
"of",
"religious",
"authorities",
... | 94f018c85e724316b3e866be03c6105f | What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"era",
"did",
"Renaissance",
"scholars",
"negatively",
"compare",
"the",
"Middle",
"Ages",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
25,
34,
45,
53,
57,
64,
69,
71
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Classical world"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
477
],
"end": [
495
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
81
],
"end": [
83
]
}
]
} | [
"the Classical world"
] |
SQuAD | The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the med... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"medieval",
"period",
"is",
"frequently",
"caricatured",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"time",
"of",
"ignorance",
"and",
"superstition",
"\"",
"that",
"placed",
"\"",
"the",
"word",
"of",
"religious",
"authorities",
... | 9eb0b687be264f19b8592f0cdbfb4b72 | How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"did",
"scholars",
"of",
"the",
"Enlightenment",
"see",
"the",
"Middle",
"Ages",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
17,
20,
24,
38,
42,
46,
53,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"as a time of ignorance and superstition"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
586
],
"end": [
624
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
100
],
"end": [
106
]
}
]
} | [
"as a time of ignorance and superstition"
] |
SQuAD | The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the med... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"medieval",
"period",
"is",
"frequently",
"caricatured",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"time",
"of",
"ignorance",
"and",
"superstition",
"\"",
"that",
"placed",
"\"",
"the",
"word",
"of",
"religious",
"authorities",
... | 36f91d0bf43644d2a1a8b1031afc067e | What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"Enlightenment",
"scholars",
"consider",
"to",
"be",
"inferior",
"to",
"reason",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
23,
32,
41,
44,
47,
56,
59,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"faith"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
547
],
"end": [
551
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
92
],
"end": [
92
]
}
]
} | [
"faith"
] |
SQuAD | The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer, which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"sequence",
"of",
"operations",
"that",
"the",
"control",
"unit",
"goes",
"through",
"to",
"process",
"an",
"instruction",
"is",
"in",
"itself",
"like",
"a",
"short",
"computer",
"program",
",",
"and",... | c01888f883744ef69ad10b5ca1dd80c5 | In some CPU designs there is tinier computer called what? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"some",
"CPU",
"designs",
"there",
"is",
"tinier",
"computer",
"called",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
12,
20,
26,
29,
36,
45,
52,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"microsequencer"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
225
],
"end": [
238
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
41
],
"end": [
41
]
}
]
} | [
"microsequencer"
] |
SQuAD | The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer, which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"sequence",
"of",
"operations",
"that",
"the",
"control",
"unit",
"goes",
"through",
"to",
"process",
"an",
"instruction",
"is",
"in",
"itself",
"like",
"a",
"short",
"computer",
"program",
",",
"and",... | 4c73e844fbaf41f6b27b212266acdcde | A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component? | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"microsequencer",
"can",
"be",
"found",
"in",
"what",
"other",
"computer",
"component",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
17,
21,
24,
30,
33,
38,
44,
53,
62
]
} | {
"text": [
"CPU"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
165
],
"end": [
167
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
30
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"CPU"
] |
SQuAD | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Antikythera",
"mechanism",
"is",
"believed",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"earliest",
"mechanical",
"analog",
"\"",
"computer",
"\"",
",",
"according",
"to",
"Derek",
"J.",
"de",
"Solla",
"Price",
".",
"It",
... | 16ac2ff6f90146ffaee8487c2f8992f4 | What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"thought",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"first",
"mechanical",
"analog",
"computer",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
16,
19,
22,
26,
32,
43,
50,
58
]
} | {
"text": [
"The Antikythera mechanism"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
4,
388
],
"end": [
24,
408
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1,
72
],
"end": [
2,
73
]
}
]
} | [
"The Antikythera mechanism"
] |
SQuAD | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Antikythera",
"mechanism",
"is",
"believed",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"earliest",
"mechanical",
"analog",
"\"",
"computer",
"\"",
",",
"according",
"to",
"Derek",
"J.",
"de",
"Solla",
"Price",
".",
"It",
... | 8aab23761e744a1dab77502fedb557ef | When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"the",
"Antikythera",
"mechanism",
"discovered",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
25,
35,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"1901"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
199
],
"end": [
202
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
35
],
"end": [
35
]
}
]
} | [
"1901"
] |
SQuAD | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Antikythera",
"mechanism",
"is",
"believed",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"earliest",
"mechanical",
"analog",
"\"",
"computer",
"\"",
",",
"according",
"to",
"Derek",
"J.",
"de",
"Solla",
"Price",
".",
"It",
... | c20faeaf97fe4923ba5fcd7203afd1d3 | Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"was",
"the",
"Antikythera",
"mechanism",
"found",
"in",
"1901",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
14,
26,
36,
42,
45,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
211
],
"end": [
263
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
38
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera"
] |
SQuAD | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Antikythera",
"mechanism",
"is",
"believed",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"earliest",
"mechanical",
"analog",
"\"",
"computer",
"\"",
",",
"according",
"to",
"Derek",
"J.",
"de",
"Solla",
"Price",
".",
"It",
... | 839d5e7636924691b0e859a41f97a557 | Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"is",
"the",
"Greek",
"Island",
"of",
"Antikythera",
"located",
"between",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
9,
13,
19,
26,
29,
41,
49,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"Kythera and Crete"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
274
],
"end": [
290
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"Kythera and Crete"
] |
SQuAD | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Antikythera",
"mechanism",
"is",
"believed",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"earliest",
"mechanical",
"analog",
"\"",
"computer",
"\"",
",",
"according",
"to",
"Derek",
"J.",
"de",
"Solla",
"Price",
".",
"It",
... | 545270c93b00454ba161fc3a44d41745 | The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Antikythera",
"mechanism",
"was",
"thought",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"first",
"computer",
"according",
"to",
"whom",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
26,
30,
38,
41,
44,
48,
54,
63,
73,
76,
... | {
"text": [
"Derek J. de Solla Price."
