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SQuAD
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most...
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c8e25588833a4651a96bee15a4322b70
What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?
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{ "text": [ "Majjhima Nikaya" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 285 ], "end": [ 299 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ] }
[ "Majjhima Nikaya" ]
SQuAD
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most...
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c1734cc9e9704a7b834cb32f5380e038
What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?
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{ "text": [ "Tibetan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 369 ], "end": [ 375 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 74 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ] }
[ "Tibetan" ]
SQuAD
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most...
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f777bfb1fed44148a8c2305ca1445dc9
The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?
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{ "text": [ "essence." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 915 ], "end": [ 922 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 176 ], "end": [ 177 ] } ] }
[ "essence." ]
SQuAD
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most...
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6749bb3e745d44cbbc5b512c27ae47b4
What has an irreversable effect?
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{ "text": [ "The Three Jewels" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 699 ], "end": [ 714 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 135 ], "end": [ 137 ] } ] }
[ "The Three Jewels" ]
SQuAD
Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's t...
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bb6830a4906143a18d88b515ce19e77f
Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?
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{ "text": [ "sermons" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 83 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "sermons" ]
SQuAD
Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's t...
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f115c8df2fe44732b02e59cf3e9f91a8
In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?
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{ "text": [ "at any point" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 394 ], "end": [ 405 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ] }
[ "at any point" ]
SQuAD
Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's t...
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b98afa46ecce4aab9fe7fcca35135721
What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?
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{ "text": [ "conceptual understanding" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 194 ], "end": [ 217 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "conceptual understanding" ]
SQuAD
Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13]
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845cb8204c144178a0ee20c38c518429
Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?
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[ "two" ]
SQuAD
Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13]
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a1d32ba35dbe44c9b40212d5ae93aa0a
Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?
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{ "text": [ "Rinzai" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "Rinzai" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.
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bddde917b038479b860a9f0332d4fef4
Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?
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[ "Bodhi" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.
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71d5825be55c4d2cb73c0f424f3f928f
What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?
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{ "text": [ "anagami" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 290 ], "end": [ 296 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ] }
[ "anagami" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to des...
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476a049685854c809ec26cecf6878dbd
What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?
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[ "Bodhi" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to des...
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a711295df938436d82b314a04cde7fb9
In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?
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{ "text": [ "nirvana" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 269 ], "end": [ 275 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ] }
[ "nirvana" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to des...
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196c562c728f43aaa9a08f438484e3f8
What is the term for greed or craving?
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{ "text": [ "raga" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 374 ], "end": [ 377 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "raga" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to des...
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ed42fc1c5b70478b80bc5badf7e1d647
what is the word for hate or aversion?
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{ "text": [ "dosa" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 405 ], "end": [ 408 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 77 ] } ] }
[ "dosa" ]
SQuAD
The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence...
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1e3e9a7ed0a24f4d86016e822076a611
When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?
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[ "2nd century CE" ]
SQuAD
In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be...
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527ea3ff435a4b0a81c111333dbf9b92
In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?
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{ "text": [ "craving" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "craving" ]
SQuAD
In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be...
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7fc54292f5884671bfd212da035e6f52
What does craving carry with it?
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{ "text": [ "defilements" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 126 ], "end": [ 136 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "defilements" ]
SQuAD
In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be...
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38b038129d6c4b289bb3ba18216c5a6f
Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?
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[ "suffering and stress" ]
SQuAD
In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be...
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bc75fb2ab95546b0b6d55c4f836875d1
What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?
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{ "text": [ "Nibbāna" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 652 ], "end": [ 658 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 110 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ] }
[ "Nibbāna" ]
SQuAD
The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers.
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d6d771260be84fad92d175430da43dc7
How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?
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[ "three" ]
SQuAD
Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its reve...
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4add033eaf3b4d678747ab33e599d57d
How many Noble Truths are there?
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{ "text": [ "Four" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 108 ], "end": [ 111 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "Four" ]
SQuAD
Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its reve...
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df82a643b68b46f4a192cec056c4ce67
Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?
