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542157_3 | their luggage. Two option packages are available, Leather and Premium, and the latter hides a compact-disk changer behind a panel in the back wall of the trunk. The premium package also adds the solar glass, power adjustments for the front passenger seat and wiring for a cellular phone to the leather interior. Air bags are standard for driver and front passenger in all 929's, as are heavy steel bars in the doors to protect against side impacts. Antilock brakes are standard as well, but Mazda's luxury liner adds some new technology to the mix. "Fuzzy logic," for instance, has been applied to the cruise-control system, and Mazda describes it as a form of artificial intelligence that recognizes gray areas and allows the on-board computer to be flexible in the face of changing road conditions, resulting in a closer match to the desired speed. Another new trick is incorporated into the sunroof in the form of a solar panel, and the electricity that it produces is used to power a pair of fans in the trunk. When outside temperatures rise above 59 degrees, one or both of the fans in a parked 929 are turned on, changing the interior air once a minute. At lower temperatures, the panel sends its juice directly to the battery to keep it charged. Interior design mirrors that of the exterior, and the dash is well-arranged and pleasant to look at. The instruments are analog, there is automatic climate control, and the center of the dash is canted toward the driver to allow easy reading of the old-fashioned clock and the up-to-date radio. The leather-wrapped wheel includes remote buttons for the sound system in its left spoke and cruise control switches in the right. The console holds buttons for the optional heated seats, and a fold-down armrest doubles as a glovebox. The power plant is a 3-liter V6, cast-iron for rigidity that produces 195 horses and a torque curve that is essentially flat through its usable range. What that means is an even rush of power from an engine that makes itself felt while rarely being heard. It has 24 valves and uneven induction runners and such, and if you think about it, you know that it's busy. But you don't think about that, of course. It's there and working and, like me, you are dwelling on all those things you have to do. ABOUT CARS | For Mazda, the Busy Road to Success |
542262_1 | are hard, but I can honestly say that the little food we have tastes better when you know the love and sweat that has gone into producing it." Rights Record Defended At an art exhibit on the same square, an anthropology student in her late teens angrily warned a visiting journalist not to write critically about human rights in Cuba. "Cuba has a good human rights record, and if it weren't for the constant attacks of the United States, it would be the best in the world," she said. On the outskirts of Holguin, a city of 250,000, sits the huge Bariay factory. Opened with great celebration on the 60th anniversary of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the plant builds the gigantic sugar harvesters that were to mechanize the country's main crop and propel growth. Although a plaque outside still salutes the "unshakable friendship between the peoples of the Soviet Union and Cuba," the sugar industry here has been plunged into deep crisis since the country lost its long-subsidized supply arrangements with the Soviet bloc. Critical items, from fertilizers and pesticides to the gasoline needed to run the lumbering harvesters, are now in short supply. While the Bariay plant continues to crank out about 620 of the machines each year, just adjacent to it, in a hastily assembled hangarlike building, the Government recently began assembling the bicycles that people are being encouraged to use in place of a faltering public transportation system. The workers on the assembly line for the clunky 40-pound bicycles, all painted the same shade of blue, are paid 200 pesos monthly, or $160 at the official exchange rate. On the black market, that amount is worth about $7. One worker quickly spoke up to defend the wage, saying that housing, education and medical care were all provided by the state, and that food, while scarce, was inexpensive. Even so, a tour of downtown Holguin showed large old department stores reduced to selling only two or three items each and long, snaking lines wherever food or new goods were available. "I have the greatest wealth anyone could ask," said Miguel Gonzales, a 32-year-old engineer who recently moved to the bicycle plant from the harvester factory next door. "Do you know what that is? It's security. I can walk the streets at night without fear of anyone. If you ask me which country I would rather live in, yours | Rural Cuba Speaks Up for Castro |
542003_0 | IF your bags catch the eye of Paul Mazurkewitz, a senior inspector for United States Customs, on the luggage carousel at Kennedy International Airport, you'd better have filled in your declaration completely, or the conclusion of your trip abroad may be rather unpleasant. At an airport where the Government is focusing heavily on trying to stop the entry of illegal drugs, Inspector Mazurkewitz and 15 or 20 others in Kennedy's Customs force of 500 specialize in spotting merchandise that travelers are trying to bring in without paying duty. From Oct. 1, 1991, to May 31 this year, $2,736,629 in undeclared goods was seized from 526 passengers, an average of $5,000 per seizure. The Government collected 40 to 50 percent of this amount in duty and penalties before releasing the goods to the travelers, which is almost always an instantaneous procedure when the bill is paid -- which can be by credit card. These inspectors are not concerned about a $50 sweater; they are after stuff worth $1,000 or more, because with 8.5 million passengers arriving from abroad each year, they are too busy to bother with small change. In the last two years, since the "quick look" system was set up so that passengers with nothing to declare can pass without pausing, 95 percent of international arrivals at Kennedy walk straight through the green channel. "I can tell in a minute and a half if it's going to be a good stop," Mr. Mazurkewitz said. "Round numbers on the declaration are a clue, or a total that falls just under the $400 duty-free allowance. It's an indicator if they live in a wealthy area. Often they say they do not have receipts, or they produce handwritten receipts from a store and say they paid cash. It's an indicator if the wife turns her back or steps away to rummage in her handbag for a receipt. What do they think I am going to see that I am not going to see eventually? It's a giveaway if the husband backs off seven steps while the wife talks to me." "Now those are very nice bags," Mr. Mazurkewitz said as he gazed at some black suitcases on the carousel for an Air France flight on a recent weekday. Nice is not everything. But like Willie Sutton, who robbed banks because that's where the money was, Customs inspectors tend to look for the | How Customs Keeps Shoppers Honest |
