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SQuAD
Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Eth...
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c40a12eae44846a39a44af15d1eb75bf
How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?
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{ "text": [ "in similar ways" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 551 ], "end": [ 565 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ] }
[ "in similar ways" ]
SQuAD
Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Eth...
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184dfc0ef0894496a5bee338c7368403
What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?
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[ "cultural and material lives of past societies" ]
SQuAD
Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for...
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5ef89a97eb2f4645929178f2d767b549
When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?
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{ "text": [ "late 1850s." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "late 1850s." ]
SQuAD
Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for...
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0fe2f7118cd74458a2bcb8731957837f
What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?
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[ "bring it into the social sciences" ]
SQuAD
Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for...
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caa9c293e98d4692acda237cb02e1e20
Where did Paul Broca reside?
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{ "text": [ "Paris" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 137 ], "end": [ 141 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "Paris" ]
SQuAD
Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for...
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e9e2f7217e764adb9cf22745c38b765a
What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?
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{ "text": [ "Société de biologie" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 188 ], "end": [ 206 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "Société de biologie" ]
SQuAD
Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for...
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c887f65578c14cb5a39bc82dc5c8d051
What did the French call evolutionism?
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{ "text": [ "Transformisme" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 413 ], "end": [ 425 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 76 ] } ] }
[ "Transformisme" ]
SQuAD
Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the i...
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f2d34dd6ef944495b884b99cf68dbf67
When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?
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{ "text": [ "late 19th and early 20th centuries" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "late 19th and early 20th centuries" ]
SQuAD
Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the i...
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e557dc773ef34e19ad43050d5342f9ad
What did Margaret Mead advocate for?
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{ "text": [ "gender equality and sexual liberation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 706 ], "end": [ 742 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 121 ], "end": [ 125 ] } ] }
[ "gender equality and sexual liberation" ]
SQuAD
Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the i...
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5c55015ab50049bfadaf88691e71f8e2
What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?
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{ "text": [ "cross-cultural comparisons" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 240 ], "end": [ 265 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "cross-cultural comparisons" ]
SQuAD
Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the i...
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c4da1dd41cf44ce6a9aa9c40a3227bbf
What did Boas' argue against?
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{ "text": [ "19th-century racial ideology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 639 ], "end": [ 666 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 113 ] } ] }
[ "19th-century racial ideology" ]
SQuAD
Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the i...
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051a22bf7d7c43db8a56cdc53f70cc99
What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?
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{ "text": [ "cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 469 ], "end": [ 548 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] ...
[ "cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques" ]
SQuAD
Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was ...
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1c9e191f8d89424996cedfb7824af573
If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?
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{ "text": [ "neurosurgeon" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "neurosurgeon" ]
SQuAD
Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was ...
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e91ac6cfa38e4badaaeef3492abff549
What particularly interested Broca?
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{ "text": [ "the pathology of speech" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "the pathology of speech" ]
SQuAD
Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was ...
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744ca6e69c7b459bb1bcda52fa8dec35
What did Broca discover in the human brain?
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{ "text": [ "speech center" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 232 ], "end": [ 244 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "speech center" ]
SQuAD
Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was ...
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f41480a22b264806bb2a1d8840ed84f3
What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?
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{ "text": [ "psychology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 396 ], "end": [ 405 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }
[ "psychology" ]
SQuAD
Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was ...
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c2915576b59740ea968b07270db458e1
How many volumes was Waitz work?
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{ "text": [ "six" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 483 ], "end": [ 485 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 89 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ] }
[ "six" ]
SQuAD
Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu...
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cc05ad5da59a4c6abfe260a61f17a3c8
What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?
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{ "text": [ "Sociocultural anthropology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Sociocultural anthropology" ]
SQuAD
Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu...
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Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?
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{ "text": [ "social" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 238 ], "end": [ 243 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }
[ "social" ]
SQuAD
Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu...
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2d70bdb54ddf44beb996b93bcb122891
What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?
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{ "text": [ "social structures," ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 662 ], "end": [ 679 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 108 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ] }
[ "social structures," ]
SQuAD
Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu...
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What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?
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{ "text": [ "hard-and-fast" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 786 ], "end": [ 798 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 133 ], "end": [ 137 ] } ] }
[ "hard-and-fast" ]
SQuAD
Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu...
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cfbe6fe9f69540cb810327049c0d3620
What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?
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[ "Cultural anthropology" ]
SQuAD
Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of...
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What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?
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[ "cultural relativism" ]
SQuAD
Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of...
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24118d0090cd4c9a8ce90fdf839c15ff
What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?
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{ "text": [ "Ethnography" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 334 ], "end": [ 344 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "Ethnography" ]
SQuAD
Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of...
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What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?
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{ "text": [ "Participant observation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 557 ], "end": [ 579 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 93 ] } ] }
[ "Participant observation" ]
SQuAD
Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of...
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73b32c3c090a4a6b8a399f8f4360d2e4
What is a needlessly complicated word which means "conceptual"?
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{ "text": [ "emic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 821 ], "end": [ 824 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 131 ], "end": [ 131 ] } ] }
[ "emic" ]
SQuAD
Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of...