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[ "bodhi" ]
SQuAD
Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its reve...
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639cf3279dc94c15a935ae46dc920dac
What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?
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[ "Prajñā" ]
SQuAD
According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a ...
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dafe43494afe440e9959c93fcd9d1d21
What was the earliest Buddhism type?
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{ "text": [ "dhyana" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 114 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "dhyana" ]
SQuAD
According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a ...
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26806b4487334d4fa639ca5ca0d91bcc
Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices?
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{ "text": [ "meditative" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 219 ], "end": [ 228 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "meditative" ]
SQuAD
In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as "world realm", ...
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f5ff3dca4b604e1e9f8c367e0aecd289
Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?
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[ "Mahayana Buddhists" ]
SQuAD
In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as "world realm", ...
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71e52e7f7aa04e5782fe8377446ae6bf
What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?
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{ "text": [ "Theravada" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "Theravada" ]
SQuAD
Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical technique...
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69900a25f4bf4d2e9702f61c9216ab9d
What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?
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{ "text": [ "Mahayana" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ] }
[ "Mahayana" ]
SQuAD
Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical technique...
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8be17648dbef4ad28d5159dc05b3416f
What is the English term for Vajrayana?
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{ "text": [ "Diamond Vehicle" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 104 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "Diamond Vehicle" ]
SQuAD
Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical technique...
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8fdf549ad2a64e8fb7068b8cff8ec623
What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?
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{ "text": [ "Tantric" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 166 ], "end": [ 172 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "Tantric" ]
SQuAD
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ...
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7dfff6c6fb65467fa53d92b2f09d0905
What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?
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{ "text": [ "Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai" ]
SQuAD
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ...
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6c73743befcd4346b57c9dfdef1bc3c2
What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?
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{ "text": [ "Value Creation Society" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 113 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "Value Creation Society" ]
SQuAD
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ...
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c92c64a20c0b45bbaf09b08bfa17789d
What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?
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{ "text": [ "Soka Gakkai International" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 196 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "Soka Gakkai International" ]
SQuAD
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ...
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bf0f2ad621f547ac910a0ec2d339dac6
What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?
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{ "text": [ "SGI" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 199 ], "end": [ 201 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }
[ "SGI" ]
SQuAD
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight...
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211b89353c7a41e38436627be0a3aaa8
A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?
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{ "text": [ "insight" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 87 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "insight" ]
SQuAD
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight...
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35fc52fc352a4911a0a9679a9b8fa37a
Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?
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{ "text": [ "Rupa Jhanas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 361 ], "end": [ 371 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }
[ "Rupa Jhanas" ]
SQuAD
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight...
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9337a0ad9b0341519ecc78c0479c493a
Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?
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{ "text": [ "Majjhima Nikaya" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 411 ], "end": [ 425 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "Majjhima Nikaya" ]
SQuAD
This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I...
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22e9327906b346eca7bae73c434af215
Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?
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{ "text": [ "west" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 143 ], "end": [ 146 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "west" ]
SQuAD
This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I...
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61e15bf08ad04890a8e754309d56a106
Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?
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{ "text": [ "missionaries" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 426 ], "end": [ 437 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 72 ] } ] }
[ "missionaries" ]
SQuAD
This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I...
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f138e16a7f2445f0b4dcdaeedfec0d6a
What were the emissaries used for?
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{ "text": [ "to spread Buddhism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 157 ], "end": [ 174 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "to spread Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as cau...
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aaafa34f83774108880cd430e43a2b48
What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?
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{ "text": [ "keeping the precepts" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 266 ], "end": [ 285 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "keeping the precepts" ]
SQuAD
Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as cau...
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fd3a0d2194524b8cb35830824c5f2f27
What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?
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{ "text": [ "Śīla" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Śīla" ]
SQuAD
Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as cau...
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1c018b636d444ce8a6eb59c7000fe1d5
What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?
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{ "text": [ "keeping the precepts" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 266 ], "end": [ 285 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "keeping the precepts" ]
SQuAD
According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in ...