541992_4 | would I bring a 166-foot yacht?" Later in the week, he took the Big Eagle to Shelter Island and Montauk. Mr. Feld owns Today's Man clothing stores, including one in Carle Place. He does not own the Big Eagle. "He's a frequent guest of the owner," said the vessel's captain and helicopter pilot, Mark Elliott. The "mega yacht," as the captain calls the Big Eagle, is owned by Bernie Little of Lakeland, Fla., an Anheuser-Busch distributor. Built in 1960 for Coco Chanel, the vessel defines opulence. It has 7 staterooms, 14 or 15 bathrooms -- "We lose count," the captain said -- more salons than Vidal Sassoon, and mahogany, teak, marbled and mirrored everything. The master suite has glass-bottom viewing areas. "Here in Sag Harbor, you can't see much," Captain Elliott said. "But in the Bahamas, you put on the floodlights and the tropical fish are just spectacular." Adjust the mirrors just right, he said, and you can watch the fish from bed. Besides a seven-member crew and the helicopter, the yacht comes with a satellite communication system, VCR's and television in every suite, four Wave Runners for water play, a 22-foot Boston Whaler as a tender and a swim platform that raises and lowers electronically. "We just finished a $2 million refurbishment," Captain Elliott said. While Sag Harbor day trippers ogled the yacht and her attractive partygoers, surrounding boat owners were less impressed. When the Big Eagle tied up in front of the 36-foot Pierson sailboat owned by Carin and Ken Meyer of Woodbury, Mr. Meyer's first reaction was, "There goes my view." And the beige color? "I would never have a boat that color," said Michael Martin of Manhattan and Southampton. "It looks just like the Staten Island Ferry." A Blessing Not in Disguise Some people may seek divine help to conquer their fears. At MacArthur Airport, fearful flyers are guaranteed a blessing -- Charles R. Mr. Blessing runs "Aviaphobia Seminars," a new service at the Ronkonkoma airport. "I help people overcome their fear of aviation," he said. It's not only flying. "The airport itself can be very scary," he said. So Mr. Blessing's name may help. "I guess it can relate to the business," he said. He is assisted in that business by a psychologist named Hartman and a former fearful flyer named Smith, Marilyn Smith -- of Smithtown. "Do you find that unusual?" Mr. Blessing asked. | LONG ISLAND JOURNAL |
544135_0 | World Economies | |
545713_3 | their hard disks. "There was a battle over copy protection between the software industry and the users, and the users won," said Kenneth Wasch, executive director of the Software Publishers Association, which is based in Washington. Illegal copying is also a concern in other media. But copying computer data is far easier than duplicating video or audiotapes, or photocopying an entire book. A computer disk can be copied simply by putting a blank diskette into the computer and hitting a few keys. Total time involved: less than 10 seconds. Because it is so easy -- and so little stigma seems to be attached to it -- more and more people are making illegal copies. "In this new digital universe, there is no cop on the corner," said Todd Gitlin, a sociologist at the University of California at Berkeley. "Not only is there no cop on the corner, there is no corner." Big Companies Are Strict Most large corporations, government agencies and schools have strict rules that prohibit copying software -- even when employees are trying only to make their work easier. Yet illegal sharing of software is a rapidly growing phenomenon and a widely accepted practice by the millions of people who use personal computers at work, at school, or in their homes. Not long ago, for example, at the Dalton School, a private school on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, a student brought a copy of a popular personal computer game called Spectre to a computer laboratory. Soon there were dozens of copies of the game on floppy disks being taken home in student's backpacks. "They know it's stealing but they think that no one will every catch them," said a 12-year-old sixth grader. Officials at the school said that despite educational efforts, it was difficult to enforce laws that have so little apparent impact. "We've been struggling with this and there's no simple solution to it," said Frank Moretti, the Dalton School's headmaster. "It takes the whole problem of xerography and raises it a power higher." Situation Overseas Is Worse And the situation is far worse in other countries where there is no tradition of protecting intellectual property, software industry executives say. A recent survey in Germany, for example, determined that there are fewer software programs purchased than computers -- a certain indication that piracy is widespread. The Business Software Alliance, an international trade group, estimates that | Though Illegal, Copied Software Is Now Common |
545767_0 | World Economies | |
545662_0 | With his one eye, Bert Smith cannot detect anything clearer than large dark forms against bright light. He listens with his fingers, placing a hand over the hands of people who speak in sign language. His voice is strong and emphatic, but his speech is severely slurred. Yet Mr. Smith plays his workbench with the deftness of a concert pianist. He is part of a crew that makes photographic film-processing machines, as big as dishwashers, and his current task is assembling ventilation sections that fit on the backs of the machines. His fingers dance along a four-foot-long aluminum rack, inspecting notches and holes where he will insert bolts, secure fans and attach the wiring. His employer, Kreonite Inc., pays Mr. Smith $5.86 an hour plus bonuses, and Brent Stull, the plant manager, said no worker does the job faster. Freed from welfare by the job, Mr. Smith got married two years ago. A Jump on the Law Half a million employers must now start to give people with physical or mental impairments the same opportunities as other workers, as the workplace provisions of the Federal Americans With Disabilities Act go into effect. Many executives are concerned about what kind of trouble or cost this might cause them, but a handful of companies, like Kreonite, have been hiring a lot of workers with disabilities for many years and have lessons to offer about how they can be integrated into a work force, helping them to live self-sufficiently and meeting the company's goals. The law, which applies to any company with 25 or more workers, says that an employer must consider only whether a job applicant has the competence to do a particular job. If the worker is qualified but has disabilities that get in the way, the employer must help -- providing special tools, installing ramps for wheelchair users, teaching sign language to supervisors, adjusting work hours so people can catch a bus or see a therapist -- so long as the adjustments are not so costly or disruptive that they cause "undue hardship" to the business. Kreonite, a manufacturer of darkroom equipment with $30 million a year in sales, hired its first disabled workers 20 years ago, and two of that first group are still there. Today people with cerebral palsy, mental retardation, mental illness and sensory impairments make up 15 percent of the company's work force of 240. 'Quite | Company Invests in Human Assets: Disabled Employees in Regular Jobs |