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57ff6db6fae14d56bf6cf482474feaa0
What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?
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{ "text": [ "reductionism in cross-cultural comparison" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 227 ], "end": [ 267 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "reductionism in cross-cultural comparison" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities b...
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6816accea61345ba8d2579783c487d4c
What is anthropology the intellectual results of?
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{ "text": [ "comparative methods" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "comparative methods" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities b...
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b73f9cd24f4f487699b140f6095f6a09
What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?
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{ "text": [ "similarities" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 306 ], "end": [ 317 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "similarities" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities b...
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6f2eb1e8c99044f0957c816bd3930a85
What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?
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{ "text": [ "processes or laws unknown to them then" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 379 ], "end": [ 416 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 69 ] } ] }
[ "processes or laws unknown to them then" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities b...
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2501cac6cafa4480a0f375b9b756b4c1
What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?
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{ "text": [ "epiphany" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 498 ], "end": [ 505 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 87 ], "end": [ 87 ] } ] }
[ "epiphany" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities b...
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4ab67e62065448a391899eaa6df50b46
How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?
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{ "text": [ "comparison of species" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 598 ], "end": [ 618 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 103 ], "end": [ 105 ] } ] }
[ "comparison of species" ]
SQuAD
One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly differen...
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f70e43d383c048628fdbaae84d82a411
What is a cultural phenomenon?
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{ "text": [ "art" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "art" ]
SQuAD
One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly differen...
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ee826f761a5b4b23b6cd7a8668ce5251
What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?
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{ "text": [ "do not exist" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 270 ], "end": [ 281 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }
[ "do not exist" ]
SQuAD
One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly differen...
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017d8e4584064b43b645e09c6f1c2f0c
What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?
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{ "text": [ "evident 'aesthetic' qualities" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 511 ], "end": [ 539 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ] }
[ "evident 'aesthetic' qualities" ]
SQuAD
One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly differen...
{ "tokens": [ "One", "of", "the", "central", "problems", "in", "the", "anthropology", "of", "art", "concerns", "the", "universality", "of", "'", "art", "'", "as", "a", "cultural", "phenomenon", ".", "Several", "anthropolog...
b4ff93ecee984faab39268aef3126995
When was Art as Cultural System penned?
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{ "text": [ "1983" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 650 ], "end": [ 653 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 129 ], "end": [ 129 ] } ] }
[ "1983" ]
SQuAD
One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly differen...
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0b861d05af3c4ddab552e75b8e3f178a
What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?
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{ "text": [ "culturally specific 'aesthetics'" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 751 ], "end": [ 782 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 149 ], "end": [ 153 ] } ] }
[ "culturally specific 'aesthetics'" ]
SQuAD
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (...
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9058a2114b1f444aa7d23b96086d21e3
Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?
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{ "text": [ "Étienne Serres" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 111 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "Étienne Serres" ]
SQuAD
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (...
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7ad9b8d0caa946eb869e6f9abb0ec130
When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?
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{ "text": [ "1838" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 116 ], "end": [ 119 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "1838" ]
SQuAD
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (...
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1c68c9b98d864bd9b797bc0388d9e6a1
When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?
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{ "text": [ "1850" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 272 ], "end": [ 275 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "1850" ]
SQuAD
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (...
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2a8e3fc246264db6a5c20ee6dc3bf3a1
Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?
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{ "text": [ "France" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 320 ], "end": [ 325 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "France" ]
SQuAD
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (...
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7f4e17cb9ee9402ba2fe5c9502a67dd7
What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?
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{ "text": [ "Société Ethnologique de Paris" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 456 ], "end": [ 484 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 84 ], "end": [ 87 ] } ] }
[ "Société Ethnologique de Paris" ]
SQuAD
Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of compara...
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3351548bfc194eaf94036c5a302a4c50
How did Waitz define anthropology?
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{ "text": [ "the science of the nature of man" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "the science of the nature of man" ]
SQuAD
Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of compara...
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What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?
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{ "text": [ "an animist" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 138 ], "end": [ 147 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "an animist" ]
SQuAD
Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of compara...
{ "tokens": [ "Waitz", "defined", "anthropology", "as", "\"", "the", "science", "of", "the", "nature", "of", "man", "\"", ".", "By", "nature", "he", "meant", "matter", "animated", "by", "\"", "the", "Divine", "breath",...
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What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?
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{ "text": [ "comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 313 ], "end": [ 359 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 72 ] } ] }
[ "comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology" ]
SQuAD
Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of compara...
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What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?
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{ "text": [ "empirical" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 465 ], "end": [ 473 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 94 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ] }
[ "empirical" ]
SQuAD
Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of compara...
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What history was to be brought into the comparison?
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{ "text": [ "civilization" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 520 ], "end": [ 531 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 103 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ] }
[ "civilization" ]
SQuAD
Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including area...
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What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?
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[ "Visual" ]
SQuAD
Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including area...
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What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?
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[ "visual representation" ]
SQuAD
Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including area...
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What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?
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[ "all" ]
SQuAD
Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including area...