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e764485e5c114c87a128169a1b65a9f1
Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?
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{ "text": [ "prajna" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "prajna" ]
SQuAD
According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in ...
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b0177283db76423aa678db7af8b0c57b
What is prajna called in english?
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{ "text": [ "liberating insight" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 114 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "liberating insight" ]
SQuAD
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new asc...
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bcced2447b8a49f0b981c5f71eb8580b
What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?
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[ "second half of the first millennium BCE" ]
SQuAD
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new asc...
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6fb8a1df8002427b9296cbf5a19e9a53
Scholars believe that karma originated in what?
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{ "text": [ "the shramanas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 788 ], "end": [ 800 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 140 ] } ] }
[ "the shramanas" ]
SQuAD
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new asc...
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d6fb8719026c480bb06ba684e6723572
What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?
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[ "shramanas" ]
SQuAD
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new asc...
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9b59f5d0e6094a459bf833e222e51f52
Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?
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{ "text": [ "non-Vedic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 559 ], "end": [ 567 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ] }
[ "non-Vedic" ]
SQuAD
Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally conside...
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4d8aaa4faa9c420d883e64440494a497
Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?
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[ "Chinese" ]
SQuAD
Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally conside...
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7230d0773cd54d9e85359a0091ae5211
The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?
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{ "text": [ "Lokakṣema" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 180 ], "end": [ 188 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "Lokakṣema" ]
SQuAD
Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally conside...
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1fedde762b5a461b91d04b4d5bd20183
The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?
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{ "text": [ "Prajñāpāramitā" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 395 ], "end": [ 408 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 63 ] } ] }
[ "Prajñāpāramitā" ]
SQuAD
Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally conside...
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128ae7bde79245a5a09e2b2e5af8269d
Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?
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{ "text": [ "1st" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 499 ], "end": [ 501 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ] }
[ "1st" ]
SQuAD
Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India.
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fd693ddc1b0f4d70896ae2e8662a0f76
Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?
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{ "text": [ "Prajñāpāramitā" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "Prajñāpāramitā" ]
SQuAD
Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India.
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0ddfbce11e6c402786b105ac712f17d6
The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?
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{ "text": [ "Āndhra" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 177 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "Āndhra" ]
SQuAD
Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat...
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e7fd2632a2204c94803f2287efc026ce
In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?
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{ "text": [ "Dhammapada" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 341 ], "end": [ 350 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "Dhammapada" ]
SQuAD
Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat...
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d3da614afae34a93b69d36165fbddc75
There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?
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{ "text": [ "Buddhism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 135 ], "end": [ 142 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat...
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a6df84f1fb6941a6b54bead027fadd7e
condensed study texts where created in what tradition?
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{ "text": [ "Theravada" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 152 ], "end": [ 160 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "Theravada" ]
SQuAD
Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of...
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f6e432e71071477eb154daae4c885a03
What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?
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{ "text": [ "The reliability" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 245 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "The reliability" ]
SQuAD
Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.
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bc98f42000f74e30a021c0dbda635a32
What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?
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[ "Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of t...
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0a945111bf3c44828c458bb9aeb24c3f
From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?
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{ "text": [ "fourth" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "fourth" ]
SQuAD
According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of t...
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26c680ec18af4cb298bd8076ddf50c58
A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?
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{ "text": [ "liberating insight" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 352 ], "end": [ 369 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 63 ] } ] }
[ "liberating insight" ]
SQuAD
According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of t...
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b827f16350844558afd225f7d17d8039
The four truths depict what type of path of practice?
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{ "text": [ "linear" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 433 ], "end": [ 438 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 76 ] } ] }
[ "linear" ]
SQuAD
In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.
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08efb074cd7b493fb11253db3e86e3ce
Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?
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[ "2nd century CE" ]
SQuAD
In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.
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d097e6a7ec624a60a24f5dd0824063ef
What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?
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{ "text": [ "Korea and Japan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Korea and Japan" ]
SQuAD
In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.
