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1485914_12 | The Thinkable | world's graduation from the first nuclear age to the second, we have been a great enabler. The United States has tended to look the other way when nuclear offenders happened to be useful allies. This is inarguably the case in Pakistan. We made little effort to shut down Pakistan's nuclear program during the 1980's, when the Pakistanis were valued partners in aiding Afghanistan's insurgency against the Soviet Union. We knew China was selling missiles to Pakistan, but we were also courting China to offset the Soviets. Although we have leaned recently on President Musharraf to make sure Pakistani nuclear capabilities stay home, we are reluctant to lean too hard, because he is now an indispensable ally against terrorists. ''We are doing pretty much what we did in the 80's,'' conceded an American official who deals with South Asia. ''The exigencies change, but the dilemma is still the same. You need Pakistan for some reasons, and therefore you cut the Pakistanis more slack than is prudent.'' Whether this is bad policy or just playing the hand history deals is a hard question. It is easy to say we should get tough on countries that fail to toe the line on proliferation, but how tough is enough? Do we crack down on Pakistan to the point where we endanger Musharraf, and get a new Taliban in his place? Some of our nuclear worries have grown because of a simple lack of attention. In 1994, President Clinton signed an agreement to supply North Korea with energy if it stopped reprocessing nuclear fuel into bomb-grade material. The deal averted a showdown, but afterward the Clinton administration -- diverted by other problems and intimidated by Congressional critics who said the deal was a sellout -- let things slide. Now, nine years later, the problem is back to haunt us. Bush officials love to castigate Clinton, calling his North Korea deal appeasement. In fact, the agreement could have been a successful first step in defusing a North Korean threat, but it became an excuse to kick the problem down the road. ''The United States has trained Iranian engineers at M.I.T., winked at Israel and certainly in the case of North Korea prevaricated and not paid enough attention,'' said Sokolski, the former Defense aide. ''Is it all our fault? No. But no American administration has done enough, not by a long shot.'' The world of people who |
1485908_6 | The Futures of Food | cheap raw materials -- usually in the form of convenience or fortification. Selling unprocessed or minimally processed whole foods is a fool's game, especially since the price of agricultural commodities tends to fall over time, and one company's apples are hard to distinguish from any other's. How much better to turn them apples into a nutraceutical food system! This is precisely what one company profiled in a recent issue of Food Technology has done. TreeTop Inc. has developed a ''low-moisture, naturally sweetened apple piece infused with a red-wine extract.'' Just 18 grams of these ''apple pieces'' have the same amount of cancer-fighting ''flavonoid phenols as five glasses of wine and the dietary fiber equivalent of one whole apple.'' We've moved from the meal-in-a-pill future to the pill-in-a-meal, which is to say, not very far at all. The news of TreeTop's breakthrough comes in a Food Technology trend story titled ''Getting More Fruits and Vegetables Into Foods.'' You probably thought fruits and vegetables were already foods, and so didn't need to be gotten into them, but that just shows you're stuck in the food past. We're moving toward a food future in which the processed food will be even ''better'' (i.e., contain more of whatever science has determined to be the good stuff) than the whole foods on which they are based. Once again, the food industry has gazed upon nature and found it wanting -- and gotten to work improving it. All that's really changed since the high-tech food future of the 60's is that the laboratory materials out of which these meals will be constructed are nominally ''natural'' -- dried apple bits, red-wine extract, ''flavor fractions'' distilled from oranges, resistant starch derived from corn, meat substitutes fashioned out of mycoprotein. But the underlying reductionist premise -- that food is nothing more than the sum of its nutrients -- remains undisturbed. So we break down the plants and animals into their component parts and then reassemble them into high-value-added food systems. It's hard to believe plain old food could ever hold its own against such sophisticated products. Yet while the logic of capitalism argues powerfully for the meal-in-a-pill food future, it is at least conceivable that, flaky as it might seem, the alternative food future has behind it an even more compelling logic: the logic of biology. The premise of the alternative food future -- slow, organic, local -- has |
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1486162_0 | FOLLOWING UP | Still Seeking a Source Of L.I. Cancer Risks No smoking gun was found in one search, but other hunts continue. Last summer, scientists announced that a highly publicized study had found no link between breast cancer risks on Long Island and controversial chemicals once used universally. The study involved DDT and two other pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, the industrial chemicals known as PCB's. All were banned in the United States in the 1970's but can persist in people's bodies. The results disappointed those who had pressed for the federally financed research amid claims that the breast cancer rate on Long Island was up to 30 percent higher than the national average. Some said of the findings that too few pesticides had been studied; the researchers said they had looked at those likeliest to show a link. Some scientists said the study had been unnecessary and was based on exaggerated claims. State data show that the breast cancer rate in Nassau County from 1994 to 1998 was actually just 1.1 percent higher than the national average and the rate in Suffolk 3.4 percent higher. Defenders of the study said it had been worthwhile, as was a series of related studies under way. Now another in the series -- on the equally contentious issue of whether electromagnetic fields increase the risk of breast cancer -- has been completed. The scientist leading it, Dr. M. Cristina Leske, above, of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, said its findings ''could be made public within the next six months.'' An advance peek? ''No way,'' she said last week. The National Cancer Institute said this study had involved about 600 Long Island women who had breast cancer and about 600 who had not. All had lived in their homes at least 15 years. The study included measuring the homes' electromagnetic fields, which result from the flow of electric current in power lines and in wiring and appliances. Still other research in the series includes issues like proximity to industrial and hazardous waste sites. Geri Barish, president of 1 in 9: The Long Island Breast Cancer Action Coalition, which had sought the studies, said she now believed that ''a lot of the answers are not going to come out of that project,'' but from genetic-oriented research. To Save a Sinking Isle, Throw It Some Dirt And while we're on the subject of environmental detective |
1486075_1 | BEHIND THE WHEEL/2003 Dodge Viper SRT-10 and Dodge Neon SRT-4; A Tempting New Serpent, and a Wolf Dressed Like a Lamb | As a sports car, the new Viper is better in every way. The 450-horsepower V-10, derived from a truck engine, has been redesigned to pump out 500 horsepower and peak torque that is simply astounding: 525 pounds-feet. (For purposes of comparison, the 12-cylinder Ferrari 575M Maranello delivers a mere 434 pounds-feet). The Viper's stiff, jiggly suspension is still stiff and jiggly. But the revised design rachets up the car's handling ability and unquestionably makes the Viper easier to drive well. Moreover, the new suspension is complemented by better tires -- simply humongous Michelin Pilot Sports mounted on 18-inch wheels in front, 19-inch wheels in back. Those tires can run flat, eliminating the need for a spare that would add weight and compete for scarce trunk space. The Brembo-brand disk brakes in the new Viper have huge 14-inch rotors for improved stopping power. There is no traction control, however -- Dodge says that drivers, not computers, should pilot Vipers. This does not explain why drivers should be treated to computer-controlled antilock brakes or a limited-slip differential that improves traction on irregular road surfaces. But consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds and unimaginative marketing departments. The serviceable six-speed manual transmission from the old Viper has not been altered, and the continued lack of an automatic keeps poseurs out of the cockpit. Perhaps the most controversial change is the Viper's exterior sheet metal, which is sleeker and less cartoonlike. I, for one, thought the bulbous front of the original was over the top. In any case, there is still plenty of eccentricity to savor. The twin exhausts exit from the sides rather than from the rear, which can make the door sills very hot to the touch. The convertible top must be lowered by hand, an odd touch in an $80,000 automobile. Inside, the tilt toward civility is more pronounced. The cheap-plastic look of the first-generation Viper has been replaced by an expensive-plastic look, with nice materials that fit tightly. The pedal adjustments -- a neat feature of the first-generation Viper -- are easier to use, thanks to an electric motor. The seats are more comfortable and the gauges are easy to read. (There are two speedometers, one analog and one digital.) The stereo comes with seven speakers, a 310-watt amplifier and a six-disk changer; the sound is nice, but no match for the engine howl above a few thousand r.p.m. I've |
1491759_4 | Graduates Find Fewer Jobs and Lower Pay | likely to bargain. ''We can hire them less expensively than someone with 20 years' experience,'' Mr. Coletti said. ''If you ask me for a working wage to support a family, I can't afford $50,000 to $100,000 a year. I can afford $25,000.'' Mr. Coletti is looking for two new employees at that salary -- if he can find them. After collecting about 75 résumés at a Long Island Works job fair last March, Mr. Coletti said, he gave the students the dates he would be interviewing candidates for a new position at his company, as the assistant computer systems manager. Not one student replied. Mr. Coletti said that in past years he had hired Japanese students to work as interns, paying them $8 to $10 an hour, and he might do so again to fill the new position. While the interns sometimes spoke little English, he said, he liked their work ethic, and they learned English on the job. Mr. Coletti said because his company was small, he did not offer such standard corporate benefits as tuition reimbursement or a 401(k) retirement plan. As he put it: ''We're not a big business. They have to pay for it themselves.'' Martin Greenstein, who owns Enchanted Parties, a party planner with 13 full-time employees in Ronkonkama, is also struggling to fill a position that will become vacant next month when an event coordinator retires after 18 years. Mr. Greenstein, known professionally as Uncle Marty, said that while he regularly hires students and recent graduates as part-time entertainers, waiters and bartenders, finding the right full-time employee was becoming a problem. ''Our business is spelled s-a-l-e-s,'' he said. ''And sales begins with listening. You have to listen in order to sell. And these kids, they listened for 12 years. I think they graduate, and they just don't want to listen anymore.'' There have been a couple of good candidates for the job, he said. ''We had one girl we would have hired, but she didn't want to work in June,'' Mr. Greenstein said. ''She said she'd like to go on vacation for a month after graduation. I told her June is the middle of our season.'' She replied that her vacation was more important than his job. ''I told her, 'Enjoy your vacation,''' He has filled the job for the summer with a student intern. ''So here I am, still looking,'' he said. L.I.@WORK |
1491690_1 | . . . And Fortitude for the Job Hunt | express more sympathy to us than a seven-day stream of shiva callers. Thank you for the pity. But, like Mark Twain, we say the reports of our demise are greatly exaggerated. And here's why: My classmates and I are the masters of technology and networking, two qualities that are crucial to seeking and finding a job. Thomas Friedman, the New York Times columnist, writes in his book ''The Lexus and the Olive Tree'' that, thanks to globalization, everyone -- from the street peddler in Thailand to the lobbyist in Washington -- is a ''super-empowered individual'' who can reach around the globe ''farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before.'' We college grads have multiple e-mail addresses, instant messenger buddy-lists and cellphones. You might call us the top tier of the super-empowered. Whoever said that college life was fun and games? The word ''student'' doesn't cover the half of it. We are also interns, community service workers and part-time employees. Much of what we do is ''volunteer,'' and when we do get a salary, it's often in pennies. All of us know the meaning of tight budget, and we are surprisingly resourceful. Faxing, photocopying, filing, and mailing. No job is too small or too tedious for us. And no one knows how to reduce, enlarge, collate or staple better. We are well educated but will also perform tasks that others sneer at. This makes us marketable. We are used to multitasking (see above). After graduation, we will focus solely on finding a job. And our efforts will not be diverted by 2.5 children, our 401(k) plan or house mortgage payments. We relish the role of underdog. Youth sports have taught us well. I am a slender 5-foot-10. As a high school basketball player, I played the position of center, banged against taller, wider bodies and still grabbed my share of the rebounds. Entering the job market at its lowest point doesn't faze me. If it doesn't kill me, it will make me stronger. I recognize that finding employment -- or even a position in graduate school, the Peace Corps or Teach for America -- is tougher than ever. But I also see the tremendous potential of the Class of 2003. Let's all say amen to that, even as we grant a moment of silence for our joblessness. Beth Kressel, an English major pursuing a career in journalism, lives in Highland Park. |
1491751_1 | Drawing a Line, And Defending It | they might cut their tall grass. Then they began bringing their firearms, resulting in equally bloody confrontations. Now the battle for boundaries is back, as satellite mapping systems afford even greater accuracy in determining borders and as towns strapped for cash from state and federal budget cuts look for ways to pull in a few more dollars. North Stonington gained about 22 acres, and $15,000 in taxes from its remapping, said the town's tax assessor, Joyce Elias. That means 42 pieces of property, including eight houses that were either partly or completely in Rhode Island, and that are now in Connecticut. Of course, that's if North Stonington actually gets to annex those properties, which means it will have to tread on the unyielding form of the Hopkinton tax assessor, John Majeika. ''They are using satellite photos and researching all the deeds, old deeds that say the boundary lies from the corner of the oak tree to the corner of the stone walls to the pile of stones, and the tree has died, the stone wall is gone and the pile of stones has been moved,'' Mr. Majeika said. ''Common sense is missing in this case; you're uprooting people's lives. We think the border should be where it stands.'' Mr. Majeika has made a crusade of uncovering boundary markers to determine the true line between Connecticut and Rhode Island, although in some cases, the markers are just adding to the mystery. One resides right next to a busy strip of Route 216. It is an unmarked stone tablet, leaning like the Tower of Pisa in its spot. Then earlier this month, a resident on Route 216 called Mr. Majeika to report the discovery of yet another, newer marker, across the street from the first one. A few days later, Mr. Majeika stood over his newest discovery, wiping away years of compacted soil and debris to unearth ''CHO Baseline.'' ''I have no idea what that means,'' he said, estimating that the marker is from the 1940's. ''Who would put a baseline marker here, when 100 feet away we have a boundary marker? I have to figure out where this fits in the puzzle.'' A few streets away, two small boundary markers set 60 feet apart in Collette Angrisani's back yard on Kuehn Road may illustrate the core of the dispute. Satellite maps depend on fixed objects on the earth - such as |
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1491709_0 | Ideas & Trends: Learning Through Science; Mad Cow Disease Is a Little Less Scarier | ALARMING as it was to learn last week that mad cow disease had appeared in North America, the news could have been far worse. Thanks to advances in bioscience and technology, we can now stop an epidemic like mad cow disease, and its human offshoot, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, in its tracks. Little is known so far about the particular case discovered last week in western Canada. The black Angus cow was 6 to 8 years old, officials said, and had lived on six ranches and had had five or more calves. Nine herds have been quarantined so far. In Britain, the mad cow epidemic that began in the late 1980's infected nearly 200,000 cattle before it was halted, and more than 120 people died through infected meat. The episode shattered the British public's confidence in government reassurances about food safety, and contributed heavily to British and European refusal to accept official assurances about the safety of genetically modified crops. The environmental movement managed to make much of this distrust, using it to promote fears of interfering with nature, whether through technology or industrial agriculture. Yet there was a paradox in their argument. Feeding meat and bone meal to cattle as a protein and calcium supplement -- which was then one common way mad cow disease was spread -- was hardly high tech. In fact, it was an example of old-fashioned, organic recycling. If, for example, genetically modified soybeans had been used in cattle feed instead of cattle remains, people would not have died. Indeed, advances in science in the form of genetic engineering actually did save many people from death by a different form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which is characterized by the formation of sponge-like holes in the brain. In the 1970's, there was an epidemic among people treated with human growth hormone harvested from human cadavers. The outbreak quickly ended once a mass-produced, genetically engineered and safe growth hormone was made available instead. If scientists had not voluntarily imposed a five-year moratorium on genetic engineering in the 1970's, this breakthrough would have occurred much sooner. Today much is known about these diseases, known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, and that knowledge kept the British problem from becoming worse than it was. Because scientists knew infected feed was the likely cause of the problem, they recommended a ban on feeding meat and bone meal to cattle. Because they knew, from the ''kuru'' |
1491661_3 | How to Unclog the Information Artery | abuse the system in order to broadcast e-mail. Lumos has two parts. First, if you are going to be a high-volume sender of e-mail, you will have to get a digital certificate that verifies who you are. The certificate will be encrypted in the header of each e-mail. The recipient will decrypt the header and verify who the sender is. If you want to send a few hundred e-mails, and you want to do it anonymously, I have no problem with that. But if you want to send spam to 30 million people and have no one know what you are doing, that is an abuse of a public resource. Second, your identity will be associated with a performance score that encapsulates your reputation. If you change your identity, you lose your reputation. The first standard is: Did the recipients like what they got? If I send an e-mail that generated a lot of complaints, I'll get dinged. The second is bounce activity. Spammers send a huge amount of e-mail that bounces back, entailing a great cost. You will still be able to send spam from China. But if you don't get a certificate that verifies your identity, no one will deliver your mail. Q. Why have a score rather than a set of standards that mailers must meet? A. Your spam is my steak. Different shades of gray will be treated differently by different users and different I.S.P.'s. You may need a mailbox with a little more flexibility because of your job, or you may only want to get e-mail from the 100 people you know. Q. Should companies be allowed to send e-mail to people who didn't request it? A. Your e-mail is your identity, on the level with your name and phone number. The cost of e-mail is borne by the recipient, unlike with postal mail, where the cost is borne by the sender. Those are two reasons why I think unsolicited e-mail is not O.K. STEVE LINFORD -- The director of the Spamhaus Project. Q. Spamhaus runs the biggest blacklist of spammers in the world. How does it work? A. First of all, we don't call it a blacklist any more; we call it a block list. The term blacklist has McCarthy connotations. It has created the image of a bunch of vigilantes in an unruly mob out to punish people. That's not what we do. |
1489572_0 | 'Pomp and Circumstance.' Then What? | To the Editor: Re ''College Graduates Lower Sights in Today's Stagnant Job Market'' (front page, May 14): I wish all of them luck, which may be as much a factor in their landing a job as a degree that will cost them five years or more of steady earnings on which to pay back all the loans. And then there's also rent, insurance, car payments, food, entertainment, taxes and so on, all in the same monthly budget. These graduates will learn more after the strains of ''Pomp and Circumstance'' have faded than they did in the classroom studying something that won't help them at this juncture. They're now all experiencing that first postgrad course that every college graduate is forced to take called Life Studies 101. But I'm not worried for them. They're all smart, capable, educated and the very bright future of this great nation. EDWARD L. WOODYARD Armonk, N.Y., May 14, 2003 |