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What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?
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[ "ethnographic film" ]
SQuAD
Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnol...
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Who was Waitz influential among?
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[ "British ethnologists" ]
SQuAD
Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnol...
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In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?
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[ "1863" ]
SQuAD
Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnol...
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What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?
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[ "anthropology" ]
SQuAD
Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnol...
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Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?
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[ "French Société" ]
SQuAD
Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnol...
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Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?
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[ "Waitz" ]
SQuAD
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. ...
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What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?
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[ "7,349,145" ]
SQuAD
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. ...
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What percent of the population is under 30 years old?
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[ "70%" ]
SQuAD
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. ...
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What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?
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[ "35%" ]
SQuAD
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. ...
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What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?
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[ "Tajik" ]
SQuAD
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. ...
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What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?
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[ "Tajikistanis" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those work...
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What perspective does development anthropology view development from?
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[ "critical" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those work...
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What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?
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{ "text": [ "pondering" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 161 ], "end": [ 169 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "pondering" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those work...
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Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?
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[ "increasing" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those work...
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When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?
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[ "gap" ]
SQuAD
Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those work...
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What does a lot of planned development apparently do?
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{ "text": [ "fail" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 527 ], "end": [ 530 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 91 ] } ] }
[ "fail" ]
SQuAD
This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and te...
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What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?
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{ "text": [ "majority of the world's higher educational institutions" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 149 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "majority of the world's higher educational institutions" ]
SQuAD
This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and te...
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What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?
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[ "subdivisions" ]
SQuAD
This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and te...
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What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?
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[ "Practical" ]
SQuAD
This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and te...
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What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?
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{ "text": [ "recreate the final scene" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 468 ], "end": [ 491 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "recreate the final scene" ]
SQuAD
This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and te...
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From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?
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[ "about three dozen" ]
SQuAD
Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsro...
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What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?
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[ "Media anthropology" ]
SQuAD
Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsro...
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Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?
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[ "ethnographic" ]
SQuAD
Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsro...
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Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?
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{ "text": [ "early 1990s" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 878 ], "end": [ 888 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 152 ], "end": [ 153 ] } ] }
[ "early 1990s" ]
SQuAD
Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsro...
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aee710cbb10b41fb8640f22a0b2cf5f1
Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?
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[ "media reception" ]
SQuAD
Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsro...
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4750b3dfb15a4e7fbf69e1091b04d29b
What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?
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{ "text": [ "cyber" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 492 ], "end": [ 496 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 82 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ] }
[ "cyber" ]
SQuAD
Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Broni...
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347daf71e8ac403e95e0feb76a6af9a0
Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?
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[ "Economic" ]
SQuAD
Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Broni...
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Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?
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[ "historic, geographic and cultural" ]
SQuAD
Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Broni...
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What is economic anthropology highly critical of?
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[ "discipline of economics" ]
SQuAD
Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Broni...
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Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?
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{ "text": [ "Bronislaw Malinowski" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 315 ], "end": [ 334 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "Bronislaw Malinowski" ]
SQuAD
Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Broni...
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What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?
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[ "exchange" ]
SQuAD
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual cate...
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What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes?
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[ "Psychological" ]
SQuAD
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual cate...
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What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?
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{ "text": [ "humans' development and enculturation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 185 ], "end": [ 221 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "humans' development and enculturation" ]
SQuAD
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual cate...
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What aspects define a cultural group?
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[ "its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories" ]
SQuAD
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual cate...
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What shapes processes of human cognition?
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[ "cultural group" ]
SQuAD
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual cate...
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Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?
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[ "understanding" ]
SQuAD
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interpla...
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What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?
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[ "Nutritional" ]
SQuAD
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interpla...
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Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?
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[ "food security" ]
SQuAD
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interpla...
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If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?
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{ "text": [ "globalization" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 429 ], "end": [ 441 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "globalization" ]
SQuAD
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interpla...
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What affects overall health status?
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[ "Nutritional status" ]
SQuAD
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interpla...
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What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?
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[ "economic" ]
SQuAD
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthrop...
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What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?
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[ "Cyborg" ]
SQuAD
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthrop...
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When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?
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[ "1993" ]
SQuAD
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthrop...
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What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?
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[ "the Society for the Social Studies of Science" ]
SQuAD
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthrop...
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Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?
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[ "Donna Haraway" ]
SQuAD
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthrop...
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What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?
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[ "its relations" ]
SQuAD
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Depar...
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What school has been recognized by the government?
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[ "Sunni Islam of the Hanafi" ]
SQuAD
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Depar...
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6b18a529876147a1ba6bb05f5cc79bfb
What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?
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{ "text": [ "a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 122 ], "end": [ 190 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion" ]
SQuAD
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Depar...
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cf39130f6cfd40e7b9eb7fbf6c88f104
What are the two national Islamic holidays?
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{ "text": [ "Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 243 ], "end": [ 267 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon" ]
SQuAD
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Depar...
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8d76508b67824c9a94fb2cc10f2dd97e
What percent of the population is muslim?
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{ "text": [ "98%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 390 ], "end": [ 392 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 69 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "98%" ]