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01f0796f7d11460b889633c634a0f9cd
When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?
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[ "8th century onwards" ]
SQuAD
A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eye...
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150e6e2fbda047d09816ca33024b24d3
The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?
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[ "hymn of the cosmic man" ]
SQuAD
A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eye...
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dcf6964f6e214c0a806b37f71bbbfbce
The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?
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[ "animal sacrifices" ]
SQuAD
A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eye...
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15339cf3fd924e1c8a1c844601ae6da1
The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?
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{ "text": [ "Vedas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 575 ], "end": [ 579 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 117 ], "end": [ 117 ] } ] }
[ "Vedas" ]
SQuAD
The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan).
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d4459efec3fb4f7987d58dec40a801ac
The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?
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[ "3rd century" ]
SQuAD
The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan).
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The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?
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[ "3rd century" ]
SQuAD
The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were bei...
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Who gave rise to the Theravada school?
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{ "text": [ "Sthaviras" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Sthaviras" ]
SQuAD
The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were bei...
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d83dcbd7b6194ec581abd258baa389cb
Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?
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{ "text": [ "monasteries" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 243 ], "end": [ 253 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "monasteries" ]
SQuAD
The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were bei...
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92f4738a7e3f4cb19bdd1333b75ddaac
By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?
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{ "text": [ "doctrinal" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 333 ], "end": [ 341 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "doctrinal" ]
SQuAD
A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.
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When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?
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[ "second half of the 20th Century" ]
SQuAD
A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.
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What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?
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[ "neo-Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ...
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In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?
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{ "text": [ "mind" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "mind" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ...
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Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?
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{ "text": [ "disturbed" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 136 ], "end": [ 144 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "disturbed" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ...
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What is the term for insight knowledge?
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[ "jñāna" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ...
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What is the term for understanding?
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{ "text": [ "prajñā" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 240 ], "end": [ 245 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "prajñā" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ...
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5e6bb4eaa62845c382a5fbd579bcbb08
What eradicates the defilements completely?
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{ "text": [ "understanding" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 225 ], "end": [ 237 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "understanding" ]
SQuAD
Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy...
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Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?
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{ "text": [ "text" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "text" ]
SQuAD
Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy...
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Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?
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{ "text": [ "āgamas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 447 ], "end": [ 452 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ] }
[ "āgamas" ]
SQuAD
Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy...
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Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?
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{ "text": [ "core" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 229 ], "end": [ 232 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "core" ]
SQuAD
Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy...
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e4f51797dc98442a8720c40c50b631c8
What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?
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{ "text": [ "size and complexity of the Buddhist canons" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 656 ], "end": [ 697 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 118 ], "end": [ 124 ] } ] }
[ "size and complexity of the Buddhist canons" ]
SQuAD
During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yo...
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What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?
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[ "Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic" ]
SQuAD
During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yo...
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What was the latest thought type?
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{ "text": [ "Buddhist Logic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 140 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhist Logic" ]
SQuAD
During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yo...
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In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?
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{ "text": [ "Yogacara" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 96 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Yogacara" ]
SQuAD
According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada traditio...
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The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?
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[ "the Second" ]
SQuAD
According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada traditio...
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According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?
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[ "the Second Council" ]
SQuAD
According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada traditio...
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The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?
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[ "100 BCE" ]
SQuAD
Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra....
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The ancient buddhist site in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?
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SQuAD
Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra....
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Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?
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[ "South" ]
SQuAD
At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (su...
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Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?
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[ "in the Upanishads" ]
SQuAD
At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (su...
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The movement included atomists such as what?
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[ "Pakudha Kaccayana" ]
SQuAD
At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (su...
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What is the term for agnostics?
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{ "text": [ "Ajnanas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 516 ], "end": [ 522 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ] }
[ "Ajnanas" ]
SQuAD
At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (su...
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What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?
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[ "Jains" ]
SQuAD
The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ...
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What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?
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[ "Mahayana sutras" ]
SQuAD
The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ...
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What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?
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[ "Mahayana sutras" ]