1489500_1 | A Ruling Makes E-Mail Evidence More Accessible | asking for is relevant, the banks must bear the cost for searching through the e-mails.'' Investment banks have cited the technical challenge and cost involved in retrieving old e-mail traffic as a reason to dismiss arbitration claims, many of which are frivolous, bank and arbitration lawyers agree. (Under industry rules, most customer and employee complaints must be resolved by arbitration, rather than in court.) In the UBS case, lawyers for the bank stated that if the plaintiff, Laura Zubulake, wanted the additional files, which were stored on tape and not readily accessible, she should pay the $175,000 it would cost to retrieve them. Ms. Zubulake, who has not worked since her dismissal in October 2001, could not afford to pay such a sum, her lawyers say. In her decision, Judge Scheindlin ordered UBS to turn over 5 of the 94 files that were stored on backup tapes and additional e-mail messages on optical disks, which will cost much less than the original request. ''We are pleased that we won this motion, which significantly limited the scope of discovery and prevented an unjustified fishing expedition,'' a spokesman for UBS Warburg said yesterday. Much of the opinion's legal punch comes from its author: Judge Scheindlin will be the presiding judge over a seminal class-action suit contending that 55 investment banks and executives at technology companies defrauded investors by artificially inflating the prices of hot initial public offerings. The outcome of that suit, which could cost investment banks billions of dollars, will depend largely on what kind of e-mail evidence plaintiffs can secure from the banks. ''It's very important for our case,'' said Melvyn I. Weiss, whose law firm, Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach, is leading the suit. ''Judge Scheindlin has set the standard. She has made it clear that she will force the defendants to make available all material that otherwise would be difficult to obtain.'' In her opinion, which spanned 38 pages and quoted Henry David Thoreau in its introduction, Judge Scheindlin argued that federal standards governing the discovery process are outdated and were written before the flowering of e-mail as the primary means of corporate communication. She set new standards, which effectively give plaintiffs the right to ask that investment banks provide expanded levels of e-mail traffic that may take a significant effort to retrieve, if the plaintiff proves that the messages are relevant to the case. The investment |
1489518_2 | Germany Pursues U.N. Accord to End Sanctions on Iraq | office, with Mr. Schröder at a lectern beside him. The changed mood seemed to mark some success for Mr. Powell, whose one-day visit to Germany came at the end of a weeklong foreign tour that also included the Middle East and Russia, during which he sought to garner support for the British-American Security Council draft. European members of the Security Council, including Germany, France and Russia, want the United Nations to play a central role in Iraq, while France and Russia have called for United Nations weapons inspectors to return to Iraq before the sanctions are formally lifted, something that the United States opposes. In an effort to win broader approval of the resolution, Britain and the United States have submitted a revised draft that gives a somewhat greater role to a United Nations envoy to Iraq, but the resolution still gives the members of the coalition that joined the war there decisive power to administer the country and control its resources while a new Iraqi government is created. ''We believe the United Nations must play a vital role,'' Mr. Powell said in a German television interview broadcast today. But, he continued, ''There is probably still continuing discussion as to how large a role it should play.'' Mr. Powell arrived here from Russia, where he failed in talks with President Vladimir V. Putin and Foreign Minister Igor S. Ivanov to reach agreement either on ending sanctions or on the wording of a Security Council resolution. Today, Deputy Foreign Minister Yuri V. Fedotov said Russia and China, both permanent Security Council members, wanted further ''serious amendments'' to the British-American draft. But while Mr. Powell acknowledged in Moscow that there were still ''outstanding issues'' between Russia and the United States, the mood following his talks in Germany seemed warm and friendly, particularly in contrast with the recent past. Mr. Powell and Mr. Fischer seemed to go out of their way to announce their close personal friendship, with Mr. Powell referring to Mr. Fischer by his first name, saying, ''Joschka and I are always able to speak our hearts and minds to one another.'' Mr. Powell also notably reiterated a point that had been a refrain among German leaders during the months of nearly frozen relations but had rarely, if ever, uttered by Bush administration officials: that friends can disagree with each other, even sharply, and still remain friends. ''We also know what |
1488581_0 | South Korean Leader Wants U.S. Troops to Stay, for Now | South Korea's new president, Roh Moo Hyun, said yesterday that he would urge President Bush not to remove American forces from the region just below the demilitarized zone, where they have been stationed for the past half-century, until the North Korean nuclear threat had been dismantled. Mr. Roh was responding, in an interview with The New York Times, to plans that South Korean officials say have been discussed informally by the Pentagon. They are likely to be part of a broader discussion about how to contain the North Korean nuclear threat during a meeting and working dinner on Wednesday evening with President Bush, the first time the two leaders have met. Mr. Roh's position appeared to mark something of a reversal. Years ago, he signed a declaration calling for the removal of American troops from the Korean peninsula -- an act he said yesterday was a mistake -- and he was elected late last year after widespread street protests in South Korea against the American military presence. But since taking office early this year -- in the midst of a rapidly escalating nuclear crisis with the North -- Mr. Roh has come to embrace the status quo, saying he feared that investors would flee if they believed the American commitment to South Korea's security was weakening. The South Korean leader said that over the long term he expected that the American troop presence in Korea could be safely diminished. But he said, ''my hope is that this plan should be reconsidered when there is no more threat from the North Korean nuclear program and when our people as well as global businessmen would feel no concern about our security.'' He added later that despite the street protests, there was a ''psychological factor for our people'' in the continued American presence along the DMZ, a line along the 38th parallel that was drawn in haste at the end of World War II, and stands today as one of few remaining dividing lines of the cold war. Aides to Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld say they believe that the American troops stationed near the border, designed as a ''trip wire'' against North Korea after the Korean War ended in 1953, serve little purpose in an era when South Korean forces are more capable than ever. Many Pentagon officials now question whether the American presence simply provides a tempting target for North Korean |
1488595_0 | WEIGHT ESTIMATES ON AIR PASSENGERS WILL BE INCREASED | The Federal Aviation Administration today ordered airlines that fly planes with more than 19 seats to raise the assumed average weight of each passenger by 10 pounds and the assumed weight for each checked bag by an additional 5 to ensure that their planes are not overloaded. The notice, which was sent to all airlines, gave them 90 days to adopt the new weight rules or to conduct their own surveys of passenger and luggage weight. The actions were prompted by the January crash of a US Airways commuter plane in North Carolina that may have been within current weight limits but may still have been overloaded. The National Transportation Safety Board is set to open hearings into that crash next week. Since 1995, most airlines have assumed a weight of 180 pounds for each adult passenger in summer and 185 pounds in winter; checked bags are assumed to weigh 25 pounds each. Some airlines that fly small planes with 19 or fewer seats have already raised their weight allowances by about 30 pounds, the F.A.A. said today. That followed an order from the agency earlier this year to 15 airlines asking them to survey passengers and bags and adjust their weight assumptions accordingly. Some industry experts said the new weight requirements would mean that on some flights, mostly on smaller planes, cargo might have to be left behind or some seats unsold. ''It's going to have an impact,'' said Diane Spitaliere, a spokeswoman for the agency. The order today is interim, until the agency can set up a committee of private and government experts to study the issue further, an effort that is expected to take months or years. Because the weight issue involves safety, no airline publicly disputed the agency's action, though some executives said closer surveys of actual weights might demonstrate that the new allowances were too high. Executives at several airlines said they had not yet seen the text of the order and so declined to make specific comments about it. Even so, Ginger Hardage, a spokeswoman for Southwest Airlines, said such a change would most likely have an effect in the summer, when flights have more passengers and temperatures are higher. In hot weather, the air at ground level is thinner and a plane requires a longer runway to get airborne. That could making runway length a limiting factor in some cases. ''There could be |
1490174_3 | Businesses are starting to toy with the wiki, an off-beat technology for fostering Web interaction. | structure and organization. As with any community, each wiki develops its own social systems and rules to guide behavior. But there is basic wiki etiquette. For example, wiki-squatting (using a few pages of a wiki for your own personal use) and wiki spam (pushing a product or service on a wiki page) are frowned upon, and offending pages are likely to be deleted by group members. In addition, a good wiki citizen will always give credit and link to material that someone else has already contributed. Given that wikis are easy to use, inexpensive and can be set up without a company's information technology department, it is no surprise that the software is making its way into business organizations through the back door -- much as instant messaging and other stealth innovations have done. While wikis can be helpful for project managers and employees in charge of small teams, corporate managers who favor greater control are more likely to be wary. That is why various entrepreneurs are beginning to tailor wiki software to corporate use. SocialText, a San Francisco start-up, for example, has wiki software with Web log and chat capabilities. It has also added security features and programmed the whole package to work with standard office and e-mail software. The SocialText software, which starts at a price of $995 a year for five users, is being used in about 20 companies, typically small businesses or departments within larger ones, according to Ross Mayfield, SocialText's chief executive. One SocialText customer is Composite Tech, a $10-million-a-year maker of bicycle tires sold under the Zipp brand. Since early April, Composite Tech, based in Indianapolis, has been using the SocialText wiki for a variety of tasks. Employees contribute informal notes on what the competition is doing, for example, while product development engineers keep track of production schedules as well as advances in materials and other innovations that they might use in future models. Notes from meetings are kept in a wiki, and sales and customer service employees can consult the pages to check on production status and plans. Denham Grey, the production manager at Composite Tech, says the wiki has become a central repository for information that formerly was shared only in an ad hoc way through e-mail or face-to-face encounters. The wiki, he says, is making it possible to build an ''informal corporate memory.'' Another SocialText user is Global Business Network, a |
1490250_0 | LOOTING DISRUPTS DETAILED U.S. PLAN TO RESTORE IRAQ | Long before President Bush ordered the attack against Iraq, the White House and the Pentagon drew up a plan for rebuilding and running the country after the war that was nearly as meticulous as the battle plan. But over the past two to three weeks, the wheels have threatened to come off their vehicle for establishing the peace. The looting, lawlessness and violence that planners thought would mar only the first few weeks has proved more widespread and enduring than Mr. Bush and his aides expected and is threatening to undermine the American plan. Five weeks after Baghdad fell, Mr. Bush finds himself exactly where he did not want to be: forced to impose control with a larger number of troops and to delay the start of efforts to turn power over to Iraqis. The message that reached the White House from two recent meetings with potential Iraqi leaders, officials say, was that it would be foolish to start experimenting with democracy without making people feel secure enough to go back to work or school, and without giving them back at least the basic services they received during Saddam Hussein's brutal rule. Senior administration officials said they had foreseen some problems, but not all. ''You couldn't know how it would end,'' Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said in a telephone conversation on Friday that he initiated. ''When it did end, you take it as you found it and get at it, knowing the single most important thing is security.'' Another senior administration official said the White House was surprised to learn how badly broken Iraq's prewar infrastructure was. ''From the outside it looked like Baghdad was a city that works,'' the official said. ''It isn't.'' Mr. Bush's aides cautioned reporters before the war that even the best plans would have to be rewritten on the ground. Those plans called for quickly returning Baghdad police officers to duty to maintain a semblance of order, and having Iraqi soldiers build roads and clear rubble. They envisioned cheering crowds and a swift restoration of electricity and other utilities. The quick establishment of a civilian Iraqi interim authority, officials said, would help demonstrate to a suspicious Arab world that America would not act as an occupier, as in Japan and Germany. ''We will in fact be greeted as liberators,'' Vice President Dick Cheney said on March 16, three days before the war started. But |
1490160_0 | Get a Job | This spring's college graduates are entering the worst job market in 20 years. With few good jobs on the horizon, many graduating seniors think it is time to get an advanced degree. They should think again. Applications to both medical and law schools increased this year, while more people than ever are taking the standardized tests for graduate school. Those who can borrow or whose parents can afford it probably figure another degree is worth the cost and will win them a better-paying job when the economy turns up. But the market value of advanced degrees is unlikely to rise enough to make the investments worth it, especially after the supply of people with such degrees expands. Even before the economy foundered, the median take-home pay of lawyers and doctors was dropping, and many newly minted Ph.D.'s couldn't find university appointments. Many college graduates would do better to lower their sights in the short term and take a ''go-for'' job (as in ''go for coffee'') in an industry or profession that interests them. Even if the job doesn't pay much, it can provide a window on to that particular world of work. Alternatively, with few responsibilities anchoring them to one place, they can pick a city with relatively low unemployment (say, Portland, Me., or Lincoln, Neb.), get a job with better pay and more responsibility, and see a part of the country they might otherwise miss. If they can afford to go without a paycheck for six months or a year, they might consider taking an internship or volunteering -- thereby gaining some useful experience while doing some good. Teaching in a poor rural or inner-city school, for example, offers more hard-won lessons about planning, leadership and marketing (persuading students to give their attention, or administrators to give more books) than any business school. And more teachers will be needed in the next decade than in the last. In all these respects, the major benefit is not academic or professional knowledge so much as self-knowledge. Do you thrive in a hard-charging atmosphere or need quiet and stability? How important is it for you to believe passionately in a cause? Or to have a lot of authority over what you do? College graduates are more likely to discover these sorts of things by working full time than by getting another degree. Once they learn them, they will have a better chance |
1490703_0 | World Briefing | Europe: Northern Ireland: U.S. Envoy Wants Elections | Richard Haass, President Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland, meeting leaders of rival parties for two days, said there was no reason to be ''discouraged'' by the stalled peace negotiations that have kept a five-year-old government in limbo since October. ''We've had a setback, yes, but this is not a crisis,'' he said. The British prime minister, Tony Blair, postponed elections to the home-rule legislature on May 1 after the Irish Republican Army failed to provide a firm commitment that it would cease all operations. Mr. Haass said he wanted the elections as soon as possible. Brian Lavery (NYT) |
1490663_1 | FedEx to Switch 30,000 Trucks to Hybrids | to use the hybrids to replace its medium-size delivery trucks, the ones commonly seen on city streets. FedEx says that while the new trucks will be more expensive to purchase, they increase fuel efficiency by 50 percent and will be less costly to maintain. The company hopes to break even over the 10 to 12 years that the trucks are expected to last, Mr. Bronczek said. One plus, he said, was that the shift to hybrids would reduce the company's sensitivity to fuel prices. ''When OPEC's fuel prices swing one way or another, the effects on costs are significant,'' he said. While hybrids have slowly grown in popularity as passenger vehicles, they have yet to make substantial inroads into commercial fleets. Currently there are three hybrid models available to consumers. Commercial fleets represent promising markets for alternative-fuel technologies because companies and public agencies have the resources to maintain the needed infrastructure and buy autos in bulk. Transportation uses about two-thirds of oil used in the United States, and petroleum accounts for some 97 percent of transportation fuel. Other companies have been testing alternative fuel technologies. Monday, for example, U.P.S. and DaimlerChrysler announced a joint project to put at least one delivery truck powered by a hydrogen fuel cell on the road by 2004. The Environmental Protection Agency will supply a hydrogen refueling station for the project in Ann Arbor, Mich. U.P.S. already operates 1,024 compressed natural-gas vehicles around the country. Though total commercial vehicles are significantly outnumbered by private vehicles, commercial vehicles spend much more time on the road -- and, as a result, consume more fuel. For example, FedEx trucks typically spend 10 to 12 hours a day on the road, compared with less than two hours for a standard passenger vehicle. In addition, commercial vehicles get more use over a lifetime. A typical passenger vehicle is generally retired after 100,000 miles, while a midsize delivery truck stays on the road for 250,000 miles and heavy-duty highway trucks can get one million miles of service. Large commercial vehicles also typically use diesel fuel, which is more fuel efficient than gasoline, but more polluting. FedEx said that the new trucks will reduce particle emissions by 90 percent and smog-causing nitrogen dioxide by 75 percent. ''By making this commitment, they are taking a giant step forward for the environment in the United States,'' said Christie Whitman, the administrator of the E.P.A. |
1486891_3 | U.S. Approves Force in Detaining Possible SARS Carriers | Bonner said that his inspectors would be careful to differentiate between passengers who might have SARS and those who might be suffering from other illness with similar symptoms There is no test yet available to identify SARS conclusively. ''We are paying attention to SARS,'' he said. ''On the other hand, you don't want to start quarantining or detaining everybody who gets off a plane and has a cough.'' Though inspectors at seaports and land border stations have been placed on alert for SARS, there are no plans for similar screening procedures for passengers arriving by sea or land. Few travelers arrive in this nation directly from SARS-affected countries by any travel route other than air. Administration officials said the most intense screening for possible cases of SARS was taking place at the handful of large international airports that handle the bulk of flights arriving in the United States from SARS-affected nations in Asia: Los Angeles International, San Francisco International, Newark Liberty International, Kennedy International in New York, Detroit Metro Airport and O'Hare International in Chicago. At Los Angeles International, Ana Hinojosa, who directs the work of all federal customs, immigration and agricultural inspectors at the airport, said she was ''making an effort to keep everybody educated about SARS -- and I think it's gone well.'' Ms. Hinojosa said there had been a ''few incidents that we've had to look at a little more closely,'' in which a possibly ailing passenger had been identified on arrival and had then voluntarily undergone health screening. If a passenger resisted a screening and tried to leave the airport, ''we do have a policy on that,'' she said. ''We would use our authority to detain them until public health officials are available to make a final determination.'' So far, Ms. Hinojosa said, that had not been necessary. She said that she had not detected any special anxiety among inspectors who deal with passengers arriving from Asia, and that immigration and customs inspectors at the airport had not felt the need to wear masks and gloves. At Newark, which has scheduled flights from Singapore and Malaysia, a few inspectors have been anxious about their health and ''have been putting on their masks'' when they deal with passengers arriving on flights from Asia, a spokeswoman, Janet Rapaport, said. ''Basically,'' she said, ''it's for those flights. Luckily, no federal inspector has shown any symptoms.'' THE SARS EPIDEMIC: PRECAUTIONS |
1486882_0 | Ahern and Blair Pursue Changes In Ulster Despite Election Delay | Prime Minister Tony Blair of Britain met here today with Bertie Ahern, the Irish prime minister, to discuss the current state of the Northern Ireland peace effort, which has suffered significant setbacks in recent weeks -- including the postponement of legislative elections -- after talks failed to elicit sufficient commitment from the Irish Republican Army to renounce paramilitary activities. Even in the absence of that commitment, the British and Irish governments will pursue the political changes they outlined in a joint declaration last week, Mr. Blair said. Foreign Minister Brian Cowen of Ireland and the British Northern Ireland secretary, Paul Murphy, will meet with the region's political parties soon to discuss issues like human rights, police reform and the scaling down of Britain's military presence in the province. ''There can't be any ambiguity that there has to be a complete end to paramilitary activity,'' Mr. Blair said. ''In the meantime, we carry on with what we can do. In a statement tonight, the I.R.A. challenged Mr. Blair's version of events, and said the British and Irish governments had engaged in ''an abuse of trust'' when communications from the group were ''mischievously leaked and misrepresented.'' The I.R.A. released the full text of that correspondence, which Mr. Blair and Mr. Ahern dismissed as insufficient in mid-April because they said its language was unclear. ''There is no lack of clarity,'' the I.R.A. said tonight. ''In the event of agreement we were prepared to act immediately'' to destroy weapons, among other things. Last week, Mr. Blair postponed elections in Northern Ireland because of fears that its largest party, the Ulster Unionists, would boycott the voting without a firm vow from the I.R.A. to end violence. |