542894_0 | International A3-6 BAKER FOLLOWING RABIN'S LEAD The Secretary of State, responding quickly to a change of political direction in Israel, is heading to the Mideast, where he is expected to work on peace talks, loan guarantees and the Administration's image. A3 HOW LONG A HONEYMOON? News Analysis: Yitzhak Rabin's first pronouncements are being warmly welcomed, domestically and in Washington, after years of Likud Party rule, but can he live up to everyone's expectations? A3 THE GULF WAR OF WILLS Braving 140-degree heat -- in air-conditioned jeeps -- today's troops in the gulf are keeping vigil in a passive battle with Saddam Hussein over arms inspections. A3 PRE-EMPTIVE STRIKE ON CONGRESS In a move that will have more impact on Capitol Hill than on nuclear tests, the Administration is establishing new limits on the nation's testing program. A5 SOME POWER SEEPS INTO SARAJEVO Limited electricity and water were restored to hospitals and communications centers in parts of Sarajevo after Serbian forces blew up four transmission lines. A6 Milan Panic, new Yugoslav Premier, says Bosnia is independent. A6 More than 4,000 shells don't break the will of Dubrovnik. A6 A doctor's report is expected on the Pope's condition. A4 The Convention A7-13 DEMOCRATS PLEDGE 'A REVOLUTION' With the last challenge to Governor Clinton's hegemony fading, the least contentious, most confident Democratic National Convention in years adopted a platform fashioned to match his prescription for victory in November. A1 The platform: conservative words to a liberal tune. A1 Excerpts from the platform. A10 JACKSON AND A WATERSHED In the end, Jesse Jackson faced up to political reality. He appeared on the podium of the Democratic National Convention on Governor Clinton's terms, and he did so when the party chairman told him to. A1 The party grudingly yielded Brown 20 minutes at the podium. A13 CLINTON AND ABORTION Governor Clinton's heavily scripted convention schedule was marred by an anti-abortion protester who thrust a fetus in a plastic container at him. That gesture of protest came on a day when abortion opponents in Arkansas distributed a 1986 letter in which Mr. Clinton wrote that "I am opposed to abortion and to government funding of abortion." A11 THE HOUR OF TRUTH Since its creation, the Democratic Leadership Council has argued that it understands how to put a Democrat back into the White House. Now it will be put to the test. A7 BROADCAST NEWS In the | NEWS SUMMARY |
542733_3 | often command salaries that are competitive with those earned by college graduates. "In one city after another, there is a shortage of qualified applicants for high-skilled, high-paying jobs and a great surplus of people applying for low-skilled, low-paying jobs," said Marc S. Tucker, president of the National Center for Education in the Economy, a research organization in Rochester. "Our whole system is geared to kids going to college. We do the least of any industrialized nation to educate young people for the workplace." More Young People Jobless The shortage of adequate job training has led not only to higher unemployment rates among young people, Mr. Tucker said, but also to the sense of hopelessness that many people saw as a root cause of the Los Angeles riots. Forty percent of all high school graduates -- many of them black or Hispanic pupils -- do not go on to college, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. These students, along with another 25 percent who attend college but never complete requirements for a degree, go directly into the work force, with many of them winding up frustrated because of their lack of abilities. This inability to perform highly skilled jobs was a major factor in a 1991 unemployment rate of 13.6 percent for those 16 to 24 years old, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For high school dropouts, the 1991 jobless rate was even higher, 23.1 percent. The 1991 unemployment rate for all workers was 6.7 percent. "There is frustration over jobs," said Jack Kyser, chief economist for the Economic Development Corporation of Los Angeles. "You have young people growing up in South-Central Los Angeles and seeing their parents working like dogs, and they sense there is no future for them. The system has failed them." But bit by bit the tide is turning for students like Luisa Urbina, a vocational education student who graduated last month from Manual Arts High School in South-Central Los Angeles. Miss Urbina, who is 18 years old, worked during the school year at First Interstate Bank in the charitable trust department. After graduation she started work as a clerk trainee at the Atlantic Richfield Company, a job she hopes will lead to management. "I'm not worried about the future, because I learned a lot about business in school," said Miss Urbina, who lives with her mother, a sewing machine operator. "My mother | With Skilled Jobs Unfilled, Vocational Training Changes Course |
542859_3 | painful for me. After all, Socrates was an Olympic wrestling champion, and we have the right to exist as a sport. When kids play in the sand, they don't run, they wrestle. It's a powerful way to settle things, and only then does it come to war. "As for the spirit, I understand. It is war, but against yourself. Any sport is overcoming yourself; that's why, in a way, the greatest feelings of achievement often come in training, in the gym. Sometimes I think I could have done something better or more efficiently; it's a kind of self-torture. But the result is what matters, and only afterward you think about how to change, not your method so much, but your style." Karelin paused, trying to find a better fit in his chair, and knitting his prominent brows. "For those in the amphitheater in ancient Greece, the look of a naked man's torso as he struggled to save his life was seen as more real to their lives than throwing a ball into a net. Of course, everything evolves and changes." Then he gave a rich laugh and said: "But maybe here we lag behind!" Contrasting Parental Views Karelin's father is a truckdriver, and his mother a housewife. His father, a boxer, was the one who inspired him with sport, and remains a great fan. "But my mother," he said, "has tears in her eyes. Despite the fact that I win, it's a shock for her when she sees me: all those swollen muscles and my face distorted with fury. And she thinks, 'It's my baby and he's suffering pain!' " Asked about steroids, he gets annoyed, then laughs again. "No matter how strange it seems," he said, "on my team we don't even take vitamins. But nobody believes me when I say this." "No one believes I'm natural," he said, and then he described returning from the beach the day before and being stopped by two young women. "They asked me, 'Are you Karelin?' and then, 'Can we touch you?' I thought it was sexual, but all they asked was, 'Is it all real?' " He shook his huge head with disappointment. Karelin reads a lot, and most admires those writers "whose spark, as it comes out and is put down on the page, somehow retains its brilliance." He writes verses, he admits with reluctance, but bad ones. "It's emotional | A Formidable Wrestling Personality |