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
100
],
"end": [
123
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
22
]
}
]
} | [
"Derek J. de Solla Price."
] |
SQuAD | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"mechanical",
"aids",
"to",
"calculation",
"and",
"measurement",
"were",
"constructed",
"for",
"astronomical",
"and",
"navigation",
"use",
".",
"The",
"planisphere",
"was",
"a",
"star",
"chart",
"invented",
... | 73873fbc1b49456dba7a627375023d70 | Who invented the planisphere? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"invented",
"the",
"planisphere",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
17,
28
]
} | {
"text": [
"Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
151
],
"end": [
170
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
27
]
}
]
} | [
"Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī"
] |
SQuAD | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"mechanical",
"aids",
"to",
"calculation",
"and",
"measurement",
"were",
"constructed",
"for",
"astronomical",
"and",
"navigation",
"use",
".",
"The",
"planisphere",
"was",
"a",
"star",
"chart",
"invented",
... | 125f54c74ecd4e7ba87011f36e074548 | Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"is",
"thought",
"to",
"have",
"invented",
"the",
"astrolabe",
"in",
"history",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
7,
15,
18,
23,
32,
36,
46,
49,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"Hipparchus"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
316
],
"end": [
325
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
55
],
"end": [
55
]
}
]
} | [
"Hipparchus"
] |
SQuAD | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"mechanical",
"aids",
"to",
"calculation",
"and",
"measurement",
"were",
"constructed",
"for",
"astronomical",
"and",
"navigation",
"use",
".",
"The",
"planisphere",
"was",
"a",
"star",
"chart",
"invented",
... | eb282139840f461c8fca208681acf02c | The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"astrolabe",
"was",
"a",
"combination",
"of",
"what",
"two",
"devices",
"in",
"history",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
18,
20,
32,
35,
40,
44,
52,
55,
62
]
} | {
"text": [
"the planisphere and dioptra"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
345
],
"end": [
371
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
60
],
"end": [
63
]
}
]
} | [
"the planisphere and dioptra"
] |
SQuAD | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"mechanical",
"aids",
"to",
"calculation",
"and",
"measurement",
"were",
"constructed",
"for",
"astronomical",
"and",
"navigation",
"use",
".",
"The",
"planisphere",
"was",
"a",
"star",
"chart",
"invented",
... | d16907f5f641419dbe77f73eaa20ddaa | The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"first",
"astrolabe",
"with",
"gear",
"-",
"wheels",
"was",
"invented",
"when",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
20,
25,
29,
30,
37,
41,
50,
54
]
} | {
"text": [
"1235"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
627
],
"end": [
630
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
106
],
"end": [
106
]
}
]
} | [
"1235"
] |
SQuAD | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"mechanical",
"aids",
"to",
"calculation",
"and",
"measurement",
"were",
"constructed",
"for",
"astronomical",
"and",
"navigation",
"use",
".",
"The",
"planisphere",
"was",
"a",
"star",
"chart",
"invented",
... | 752e795eeabf4d75a7a2a39b1ab8a4ad | The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"first",
"astrolabe",
"with",
"a",
"mechanical",
"calendar",
"was",
"invented",
"where",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
20,
25,
27,
38,
47,
51,
60,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"Persia"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
617
],
"end": [
622
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
104
],
"end": [
104
]
}
]
} | [
"Persia"
] |
SQuAD | A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"key",
"component",
"common",
"to",
"all",
"CPUs",
"is",
"the",
"program",
"counter",
",",
"a",
"special",
"memory",
"cell",
"(",
"a",
"register",
")",
"that",
"keeps",
"track",
"of",
"which",
"l... | 1f9446ebe4ff4c1a8afb2a2e57affa8c | A special memory cell of a CPU is called what? | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"special",
"memory",
"cell",
"of",
"a",
"CPU",
"is",
"called",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
10,
17,
22,
25,
27,
31,
34,
41,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"a register"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
82
],
"end": [
91
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"a register"
] |