1492049_0 | The Graduate Works at Starbucks | To the Editor: Re ''Get a Job,'' by Robert B. Reich (Op-Ed, May 19): My son joins the ranks of the unemployed in early June when he graduates from Harvard. But as a professor of education, I cringe at the implicit message that taking a teaching job in a poor school is equivalent to becoming a gofer who gets some higher-up's coffee every morning. Surely Mr. Reich recognizes that the best teachers are the well-prepared ones. A costly graduate education is often needed to become a qualified teacher of children, including poor children. Settling for less shortchanges our students. MARGARET SMITH CROCCO New York, May 19, 2003 |
1492039_0 | Workers March Through Paris to Protest Pension Reform | Hundreds of thousands of French workers, teachers and students took to the streets today in a demonstration intended to step up pressure on the government here amid a wave of strikes over pensions and other issues. The police in the capital said 300,000 people took part in the march, which started at Place de la Nation and ended several hours later at Place d'Italie in the southern part of the city. Protesters insisted that the turnout was much higher. ''We were 1.5 million,'' said Jacques Quintanal, a cook from a school in Normandy who has been on strike for eight days and vows not to go back to work until the government meets the strikers' diffuse demands. The main unions that organized the march put the number at 600,000. France's already powerful unions joined forces for the protest, bringing communists and feminists, mail carriers and university professors together for a demonstration that they hoped would force the government to reconsider proposed changes at the heart of which is a demand that workers stay on the job longer before they qualify for a pension. The government and economists warn that the country can no longer afford to allow state workers to retire after 37.5 years of work and begin drawing government guaranteed pensions. The proposed plan would extend their time in the work force to 40 years by 2008 and 42 years by 2020. The opposition Socialist and Green parties are siding with the workers, demanding that the government withdraw the bill. But the French prime minister, Jean-Pierre Raffarin, returning from an official visit to Canada, said today that he was ''confident, listening, yet very firm and determined'' to push his plan into law. The plan will be considered at a cabinet meeting on Wednesday, where it is likely to be approved, but the unions are planning to paralyze the country with new strikes beginning Tuesday. France has already suffered through a series of scattered strikes that have closed museums, canceled airline flights and interrupted bus and subway traffic in the capital, but the coming strikes promise to be bigger and more comprehensive. ''We won't go back to work until the government backs down,'' Mr. Quintanal said. For Mr. Quintanal, 54, those demands include rolling back proposed education and pension changes that could threaten his job and his retirement income six years from now. But the scope of the protests today |
1488868_1 | College Graduates Lower Sights In Today's Stagnant Job Market | of Colleges and Employers. ''We definitely picked the wrong time to be graduating from college,'' said Morgan Bushey, 21, who will make about $200 a week teaching English in France, after having been rejected by seven law schools. ''We just have to hold on with our fingertips for a few years until we can do what we really want to do.'' The lack of jobs is the main reason that applications to medical school increased this year for the first time in seven years, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges. Applications to law schools jumped 10 percent, after having risen almost 18 percent last year. The number of people taking the Graduate Record Exam, the standardized test required for most doctoral and master's programs, rose to its highest level ever, after declining through much of the late 1990's. Meanwhile, applications to Teach for America, which recruits college graduates to teach for two years in public schools in poor neighborhoods, have more than tripled in the last two years; Wendy Kopp, the program's founder, said the economy appeared to be one reason. Americorps, the national service program that pays $9,300 a year, and the Peace Corps have also become more popular and more selective. College seniors have reacted to their poor timing with a mixture of anxiety and level-headedness. Many recall the signing bonuses and stock options offered to graduates a few years ahead of them and wonder how their own careers will get started. ''There is a haunting sense of insecurity,'' said Michael Barlow, a senior here who hopes eventually to work in the Foreign Service and is still looking for a job. ''It is terrifying to be out of school with no job lined up and ready to go.'' But few of them express the frustration that is common among older unemployed workers who know that their long-term prospects have dimmed and who have dropped out of the labor force in large numbers during the last two years. Asha Rangaraj, a North Carolina senior from Monroe, La., recalls that her brother, two years older than she is, was hired out of college to work for Bill Gates's money manager ''really without any experience.'' She, on the other hand, endured a few unpromising interviews before deciding to enroll in North Carolina's master's program in accounting -- in large part because 99 percent of its graduates get jobs, she |
1488827_0 | Autism Diagnoses Double In California | Diagnoses of autism have nearly doubled in the last four years among children in California, state officials reported yesterday. They said they could not explain the increase. ''The number of cases is accelerating,'' said Dr. Ron Huff, a senior psychologist at the Department of Developmental Services, who oversaw preparation of the report, ''and we do not know why.'' Whether the California figures reflect a nationwide trend is not clear, since reporting practices vary from state to state. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is studying the issue in 13 states. In California, the number of children identified by caseworkers as autistic rose to 20,377 in December 2002 from 10,360 in December 1998. From Jan. 6 to April 4 of this year, 832 children were added to the caseload, a rate of nearly 10 new cases a day. The figures are for autism as defined by the American Psychiatric Association: a lifelong disorder marked by an inability to form social relationships and an obsession with repetitive behaviors. They exclude children under age 3, those with related disorders like Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder, and children believed to have undiagnosed autism. A similar California report in 1999 found a 273 percent rise in the caseload over 12 years. Last October, a study commissioned by the State Legislature found that the increase could not be explained by the growth of California's population or by a tendency to misdiagnose other impairments as autism so families can qualify for state services. Similarly, Dr. Huff said, the new report rules out those factors as possible causes. Nor has there been a rise in other developmental disorders, like mental retardation, the report says. Indeed, the percentage of autistic children with little or no mental retardation rose to 56 percent in 2002, from 19 percent in 1987, Dr. Huff said. He and his colleagues speculate that early treatment programs that help children interact with others and focus on needed skills could contribute to higher I.Q.'s. Alternatively, autism without mental retardation may be a new subtype of the disorder that is showing up for unknown reasons. While the report is not a formally controlled epidemiological study, Dr. Huff said, it is possible to estimate the prevalence of autism in California. Among children born in 1970, one in every 2,500 was autistic. Among those born in 1997, who are now turning 6, the prevalence has risen to |
1488811_0 | U.S. Contests Europe's Ban On Some Food | The Bush administration filed suit today at the World Trade Organization to force Europe to lift its ban on genetically modified food, a move that was postponed earlier this year by the debate on Iraq. The suit will further heighten trans-Atlantic trade tensions after several recent rulings against the United States in cases brought by Europe at the W.T.O. over United States steel tariffs and tax shelters for overseas corporations. The administration was backed by the speaker of the House, J. Dennis Hastert of Illinois, and other senior Republican and Democratic lawmakers who have been promoting the lawsuit for months. American farmers have led the complaints, saying they have invested in the technology needed to raise genetically modified crops only to see one of the biggest markets -- Europe -- closed to their products. Robert B. Zoellick, the United States trade representative, said the administration had run out of patience waiting for the European Union to lift what he called a five-year-old moratorium that blocked several hundred million dollars of American exports into Europe. Worse, he said, European attitudes were spreading unfounded fears in the developing world, where the need is greatest for the increased yield of genetically modified crops. ''In developing countries, these crops can spell the difference between life and death,'' he said. ''The human cost of rejecting this new technology is enormous.'' Mr. Hastert estimated that American farmers lost $300 million in corn exports each year because of the European policy toward genetically modified food and animal feed. ''There's no question in my mind that the European Union's protectionist, discriminatory trade policies are costing American agriculture and our nation's economy hundreds of millions of dollars each and every year,'' Mr. Hastert said. But European officials said today that they were dumbfounded by the suit. They said there was no moratorium on genetically modified food. ''The U.S. claims that there is a so-called moratorium, but the fact is that the E.U. has authorized G.M. varieties in the past and is currently processing applications,'' said Pascal Lamy, the top European trade official. ''So what is the real U.S. motive in bringing a case?'' In practice, the Europeans did have an informal moratorium on new varieties of genetically modified food from 1998 until last year, when the E.U. instituted a new regulatory system that has approved two applications, with others pending. At the center of the debate over genetically modified |
1488801_4 | Huge Strike by Public Workers Paralyzes France | public sympathy for their cause. According to a survey in the popular daily newspaper Le Parisien, 64 percent of those polled either endorsed the protests or sympathized with the unions' goals. Sixty-five percent said they were worried about the future of their pensions. Under the plan, which calls for modest reform, France intends to bring public sector workers -- more than one-fourth of the French work force -- in line with the private sector by 2008. That would force public sector workers to contribute to the state pension system for 40 years, up from 37 1/2 years now. Government support for early retirement would be phased out. Tax incentives would be introduced to attract workers to company-based savings programs like those in the United States, and workers would be entitled to a pension ''bonus'' if they worked beyond 40 years. The government has already abandoned a proposal to increase contributions by civil servants. They will continue to pay 7.85 percent of their salary, two percentage points below the private sector. The strike today was not only crippling, but also unsettling because of its ad hoc nature. Foreigners showed up for appointments for working papers at the Prefecture of Police only to discover that the offices were closed. Students had no idea whether their teachers and professors -- who themselves have been protesting over financing -- would show up for class, and most did not. In the Aix-Marseille area, for example, more than 80 percent of teachers at elementary schools and more than 70 percent of high school teachers stayed off the job. An official announcement that one in 10 Métro and regional trains would be running lured many commuters to their Métro stations. Huge crowds gathered at major Métro stations, only to find that the metal entry gates had been locked. Only one in three buses in Paris was running and taxis were scarce, forcing many commuters who did not stay home to walk. Bicycles that had seen better days were taken out of storage for the day, and bicyclists competed with in-line skaters for street and sidewalk space. Parisians who were obviously not used to walking to work were seen poring over Paris-by-neighborhood maps. Highway travel throughout France, meanwhile, was free, because there were no workers to collect tolls. Parts of Paris seemed shut down. The Tuileries Gardens and part of the Luxembourg Gardens were closed to the public. |
1491413_0 | Bear Gets Best of Tussle With Man | North Jersey man tangled with a bear yesterday afternoon and wound up in the hospital, the West Milford Police Department said. The man, Rob Skrypek, 35, of West Milford, in Passaic County, was bitten on the hand, forearm, upper arm and head and was scratched on the back as he tried to defend his dog, a yellow Labrador retriever, from a bear that had wandered into his yard with her cub, the police said. ''He jumped on the bear's back and gave it a chokehold,'' said Susan Testerman, a police dispatcher. The bear then threw Mr. Skrypek off, bit and scratched him and ran into the woods, said his wife, Carol, who was not home at the time of the attack. Mr. Skrypek then went into his house and called 911. Mr. Skrypek was in good condition last night at Morristown Memorial Hospital. The dog, named Duke, was treated by a veterinarian and released. The police and wildlife officials were looking for the bear so it could be killed and tested for disease. The bear attack was the second this week in New Jersey. On Tuesday in Sussex County, a bear hit a 2-year-old boy with its paw before being shot to death by the police. The bear attacks come amid an emotional debate over a proposal for a six-day bear hunt, which if approved would be the first in the state in 33 years. The State Fish and Game Council proposed the hunt for Dec. 8 to 13 to help control the state's bear population. On Thursday night, sides were sharply drawn at a hearing in Trenton. Opponents called the hunt barbaric; supporters called it necessary to protect people and property. A final vote is set for July 8. Mrs. Skrypek said her husband is now ''a strong proponent of the bear hunt.'' |
1491359_6 | New Jersey Is Running Out Of Open Land It Can Build On | than the governor's estimate of 50 acres a day lost to development. First, Mr. Campbell said, the recent trend -- ''a very grim pattern'' -- has been accelerating land consumption. Second, he said, rapid economic expansion occurred in the late 1990's. ''Third,'' he said, ''there's been no real effort to strengthen regulatory controls on development'' until recently. ''What's as troubling as the pace of loss is the location,'' he added. About 40 percent of new development, he said, is in areas the state classifies as rural or environmentally sensitive. Mr. Hughes at Rutgers is doubtful that one million new residents will materialize by 2020. In a state that has no room left for new highways, he said, development is self-limiting. ''As congestion gets worse, and it's going to get worse, and as it becomes expensive, these inhibitors to growth are going to kick in.'' But Jeff Tittel, the director of the New Jersey chapter of the Sierra Club, estimates that ''we'll hit buildout within 20 years'' in all but Cumberland and Salem Counties, in the far south of the state. ''There could be some pieces left,'' Mr. Tittel said, ''but they would be environmentally sensitive or just junk property.'' Environmental regulation is the governor's main means of curbing development, since the guidelines in the State Development and Redevelopment Plan are voluntary. ''The time you reach buildout depends on what kind of regulatory controls you have to protect water and wildlife,'' Mr. Campbell said. ''If the right safeguards are in place, buildout may be sooner rather than later.'' Developers, while not disputing that, say the administration's anti-growth measures threaten the housing that the state most needs. ''When Mr. Campbell's done, there will be no place outside the ghettos for middle-income and low-income New Jerseyans,'' said Patrick J. O'Keefe, the chief executive of the builders association. Joseph J. Maraziti Jr., a former chairman of the State Planning Commission, said that builders could see that as a new business model: redeveloping cities instead of expanding the suburbs. ''The consensus is like none I've ever seen about revitalizing our cities.'' But he added, ''It's in our genes as a country that began as a colony. You don't get it out of your system fast -- you should tame the land and expand. There's a lot of momentum behind the idea that goes back 300 years. It doesn't stop because of some speeches and legislation.'' |
1486429_1 | Finding Solution to Secret World of Spam | another law this group favors. But many others involved in the Internet see thousands of spammers, from teenagers in basements to legitimate businesses, that become too aggressive in their e-mailing. Fighting these lesser offenders, they say, requires different tactics meant to force marginal players into legitimacy, such as disclosure rules in the anti-spam legislation proposed by Senator Charles E. Schumer of New York and Representative Zoë Lofgren of California, both Democrats. And there are some who argue that an e-mail box is inherently more private than a postal mailbox and that nearly any marketing pitch that has not been clearly requested by the recipient should be banned. This view, as popular among some of the Internet elite as it is detested by the marketing industry, has few backers in Congress or state legislatures. But it has led some longtime anti-spam activists to oppose legislation like the Can Spam Act because it would have the effect of legitimizing some unsolicited e-mail. The Can Spam Act, for example, would permit a company to send e-mail to someone with whom it has no previous relationship as long as it does the following: clearly identify itself and what the message is; say what it is an advertisement for; and offer recipients a method to say they do not want any more offers from that sender. ''We are at a tipping point with spam,'' David Sorkin, associate professor at the John Marshall Law School in Chicago, said in a panel presentation at the forum. ''But, with the bills we see now, I fear we will be on the wrong side of the cow.'' Senator Conrad Burns, the Republican of Montana who is one of the authors of the Can Spam Act, said in an interview that he wanted to create a bill that balanced the rights of e-mail users and legitimate marketers. But in any case, he added, it is impossible to push a tougher bill through Congress. Indeed, a virtually identical bill passed the Senate Commerce Committee last session but languished on the floor. ''To those who would stand back and criticize, I say 'come on down and try to pass your bill if you think it looks so easy,' '' he said. The Direct Marketing Association, the trade group that represents companies that send postal mail and e-mail, argues that the few are ruining e-mail for the many. ''While there are 100,000 individuals |
1487186_5 | For Two-Way Radios, a Mileage Test | in between the two radios being tested -- in other words, on the moon. But they also say that you should still get three miles of range even in terrible conditions -- for example, from inside cars. All I can figure out is that the radio makers and I live in parallel universes. In my suburban tests, these ''seven mile'' radios began introducing heavy static and lost syllables at nine-tenths of a mile apart, and lost all contact at 1.1 miles. On the highway (but out of the car), the Midland and Audiovox gave up the ghost at 1.5 miles, and the beefier radios lost touch at 1.7. Before releasing the services of my good-natured testing partner (''Geek Freak to Mama Bird: Can you hear me now?''), I gave the radios a final test that should have been an easy lob: communicating directly across open water. In this case, the miniradios managed 2.5 miles, and the Cobra and Motorola models finally lost all staticky contact at 3.3. The manufacturers call these freakishly poor results. They chalked it up to the kinds of environmental factors that can affect range: humidity, wires, vegetation, buildings, clouds, hills, airplanes and even sunspots. (Now there's a high-tech corporate excuse you don't hear every day.)Don't get the impression that these radios are worthless. True, that ''seven mile'' business may be the greatest bit of marketing hyperbole since P.T. Barnum. But even with only a mile of range that you can count on (on land, anyway), they're still great for malls, theme parks, ski slopes, hikes, car caravans, and other short-range situations. The two-watt Motorola offers uniformly richer, cleaner sound at distances greater than most of its three-watt rivals, but it's by far the most expensive. The Cobra lets thicker static creep in as the distance increases, but ultimately remains intelligible slightly longer than even the Motorola. It also offers many more features and costs less than half as much. As for the Audiovox and Midland -- well, sometimes you get a pair of what you pay for. No matter which brand you choose, after you buy a pair, you should test whether the range will be good enough for your purposes and then return them if the answer is no. (You certainly wouldn't be alone.) And you never know. As the manufacturers would surely tell you, up to 95 percent of their customers find happiness with |
1487135_2 | Suit Says ChevronTexaco Dumped Poisons in Ecuador | commercial law at the University of Maryland. This case is significant, legal experts say, because it could create a new way for multinational corporations to be held financially accountable for environmental abuses in foreign countries. Chris Jochnick, a lawyer and founder of the Center for Economic and Social Rights, a human rights organization with offices in New York and Ecuador, said: ''The case has become something of a symbol for the abuses and lack of accountability of U.S. multinationals abroad, and of the efforts of local communities to organize and try to bring pressure to bear on those companies. You have both sides represented.'' Any financial penalty imposed on ChevronTexaco is enforceable in the United States, which ''adds an additional layer of security for the plaintiffs,'' Mr. Jochnick added. In 1993, ChevronTexaco hired environmental consulting firms to conduct audits and identify the need for any remediation, said Chris Gidez, a spokesman for ChevronTexaco in Fairfield, Conn. In 1995, ChevronTexaco began a $40 million cleanup of about 250 drilling sites, which the Ecuadorean government deemed complete in 1998, Mr. Gidez said. Mr. Gidez added that the oil operations took place over about 6,400 acres, or less than 1 percent, of the Ecuadorean rain forest. ''The Ecuadorean government,'' he said, ''encouraged growth -- colonization, building of roads -- in that area. To ignore all that activity as having a contributing impact on the environment is like walking around with blinders on.'' This weekend, Amazon Watch, a nonprofit environmental group in San Francisco, plans to bring a group of 13 indigenous leaders from Ecuador to San Ramon, Calif., the world headquarters of ChevronTexaco. The organization plans to stage protests and hold educational forums to ''raise awareness with community members of what their neighbors are doing in the rain forest,'' said Leila Salazar, an organizer with Amazon Watch's ChevronTexaco campaign. With 2.1 billion barrels of proven reserves, Ecuador is an important player in the Latin American oil business. ''It's going to be interesting to see how a country that's so dependent on oil development is going to hold this corporation accountable,'' Ms. Salazar said. Correction: May 12, 2003, Monday A picture caption in Business Day on Thursday with an article about a lawsuit that contends ChevronTexaco dumped toxic wastewater into open pits, estuaries and rivers in Ecuador referred imprecisely to the date of the photo, which showed a pit. It was taken in 1993. |