540902_0 | Federal and private experts say the recent East-West breakthroughs in nuclear arms reduction are replacing one danger with a wide range of new risks as the world's two nuclear superpowers prepare to retire nearly 40,000 warheads. Mutual annihilation is no longer a threat. The new risks are emerging because arms reductions call for weapons systems to be disabled -- by demolishing missile silos, for instance -- and do not, as is often supposed, require nuclear warheads to be destroyed. In practice, warheads and their firing mechanisms will be dismantled, and their nuclear cores either stored, pending future disposition, or recycled into new weapons. New Uses for SS-18 Even Russia's fearsome SS-18 missiles, whose retirement crowned the recent accords between President Bush and President Boris N. Yeltsin, are exempt from actual ruin. The 12-story behemoths are simply to be taken out of military service and stored, cannibalized or used for firing payloads into space. Few decisions have been made about the final disposition of nuclear weapons and their parts, including hundreds of tons of bomb materials like plutonium 239 and uranium 235. The full retirement operation will take more than a decade and cost tens of billions of dollars. On Thursday, President Bush announced that the United States had completed its withdrawal of all shorter-range land and naval nuclear arms based outside the country, returning them to American soil. Terror and Proliferation Future challenges are expected to include keeping nuclear gear secure from terrorists and thieves -- storing it, possibly for millennia without environmental damage, imparting discipline to generations of nuclear custodians, and commercially recycling some arms materials without contributing to the spread of bombs. Two perceived dangers, especially in the former Soviet Union, are clandestine sales to black marketeers and atomic theft by terrorists. The Russian military's system for transporting nuclear material "is not up to anything we would call Western standards, or even remotely adequate," Robert Gallucci, the State Department official dealing with Russian nuclear matters, recently warned. "If this situation doesn't get fixed, in the long term it will be an area in which we will have real worries about materials disappearing." The biggest fear is bomb recycling. Nothing in the arms reduction accords prevents reuse. The United States pioneered this practice by taking warheads from the Pershing 2 missile, retired from Europe, and manufacturing them into weapons for bombers. Those arms, not covered by Mr. Bush's recent | NUCLEAR ACCORDS BRING NEW FEARS ON ARMS DISPOSAL |
540929_0 | With French truckers now in the seventh day of a protest movement that has paralyzed traffic on more than 120 major highways, farmers today brought more chaos to the start of the vacation season by disrupting rail travel between Lyons and the French Riviera. At numerous points along the Rhone Valley, farmers blocked the railroad tracks by burning tires or building barricades of boxes and small containers. About 10,000 passengers were trapped for hours in parked trains, and many others were forced to camp out at stations. The farmers, who had themselves tried to blockade highways leading to Paris two weeks ago, are angry about changes in the European Community's agricultural policy that will lead to a cutback in farming subsidies. Some farmers have also reinforced the truckers' road blockades. Faced with the mobilization of the riot police in the south, the farmers began withdrawing from the tracks tonight. The national railroad service said that about 30 trains that had been trapped between Lyons and Valence for more than 24 hours were expected to continue south overnight, albeit slowly. No Concession From Truckers But there was no movement toward settling the dispute with the truckers, who claim that a new Government measure to tighten security on the roads threatens their livelihood. Under the new system, each holder of a driver's license is to start with six points. One to three points will be deducted each time a traffic violation is committed. Once all six points are lost, the license is automatically suspended for six months. The truckers argue that since they spend far more time driving than most people, they are more likely to lose their licenses. Some have suggested they be given more points to start with. In an interview with Le Journal du Dimanche, a Paris newspaper, Prime Minister Pierre Beregovoy said he would not withdraw or modify the measure, which was approved by Parliament. "There are truckers who think that blocking roads will make the Government give way," he said. "The Government will not give way." As the protest movement enters its second week, however, the Government is under growing pressure either to make concessions or to use force to end the blockades. A conservative opposition leader, former Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, suggested a delay in putting the security measure into effect to allow time for more discussion. Postponing Vacations The blockades have already forced hundreds of | Stoking French Travelers' Misery, Farmers Block Trains to Riviera |
540892_0 | World Economies | |
541270_1 | would seek compensation for losses resulting from shipping delays across France. Police officers escorted by armored vehicles succeeded in clearing trucks barricading the northern A1 Paris-Lille highway as well as at least a score of other blockades. On some occasions, they were required to use tear gas, but in most cases no force was used. But many truckers set up new blockades just miles from where they had been parked, while highways near Strasbourg in the east, Caen and Le Havre in the west and Lyons, Orange, Toulon and Toulouse in the south continued to be closed to most traffic. Work-Hour Reductions Continuation of the truckers' protest over new highway safety measures came as a blow to the Government, which early today announced it had reached an agreement with haulage companies and drivers' unions. But most truckers do not belong to the unions and did not feel represented in the talks. The truckers are angry over a new system in which their licenses will be automatically suspended if they lose up to six points for traffic violations like speeding. They maintain that, because of the long hours they spend on the roads, they should be given additional points. The agreement announced by the Transport Minister, Jean-Louis Bianco, included a reduction in the working hours of truckers, a provision insuring them alternative employment if their licenses were suspended and a pledge that points would not be deducted as a result of police inspection of speed recording devices on many heavy trucks. But the difficulty of negotiating with thousands of individual truckers scattered across a large territory became quickly apparent. Many said they were unaware of the agreement, while others said it was inadequate. Deliveries Delayed "Only a suspension of the points system will do," a trucker near Grenoble told French television. But with the Government wavering between further negotiations and further police action, the effect of the blockades began to be felt more severely in many cities and towns. On the French Riviera, where resorts were geared up for the start of the summer season last weekend, hotels are reporting mass cancellations. Delays in the delivery of gasoline, fresh fruit, vegetables and even flour for bread are also bringing shortages to many towns. Nice Airport, for example, said it had only enough aircraft fuel for 24 hours. In many areas, farmers have stopped picking fruit that is now rotting on trees. | French Police Clear Some Roads; Public Fury Aims at Government |