SQuAD | A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"key",
"component",
"common",
"to",
"all",
"CPUs",
"is",
"the",
"program",
"counter",
",",
"a",
"special",
"memory",
"cell",
"(",
"a",
"register",
")",
"that",
"keeps",
"track",
"of",
"which",
"l... | 5680f34e5d594ba98fc583c304e8a568 | A register of a CPU keeps track of what? | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"register",
"of",
"a",
"CPU",
"keeps",
"track",
"of",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
11,
14,
16,
20,
26,
32,
35,
39
]
} | {
"text": [
"which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
114
],
"end": [
177
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
24
],
"end": [
35
]
}
]
} | [
"which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from"
] |
SQuAD | A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"key",
"component",
"common",
"to",
"all",
"CPUs",
"is",
"the",
"program",
"counter",
",",
"a",
"special",
"memory",
"cell",
"(",
"a",
"register",
")",
"that",
"keeps",
"track",
"of",
"which",
"l... | d5c185676a3c410b967764e58ffbfec2 | What is a component that all CPUs have? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"a",
"component",
"that",
"all",
"CPUs",
"have",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
10,
20,
25,
29,
34,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"the program counter"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
38
],
"end": [
56
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
8
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"the program counter"
] |
SQuAD | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"art",
"of",
"mechanical",
"analog",
"computing",
"reached",
"its",
"zenith",
"with",
"the",
"differential",
"analyzer",
",",
"built",
"by",
"H.",
"L.",
"Hazen",
"and",
"Vannevar",
"Bush",
"at",
"MIT",... | f2f7dd7f19a645ca9f5b86bc468bca4c | Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"was",
"the",
"differential",
"analyzer",
"built",
"by",
"H.L.",
"Hazen",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
14,
27,
36,
42,
45,
50,
55
]
} | {
"text": [
"MIT"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
132
],
"end": [
134
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
23
]
}
]
} | [
"MIT"
] |
SQuAD | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"art",
"of",
"mechanical",
"analog",
"computing",
"reached",
"its",
"zenith",
"with",
"the",
"differential",
"analyzer",
",",
"built",
"by",
"H.",
"L.",
"Hazen",
"and",
"Vannevar",
"Bush",
"at",
"MIT",... | caf4cd32a5964c79964660313e18e0cc | The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"differential",
"analyzer",
"by",
"H.L.",
"Hazen",
"and",
"Vannevar",
"Bush",
"was",
"first",
"being",
"built",
"in",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
26,
29,
34,
40,
44,
53,
... | {
"text": [
"1927"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
148
],
"end": [
151
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
26
],
"end": [
26
]
}
]
} | [
"1927"
] |
SQuAD | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"art",
"of",
"mechanical",
"analog",
"computing",
"reached",
"its",
"zenith",
"with",
"the",
"differential",
"analyzer",
",",
"built",
"by",
"H.",
"L.",
"Hazen",
"and",
"Vannevar",
"Bush",
"at",
"MIT",... | bfceb17887534e5eab96f62aec8c87e9 | The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"torque",
"amplifiers",
"of",
"the",
"differential",
"analyzer",
"were",
"created",
"by",
"whom",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
22,
25,
29,
42,
51,
56,
64,
67,
71
]
} | {
"text": [
"H. W. Nieman"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
250
],
"end": [
261
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
43
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"H. W. Nieman"
] |
SQuAD | The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more f... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"first",
"modern",
"analog",
"computer",
"was",
"a",
"tide",
"-",
"predicting",
"machine",
",",
"invented",
"by",
"Sir",
"William",
"Thomson",
"in",
"1872",
".",
"The",
"differential",
"analyser",
",",... | 73578a215b64459eb720bafd97712269 | Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"invented",
"the",
"first",
"analog",
"computer",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"a",
"tide",
"-",
"predicting",
"machine",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
17,
23,
30,
39,
42,
46,
51,
54,
... | {
"text": [
"Sir William Thomson"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
76
],
"end": [
94
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
14
],
"end": [
16
]
}
]
} | [
"Sir William Thomson"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.