1487221_7 | TOWERS UNTESTED FOR MAJOR FIRE, INQUIRY SUGGESTS | to ensure the complex's safety. ''We cannot be expected to accept responsibility for specifications which have been revised in such a manner,'' the architect wrote. Then, in a mysterious communication a few months later, the Port Authority wrote to Louis DiBono, president of the company that was applying the fireproofing, to say that it should be applied to a thickness of one-half inch on the floor trusses. Dr. Sunder said today that ''we are unable to determine the technical basis'' for choosing half an inch of fireproofing. He said no records had turned up to indicate that the trusses were subjected to any standard furnace tests at all with the fireproofing in place. The confusion continued in 1975, several years after the towers had opened, when a sizable fire spread from the 9th to the 19th floor of the north tower. The fire caused buckling of some parts of the trusses on those floors. An engineering firm called in to assess the fire damage concluded that only fire testing and analysis by fire experts could determine if the floor systems were safe. But again, there is no indication the tests were ever done. The same engineers concluded that the fireproofing specifications -- requiring half an inch of fireproofing -- might simply have been read out of a fireproofing manufacturer's product catalog. But the federal investigative team determined that the truss systems, new and innovative in their day, were not included in those catalogs when the decisions were made. A Port Authority engineer named Frank Lombardi finally did discover that the fireproofing was inadequate in the mid-1990's, and attempted a more serious study of what might be needed to best protect the buildings, although he did not perform furnace tests involving floor trusses. He ordered that the thickness of the fireproofing be increased to an inch and a half. And about 30 floors in the upper reaches of the two towers -- including virtually all the floors in the impact zone of the north tower -- had been at least partly upgraded at the time of the attack. The report, though, calls the later analysis incomplete. ''I think it's very bad that that's the process,'' said Dr. James Quintiere, a professor in fire protection engineering at the University of Maryland. ''This was an area that people didn't pay attention to. They thought everything was fine. Buildings don't fall down in a |
1487169_0 | Europe Plan on Chemicals Seen as Threat to U.S. Exports | The European Union announced a proposal today that would require manufacturers of industrial chemicals to test their products before they can be used, a change that the Bush administration said could threaten the $20 billion in chemicals that the United States exports to Europe each year. Five years in the making, the proposal, which requires the approval of European governments and the European Parliament, would shift the burden to prove the safety of chemicals onto manufacturers instead of governments. The tests would be registered with a new agency. Under current rules, about 99 percent of the total volume of chemicals sold on the markets have not been subjected to testing requirements. ''There is no control whatsoever of the 400 million tons of chemicals sold in the European Union each year,'' said Margot Wallstrom, Europe's environment commissioner, at a news conference. ''Our reform proposal therefore requires industry to provide public information on the chemicals they produce or import and the risks associated with their use.'' The American chemical industry has lobbied hard against the proposal, criticizing it as excessive, bureaucratic and unnecessary. ''One of the basic problems with Europe's approach is that it needs all the information on all chemicals in order to make those decisions,'' said Mike Walls, senior counsel to the American Chemistry Council trade group. The European chemical industry has also criticized the proposal, though not as harshly. The dispute follows a pattern of Europe's trying to impose stricter environmental rules, which the United States then labels as unnecessary, costly and potential trade barriers. European officials said today that their proposed testing was aimed at improving public health and the environment at a time when health problems like allergies and male infertility are rising. The costs of cleaning up damage from chemicals like asbestos is already in the billions of dollars. To the Bush administration, the proposal amounts to unsound science and an abuse of regulatory authority, complaints American officials have already leveled against Europe for its concern about genetically modified food and a plan to require that all such food, known as genetically modified organisms, be labeled to alert consumers. ''This is a big game; it will dwarf the G.M.O. dispute,'' said William Lash, assistant secretary of commerce for market access and compliance. ''Any benefit they gain from these tests will be outstripped by the cost.'' Some representatives of European environmental groups have labeled the proposal a |
1487166_2 | EarthLink Is Sued by Holder of Anti-Spam Patents | 343 accounts from which he sent a million pieces of spam a day. Spam has become a hot issue for Internet users because the volume of unsolicited marketing messages is increasing by 50 percent a month according to some e-mail providers. Start-ups, like MailBlocks, see a booming market among consumers frustrated by spam. And e-mail providers like Yahoo, America Online and EarthLink are hoping that spam-fighting technology will help them attract and retain customers. Until now, most e-mail providers have focused on developing systems that try to identify and block spam automatically, based on the sender address or key words in the text. This approach reduces but does not eliminate spam because spammers are becoming adept at obscuring their messages to get through the filters. Another approach -- offered as an option by America Online and Microsoft -- lets users see messages sent only by people already in their address books. This eliminates nearly all spam, but it often also blocks legitimate e-mail messages from senders who may not yet be in a user's address books. Challenge-response systems are meant to offer a way to allow users to see legitimate mail from new senders. When an e-mail message arrives from someone not on the recipient's approved list, the MailBlocks system automatically replies with a message of its own. The original sender must then reply by typing a nine-digit number from an image on the e-mail message that is clear to a human eye but difficult for a computer to discern. Messages from any sender who passes this test will then be delivered to the recipient's inbox. All other mail is diverted to a junk mail folder the recipient can either look at or ignore. EarthLink uses a slightly different method that requires unrecognized senders to type their names and a brief message into a Web page. E-mail experts say that challenge-response systems are promising, but they need fine-tuning to make sure users can see machine-sent messages that they want -- like transaction confirmations and sale announcements from stores they like. TECHNOLOGY Correction: May 9, 2003, Friday Because of an editing error, an article in Business Day yesterday about a lawsuit that says EarthLink's latest technology for blocking unwanted e-mail marketing infringes two patents of a smaller company omitted a word in some copies, reversing the meaning. The company said it could not comment because it ''had not'' seen the suit. |
1485481_7 | From Olympus, Divine Dresses | on the sand. In a famous essay, ''The Greeks and Us,'' Auden urges his readers to judge civilization by ''the degree of diversity attained and unity retained.'' Yet in modern civilization something like the reverse standard must be applied. Diversity is a given. Unity must be fought for. Unification is what Greece signified to modern Europeans, who did not lay eyes on the Acropolis until 1751. To the modern mind, ancient Greece was first of all a symbol of nationalism. During the Greek war of independence from the Turks (and Islam), the need arose for a unifying myth of Western origins. The myth of our descent from the Greeks satisfied that need. (Until then, Rome was our official ancestor.) The same myth was invoked to gloss over the social upheaval caused by the Industrial Revolution. Parallels could be drawn between the rationality of machine production and the refined economy of Greek art. Modern science, as Peter Gay has argued, is a kind of paganism, a form of nature worship. The Neo-Classical notion of timeless, universal aesthetic values derived from the view that cultural experience was subject to scientific law. History and timelessness may be intellectually irreconcilable, but who cares if you're wearing Halston? Perhaps the last major designer to dedicate his career to fashioning a contemporary classical image, Halston is represented here by a trio of simple chiffon evening gowns that command the elegance of polychrome columns. Unpleated, the chiffon would gather into supple, flutelike folds when worn by bodies in motion, subtly transforming the Doric into the Ionic order. Halston is my idea of a myth of origins. Norma Kamali is a strong contender, too. No one makes filminess look more desirable. Seen here, Ms. Kamali's diaphanous outfits lack the benefit of contrast with the stark gray concrete walls of her flagship store in New York. But they capture the odd fusion of innocence and eroticism on which the appeal of Arcadia is substantially based. Tom Ford's do, too. At least the context of this show helps to clarify Mr. Ford's intentions as a designer, such as they are. Gucci, his fashion house, paid for this show, with additional support from Condé Nast Publications, and Mr. Ford's essays in goddess style put in cameo appearances here and there among groupings of dresses by other designers. Peek-a-boo, we see you, Tom! Thus far, Mr. Ford's brilliance as a projector of |
1485501_0 | Dr. Jeff Schell, Microbiologist And Gene-Splicing Pioneer, 67 | Dr. Jeff Schell, a Belgian microbiologist who developed some of the first procedures for introducing artificial genes into plants to increase their hardiness and improve their ability to grow, died at his home in Brussels on April 17. He was 67. The cause was progressive supranuclear palsy, said his wife, Dr. Elizabeth Schell, a physician. A founder of the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne and a professor at the University of Ghent, Dr. Jeff Schell worked extensively with Agrobacterium, a soil microbe that produces cancerlike growths in plants that it infects. In 1973, he succeeded in altering the genetic structure of the bacterium, deleting the genes that govern tumor production while preserving those that instruct the recipient plant to incorporate beneficial foreign materials into its cells. Ten years later, he created an artificial light-sensitive gene that could be turned on and off like natural genes. In an experiment giving tobacco plants the readily detectable trait of resistance to antibiotics, he spliced a gene necessary for photosynthesis to one from an enzyme that deactivates the antibiotic chloramphenicol; he then spliced this hybrid to the altered Agrobacterium and inserted it into tobacco seedlings. The resulting plants resisted the antibiotic only when they received light. Though the experiment had no practical value for the tobacco plant, it was an important step in developing genes that act only in specific plant tissues or in specific parts of growing plants. Today, biotechnology is used to endow plants with resistance to disease, environmental stresses and chemicals, creating crops that can survive in harsher environments and produce greater yields. Genetic engineering of food, however, has drawn widespread opposition, especially in Europe. Dr. Schell, who was also known as Jozef, was born in Antwerp in 1935. He received his undergraduate degree and Ph.D. in microbiology from the University of Ghent, and published almost 650 articles and a number of books, including, in 1982, ''Molecular Biology of Plant Tumors.'' He received the Humboldt Prize in 1985, the Wolf Prize in 1990 and the Japan Prize for Biotechnology in 1998. In addition to his wife, he is survived by his sons Peter, of Brussels, and Bart, of Bonn, and four grandchildren. |
1485507_0 | 21st Century Atop 19th In TriBeCa Restoration | The scaffolding that has covered the 19th-century loft building at 73 Worth Street in the TriBeCa East Historic District for the last 18 months came down on Tuesday to reveal a restored five-story Italianate building. It has been turned into 24 loft condominiums topped by a contemporary two-story addition with six penthouses. The city's Landmarks Preservation Commission approved the mostly glass penthouse structure, resembling a terraced pyramid, because ''it is minimally visible from the street,'' said Robert B. Tierney, the commission's chairman. The penthouses, all but one of which are duplexes, measure 1,845 to 3,424 square feet, with two or three terraces each. They will go on sale by the end of the month at $1.9 million to $3.1 million each, said Elizabeth Unger, sales director at the Sunshine Group, the project's marketing agent. The building's two- and three-bedroom condos, with 1,907 to 2,544 square feet, sell for $1.2 million to $2 million. Prices on the apartments have been increased by an average of 3.5 percent since sales began in September. Thirteen apartments are under contract to be sold, Ms. Unger said. Occupancy is set for June. The developer, Valdia Development of Brooklyn, carved the lofts from a building that had been fashioned from four separate ones. When the area was the center of the city's textile trade in the 19th century, dry goods merchants used the buildings as offices. Among the merchants was Augustus D. Juilliard, whose fortune helped establish music programs and schools, including the Juilliard School at Lincoln Center. The buildings were eventually connected and in the late 1980's were used as government offices. The structure sat vacant for more than a dozen years. A previous development group had proposed to convert it but never moved forward. In June 2001, Valdia bought 73 Worth Street, at the corner of Church Street, and proceeded with the current $45 million conversion, which also includes 45,000 square feet of retail space. ''You just don't see buildings like these replicated any longer,'' said Christopher Pardo, the company's president and a former equities trader on Wall Street. Its facade features ornate marble work, decorative cornices and cast-iron Corinthian columns, which also appear throughout the building. Judy Duffy, assistant director of Community Board 1, said that in the last six months ''there has been a significant resurgence in the residential market downtown.'' She said 600 to 700 new and converted rental and condo |
1485496_0 | Blair Delays Election in Northern Ireland, Citing Violence | The faltering, five-year-old peace effort in Northern Ireland stumbled again today when Prime Minister Tony Blair postponed a critical election, blaming the Irish Republican Army for avoiding a ''very clear'' commitment to end violence. The announcement brought protests, both from Sinn Fein, the I.R.A.'s political wing, and from Bertie Ahern, the Irish prime minister, who has been Mr. Blair's partner in trying to revive the often-torpedoed Good Friday peace agreement. At a news conference in London, Mr. Blair said that despite an intense series of exchanges with Sinn Fein in recent weeks over the wording of an I.R.A. peace pledge, the guerrilla group had failed to specifically renounce paramilitary activities like gathering intelligence, threatening adversaries, acquiring weapons and beating alleged criminals as punishment. ''Will those activities continue to be authorized or not by the I.R.A., yes or no?'' Mr. Blair said. ''It is not a terribly complicated situation, but it is one that requires a very clear answer. We are at the point where people have got to go to the absolute, definitive, completed position of forswearing violence in all its forms.'' The elections for a power-sharing assembly in the province -- one of the central elements of the Good Friday accord made on April 10, 1998 -- had already been postponed once, to May 29 from May 1. It will now be held sometime in the fall, Mr. Blair said. In Dublin, Mr. Ahern said he had sought to avoid a postponement up until the very last minute. ''I disagree with the British government on the postponement of these elections,'' he told reporters. ''I reiterated this on several occasions recently, including in a conversation I had with the prime minister this morning. Ultimately I believe that yet another postponement causes more problems for the process than it solves.'' Mr. Blair said he would visit Dublin next Tuesday for talks with Mr. Ahern. In Washington, the State Department urged Sinn Fein tonight to ''provide a clear and unequivocal commitment'' to stop all paramilitary activities, and it urged Ulster Unionists to ''commit themselves to the earliest possible restoration'' of a power-sharing arrangement. Up until yesterday, Gerry Adams, the Sinn Fein leader, said he was prepared to state that ''the I.R.A. leadership is determined that there will be no activities which will undermine in any way the peace process and the Good Friday agreement.'' But Britain objected to that, saying it was |
1485516_0 | U.S. Declares Major Combat in Afghanistan to Be Over | The United States declared today that major combat operations were over in Afghanistan, a step aimed largely at encouraging more nations to join the international reconstruction effort here. The announcement, made at a news conference here by Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld and the Afghan president, Hamid Karzai, is likely to have little practical effect on the 8,000 American soldiers who have been here for 18 months. Most of these forces have already begun reconstruction efforts and are still conducting sweeps in search of pockets of militants, particularly along the border with Pakistan. An additional 5,500 international peacekeepers are policing the capital here. Politically, however, the formal transition to stability and reconstruction missions from combat operations is expected to open the door for many aid organizations, particularly in Europe, that had balked at sending troops, supplies or other assistance while the focus was on the American-led fight against Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters. ''What's different now is that we can shift our weight,'' Mr. Rumsfeld told reporters. ''A significantly larger part of our effort can go in that direction.'' The timing of the announcement coincided with President Bush's declaration tonight to shift the emphasis in Iraq to reconstruction from combat after six weeks there, compared with 18 months here. Mr. Rumsfeld said it had taken longer for a smaller force to root out elusive Qaeda terrorists than for the military to trounce the Iraqi armed forces, but he suggested that Afghanistan could be a laboratory for Iraqi reconstruction efforts. This is Mr. Rumsfeld's third trip to Afghanistan since Sept. 11, 2001, and he praised the progress he had witnessed. On the 10-minute drive from the city's airport to Mr. Karzai's palace, bustling stalls selling eggs, fresh meat, vegetables and other services lined the main road, which hummed with cars, buses and taxis. Mr. Karzai and the commander of American forces in Afghanistan, Lt. Gen. Daniel K. McNeill, have been pressing Washington for months for this transition, so as to attract international contributions. Large new reconstruction projects like rebuilding the road between Kabul and Kandahar in the south would give Mr. Karzai a big political boost and energize the flagging Afghan economy, officials said. ''I advocated this earlier,'' General McNeill said in an interview. ''Now there's simply no reason why the international community can't take bolder decisions on reconstruction.'' The shift from full-fledged combat to establishing stability has actually been under |
1485545_0 | House Adopts Global Plan Of $15 Billion Against AIDS | The House adopted a $15 billion initiative to combat AIDS worldwide today. The vote was taken after conservatives won a requirement that at least one-third of the money promote sexual abstinence before marriage. The concession helped solidify support for a measure for AIDS treatment, research and education that is a priority of the Bush administration, and it resulted in a strong bipartisan vote in support of a social measure in the usually polarized House. The vote was 375 to 41. ''In adopting this proposal, we show the world that conviction and compassion go together,'' said Representative Henry J. Hyde, the Illinois Republican who is chairman of the International Relations Committee. Mr. Hyde compared the AIDS crisis to the medieval plague. The proposal would almost triple federal spending over five years for fighting AIDS overseas, a significant expansion of United States participation. Aimed particularly at Africa, the measure has been pushed by lawmakers from both parties and AIDS advocacy groups. It received a surprise endorsement from President Bush in his State of the Union speech, giving it new urgency. ''Today's action is an important step toward providing critically needed treatment and care for millions of people suffering from AIDS and proven prevention programs for millions more who are at risk,'' Mr. Bush said after the vote. He urged the Senate to follow suit quickly. Senate officials said they hoped to consider a similar proposal in committee as early as next week. The majority leader, Bill Frist of Tennessee, a surgeon, has been closely involved in trying to pull together a bill, but none has been introduced because of differences over spending and prevention policies. Lawmakers said the House passage could give momentum to Senate action. As they counted the toll of dead and dying in their debate, lawmakers said the United States needed to have a greater role in slowing the suffering caused by a disease that has killed an estimated 25 million people, and infected even many more, 30 million in sub-Saharan Africa alone. ''What we are doing today on a bipartisan basis will save the lives of tens of millions of innocent people across the globe,'' said Representative Tom Lantos of California, senior Democrat on the International Relations Committee. Under the program envisioned in the House bill, the money would go to drug treatment for people with AIDS in Africa, the Caribbean and other regions where cases are sharply |
1492909_0 | World Briefing | Europe: Ireland: Protests Over Delayed Election | Largely Roman Catholic political parties staged demonstrations across the country and in Northern Ireland to protest the postponement of elections to the power-sharing Northern Ireland Assembly. The protests came on the day the voting was to have taken place before it was delayed until fall by Prime Minister Tony Blair of Britain this month because the Irish Republican Army had failed to commit to ceasing all paramilitary activity. The Irish prime minister, Bertie Ahern, reiterated his opposition to Mr. Blair's decision, saying the elections should take place as soon as possible. Brian Lavery (NYT) |