540107_0 | In a major step toward finding a political means of ending the sectarian violence in Northern Ireland, leaders of the British province's Protestant majority agreed today to begin sustained negotiations with the Irish Republic on the North-South relationship. It will be the first time in more than 18 years that Protestant leaders from Northern Ireland have taken part in political talks with Dublin. But even those talks in late 1973 involved only leaders of Protestant groups whose support for continued association with Britain was considered moderate. The new talks will include even hard-line unionists who bitterly opposed any talks with Dublin the last time around. The only major Northern Irish party that will not be allowed to attend is Sinn Fein, the political arm of the I.R.A., which refuses to renounce violence in its campaign to end British rule. Sir Patrick Mayhew, Britain's Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, announced the breakthrough after meeting in Belfast with leaders of the four Northern Irish parties taking part. The Governments hope the North-South talks will breathe life into negotiations in the province on setting up a broadly based regional government to supplant direct rule from London. | Ulster Protestants to Negotiate With Dublin |
540118_1 | pregnancy. It is accompanied two days later by the hormone prostaglandin in pill form, which encourages uterine contractions. Researchers say the drug is a safe and effective abortion method up to seven to nine weeks after a missed menstrual period, but it must be taken under a doctor's supervision because in rare cases it can cause excessive bleeding or other complications. The F.D.A. allows Americans to import some drugs approved in other countries but not in the United States, if the drugs are only for their own use. But even though RU486 has been approved for marketing in several European countries, it may not be imported. A representative of Abortion Rights Mobilization, which arranged the woman's trip and helped her get the drug, said it would challenge the seizure. The Government argues that it has the authority to keep unwanted drugs out of the country and that it has treated this one no different from others. A top F.D.A. official said the agency had put the drug on the special-alert list because "if we allow this drug in for personal use, we believe there is a substantial risk to women." Based on Politics? But the woman and the Abortion Rights Mobilization said the F.D.A. had listed the drug on its "import alert" for political reasons. Lawrence Lader, head of the Abortion Rights Mobilization and a founder of the National Abortion Rights Action League, escorted the woman to Britain to pick up the drug. "This was the first time outside research that an American woman by her own choice has decided to import RU486 and have an RU486 abortion," Mr. Lader said. Advocates of abortion rights say RU486 would give women a simple, private method of ending pregnancies. It is somewhat safer than surgical abortion and potentially much cheaper. It is now used widely in France and Britain. But Rousell-Uclaf says it will not seek approval in the United States if it faces violence or boycotts. Comparison With AIDS Drugs Marshall Beil, the woman's lawyer, said the courts had permitted unapproved drugs into the United States when they are for use by one person under a doctor's supervision. "This drug is approved in other countries and safer than some of the highly-experimental AIDS drugs which the agency permits to be imported," he said. RU486, which has been found by French health agencies to have been safely used by about 110,000 women | Abortion Pills Are Confiscated By U.S. Agents |
546496_1 | MOONEN has spent most of his time at the stove, cooking at famous restaurants like La Cote Basque, Le Cirque and, for the last four years, the Water Club, where he is the executive chef. But now he is fighting mad. So on Tuesday, he and 34 other chefs threw off their toques and went to Washington to announce a boycott of genetically engineered foods, as part of the Pure Food Campaign organized in May by the Foundation on Economic Trends in Washington, a nonprofit organization that monitors the biotechnology industry. These foods of the future have altered genetic codes, so that now, for example, flounder genes are being spliced into tomatoes. More than 1,000 chefs, including stars of the restaurant world like Wolfgang Puck of Spago in West Hollywood, Calif., Jimmy Schmidt of the Rattlesnake Club in Detroit, Mark Miller of Red Sage in Washington, Michael Lomonaco of the "21" Club and Paul Ingenito of the Russian Tea Room, both in New York, have signed on with the campaign, vowing not to serve genetically engineered products. Mr. Moonen, who is leading the boycott, said yesterday that he had never heard of genetic engineering until Vice President Dan Quayle announced in May that the Government would neither regulate these foods nor require that they be specially labeled. When a radio reporter asked Mr. Moonen for his reaction, he began doing research and was angered by what he learned. "If you wish to shellac these food products and put them in the window, that is O.K.," he said. "But if you want to cook with them, enjoy them and get nutritional value, leave them alone. "I am appalled by this. As a chef, I am responsible for every plate of food in my restaurant, and I want to know what is on it. The consumers put their dietetic, religious and allergic confidences in my hands, and with no requirements for safety testing, I am not permitted to fulfill my obligation." JEREMY RIFKIN, president of the Foundation on Economic Trends, said he was surprised at this outpouring of protest on the part of the chefs. "This is the first time they have ever organized politically, and I think their impact on the public will be profound," he said. Next on the agenda will be an effort to reach neighborhood restaurants and fast-food outlets, supermarkets, grocery stores, suppliers and growers, Mr. Rifkin said. | CHRONICLE |
541784_0 | To the Editor: I read "As Bishops Meet, Catholics Voice Differences With Church's Doctrines" (news article, June 19), on the debate over women clergy in the Roman Catholic Church, with great interest and some glee. The Orthodox Church, basing its magisterium not on papal pronouncements, but on the first seven ecumenical councils of the undivided church from 325 to 787, permits ordination of women as deaconesses. The decrees of the first ecumenical Council of Nicaea (May to June 325) were accepted as binding on the entire church, eastern and western, by Pope Sylvester I. The Council of Nicaea decreed that women, usually the wives of priests elected to the episcopate, may be ordained as deaconess, explained their station and duties and even described their vestments ("The Female Diaconate: An Historical Perspective," by Mother Abbess Ellen Gvosdev, Light and Life Publications). St. Macrina, sister of St. Basil the Great, was a deaconess, as well as the wife of St. John Chrysostom. The Orthodox Church of Greece has a College for Deaconesses in Athens and has ordained women in religious orders as deaconesses for service in their convents. Archbishop Theodotus Rola Witowski began ordaining deaconesses in 1954 with Gladys Muller Plummer, the first in the Orthodox Church in the United States. She died at 95 on Aug. 30, 1989, at Benedictine Hospital in Kingston. (Rev.) FRANCIS CAJETAN SPATARO Kingston, N.Y., June 20, 1992 | Homosexuality to Be a Burning Catholic Issue; Orthodox Deaconesses |