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1487821_2 | Passport, Mask, Thermometer | addition to testing them individually with thermometers. Temperature checks are also in place at airports in Singapore, where tourism has been devastated. And screenings are now standard in India, where a handful of SARS cases had been reported through May 1. The government has begun checking the temperatures of all inbound air travelers. The response to SARS is not confined to Asia. In the Mideast, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain have barred travelers from Asian countries where SARS outbreaks have taken place. Last month, the World Health Organization lifted an advisory warning against travel to Toronto after Canadian officials convinced the organization that the ban was not justified, despite hospital closings and quarantines there. Canada is the only country outside Asia where deaths from SARS have occurred. The travel industry is taking action as well. Last month, the International Council of Cruise Lines, which represents 16 member lines around the world, adopted a set of guidelines on SARS. All passengers on any of the lines must fill out a questionnaire on their recent travel history. The cruise lines designated Hong Kong, China, Vietnam and Singapore ''areas of concern.'' Passengers found to have visited those areas within 10 days of the departure of their cruise, or who have had close contact with someone suspected to have had SARS, would be denied boarding. The organization also recommended that a ship's doctor screen passengers who had passed through Toronto, which the group considers to be an ''area of increased screening,'' before they are allowed to board. Some member cruise lines are going further than the guidelines recommend. Crystal Cruises announced in late April that it would not board passengers who had passed through Toronto on the way to a cruise, at least until the end of May. And Norwegian Cruise Lines last month refused to let four passengers from Hong Kong board one of its ships in Honolulu, though none showed symptoms of SARS; Hawaiian state health officials said such measures were not warranted. The cruise line association recommended that ships of participating lines keep an adequate supply of masks, gowns and sanitary gloves on board, in case a potential SARS case is discovered, and the ships also are expected to have sanitation equipment and disinfectants on board. The issue of masks, gloves and disinfectants has been actively debated within the airline industry, since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued |
1487825_3 | Keep-Out Signs in the Global Village | found myself in places where I didn't belong, in circumstances that call my common sense into question. I have larked around the Caribbean with a couple of drunken shark fishermen. I honeymooned in Haiti during an attempted coup. I spent time in Egypt after the United States had broken off diplomatic relations with that country, and I returned via Lebanon and the Bekaa Valley where the fedayeen were training. I hitchhiked through the Sahara, and crossed the Algerian border into Tunisia at a remote outpost where soldiers closely examined my shoes, but not my socks, where my money was hidden. I did this, as I've done almost all of my traveling in the past 40 years, out of curiosity, the kind that kills cats, a desire to fill in blank spaces on my mental map and a craving for excitement. In all cases I assumed that discomfort, sickness, unpleasantness and the possibility of danger were essential aspects of the experience. Having said this, I wouldn't urge everybody to follow my itinerary. Generally, I share the qualms of reasonable people about SARS and I would shy away from locales where it's prevalent. And except for soldiers, relief workers and journalists, it seems to me pathological for anybody to choose to swan around near a war zone. BUT to those who maintain that these are exceptional times or extraordinary circumstances, I would suggest that they consider the state of travel a mere two decades ago. Then it was the cold war and the menace of Communism that kept many people at home and kept even those of an adventurous nature on narrowly circumscribed paths. Behind the Iron Curtain, from the middle of Germany, across the expanse of Eastern Bloc satellite states, all the way to Moscow and over the Ural Mountains as far as the Pacific Ocean, tourism was strictly regulated or altogether forbidden. In China, until 1978, the situation was starker yet; an American was simply persona non grata. Interlopers were presumed to be spies and summarily jailed. It was only with the advent of perestroika, the fall of the wall and the gradual opening of China that half of the globe became accessible, more or less, to travelers. Those formerly out-of-bounds countries remain ''more or less'' accessible to anybody willing to accept that journeys to remote bends and elbows of the former Soviet Union, say, may require a willingness to |
1487983_1 | The World; Trying to Rebuild Iraq, While Watching Their Backs | being in control of their country.'' Last week, much of the debate over building postwar Iraq focused on who would lead the effort. Would it be the Pentagon's man, General Garner, or the State Department's man, L. Paul Bremer? The answer, it emerged, is Mr. Bremer, a former counterterrorism official, who was named as a presidential envoy, a peg higher than General Garner. Connoisseurs of Washington infighting concluded that the State Department had triumphed. But the effort to rebuild Iraq does not entirely pivot on whether a soldier or civilian is in charge. The first step toward putting Iraq back together is building stability, and that begins with bringing law and order, or in diplo-speak, peacekeeping. What matters more now is the number of boots on the ground -- civilian as well as military -- and the resources that they are given. But the Bush administration is planning to withdraw most United States combat forces from Iraq over the next several months, and it wants to establish a new military structure in which American troops would continue to secure Baghdad while a majority of the forces in Iraq would be from other nations. The only institution on this planet with any recent experience in peacekeeping is the United Nations, and it has failed more often than it has succeeded. From Somalia to Rwanda to Bosnia to Sierra Leone, United Nations efforts to hold splintering nations together, or piece them together once they have fallen apart, have not achieved their noble goals, and sometimes the price of failure has been immense bloodshed. If peacekeeping is to have a reasonable prospect of success, it needs to be guided by people who know what is happening on the ground. But without enough troops, how much on-the-ground work can be done? At the news conference, General McKiernan said that 45 percent of the police force had returned to work. Was he talking about Baghdad? Some traffic cops are back at work -- largely ineffectually, because traffic jams are large, especially at gas stations with lines measured in kilometers and days -- but policemen are virtually absent. The statement was made by a man who appears to be ill-acquainted with the facts on the ground or, at the least, much too optimistic about them. One underlying problem for the Americans, aside from the fact that there aren't many of them here, is that the instability |
1488148_0 | Lessons From the Glory That Was Greece | To the Editor: James Atlas portrays the philosopher Leo Strauss as a champion of democracy (''A Classicist's Legacy: New Empire Builders,'' Week in Review, May 4). But his views were more peculiar than Mr. Atlas suggests. Strauss condemned ''extreme democracy,'' and his lifelong preoccupation was the safety of ''the few'' philosophers from persecution by ''the multitude.'' The philosophers, Strauss wrote, are those who understand that religion is nothing more than a lie that ''breeds deference to the ruling class'' -- a deference he applauded. Philosophers who tell the awful truth about religion, he argued, will meet the fate of Socrates. Strauss said the philosophical elite should curry influence with ''the gentlemen.'' These sons of prominent families run the government and can be enlisted to enact harsh ''laws with teeth in them'' to keep the multitude in line and make the world safe for philosophers. If President Bush's ''Leo-con'' advisers are indeed taking a page from Strauss's playbook, this should not cause celebration among friends of democracy. DAVID LUBAN Hyattsville, Md., May 5, 2003 The writer is a professor of law and philosophy at Georgetown University Law Center. |
1488150_0 | Lessons From the Glory That Was Greece | To the Editor: ''A Classicist's Legacy: New Empire Builders'' (Week in Review, May 4) traces the ancestry of neoconservatives back through Leo Strauss to the Greeks. What is curious about the contemporary ''Leo-cons'' is that for all their reverence for ancient Greece, they seem to have forgotten one of its central lessons -- that hubris leads to tragedy. MARK KUPERBERG Swarthmore, Pa., May 5, 2003 |
1491137_0 | Powell Says to the French, Yes . . . but Not All Is Forgiven | Sending a mixed message to the French on his first visit here since before the war in Iraq, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell said today that France's support for lifting United Nations sanctions against Iraq was ''a step in the right direction,'' but cautioned that ''the disagreements of the past'' have not been forgotten. Mr. Powell, who is in Paris for meetings of foreign ministers from the major industrial countries and Russia, insisted that the Bush administration did not plan to punish France for its bitter dispute with the United States over invading Iraq. But he said the Pentagon was reviewing its plans for joint military exercises with France and other countries ''in light of the changed circumstances,'' and acknowledged that the French would not be invited to an Air Force exercise in Nevada next year known as Red Flag. Referring to France's yes vote in the United Nations today on a resolution to lift sanctions on Iraq, Mr. Powell said: ''Does it mean that the disagreements of the past simply are totally forgotten? No. That was not a very pleasant time for any of us, and we have to work our way through that.'' Mr. Powell's remarks come at a tense time in French-American relations, when both countries are struggling to move beyond their differences over Iraq, yet when neither seems willing to acknowledge the validity of the other's position. In Washington, anger with France's opposition to the war still runs deep in the Pentagon and among conservatives, who feel that new revelations about the brutality of Saddam Hussein's government have validated the American-led invasion. But in Paris, pride in the French opposition to the war seems no less adamant in the aftermath of Mr. Hussein's fall. Explaining France's vote to lift sanctions today, Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin said support for the resolution did not translate into support for the war. ''In voting in favor of this resolution, France stays faithful to its principles,'' Mr. de Villepin said in an interview published in Le Monde. ''The text does not legitimize war. It opens the way to peace, a peace that we must build together.'' Ivo H. Daalder, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, said of the French: ''They are not in the mood to come on bended knee and say, 'We're sorry.' It's not even clear to me that they are serious about wanting |
1492589_0 | Caught in the Squeeze | One of the things President Bush knows best is when to turn on the klieg lights, and when to keep them off. On Tuesday, with no fanfare, he signed a bill increasing the federal debt limit by nearly a trillion dollars. You don't want a lot of coverage when you're mortgaging the future. But yesterday it was high-fives all around as Mr. Bush signed the third-largest tax cut in history at a grand ceremony in the East Room of the White House. I suppose if your income is large enough, there is every reason to celebrate. After all, the tax cut could save Dick Cheney $100,000 a year, or more. But given the economic realities in the U.S. right now, I thought the East Room celebration was in poor taste. The enormous tax-cut package (which is coupled with budget deficits that are lunging toward infinity) is a stunning example of Mr. Bush's indifference to the deepening plight of working people. The economy has lost more than a half-million jobs already this year, and well over 2 million since payrolls peaked two years ago. More than 8.7 million American men and women are officially counted as unemployed. And that figure is artificially low because it does not count those who have become discouraged and stopped looking for work. The fallout from the continued hemorrhaging of jobs and the swollen ranks of the unemployed is spreading. The Times had an article two weeks ago about college seniors' putting their dreams on hold because they're graduating into the worst hiring slump in 20 years. ''We definitely picked the wrong time to be graduating from college,'' said Morgan Bushey, a 21-year-old student at the University of North Carolina. She said she planned to go to France, where she would make about $200 a week teaching English. The jobs squeeze has other effects. ''There's been this notion along the way that if you at least kept your job, you'd be O.K.,'' said Jared Bernstein, an economist with the Economic Policy Institute in Washington. ''But now this persistent unemployment is taking a toll on the wages of those who are still working.'' Wages, when adjusted for inflation, are falling for workers across the board. An analysis of government data by Mr. Bernstein and Lawrence Mishel, the institute's president, found that the median weekly paycheck fell 1.4 percent over the past year. All the pay grades above |
1492591_2 | Battle Over Biotechnology Intensifies Trade War | the giant of agricultural biotechnology companies -- or American farmers, Mr. Bush and his aides will raise the issue of fighting world hunger. In a speech last week he accused Europe of hindering the ''great cause of ending hunger in Africa'' by banning genetically modified crops. Administration officials say that such moves by Europe encourage African nations to reject technology that could save millions of lives. That has upset European diplomats who are negotiating a compromise on biotechnology. ''It is quite shocking of Mr. Bush to tell us to follow his lead on African aid when the United States gives one of the smallest proportion of its gross domestic product for global development than any other wealthy nation,'' said a senior diplomat here. ''This has not helped us.'' Pascal Lamy, the top European trade official, even challenged the notion that Europe has a moratorium, saying that Europe is on the verge of completing new regulations that could open up the Continent to more genetically modified crops. Europe approved the sale of genetically altered soybeans in the 1990's, but then in 1998 Europe instituted a moratorium on approving new biotechnology crops like certain varieties of genetically altered corn. So while soybeans have been largely unaffected by the moratorium, corn exports have been harmed. Several agriculture experts who want to lift European restrictions said that the problem would not be solved by opening up Europe's market. ''It's quite a stretch to tie the problem of the ban against genetically modified food in Europe to starving children in Africa,'' said Dan Glickman, who served as secretary of agriculture in the Clinton administration. ''It is also a bit provocative to say the Europeans don't care about world hunger.'' Scientists also agree. ''In general, that is not the case at all,'' said Pedro Sanchez, director of tropical agriculture at the Earth Institute at Columbia University. ''The main problems in Africa have to do with soil fertility,'' he said. ''Until you solve the soil problems, it doesn't matter whether you use conventional or genetically modified seeds.'' Backers of genetically altered crops say that they have been properly tested and that there is no scientific evidence that they pose a risk to humans or the environment. Mickey Kantor, the first trade representative for President Clinton and a lawyer whose firm represents Monsanto, says the trade dispute has grown beyond complaints from biotechnology companies. ''It's not just about |
1492138_0 | The Hunt for Clues to a Dry Planet's Watery Past | NASA calls its two Mars rovers ''robot geologists.'' They are to find and analyze rocks, rolling up to half a mile from their landing sites to investigate wide terrain. Unlike the British Beagle II lander, the NASA rovers have no way to look for chemical signs of Martian life. NASA's overall strategy is for its Mars efforts to be incremental and thorough, especially on the issue of life. Viking was a costly failure that left many questions unanswered. Now NASA aims to tackle the hardest questions last, after years of preliminary work to help scientists understand if the environment of Mars was, or still is, conducive to life. Today, the main tactic is what NASA scientists call ''following the water,'' a main prerequisite to virtually any form of life. While the surface of Mars now holds no obvious liquid water, large flows appear to have sculptured the planet long ago. In theory, its current rocks, minerals and landforms hold many clues to the planet's watery past. Certain rocks and minerals, including carbonates, form in the presence of water, and the rovers are to seek them out. The twin craft, to be launched from Cape Canaveral, are similar to the smaller robot of the 1997 Pathfinder. Each weighs about 400 pounds, over five times as much as Beagle. The two landing sites, south of the equator, are the Gusev Crater, a giant scar that appears to have once held a lake, and the Meridiani Planum, a wide outcropping of a gray mineral, hematite, that on Earth usually forms in the presence of liquid water. The wheeled robots will carry tools to analyze and manipulate the environment: a panoramic camera, a microscopic imager, a drill to cut the rind off rocks and three spectrometers to determine rock composition. Unlike Beagle, the rovers have no gas analyzer, ovens or mass spectrometer to hunt for life signatures. The rovers are to study the rocky terrain and travel up to 130 feet a day. Solar panels will recharge the batteries. The rovers are to report discoveries about Martian rocks for three months, and possibly longer. American plans for Mars exploration are, in some ways, less bold than those of the British. But many experts say that NASA's strategy, which calls for missions of increasing complexity and ambition in the next decade, is ultimately more likely to succeed at unveiling the secrets of the planet. |
1492160_0 | Quirky campaigns vie for the growing market in breath strips, no longer a one-brand novelty. | JUST last year, breath strips that dissolve on the tongue were still so novel that Time magazine called Listerine Pocket Paks -- the first strips on the market in the United States -- one of the best recent inventions, along with breakthroughs like the birth-control patch and a telephonic dental implant called the ''phone tooth.'' But the novelty of breath strips is fading fast, as checkout counters have filled with imitations from companies like Wm. Wrigley Jr., which is selling its first product other than gum to carry the Wrigley's name. There is also a candy version from Jakks Pacific, a toy company. The newest latecomer is the Altoids division of Kraft Foods, which this month introduced Altoids Strips with a campaign that is typically quirky but also notably dark. At stake is a growing product category in which Listerine, part of Pfizer, sold $82.1 million worth of Pocket Paks in the 52 weeks ending April 20, according to Information Resources Inc. in Chicago. By comparison, Altoids's traditional mints sold $77.2 million in the same period, Information Resources said. (Data from Information Resources excludes sales at Wal-Mart.) ''Once that platform was legitimized and it was obviously a category that was going to grow, it was natural for the significant confectionary players to launch their own breath strips with their brand names,'' said Andrew Lazar, a packaged-foods analyst at Lehman Brothers in New York. Analysts and brand consultants warned, however, that the imitators face particular challenges in taking on Pocket Paks. ''When you enter the confectionary category generally, but more specifically in the breath control, the first one out there is generally the one that people adopt,'' said Robert Passikoff, president at Brand Keys in New York. ''Taking share from established brands in the category is fairly difficult.'' Altoids's marketing savvy, however, makes it a good candidate for success, he said. For its entry, Altoids is again emphasizing its ''curiously strong'' tagline and theme, this time in a campaign built around black-and-green comic strips that are heavily seasoned with strange images. In one strip, for example, a young woman wanders wordlessly at night through a grimy city neighborhood where men leer at her and a homeless man pushes past with a shopping cart full of junk. Her thoughts, shown in captions, begin: ''People . . . they have no idea what real pain is.'' Various shorter strips show tongues being pierced |
1492130_1 | OBSERVATORY | They reported on their work in the May 1 issue of Nature. Their results showed that when exposed to a wide range of pressures, the hydrated meteorite fractured into tiny particles that were then explosively dispersed when the pressure was released. The effect was far greater for the hydrated rock than for the anhydrous one. The researchers say their work supports the idea that in collisions between asteroids, the anhydrous rock is more likely to survive, while hydrated rock will fracture and explode into dust particles. So the reason there are so few hydrated-type meteorites on Earth is not that they are being filtered out by the Earth's atmosphere. Rather, there are fewer of them to begin with. Fish Food in Bloom It's the typical dinner-party conundrum. Call the guests to the table too early, and they may not be quite ready to eat. But wait too long and you may have a roomful of famished friends. Timing is everything for fish, too. Scientists have shown that the survival of larval fish depends largely on when food becomes available, in the form of a spring bloom of algae. Early blooms mean more food for more larvae, and thus more adult fish. Late blooms mean fewer fish survive. It has long been thought that this is true, but until recently scientists have not had the tools to confirm it. But now satellites can detect plankton blooms over large areas and over time, by noting changes in ocean color. Canadian scientists have combined such remote-sensing data with detailed records of the juvenile and adult haddock population off eastern Nova Scotia to determine the relationship between blooms and fish survival. The researchers, who reported on their studies in the current issue of Nature, found that a peak in the algae bloom usually follows a peak in larvae production, so more of the earlier larvae risk starvation. In two years with exceptional haddock populations, however, the peaks occurred at the same time, increasing the numbers of larvae that survived. New Views of Home Back in the late 1960's, when astronauts first traveled to the Moon, some of the most powerful photographs they took were not of lunar rocks or rilles but of Earth, hanging in the darkness 200,000 miles away. Those images reminded viewers that the planet, unlike its lifeless moon, was a vibrant, rich place. They probably won't have quite the same effect, |
1492206_0 | NEWS SUMMARY | INTERNATIONAL A3-15 Sharon Backs Peace Plan Despite Heavy Criticism In the face of scathing criticism from his own right-wing party, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon defended his support for the latest Middle East peace effort with language that sounded as if it were coming straight from Israel's liberal peace camp. ''You may not like the word, but what's happening is occupation,'' he told Likud members of Parliament. A12 Iraq Gearing Up for Trade The head of the occupation authority in Iraq, L. Paul Bremer III, said that the Central Bank of Iraq and a group of private banks would begin providing trade credits for exports to Iraq within weeks. A14 Iraqi officials in Samawa asked American military leaders as early as a month ago to help protect major archaeological sites from looters, but they say the pleas were largely ignored and that artwork and relics from ancient Babylon continue to be stolen from many locations. A14 Group Says Iran Has A-Plants An Iranian opposition group said that it has evidence of two previously undisclosed uranium enrichment facilities west of Tehran, information that could bolster the Bush administration's case that Iran is violating its commitment not to produce nuclear weapons. A12 The Allure of Everest The records for the most and the fastest ascents of Mount Everest fell to two Nepalese Sherpas, Appa, who completed his 13th ascent since 1990, and Lhakpa Gela, who cut almost two hours off a speed climbing record set just three days ago. A1 SARS Infection Without Illness Blood tests of people who worked with exotic animals in markets in southern China show that a significant proportion apparently had been infected with the SARS virus, suggesting that some people may become infected without becoming ill, World Health Organization officials said. A10 Cows Cleared of Disease Nearly 200 cows belonging to the same Alberta herd as the one infected with mad cow disease were found to be free of the disease, tests conducted over the weekend showed. A4 NATIONAL A16-23 E.P.A. Computer Tracking Of Pollution Is Faulted A government report has concluded that the computer system used by the Environmental Protection Agency to track and control water pollution is obsolete, full of faulty data and does not take into account thousands of significant pollution sources. A1 Trust in U.S. Military Soars Americans' trust and confidence in the military has soared, even as it has declined in other institutions |
1486605_4 | Experts See Mind's Voices In New Light | in California, said the voices seemed so real that she could not believe it when her friends told her she was hallucinating. The findings of studies using brain scanning techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (M.R.I.) underscore how persuasive auditory hallucinations are to those who experience them. When patients are hallucinating, areas of the brain involved with auditory perception, speech, emotion and memory show increased blood flow, indicating greater nerve cell activity. ''These people are not just crazy; they're telling you what their brains are telling them,'' said Dr. David Silbersweig, an associate professor of psychiatry at Weill Medical College of Cornell University who has studied hallucinations with brain-imaging. Still, studies so far have come up with differing patterns of brain activation. For example, both Dr. Hoffman's group and a team led by Dr. Philip McGuire, a professor at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, found heightened activity in Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe involved with speech perception and processing. But Broca's area was not identified in Dr. Silbersweig's research or in a study by Dr. Copolov that will be published soon. The precise areas of the brain's temporal and parietal lobes that show activity during hallucinations also differ from study to study. The discrepancies are difficult to interpret and reflect the imprecision of even advanced technology in capturing highly complex brain processes. The data are further clouded because the high costs of scans limit the size of most studies. But the disparity in the findings has also led to different theories about how hallucinations arise. Schizophrenia typically strikes in adolescence or early adulthood. Extensive research over the last few decades has indicated that the brains of people with the illness differ in significant ways from those of healthy people. Experts agree that schizophrenia stems from a combination of genetic predisposition and unknown environmental influences. What everyone who studies hallucinations agrees on is that schizophrenic patients misperceive signals generated inside the brain. But scientists are still debating what is being misinterpreted and how this occurs. Dr. Copolov, for example, suggests that the ''voices'' patients hear are really fragments of auditory memories ''that come to consciousness fused with emotional content'' and are then incorrectly evaluated as originating from an outside source. The fact that in some studies the hippocampus and other brain structures known to be involved in memory retrieval are active during |
1485265_0 | Tools of the Trade Shown at Forum on Junk E-Mail | The craft of spammers, the usually shadowy group that sends e-mail come-ons of cheap mortgages and clean septic tanks, was on rare public display here today. The highlight of the first day of a three-day forum on junk e-mail, or spam, that was sponsored by the Federal Trade Commission and attended by hundreds of Internet executives, e-mail marketers and anti-spam activists, was a series of demonstrations of the tools and techniques used by spammers to reach the broadest audience while evading detection. The conference comes as federal and state officials are seeking ways to curb spam, which is seen as a public nuisance and a threat that could cripple the Internet's most popular application, e-mail. The most prevalent spam technology takes advantage of weaknesses in innocent computers attached to the Internet, which can be made to act as relays. The spammers use programs that investigate the millions of computers connected to the Internet to find those that have improperly configured software. Spammers can make their messages appear to come from these unprotected computers, often without their owners being aware their machines have been tapped. Many of these vulnerable computers are owned by businesses, but increasingly spammers are taking advantage of home computers that are permanently connected to the Internet by high-speed, or broadband, access services. Now more than half of the spam received exploits flawed software called open proxies. They use a sort of software known as a proxy server -- which, paradoxically, is often installed as a way to enhance computer security. Spam tools of other sorts were demonstrated too. There was some software, for example, that combs the Internet for e-mail addresses on Web pages to be added to the mailing lists of spammers. Rob Courtney, a policy analyst for the Center for Democracy and Technology, discussed the results of a recent study that showed how effective the software can be. The center placed six decoy e-mail addresses on Web pages available to the public, and they received 8,500 spam messages in six months. The F.T.C. forum included a number of people who run companies in the e-mail business, none of whom describe themselves as spammers. Some panelists demonstrated how spammers use much more old-fashioned techniques of the pitchman -- like lying. Margot Koschier, manager of the anti-spam analysis and prevention team at America Online, demonstrated how easy it was to send e-mail messages with a forged return |
1485201_0 | Stopping Spam | To the Editor: Re ''Crack Down on Spam'' (editorial, April 29): There does not appear to be a silver-bullet solution to stop e-mail spam. But federal legislation can and should be a part of a solution. The real problem in your e-mail in-box is a result of fraudulent and abusive e-mail practices, not e-mail from legitimate marketers. Such egregious e-mail is ruining the medium for businesses that use e-mail, including bookstores, airlines, apparel and other reputable marketers who play by all the rules. The Direct Marketing Association has been working with Senate staff on the Burns-Wyden legislation and similar House proposals. The association adopted mandatory guidelines for its nearly 5,000 members more than a year ago. Those guidelines include four items that are also in the Burns-Wyden bill: honest subject lines, headers that have not been forged, an opt-out that works and the physical street address of the sender. H. ROBERT WIENTZEN President and Chief Executive Direct Marketing Association New York, April 30, 2003 |
1485340_3 | Foster Care Caseworkers' Errors Are Detailed in New Jersey | Among the saddest stories revealed in the documents are those of children who lived in dangerous homes for extended periods after DYFS knew that abuse or neglect was taking place. In 2001, the agency found that two mentally impaired children were being neglected by their foster parents. Despite the fact that the parents were being paid extra to provide additional monitoring, they were ultimately discovered to have frequently left the children alone or in the care of their 12-year-old biological son. The agency took action to remove the children only after repeated reports to the police from neighbors who spotted the children unsupervised in dangerous situations -- riding bikes on a street with heavy traffic or playing in a lake a mile from the house. One neighbor spotted the children playing alone in the snow in her backyard at 2 a.m. But the documents make clear that none of this was a surprise. Eight months before the home was closed, in fact, DYFS's own investigators had found evidence that the foster mother was leaving the children, including one with an IQ of 48, home alone for hours and was repeatedly canceling medical appointments. The investigators had concluded that the children should be removed and the home closed, but the DYFS official charged with monitoring the home said she was unaware of the finding. And so the children remained unattended and at risk. In another home, a fragile 5-year-old, who could not speak because of a tube inserted in his trachea, was found to have been repeatedly kicked and hit with objects by people in the foster home. The child was one of six children, four of whom were classified as deserving special medical attention, who had been placed in the home, which was approved only for two children with special medical needs. Again, the agency had known quite a bit about the home before the children wound up physically harmed. Long before the 5-year-old was removed from the home, for instance, DYFS workers had reported on overcrowding and physical disrepair in the home, noting the smell of urine in the hallways. Moreover, two months before DYFS took action because of the physical abuse, a nurse had filed a report on a brutal argument between the foster parents in which they screamed profanities and threatened to toss the children out in the middle of the night. Another nurse, the agency's records |
1485272_0 | House Backs Vast Changes In Education For Disabled | The House today passed major changes to the laws governing special education for some 6.6 million children, while voting down amendments that would have eased the way for disabled children to attend private school at taxpayer expense. The bill, which updates the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, is intended to reduce the number of students deemed learning disabled by helping struggling children earlier. It is also intended to cut down on the paperwork involved in special education, and reduce the legal expenses of states that face lawsuits from parents seeking extra help for disabled children. It passed 251 to 171, with 34 Democrats joining Republicans to support the bill. ''These children are still among those at the greatest risk of being left behind,'' said Representative Michael N. Castle, the Delaware Republican who sponsored the bill. Despite the ''many success stories'' of disabled students educated under the current laws, he said, ''there is room for improvement in serving children with disabilities.'' The bill charts spending for special education over the next seven years, putting Congress on course to pay up to 40 percent of the state cost for the education of disabled youngsters by 2011. But the chairman of the House Education and Work Force Committee, Representative John A. Boehner, an Ohio Republican, blocked efforts by Democrats to make the federal contribution mandatory. Despite the absence of a guarantee on the entire federal contribution, organizations representing educators and school administrators strongly backed the bill. The Council of the Great City Schools praised the bill for reducing paperwork and giving schools and teachers more flexibility. The National Association of Elementary School Principals also endorsed the changes, which make it easier for schools to expel disabled children for misbehaving. Under existing law, disabled youngsters may be suspended for turning up in school with drugs, guns or other weapons. Today's bill would allow schools to expel disabled students if they violate a school's code of conduct, and schools would no longer be obligated to determine whether the misbehavior was connected to a child's disability. The bill also allows governors to limit the amount states pay the lawyers of parents who win cases that force local schools to pay for extra services. Largely for those reasons, the Council for Exceptional Children, the Children's Defense Fund, and other groups representing disabled children and their parents stood squarely against today's bill. ''Those discipline provisions can create a |
1485351_0 | World Briefing | Europe: Northern Ireland: Britain Still Wants More | Gerry Adams, leader of the Irish Republican Army's political wing, Sinn Fein, reiterated that the guerrilla group would undertake no activities that would undermine the Northern Ireland peace process, but the British government said the pledge did not go far enough to meet its demand for a promise of an end to all paramilitary activity. ''The key question is, does that mean that punishment beatings, exiling, arms procurement and development, intelligence gathering and targeting are at an end,'' said a Downing Street spokeswoman. Britain and Ireland, sponsors of the accord, are seeking the far-reaching nonviolence assurances in an effort to revive the suspended Northern Ireland Assembly and hold elections to the body on May 29. The largest Protestant party, the Ulster Unionists, has said it will not return to government with its Catholic rivals in Sinn Fein unless the I.R.A. disarms. Warren Hoge (NYT) |
1485313_2 | Cellphones Ring Out With the Help of a Steeple | desirable that location is to the carrier,'' said Patrick Deloney, a vice president with Engineered Endeavors, a tower construction company that has completed over 100 steeple projects. In some areas, a carrier might simply want to fill a small coverage gap; in another, it might pursue a high-elevation site to provide coverage for many miles, according to Jim Hormann, director of implementation for AT&T Wireless in the Northeast. Often, a steeple must be rebuilt with materials like fiberglass or certain woods that allow radio-frequency signals to pass through, Mr. Hormann said. Space also must be found for transmission and switching equipment -- usually in the basement, but in the case of one New England church, in a box behind the pulpit. Finally, a way must be found to keep a steeple's traditional inhabitants, bats and pigeons, away from the equipment, Mr. Hormann said. Dan Cline, director of operations for the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Mary Our Queen, said that over all, sharing space with cellular antennas had been ''a good experience.'' His cathedral sits high on a hill on the north side of Baltimore and houses antenna arrays from Sprint, VoiceStream and AT&T Wireless in one of its two towers. Mr. Cline said installers ''had to pass over one of the biggest organ installations on the East Coast,'' and avoid disruptions to the cathedral's three daily Masses while they positioned the antennas. The project had to gain the approval of the parish council as well as 7,000 parishioners, some of whom had concerns about radiation, Mr. Cline said. At the church in Ipswich, there was similar concern. It was resolved after the phone company hired a consultant from M.I.T. ''to explain the energy-generating microwaves to us and help us to understand that we wouldn't glow on Sunday morning,'' Pastor Ebersole said. Although work to widen the cellular carriers' networks has been slowed by the economic downturn, Mr. Fryer, the Pennsylvania analyst, predicted that the number of cell towers would triple to 300,000 over the next five years with the arrival of the advanced wireless services known as 2.5G and 3G. Those services will use higher frequencies to transmit larger amounts of data over shorter distances, requiring more antenna sites, he said. Transmission equipment is expected to become smaller and less costly, making some church steeple installations more practical. As more information moves across the cellular network, might churches become concerned |
1489652_1 | Fantasy Island | island -- how it came to be there and how most of it disappeared. In a sense, her book can be seen as a kind of literary rescue, akin to the Cuban government's recent efforts to restore the Barrio Chino and recover a lost facet of Cuba's hybrid soul. As in García's beautiful first novel, ''Dreaming in Cuban,'' and its follow-up, ''The Agüero Sisters,'' the narrative leaps sure-footedly between the branches of a bushy and far-flung family tree. In her previous novels, García stuck to what has come to seem an inevitable subject for a Cuban-American writer, the plight of divided families and their nostalgia for a world that lies -- thanks to Fidel Castro, the Straits of Florida and the sheer passage of time -- just beyond their grasp. Here she's much more ambitious. In a scant 250 pages, she attempts to take in four countries and more than a hundred years of turmoil, encompassing the Boxer Rebellion, the Cultural Revolution and Cuba's long struggle for independence. At the root of García's fictional family tree is Chen Pan, a peasant's son who sets sail for Cuba in 1857, dreaming of riches. Instead, he finds himself imprisoned in the hold of a squalid ship and sold into indentured servitude on a sugar plantation. In the fields, Chen Pan learns that the Chinese are seen as no better than the African slaves they are replacing in the waning days of the Atlantic slave trade. But while his countrymen keep their distance from the Africans, Chen Pan likes these fantastic creatures, ''as tall as two Chinese, with notched spines he could climb like a pine.'' Chen Pan wins the Africans' protection and, with a well-aimed stone to an overseer's head, their respect. Soon he escapes into the forest, where he lives on little more than bark and air, a cimarrón, or runaway, pursued by his ancestral spirits. Eventually Chen Pan makes his way to the capital, where he wins a letter of domicile that guarantees his freedom after he saves a nobleman from being assaulted by a bandit. Soon he's the proprietor of a thriving secondhand shop frequented by heirloom-hungry ladies from Boston and Britain and desperate refugees from the Confederate South looking to unload their pistols and pearl stickpins. One day, he notices an ad for an African slave woman and her newborn child and decides to stage a liberation of |
1490064_0 | PHOTOGRAPHER'S JOURNAL | |
1489740_2 | Assessing Air Quality Aloft | researching such issues as the health effects of elevated ozone levels that can occur at high altitudes; whether current cabin pressure standards create health risks for infants, pregnant women, people with cardiovascular disease and other ''susceptible'' travelers; whether using recirculated cabin air increases the risk of exposure to infectious agents; and whether ''air-quality incidents'' like a hydraulic fluid leak can create health problems. ''Basically, the N.R.C report looked at the existing research and said more research needed to be done and we agreed with that,'' said Alison Duquette, an F.A.A. spokeswoman. Toward that end, the agency is preparing to put monitoring equipment on two aircraft and hopes to have some testing completed by next spring, but Ms. Duquette said it may be 2006 before testing is completed and it can be determined whether new rules are necessary. Meanwhile, public attention is primarily focused on the risk of catching an infectious disease while flying (which has not been the highest priority of air quality advocates, who have been more concerned with ventilation and contaminants). Dr. Lippmann said that while research suggested there was a ''minimal elevated chance'' of catching an illness from someone seated next to you and in adjacent rows, ''There's virtually no evidence to suggest there's a risk of everyone else on the plane getting sick.'' A Measure of Reassurance With respect to SARS, Dr. Lippmann said heightened monitoring of suspected cases would have turned up evidence if there had been a cluster of SARS infections among passengers. ''What air transport does is bring an infectious person to Toronto from China,'' he said, ''But that's a different issue than spreading it among fellow passengers.'' That may reassure travelers nervous about flying with SARS dominating the news, but there is still a perception among frequent fliers that the cold they caught after a trip probably originated with a passenger coughing across the aisle. The N.R.C. committee report does not rule out that possibility. ''Transmission of infectious agents from person to person has been documented to occur in aircraft,'' the report states, citing influenza, measles and tuberculosis as diseases with documented cases of transmission on planes. But the report also says the most important factors in these cases appear to be ''high occupant density and the proximity of passengers,'' not the aircraft ventilation system -- a conclusion that may seem like splitting hairs, but does raise the question of whether the |
1489984_0 | Wooden Wheelbarrows Back in the Picture | BACK in the 1950's and 60's, my German grandfather -- a serious gardener living in Spencer, Mass., -- had but one wheelbarrow, a wooden one with removable sides and a metal-clad wooden wheel. He used it to carry compost, weeds and the occasional grandchild. After he died in 1967, his farmhouse was rented out, and the wheelbarrow was eventually stolen by a tenant. I have wanted one like his ever since, partially for the nostalgia of it, but also because wooden wheelbarrows are as useful as they are handsome. The sides come off, so they are ideal for carrying long objects sideways, things like logs or fence posts -- an impossible task for my other wheelbarrows. Steel wheelbarrows with rubber tires are more durable, cheaper and give a smoother ride than wooden wheelbarrows, so wooden wheelbarrows went the way of the wringer washer, and at about the same time. Last summer, after an extensive Web search, I found that wooden wheelbarrows are being produced again after a break of 50 years or so. I got one, and found it to be of excellent quality. After assembling it, I took off the sides and used it to haul away two eight-foot sections of wooden walkway by the front door, a job I had put off for months for lack of an easy way to carry them. The manufacturer, Isaac Lapp (known to all as Ike), has been making wooden wheelbarrows since 1998, producing 500 or 600 a year and distributing them through his three-man business, Spring Valley Woodworking in Gordonville, Pa. As he is Old Order Amish, he produces them without the aid of electricity, though he has a diesel engine that runs hydraulic and air-powered tools. His operation is very much a family business and his horse -- for pulling the buggy -- has a stall in the factory. The wheelbarrows are made using three different species of wood. The round parts of the wheels are made of hickory, because it can be steamed and bent most easily. Ash is used for the frame, the spokes and the wheel hubs because it is strong and flexible -- and will take a beating. Poplar is used for the box portion of the wheelbarrow because it is lightweight, which is important for any wheelbarrow. Even so, it weighs about 58 pounds. In the old days, a red milk paint was often used |