541826_0 | IT looks and tastes like ordinary milk, comes straight from a cow and might someday be sold in supermarkets alongside cottage cheese and yogurt. But this is a dairy product with a difference. Besides the usual compliment of protein, calcium and vitamins, it is also loaded with human antibodies that its inventors say can be tailored to fight tooth decay, strep throat, stomach bugs and other ailments. It is one result from the emerging field of "nutriceuticals," which includes natural-food products, like fish oils and oat bran, that are believed to yield medical benefits besides nutrition. But in this case, the products are "hyperimmune" milk and eggs produced by cows and chickens that secrete human antibodies. 'Perfectly Wholesome' The products were invented by Stolle Research and Development, a subsidiary of the Ralph J. Stolle Company, a diversified manufacturing concern in Cincinnati. The company has been patenting inventions in the field for more than a decade, with the most recent patent issued just this week. The privately held company has none of these products on the market in the United States, though some nutriceutical dairy products are being sold in a joint venture with New Zealanders in Aisa. "It's a perfectly wholesome, normal food product -- milk -- but in addition, it contains antibodies to human diseases," said Lee R. Beck, executive vice president of Stolle Research. Products like these were largely dismissed by pharmaceutical and food companies through most of the 1980's, Mr. Beck said, but have attracted interest in recent years. Part of the reason, he said, was the example provided by biotechnology companies, which use genetic engineering to develop bacteria and animals that secrete valuable new drugs. The principle is much simpler than gene-splicing. Animals always produce antibodies in their milk, though cow milk contains antibodies to ward off only illnesses that bother cattle. In the Stolle products, however, a cow or chicken is repeatedly vaccinated with dead bacteria of the types that infect humans, causing the animal to produce large volumes of human antibodies that are secreted in its milk or its eggs. One of the company's earliest patents, 4,324,782, covers a form of hyperimmune milk loaded with antibodies to bacteria called strep mutans that cause tooth decay. Another early patent, 4,762,712, covers milk and eggs designed to ward off stomach infections. The milk and eggs contain antibodies to more than two dozen bacteria, including salmonella. Taken | Patents; Developing Foods That Also Cure |
541726_0 | The tomato, its reputation for tastiness shriveled by modern agriculture, is a leading target for biotechnology researchers eager to prove that their skills can translate into something that consumers and food processors want. A glimpse of progress came this week in the form of an announcement from the seed division of Imperial Chemical Industries P.L.C. of Britain, which announced that Hunt-Wesson Inc. planned to use I.C.I.'s genetically improved tomatoes in products by 1995. That is two years later than Calgene, a start-up company in Davis, Calif., plans to reach market with its genetically improved Flavr-Savr tomatoes. But I.C.I. says it has figured out more ways to alter the fruit. "We can modify the rate at which they soften, their color, and the balances of the different flavors," said Simon Best, manager of fruit and plant technology for I.C.I.'s seed business. None of this requires foreign genes, he said. The trick is to rearrange the tomato's existing genes, or in some cases insert duplicate copies, so that it produces more of some chemicals and less of others at particular times. I.C.I. said it already has tomatoes that Hunt-Wesson likes, but does not yet have enough seeds to produce them in the volumes that the food processor needs to put the genetically altered tomatoes in ketchup and other products. Fanciers of fresh tomatoes will have to wait beyond 1995 if they are counting on I.C.I. Mr. Best said the company needed to complete detailed consumer research with the Dole Food Company to figure out what it will take to satisfy that segment of the $30 billion market. Apparently, "as tasty as they used to be" is not a workable specification. | COMPANY NEWS: Breeding a Better Ketchup; Tomato Tinkerers Plan Gene-Altered Condiments |
541785_0 | To the Editor: I read "As Bishops Meet, Catholics Voice Differences With Church's Doctrines" (news article, June 19), on the debate over women clergy in the Roman Catholic Church, with great interest and some glee. The Orthodox Church, basing its magisterium not on papal pronouncements, but on the first seven ecumenical councils of the undivided church from 325 to 787, permits ordination of women as deaconesses. The decrees of the first ecumenical Council of Nicaea (May to June 325) were accepted as binding on the entire church, eastern and western, by Pope Sylvester I. The Council of Nicaea decreed that women, usually the wives of priests elected to the episcopate, may be ordained as deaconess, explained their station and duties and even described their vestments ("The Female Diaconate: An Historical Perspective," by Mother Abbess Ellen Gvosdev, Light and Life Publications). St. Macrina, sister of St. Basil the Great, was a deaconess, as well as the wife of St. John Chrysostom. The Orthodox Church of Greece has a College for Deaconesses in Athens and has ordained women in religious orders as deaconesses for service in their convents. Archbishop Theodotus Rola Witowski began ordaining deaconesses in 1954 with Gladys Muller Plummer, the first in the Orthodox Church in the United States. She died at 95 on Aug. 30, 1989, at Benedictine Hospital in Kingston. (Rev.) FRANCIS CAJETAN SPATARO Kingston, N.Y., June 20, 1992 | Homosexuality to Be a Burning Catholic Issue; Orthodox Deaconesses |
541852_0 | With its sprawling network of pipes and cylinders and immense exhaust towers, the 60,000-acre Ajaokuta steel complex, the biggest industrial project in sub-Saharan Africa, poses a striking contrast to the villages of straw-roofed huts that surround it. Officials hope that once the plant begins pouring metal as scheduled this month, this remote town in the heart of southern Nigeria will stand as a symbol of this developing country's dream of greatness and a monument to engineering tenacity. But Ajaokuta has also become a target of increasing cynicism among Nigerians who have come to regard the project, after 12 years of delays and cost overruns, as a seemingly endless economic drain. "If there is such a thing as a white elephant, this is surely one of its more awesome specimens," said Nosa Igiebor, editor of Tell magazine, an independent weekly that has published several articles highly critical of the project. 'Impressive Achievement' Indeed, although initially planned for completion in about six years at a cost of $1.4 billion, the Ajaokuta project has already cost more than $4 billion, and Western diplomats and donors say it may need hundreds of millions more before it becomes fully operational. Ajaokuta, some Nigerian analysts and Western diplomats say, is a relic from another era, when many third-world nations, aspiring to catch up with industrialized societies in the West, built vast prestige projects that often proved to be financial flops. "Even to have built such a project is an impressive achievement, and the Nigerians should be lauded for that," a Western diplomat said. "But in the end, the real issue is whether it will ever prove commercially viable, and for now, that seems unlikely." To succeed, he said, the plant will need to be heavily subsidized by the Government for the indefinite future -- a prospect Nigeria can ill afford given its already historically high levels of external debt, now estimated at about $35 billion. Skeptical Western Donors Officials involved with the plant strongly defend it. "Our job is not just to produce steel," said Philip Atanmo, project director and chief executive of the plant. "We also have the job of opening up the area where we are located, providing schools, hospitals and housing and other infrastructural activities that you do not have to be concerned with in the U.S. or Europe. "I will say emphatically that Nigeria is lucky that it contracted the construction of | Nigeria's Monumental Steel Plant: Nationalist Mission or Colossal Mistake? |
541788_0 | To the Editor: The successful experience of the Walt Disney Company in recruiting for jobs in Disneyland among black and Hispanic teen-agers in South-Central Los Angeles ("Challenging a Myth in Los Angeles," editorial, June 29) is no surprise to us. We are familiar with the results of the Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects, a national, federally funded demonstration program that operated between 1978 and 1980, and was evaluated by the Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation. The demonstration program guaranteed minimum-wage jobs in the public and private sectors (private-sector work sites received a 100 percent wage subsidy for hiring participants) to inner-city teen-agers, from poor families (at or below the poverty level or on welfare), 16 to 19 years old, willing to remain in school or return to school if they had dropped out. More than 76,000 teen-agers were employed by the program over its 30-month life. An important issue for the demonstration was the likely participation rate: how many youths, of those eligible, would actually come forward to claim a job that was conditioned on participation in school? Those of us involved in the evaluation were surprised at the high levels of participation we found. Of those eligible, 56 percent participated. Moreover, the participation rates for black (63 percent) and Hispanic (38 percent) youths were substantially higher than for whites (22 percent). We hypothesized that this difference was owing to the greater opportunities for work available to white teen-agers outside the program. Finally, an employer survey conducted as part of the evaluation showed high levels of satisfaction with the youths employed in the program. More than one-fifth of the private-sector employers in the program hired the youths assigned to them once the program's wage subsidy terminated. While one cannot say with certainty that the program's results would be replicated today, its history suggests that initiatives like Disney's or an even more aggressive job creation effort might indeed, to use your words, "pay big dividends in every big city." WILLIAM A. DIAZ, JUDITH M. GUERON New York, June 29, 1992 The writers are, respectively, a program officer for the Ford Foundation and president of the Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation. | In Inner Cities, They're Eager for Work |
541756_3 | see it," he said. "This painting belongs to the community." As museum officials explain it, the painstaking three-year restoration was nearly finished last month when two metal towers were built to raise the painting. The idea was to place it at the same height at which it had hung in its first home, the refectory of the abbey in Venice. "One of the towers gave way," said Robert Fohr, a spokesman at the Museums of France Directorate at the Culture Ministry. The canvas, which weighs more than a ton and a half, fell, he said, "and metal protrusions from the scaffolding tore five holes in it." 'A Real Catastrophe' Henri de Cazals, director of painting collections of the Museums of France, said: "It's a real catastrophe. It can all be repaired, but it happened just as people had worked three long years to restore the work. It has been a terrible shock for all of us, especially for the six restorers. Some of them cried." Mr. de Cazals, who is in charge of all restorations, said that "miraculously" the damage mostly affected architectural details in the painting and parts of some figures, but no faces. He said the right side of the painting suffered the most damage. There the metal tubes tore vertically into the columns that flank the wedding scene and the balustrade that runs across the painting. The largest tear was four feet long, he said; one was three feet long and another two feet long. Another gash was torn in the bottom right corner, touching the cat that Veronese depicted playing with a vase. On the left, a long vertical rip runs through the balustrade and the figure of a man leaning on it. The bride's hair suffered a dent, but no tear. Part of the problem of repairing such a huge work, Mr. de Cazals said, is that it cannot be laid flat, as is traditionally done, and restorers are now putting patches on the back of the canvas while it is standing up. One consolation, he said, is that because of the painting's past adventures, it had already received two new linings. "So we have three layers of canvas, the original and two linings, and it's all quite solid," Mr. de Cazals said. "I think we will not see the patches on the front." Louvre Sees a Lesson Although officials at the Louvre have been | Veronese Masterpiece Damaged at the Louvre |
541834_2 | rabbi on July 23 at the Jerusalem campus of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk, president of the college, called the ordination "historic and symbolic," and said it was taking place at "a hopeful time" for Reform Judaism in Israel. Dr. Gottschalk said the large-scale immigration of the largely secular Russian Jews and the formation of a new left-of-center government by Yitzchak Rabin represent "a wonderful sign for change." Under Israeli law, only those ordained by the Orthodox are recognized as rabbis by the Ministry of Religion. As a result, Reform and Conservative rabbis -- male or female -- cannot perform state religious marriages. In a telephone interview from Jerusalem Ms. Kelman, the daughter of the late Rabbi Wolfe Kelman of New York, said the limitation did not particularly bother her. She noted that liberal rabbis who are men cannot perform marriages either, and added, "So I am equally discriminated against." But, like Rabbi Gottschalk, she hoped that would change. "I think Israel desperately needs liberal Judaism," she said. In Search of Saints Before declaring a person a saint, the Roman Catholic Church spends years, sometimes decades, in a complicated canonization process. But when George Gallup Jr. wanted to find out who America's saints were, he conducted a poll. By the poll taker's criteria, 13 percent of Americans are saints. He came to that conclusion by asking 1,052 people about such things as how strongly they feel about prayer and whether they are willing to help people in need and forgive those who wrong them. Those designated as "saints" gave appropriate answers to 12 questions. The results are the basis for a new book, "The Saints Among Us," (Morehouse) written by Mr. Gallup and Timothy Jones, associate editor of Christianity Today, an evangelical monthly. The survey found that those most likely to be saints are nonwhite women who grew up in the South and have annual incomes of less than $10,000. The poll, conducted by telephone and in person in March 1988, has a margin of sampling error of plus or minus three percentage points. Most of the book consists of follow-up interviews with those who scored high on the saints test. For all those readers who still envision saints as ethereal creatures, the authors conclude: "The saints identified in our research evidence little pie-in-the-sky escapism. They seem planted firmly in the gritty substance of everyday life." | Religion Notes |