1489670_0 | Wooden Wheelbarrows Back in the Picture | BACK in the 1950's and 60's, my German grandfather -- a serious gardener living in Spencer, Mass., -- had but one wheelbarrow, a wooden one with removable sides and a metal-clad wooden wheel. He used it to carry compost, weeds and the occasional grandchild. After he died in 1967, his farmhouse was rented out, and the wheelbarrow was eventually stolen by a tenant. I have wanted one like his ever since, partially for the nostalgia of it, but also because wooden wheelbarrows are as useful as they are handsome. The sides come off, so they are ideal for carrying long objects sideways, things like logs or fence posts -- an impossible task for my other wheelbarrows. Steel wheelbarrows with rubber tires are more durable, cheaper and give a smoother ride than wooden wheelbarrows, so wooden wheelbarrows went the way of the wringer washer, and at about the same time. Last summer, after an extensive Web search, I found that wooden wheelbarrows are being produced again after a break of 50 years or so. I got one, and found it to be of excellent quality. After assembling it, I took off the sides and used it to haul away two eight-foot sections of wooden walkway by the front door, a job I had put off for months for lack of an easy way to carry them. The manufacturer, Isaac Lapp (known to all as Ike), has been making wooden wheelbarrows since 1998, producing 500 or 600 a year and distributing them through his three-man business, Spring Valley Woodworking in Gordonville, Pa. As he is Old Order Amish, he produces them without the aid of electricity, though he has a diesel engine that runs hydraulic and air-powered tools. His operation is very much a family business and his horse -- for pulling the buggy -- has a stall in the factory. The wheelbarrows are made using three different species of wood. The round parts of the wheels are made of hickory, because it can be steamed and bent most easily. Ash is used for the frame, the spokes and the wheel hubs because it is strong and flexible -- and will take a beating. Poplar is used for the box portion of the wheelbarrow because it is lightweight, which is important for any wheelbarrow. Even so, it weighs about 58 pounds. In the old days, a red milk paint was often used |
1489897_0 | Wooden Wheelbarrows Back in the Picture | BACK in the 1950's and 60's, my German grandfather -- a serious gardener living in Spencer, Mass., -- had but one wheelbarrow, a wooden one with removable sides and a metal-clad wooden wheel. He used it to carry compost, weeds and the occasional grandchild. After he died in 1967, his farmhouse was rented out, and the wheelbarrow was eventually stolen by a tenant. I have wanted one like his ever since, partially for the nostalgia of it, but also because wooden wheelbarrows are as useful as they are handsome. The sides come off, so they are ideal for carrying long objects sideways, things like logs or fence posts -- an impossible task for my other wheelbarrows. Steel wheelbarrows with rubber tires are more durable, cheaper and give a smoother ride than wooden wheelbarrows, so wooden wheelbarrows went the way of the wringer washer, and at about the same time. Last summer, after an extensive Web search, I found that wooden wheelbarrows are being produced again after a break of 50 years or so. I got one, and found it to be of excellent quality. After assembling it, I took off the sides and used it to haul away two eight-foot sections of wooden walkway by the front door, a job I had put off for months for lack of an easy way to carry them. The manufacturer, Isaac Lapp (known to all as Ike), has been making wooden wheelbarrows since 1998, producing 500 or 600 a year and distributing them through his three-man business, Spring Valley Woodworking in Gordonville, Pa. As he is Old Order Amish, he produces them without the aid of electricity, though he has a diesel engine that runs hydraulic and air-powered tools. His operation is very much a family business and his horse -- for pulling the buggy -- has a stall in the factory. The wheelbarrows are made using three different species of wood. The round parts of the wheels are made of hickory, because it can be steamed and bent most easily. Ash is used for the frame, the spokes and the wheel hubs because it is strong and flexible -- and will take a beating. Poplar is used for the box portion of the wheelbarrow because it is lightweight, which is important for any wheelbarrow. Even so, it weighs about 58 pounds. In the old days, a red milk paint was often used |
1490036_0 | Wooden Wheelbarrows Back in the Picture | BACK in the 1950's and 60's, my German grandfather -- a serious gardener living in Spencer, Mass., -- had but one wheelbarrow, a wooden one with removable sides and a metal-clad wooden wheel. He used it to carry compost, weeds and the occasional grandchild. After he died in 1967, his farmhouse was rented out, and the wheelbarrow was eventually stolen by a tenant. I have wanted one like his ever since, partially for the nostalgia of it, but also because wooden wheelbarrows are as useful as they are handsome. The sides come off, so they are ideal for carrying long objects sideways, things like logs or fence posts -- an impossible task for my other wheelbarrows. Steel wheelbarrows with rubber tires are more durable, cheaper and give a smoother ride than wooden wheelbarrows, so wooden wheelbarrows went the way of the wringer washer, and at about the same time. Last summer, after an extensive Web search, I found that wooden wheelbarrows are being produced again after a break of 50 years or so. I got one, and found it to be of excellent quality. After assembling it, I took off the sides and used it to haul away two eight-foot sections of wooden walkway by the front door, a job I had put off for months for lack of an easy way to carry them. The manufacturer, Isaac Lapp (known to all as Ike), has been making wooden wheelbarrows since 1998, producing 500 or 600 a year and distributing them through his three-man business, Spring Valley Woodworking in Gordonville, Pa. As he is Old Order Amish, he produces them without the aid of electricity, though he has a diesel engine that runs hydraulic and air-powered tools. His operation is very much a family business and his horse -- for pulling the buggy -- has a stall in the factory. The wheelbarrows are made using three different species of wood. The round parts of the wheels are made of hickory, because it can be steamed and bent most easily. Ash is used for the frame, the spokes and the wheel hubs because it is strong and flexible -- and will take a beating. Poplar is used for the box portion of the wheelbarrow because it is lightweight, which is important for any wheelbarrow. Even so, it weighs about 58 pounds. In the old days, a red milk paint was often used |
1489865_0 | College Students' Debt | To the Editor: In ''College Graduates Lower Sights in Today's Stagnant Job Market'' (front page, May 14), you reported that recent graduates of the University of North Carolina are looking at the worst hiring slump in 20 years. Poor job prospects will exacerbate another problem for this spring's graduates: historically high levels of college loans. Two-thirds of graduating seniors have taken on student loans with average debt totaling just under $20,000. Over the past two decades, college costs have more than doubled while grant aid per full-time student increased by slightly less than two-thirds. Students have made this up by borrowing more, so that today's graduates begin their careers burdened with a level of debt unknown to previous generations. A weak labor market will only increase the time it takes for these young graduates to pay off their college loans and begin saving for life's other major events like a home or a family. HEATHER BOUSHEY Washington, May 14, 2003 The writer is an economist, Center for Economic and Policy Research. |
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1488325_0 | How to Hurt Castro | The long prison terms handed to nearly 80 Cuban dissidents and the summary execution of three hijackers of a Cuban ferry have led to calls for a new get-tough policy with the Castro regime. Which raises the question: short of calling in the Marines, what would constitute a get-tough policy with Cuba? We've not had normal diplomatic relations for decades. We've had an economic embargo against the island for more than 40 years. It is illegal for Americans to travel to Cuba without express permission from Washington. Where do we go from here? The options the Bush administration is considering -- ending all flights to Cuba and cutting off family remittances -- would respond to Fidel Castro's latest outrages by penalizing American citizens and Cuban families whose livelihood depends on help from relatives abroad. The implicit assumption of United States policy on travel to Cuba is that Americans are not intelligent enough to know what constitutes a ''good'' visit to Cuba as opposed to a ''bad'' one. License applications to travel to Cuba must be approved by both the Treasury Department and the State Department. And though the administration says it encourages humanitarian aid, Americans who want to make donations to churches in Cuba are required to get two separate federal licenses, one from Treasury and one from Commerce. To be sure, lifting the ban is not without its risks. Some American travelers will go to Cuba and buy the Cuban government canard about the three ''successes'' of the Cuban revolution -- education, health care and science. But far more Americans will notice the Cuban revolution's three most obvious failures -- breakfast, lunch and dinner. A genuine get-tough policy with Cuba would export something Americans know a little about: freedom. Let's get rid of travel license applications altogether. Recently, Oswaldo Paya, Cuba's leading democracy activist, repeated his opposition to the United States embargo and issued an invitation. ''We appeal to all foreigners who come to our country as tourists to show solidarity, to take part in demonstrations,'' he said. ''To support the opening up of Cuba.'' We should heed this advice and end the American policy of Soviet-style travel controls. All Americans should be free to go to Cuba without government interference. Cuban officials would then have to determine which are the ''good'' visits and which are the ''bad'' ones, which Americans are sunbathers and which are pro-democracy demonstrators. Cuba |
1490378_0 | MEMO PAD | Passengers Rate Airline Lounges No United States airline shows up on the annual list of the world's best airline lounges compiled by Skytrax, the British research group. Here are the top 10 for 2003, as tabulated from more than 900,000 Internet responses, group surveys, traveler questionnaires and personal interviews of passengers from 65 countries: Emirates, Cathay Pacific Airways, Qantas Airways, Virgin Atlantic Airways, Malaysia Airlines, British Airways, SAS Scandinavian Airlines, Japan Airlines, Asiana Airlines and South African Airways. No One's Clamoring For This Award Still, one domestic airport, Philadelphia International, did score high in an international competition. Unfortunately, the distinction was the Most Inexplicably Stupid Award of Privacy International, a human rights group that monitors privacy invasions by governments and corporations on a Web site, www.privacyinternational.org Philadelphia's distinction springs from an incident in February when a Saudi student was stopped at an airport security checkpoint after screeners spotted a spray bottle in his carry-on bag. The student explained that the bottle, in a commercial container, was cologne. When asked to, he sprayed a little in the air. He was then waved through. But then someone at the checkpoint had second thoughts and called a Code Red hazardous materials emergency alarm. Police, F.B.I. agents and firefighters rushed in. It was determined that two Philadelphia police officers who had sniffed the cologne bottle needed to go to a hospital immediately for examination for possible bio-hazardous contamination. On the way to the hospital, the two officers and the emergency workers driving them stopped at a doughnut shop and a drugstore. When the authorities learned of this, they rushed to the doughnut shop and drugstores and quarantined customers inside for nearly an hour. The hospital emergency room was also quarantined for three hours. The student wasn't charged. And, yes, it was just cologne. Foreign Airlines Stress Amenities While financially desperate domestic airlines cut back on food and other on-board amenities, some foreign carriers are making a point of stressing, in United States markets they serve, their commitment to improving service. The goal is to snare bigger shares of the lucrative trans-Atlantic market, on the assumption that that market will resume robust growth eventually. The latest to try this is All Nippon Airways, which said last week that it would introduce on-demand meal service in first class and business class starting June 1 on flights between Tokyo and New York or London. JOE SHARKEY BUSINESS |
1490331_0 | Terrorism and Trauma | To the Editor: A May 13 news article, describing a federally sponsored dress rehearsal for urban terrorism in Seattle, pays scant attention to its psychological impact. In situations of war and disaster, a well-designed public health approach should broadly screen individuals for trauma and identify children and adults who have the greatest need for intervention. Children are particularly vulnerable to the impact of traumatic events. Research suggests that psychological trauma affects brain chemistry, physical health and normal child development. Children exposed to trauma may develop post-traumatic stress disorder and a range of problems affecting their mental health, relationships and academics. When all Americans are front-line soldiers in a war on terrorism, we should not underestimate the seriousness of psychological trauma for anyone. ROBERT PYNOOS, M.D. Los Angeles, May 13, 2003 The writer is co-director of the National Center for Child Traumatic Stress at U.C.L.A. |
1490427_0 | E-MAIL'S BACKDOOR OPEN TO SPAMMERS | At first, it looked as if some students at the Flint Hills School, a prep academy in Oakton, Va., had found a lucrative alternative to an after-school job. Late last year, technicians at America Online traced a new torrent of spam, or unsolicited e-mail advertisements, to the school's computer network. On further inquiry, though, AOL determined that the spammers were not enterprising students. Instead, a spam-flinging hacker -- who still has not been found -- had exploited a software vulnerability to use Flint Hills' computers to relay spam while hiding the e-mail's true origins. It was not an isolated incident. The remote hijacking of the Flint Hills computer system is but one example among hundreds of thousands of a nefarious technique that has become the most common way for spammers to send billions of junk e-mail messages coursing through the global Internet each day. As spam has proliferated -- and with it the attempts by big Internet providers to block messages sent from the addresses of known spammers -- many mass e-mailers have become more clever in avoiding the blockades by aggressively bouncing messages off the computers of unaware third parties. In the last two years, more than 200,000 computers worldwide have been hijacked without the owners' knowledge and are currently being used to forward spam, according to AOL and other Internet service providers. And each day thousands of additional PC's are compromised at companies, institutions and -- most commonly of all -- homes with high-speed Internet connections shared by two or more computers. ''The spammers have mutated their techniques,'' said Ronald F. Guilmette, a computer consultant in Roseville, Calif., who has developed a list of computers that are forwarding spam. ''Today, if you are trying to do a really mass spamming, it is de rigueur to do it in an underhanded manner.'' Just last Thursday, 17 law enforcement agencies and the Federal Trade Commission issued a public warning about some of the ways spammers now commandeer computers to evade detection. The officials translated the warning into 11 languages because many of the exploited computers are known to be in China, South Korea, Japan and other countries with heavy Internet use. Mostly, the spammers are exploiting security holes in existing software, but increasingly they are covertly installing e-mail forwarding software, much like a computer virus. For some, hacking is no longer about pranks, but making a profit. ''This is not |
1516083_4 | A Dead End | level of involvement is being largely left to the local governments, said Mr. Johnson, the Open Space Coordinator for Burlington County. In some towns, like Riverton, plans call for little more than signs pointing out the route of the trail. In other stretches, roadways may be striped to mark designated bike paths, and interpretive signs will point out places of interest. In some communities like Burlington City, riverfront promenades already exist, while in others, new off-road sections need to be constructed. Mr. Johnson said there are about 10 places along the route where bridges will have to be built to cross creeks and river inlets. Restrooms and parking lots would be situated in parks along the route, said Mr. Johnson, who estimates the cost at $3 million to $5 million. For sections of the trail that run along county roads, the county would be responsible for the costs of those improvements, while municipalities would have to raise money to cover costs on sections of the trail running along local roads. The $375,000 engineering study now under way was covered by a federal grant, said Celeste Tracy of the Delaware River Greenway Partnership, the agency in charge of developing the trail. Noting that most of the other money could be raised through state and federal grants, Ms. Tracy said the Heritage Trail exemplifies a national trend to tap into communities' natural and commercial resources to help improve the local economies. In its scope and character, it has been compared with other urban-suburban multi-use pathways, like the Minuteman Trail outside of Boston and the Crescent Trail that runs from Bethesda, Md., through Washington and to Mount Vernon, Va. ''Trails in general are considered part of the eco-tourism field,'' said Ms. Tracy. ''In surveys, people say they want more passive recreation in their communities. And studies across the country show that property values do increase with the existence of trails.'' Once the engineering and archeological studies are completed later this year, the advisory committee will hold a series of public meetings. Ms. Tracy is hoping that when the trail is up and running, which she estimates will be in two or three years, that local residents will see the value of it. ''Once the trail is marked and people start identifying with it and seeing that the problems they envisioned don't happen, they may want to have it run down Bank Avenue, and |
1516092_0 | PHOTOGRAPHER'S JOURNAL | |
1515771_0 | The Better to Eat You With, My Dear | MONSTER OF GOD The Man-Eating Predator in the Jungles of History and the Mind. By David Quammen. 515 pp. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. $26.95. ''In wildness is the preservation of the world,'' Henry David Thoreau famously said, not knowing the half of it. David Quammen's splendid book ''Monster of God'' constitutes an expansion and gloss on Thoreau's prophetic contention, achieved through an artful, focused account of contemporary efforts to secure preservation, in the wild, of some of the most magnificently fearsome creatures on earth -- the large-bodied carnivores, man-eaters (lions, tigers, Carpathian brown bears, giant crocodiles), a group Quammen designates ''alpha predators.'' The stories he presents contain rich detail and vivid anecdotes of adventure, and they provide skillful capsulizations of the politics, economics, cultural history and ecological dynamics bearing on the fate of each of these cornered populations. Every country with enclaves of habitat crucial to the survival of these endangered monsters is trying, belatedly, to stem the tide of extinction flowing inexorably from human settlement and industry. To achieve physical asylum for these animals, there appear to be only two approaches. One is to create protected areas large enough to sustain stable breeding populations and outlaw poaching, and to experiment with ways of limiting damage to human beings exposed to danger in and around such zones. The second approach is to do the same thing, but combined with an officially regulated offtake of the great beasts, through licensed hunting or harvesting for skins or other valuable body parts. Whether either approach can save these creatures is the ultimate subject of Quammen's investigations. Describing the predicament of the Gir lions of India, saltwater crocs in Australia, Carpathian bears and the Amur tigers of Siberia, he revisits in each instance the central questions that these exercises in biological conservation entail. Why should it be done? How can it be done, and is commercialized offtake an inevitable part of any workable scheme? Who will suffer if conservation schemes for alpha predators succeed, and how can the continuing suffering of vulnerable human populations be justified? And if this exercise fails, if we are left with only captive populations of monsters in the zoos of the world, what would that mean -- culturally, metaphysically, practically? The author faces these questions humanely and unblinkingly. Quammen's study of the Gir lions neatly displays his talent as a science reporter and storyteller. This remnant |
1515831_0 | After the Flood | Since the end of imperial rule nearly a century ago, Chinese leaders of all kinds -- democrats and dictators, Nationalists and Communists, technocrats and dreamers -- have shared a single, colossal engineering ambition: to dam the mighty Yangtze River. In June, 84 years after Sun Yat-sen, the Chinese Nationalist leader, first proposed locating the dam downstream of the scenic Three Gorges, sluice gates closed and the silt-laden waters of the world's third-longest river began filling the cavernous gap between a series of sheer cliffs to form the biggest reservoir in the world. Three Gorges Dam demands superlatives: it is the world's largest dam, in terms of water displacement, flood control and power generation; the Itaipu Dam bordering Paraguay and Brazil has been relegated to second place. Its edifice stretches about a mile and a half across the Yangtze near Yichang, in Hubei province, five times the span of the Hoover Dam. When completed in 2009, the dam's 26 turbines should produce 84.68 billion kilowatt hours of electricity a year, about a tenth of China's needs. If it works as advertised, the dam could restrain the summer swells that regularly inundate the cities and towns along the lower Yangtze, potentially saving tens of thousands of lives. Yet the costs are also enormous, even beyond the $25 billion price tag. The reservoir now stretches for about 400 miles, roughly the length of Lake Superior. It has submerged scores of cities and towns, some of which were thriving centers of commerce and culture more than 2,000 years ago. At least 1.3 million people will have to abandon their homes. Half that number have been moved already. The government has spent billions of dollars on relocation, but the effort has been plagued by corruption, and some of those affected say promises of a better life remain unfulfilled. Authorities hurried to move to safety the most important cultural relics, like the tomb of Liu Bei, king of the Shu state, and the temple of the Han Dynasty general Zhang Fei. But there was no time or money to rescue thousands of other artifacts, now lost. And critics warn of the potential for an environmental disaster, as sewage, silt and industrial waste, much of it dumped untreated into the river, clog the reservoir. Whatever the dam's value in terms of profit and loss, it is hard not to be stunned by the sheer visual transformation that |
1516190_2 | New Rules Spice Up Battle In Tight Formula One Race | poles out of 12 races. But the change that has had the biggest effect on Ferrari is the impounding of cars after qualifying until the race. Teams may no longer work on the car all night, nor may they refuel after qualifying or use a special qualifying car engine. Ross Brawn, Ferrari's technical director and the sport's master strategist who has worked with Schumacher through all of his five titles, bemoaned the loss of disparate pit stop strategies. ''You started the race with several cars on different strategies and different types of tire and so on,'' he said, adding that now, ''you can't apply different strategies.'' The new format has prevented Schumacher from taking pole or second or third grid spot and then using a good strategy to grab a lead no one could challenge. The surprises have not been entirely because of the new rules, but because Formula One is still the most technologically advanced form of cut-throat competition in sports, where many of the world's best drivers are arriving at high moments in their careers and challenging the old guard. Although Ferrari has been careful not to blame its Bridgestone tires, one of the biggest reasons for this year's sea change has been that the Michelin tire company has finally -- after its return to the sport in 2001 -- made superior tires. Three of Michelin's five teams have won: BMW-Williams, McLaren-Mercedes and Renault. Of the Bridgestone teams, only Ferrari is competitive. ''The success of our tires is down to the combined efforts of all our partners,'' Pierre Dupasquier, Michelin's sporting director, said. Michelin has learned from Bridgestone. Last year, Bridgestone developed the closest relationship between a single team and a tire manufacturer, sharing top-secret information with Ferrari. This year, Michelin teams worked more closely with the tire manufacturer and were allowed to develop tires more suited to their cars. After sounding about as low as a driver can get in an interview after qualifying ninth at the Spanish Grand Prix in May, Montoya suddenly began an upward march after his victory in Monaco on June 1. He has finished among the top three in all of the six races since, and has developed a confidence and look of one who has the title within his grasp. Raikkonen is smoothing the rough edges he had when he started racing at Sauber three years ago, and is providing the |
1515809_3 | Stormy Lessons In Flight Delays | leaving shortly for J.F.K. (Tip: carry a fully charged cellphone and a number for your airline.) On my way to that flight, I passed a gate with a flight bound for LaGuardia, where a long line of passengers hoped to claim seats. Curious about the odds of getting one -- particularly since my luggage was going to LaGuardia -- I hovered near the agent and waited for a chance to ask if the flight was full. It was oversold, information I'm sure the many people waiting in line would have appreciated hearing announced over a loudspeaker. The moral of that detour: don't queue without a clue. A polite a passenger can often interject a question before getting in line. When I got to the gate for the J.F.K. flight, there was another long line. Since I needed a new boarding pass, I went to a nearby gate -- no line -- and asked that agent if she could print one. She did, and I was on my way. Next lesson: not all tasks have to be handled at the gate for your particular flight. Although I was relieved to have a seat -- even the middle seat in the back row -- the satisfaction was short-lived: the J.F.K. flight remained on the ground for three hours before finally taking off. Once again, I hadn't bought anything to eat (an oversight that now qualified as sheer stupidity). Moreover, we encountered horrible turbulence as we approached New York, capped by a stomach-lurching drop in altitude that unnerved even the flight attendant buckled in behind me. Shaken, hungry and bleary-eyed on arrival sometime after 1 a.m., I wondered as I filled out a lost luggage claim whether I would have been better off spending the night in Detroit. Since all the delays were due to weather, the airline was not responsible for accommodating passengers stuck in the airport overnight. But usually an airline will refer travelers to nearby hotels that offer so-called distressed passenger rates. Airline and hotel representatives were reluctant to discuss what might be a typical discount at an airport hotel, saying prices vary based on the city and what discount the carrier has negotiated with various hotels. But Michelle Robertson, manager of business development for Great Rate Travel Services in Schaumburg, Ill., which negotiates special rates at hotels for airlines, said prices for distressed passengers, when the traveler is paying, |
1515872_6 | School Bells Ring In Changes | school, which was built in 1885 as Public School 7 and later served as the parochial school of St. Veronica's Roman Catholic Church, on the same block but facing Christopher Street. As designed by Leo J. Blackman Architects, the 10th Street facade of the new building is built in a matching red brick, with the same pattern of window bays and ornamental two-tone spandrels. Importantly, it also has the same generous 15 1/2-foot floor heights as the old building. Given the overall height of 74 feet, Mr. Blackman said, two more floors could have been squeezed into the structure. ''But it wouldn't have had a sense of being part of the existing building,'' he said. Eve K. Kleger, the director of Village Community School, said, ''Two different divisions would have been contrary to the philosophy of the school.'' Founded in 1970 by Sheila Sadler, after the Bank Street School decamped for the Upper West Side, Village Community School has 310 students in kindergarten through eighth grade. The 24,000-square-foot addition is not intended to increase enrollment but to provide desperately needed space. How desperately? The nurse's office occupies the small wing at stage right in the old assembly hall and the development office occupies the small wing at stage left. The stage itself is used for math, French and music classes. ''The development officer can hum all the tunes,'' Ms. Kleger said. And until this year, the eighth-grade home rooms were in the basement. Mr. Blackman suggested a motto for the new building: ''No child left underground.'' Actually, they will be slightly underground in the assembly hall. Roughly half of its 21-foot height is below grade, meaning that the clerestory windows are at sidewalk level. The gymnasium sits atop the building, where there is also a fanciful rooftop play area, covered in three-inch-thick padding made of recycled tires and furnished with plastic Philippe Starck chairs. The school raised $6.5 million through an Industrial Development Agency bond issue and began a $5 million capital campaign. ''We're close to having the total pledge amount,'' said Steven Skulnik, the immediate past chairman of the school council, equivalent to the board of trustees. The $11.5 million total covers construction costs, fees and the retirement of existing debt. The structural engineer was Anastos Engineering Associates and the construction manager was C. R. Raimondo & Sons. Mr. Blackman was formerly a partner in Buttrick White & Burtis, |
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1516081_10 | Reining In Special Education | are the parent of a child with disabilities, you don't want to hear that you are part of balancing the school budget,'' Ms. Jennings said. Trying to Strike a Balance The hope of educators is that they will strike the right note to please both parents of classified students and the rest of the taxpayers. In Middlesex County, Mr. Finkelstein sees programs like the one his consortium is starting at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt School annex in Edison as the pattern for many other plans in the county. At the Roosevelt school, three classrooms will open this fall for children with autism who in previous years would have been bused to programs outside the district. ''Every year we surveyed our 25 districts with the old Ed Koch question, 'How am I doing?''' he said. ''What they said was, 'We want programs within our schools.' There is no question that in this county more districts will start doing this.'' Bringing programs into district can save as much as $8,000 to $12,000 per student, said Mr. Finkelstein, who for 20 years was director of special services in Perth Amboy and Woodbridge. Moreover, he said, the advantage for the child is that he is in his local school and not bused a long distance. ''It is unconscionable to transport a 3-year-old an hour and a half each way,'' he said. ''You have students now who won't be on buses for hours. They will be 15 minutes from home.'' But Mr. Finkelstein does not encourage districts to rush into these programs without considering the amount of training and the types of professionals needed to make them work. ''Hiring a teacher and hiring an aide doesn't work,'' he said. ''You have to train the whole school. It's a comprehensive undertaking. It's the right way to go if you have the space and the expertise.'' Phyllis DeLucia, who will supervise the three classes in Edison this year, said she had already met with parents to assure them that their children would receive high-quality services. ''There is some apprehension because this is a new thing," Ms. DeLucia said. ''In any I.E.P.decision, communication is vital. We are trying to do this the right way. We will continue to meet on different topics and even do training for parents. It's vital to parents that we communicate. It's a lifeline. We do everything to make the parents comfortable.'' Colleen Connolly-Jones |
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1510571_2 | Thousands Rally in France, Trade Battle in Mind | said. Many organizations that came encapsulated resistance to the social changes sought in France by Mr. Chirac and his conservative prime minister, Jean-Pierre Raffarin. Daniel Retureau, director of international institutional relations for the General Confederation of Labor, among the most radical French trade unions, said many French citizens linked global liberalization with efforts by Mr. Raffarin, at the behest of the European Union in Brussels, to put pensions, health care and education on a sound financial footing. ''Brussels says competition,'' Mr. Retureau said, ''but it's privatization.'' Mr. Bové and other organizers chose Larzac because of its notoriety in the 1970's when local farmers went to jail for resisting French government plans to expand a local military base. A decade of stubborn resistance ultimately led President François Mitterrand, after his 1981 election, to drop the plan. The peaceful victory established the plateau and its farmers as symbols of opposition to government dictate. Gwyn R. Williams, a Cambridge University anthropology student who is writing a thesis on Larzac, said local farmers saw themselves as offering hospitality for a broader cause, including, for instance, ''farmers who lose the right to plant their own seed, because multinationals control the seed.'' Because the commercial liberalization favored by the World Trade Organization is generally associated with the United States, they generally viewed Cancún as ''the Americanization of the entire planet,'' he said. Lori M. Wallach, the director of Global Trade Watch at Public Citizen in Washington, said she would emphasize in the debates the ''two hottest topics'' at Cancún, namely proposed accords governing international investment and procurement. Many critics attack them because, she said, ''they expand the notion of one size fits all'' by imposing uniform standards globally. The accords have met resistance from developing countries, but are favored by the United States and the European Union. French critics of Cancún, she added, are ''more aware of quality of life issues than Americans,'' including for instance the quality and diversity of food products. ''In the United States, it's more of an economic reaction.'' Indeed, one reason for the choice of Larzac, one of France's best known gastronomic regions, was to underscore that concern. Pierre Caron, 72, a retired schoolteacher from the Vaucluse region, slurped oysters under an umbrella with Danièle Alvernhe, another former teacher. The oysters were sold by one of many food vendors that dotted the sprawling campsite. Their main concern, both agreed, was the |
1510642_0 | For Church Leaders, 2 Tacks on Gay Issue | A group of conservative Episcopalians said they would ask the worldwide Anglican Communion to create a second province for the church in the United States following approval of an openly gay bishop. And the spiritual leader of the world's Anglicans said he would call a meeting to avert a schism over the issue. Articles, Page A8. |
1510627_3 | Archbishop of Canterbury Calls Meeting of Anglican Leaders Over Gay Bishop in U.S.; Issue Prompts Debate The World Over | only way we can be clear that some of us do not accept this.'' Among those threatening to sever links with American Episcopalians are the Kenyans. Archbishop Benjamin Nzimbi, leader of the Anglican Church of Kenya, issued a statement with all 29 of his bishops this week that called Bishop-elect Robinson's selection ''contrary to the clear teachings of the Scripture.'' ''Any Anglican diocese that resolves and sanctions to bless same-sex marriages has, as a result kicked itself out of the Anglican communion,'' the statement said. ''We wish to state in clear terms that we will consider breaking up our partnership with any such diocese that makes deacons, ordains priests or consecrates bishops who have practised or continue to practise gay relationships.'' The planned meeting in London drew criticism, too, from supporters of gay priests. The Rev. Richard Kirker, general secretary of the Lesbian and Gay Christian Community, said the October meeting would not achieve results since none of its participants were openly gay. ''It would be like a conference on racism without any black people,'' he said. The Lesbian and Gay Christian Community in England is holding its own conference in October and has invited Bishop-elect Robinson to speak. ''It is an opportunity to change any sense that people like Gene are unusual or extraordinary,'' Mr. Kirker said today. In Minneapolis, at the general convention of the Episcopal Church USA, conservative leaders said they were thrilled that the extraordinary meeting had been called. They had urged this week the Anglican Communion's primates to intervene after the convention approved Bishop-elect Robinson. They reiterated those calls after the convention approved a resolution stating that clergy members who conduct same-sex unions are within ''the bounds of our common life.'' ''I see this as an emergency response to what has happened here,'' the Rev. Canon David C. Anderson, president of the conservative American Anglican Council, said. ''We've said all along that the decisions taken by this convention would cause pain to the entire communion.'' The Most Rev. Frank T. Griswold, presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church USA, said today that he thought it was important for other Anglican leaders around the world to understand that any choice by the United States church would not be forced upon any other. ''What may be right and appropriate as a way of articulating the Gospel in one culture may be singularly different and inappropriate elsewhere,'' he said. |
1510632_1 | Lawmakers Criticize Bush's Air Safety Efforts | he said.'' Officials at the agency acknowledged the concerns and said they were taking steps to enhance the safety of air travel. ''We have designed these improvements to provide appropriate protections for passengers and at the same time to ensure the continued economic vitality of the country,'' said Brian Turmail, a spokesman for the agency. The Congressional criticism followed an outcry over a request to shift money from a program to place armed air marshals aboard flights. It suggests lawmakers will be closely examining aviation security efforts when they return next month to finish the spending bill for the Department of Homeland Security. Mr. Markey said he hoped to persuade House and Senate negotiators to accept his provision, approved by the House in June, that would force the transportation agency to develop a cargo screening plan by Oct. 1. He said that the explosives carried by Mr. Reid weighed only 10 ounces, showing that even small amounts are a threat. ''This is an unacceptable national security risk that must be immediately remedied,'' he said of the cargo issue in a letter today to Tom Ridge, the secretary of homeland security. Under the current system, all packages except United States mail shipped aboard passenger jets must come from companies that are part of the ''known shipper'' program. Mail weighing over a pound is carried on passenger jets only if it originated at an airport where the agency is conducting screening tests using dogs. The weight limit comes from research on the amount of explosive required to down an airliner. Mr. Turmail said the qualifications for the known shipper program have been tightened and that the agency is spending $20 million this year to try to find a way to screen cargo electronically. The airlines would balk at efforts to eliminate the mail and cargo service, a profitable business for the struggling industry. On the question of the pilots, Mr. Turmail said that the agency wanted to allow the first class of certified flight deck officers that graduated in April to have some on-the-job experience before regular classes were instituted in July. The fourth class of pilots was to graduate Saturday. Mr. Mica said that the agency, which resisted the idea of arming pilots, needed to consider using private companies to conduct training and make the program available in multiple locations, in contrast to the agency's plan to offer the courses only |
1510556_2 | Some Trade Barriers Won't Fall | negotiations in the World Trade Organization. As usual, the sticking point involves agricultural subsidies in rich countries that wreak misery on the developing world. Out of frustration over the way America and Europe protect their farmers, textile producers and others, developing countries like Brazil are refusing to further open their markets to service imports. In 2002, the 30 industrial nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development spent $311 billion on domestic agricultural subsidies, which is more than the combined gross domestic products of all the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The World Bank calculated that the European Union's annual subsidy to dairy farmers comes out to $913 per cow; this dwarfs sub-Saharan Africa's per capita gross domestic product of $490. Likewise, America and Europe subsidize sugar production through a complex web of subsidies and tariffs that raise prices for consumers and force sugar-dependent businesses to move their factories to more competitive nations. Sugar farmers in South Africa alone lose $100 million in annual exports to these subsidies. Sugar farming is just the tip of the iceberg. It is completely inconsistent for the United States and Europe to preach the virtues of capitalism and open markets while using statist policies to strip struggling countries of one of their few comparative trade advantages. In addition, agricultural subsidies also undermine our national security. One lesson of the 9/11 attacks was that we need to relieve poverty in the failed states that become recruiting grounds for terrorists. ''Persistent poverty and oppression can lead to hopelessness and despair,'' said President Bush last March. ''These failed states can become havens for terror.'' Free trade of agricultural products isn't the only way to help poor countries -- easing their restrictions on foreign financial services can also help them find a way out of poverty. The World Bank has compelling evidence that competition in financial services creates stronger domestic capital markets in developing nations -- more efficent capital allocation and more access to banks, securities firms and insurance providers for businesses and individuals are sure ways to speed economic growth. Success at Cancún will require the United States to resume its historical role as the chief promoter of trade liberalization. Maintaining our agricultural subsidies not only hurts the developing world, it also puts millions of American service jobs at risk. Rick Lazio, a former United States representative from New York, is president of the Financial Services Forum. |
1510591_0 | Engineered Drugs Open New Issue Of Regulation As Patents Expire | Somatropin, a hormone that sends a message to the pituitary gland to stimulate growth in the human body, is not a new discovery. And its synthesis is not a new technological advance -- somatropin products have been on the market for more than a decade, each protected by patents covering varying things, like the way the hormone is made and how it is administered. But the basic patent on the copy of the hormone produced naturally in most people has expired. And Sandoz, the generic drug division of the Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis, has applied for permission to market Omnitrop, its own somatropin copy, in Europe. If it is approved as expected this fall, Omnitrop will be the first generic version of a genetically engineered medicine allowed to be sold in Europe. And the comfortable world of biotechnology may be violently shaken by losing its hold on an industry that has $30 billion in annual global sales and is growing nearly 10 percent a year. Though no generic version of genetically engineered drugs has been approved in the United States, executives at Sandoz say they will soon ask the Food and Drug Administration for the right to market Omnitrop there, too, probably early next year. Until now, biotechnology companies have never thought it possible to make a generic version of their medicines because the molecules and the manufacturing process are so complex. Laws in the United States and Europe that cover generics of traditional chemical drugs do not cover this new breed of medicines, often called biologics -- products made from living cells, blood factors and genetically engineered proteins. But now, as the first patents on biologics are beginning to expire, pressure for updated laws is coming from generic drug makers wanting a piece of the pie and from patients and consumer groups hoping to cut the price of these products, which can cost more than $100,000 a year. Two months ago, the European Union passed legislation allowing companies to apply for permission to sell generic versions of genetically engineered drugs. While regulators fine-tune the guidelines, generic biologics will be evaluated on individually. The European Union's approval of Omnitrop, which has already received support from an advisory committee, would make it more likely that the F.D.A. would also allow generic competition for biologics, perhaps announcing rules as early as next year. ''In the future, biotech companies will have to potentially |
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