541848_0 | In the shadow of the procession of tall ships that moved on from New York to Boston this week, the boat yard that produced some of America's first and fastest clipper ships stands abandoned today, its place in history all but forgotten. Donald McKay of the Atlantic Works Shipyard was the most prominent builder of wooden ships in the 19th century. Yet city tours and harbor cruises will not stop at his old shipyard overlooking Boston Harbor -- now an overgrown, 4.5-acre lot littered with rusted ship parts -- even as two million visitors gather along the waterfront this weekend to watch the parade of more than 200 ships. But one New England sea captain is trying to change that. Capt. Charles Quinlan wants to resurrect McKay's legacy by restoring the shipyard, establishing a maritime museum there and building the first American clipper ship to sail since 1920. "It's a sad irony and a sad commentary that this port is being overlooked during the commemoration of Christopher Columbus's discovery of America," said Mr. Quinlan, a licensed tall ship captain from Portsmouth, N.H., who makes his living as a marine surveyor and consultant. "The clipper ships, built by men like Donald McKay, foretold the strength and energy of this nation." When the Yankee clippers were introduced by American builders in the 1840's, replacing huskier, slower merchant ships, the rest of the world was stunned by the beauty of their fine-lined hulls, historians say. Prospectors eager to get to California during the Gold Rush were probably more appreciative of the clippers' speed; McKay's Flying Cloud set a world record when it sailed from New York to San Francisco in 89 days in 1854. Replaced by the even faster and more dependable steamship toward mid-century, many clippers were raided and burned at sea during the Civil War, and others disappeared in the treacherous waters off Cape Horn. None of the 350 Yankee clipper ships built can be found today. The Atlantic Works Shipyard converted to other types of boats as the wooden clippers fell out of favor. But the business, taken over by other owners, experienced hard times and was closed 30 years ago. Today, the United States has no sailing ships longer than 170 feet, a type known as the Class A tall ship. A Coast Guard training bark that is representing the United States in the parade, the Eagle, was built | Boston Journal; Captain With a Mission: Making a Yankee Clipper |
546092_0 | The latest attempt at a negotiated settlement of the civil strife in Northern Ireland has achieved modest success in the last three months. Leaders of the Northern Ireland political parties, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, and senior officials of the British and Irish Governments have agreed not to discuss the talks publicly. But they say behind the scenes that at least the negotiations, which recessed Friday until September, did not collapse, as have all previous efforts, in anger and frustration. And they say the negotiations are thus a historical breakthrough in a sense. [ Senior British and Irish officials met in Dublin for more than four hours on Tuesday to review their progress, Reuters reported. ] The talks are part of a major British initiative, begun last year, to end the violence that has killed nearly 3,000 people since 1969 and to restore home rule of some sort to the British province, which has been run directly from London since 1974. The violence in the province, which has 950,000 Protestants and 650,000 Roman Catholics, began with Catholic protests over discrimination in jobs and housing. This gave rise to a guerrilla campaign by the Irish Republican Army to end British control of the province and its 30,000-member security force, which include about 12,000 British Army troops. The negotiators represent the Governments in Dublin and London and the four major political parties in Northern Ireland. Sinn Fein, the political arm of the I.R.A., has been excluded because it refuses to denounce violence. Sinn Fein holds about 2 percent of the vote in overwhelmingly Catholic Ireland, and 29 percent of the Catholic vote in Northern Ireland. In the current negotiations, the most significant event was the presence of hard-line Protestant unionist leaders, who insist that Northern Ireland must remain part of Britain. Such leaders had not met with members of the Dublin Government since the 26 southern counties of Ireland became independent in 1922, leaving the six northern counties part of Britain. The Question of Government The negotiators discussed -- but did not resolve -- proposals for a new local government in Northern Ireland. The main Catholic group, the Social Democratic and Labor Party, proposed an executive appointed by Britain, Ireland and the European Community, a concept highly unlikely to gain Protestant agreement. The Protestant unionists proposed a new elected assembly and a committee system for sharing executive power, a concept likely to | Ulster Talks Gain Major Goal: To Keep Going |
545092_2 | say the import alert has discouraged the company from participating in research in this country. They point, for example, to the company's decision last year to provide RU486 for a breast-cancer trial in Canada, rather than one in the United States. Women's-rights groups are escalating their efforts to make the drug available to American women. The Fund for a Feminist Majority, an advocacy organization in Washington, has announced a campaign to get shareholders and others with corporate influence to bring pressure on Roussel Uclaf; Hoechst A.G., its German parent company, and other Hoechst subsidiaries, to market RU486 in the United States. Yesterday, Comptroller Elizabeth Holtzman of New York City, together with members of City Council and several medical and women's groups, called on the city to stop buying products from the American affiliates of Roussel Uclaf until they made an effort to bring the drug into the United States. On Tuesday, the House Small Business Committee on Regulation will hold hearings on RU486 and on legislation introduced by Representative Ron Wyden, Democrat of Oregon, to take the drug off the import-alert list. Making the Drug Here? In addition, abortion-rights groups are beginning to discuss the possibility of producing some form of RU486 in this country, under laws in New York and California that allow for the development of new drugs without Federal approval, providing that every component of the drug is made, tested and used within the state. Experts say such laws, passed in recent years with an eye to the fight against AIDS and cancer, have not yet been used. Simon Heller, the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy lawyer who handled the Benten case, said the first step in showing a change in political climate in this country -- and persuading Roussel Uclaf to sell its drug here -- would be the removal of the RU486 from the import-alert list. But a spokesman for the F.D.A. stressed that importing any drug that has not been approved by the agency was illegal, whether or not it was on the import-alert list. In cases of life-threatening diseases for which no therapy exists in the United States, he said, Customs officials may, at their discretion, allow a small quantity of a drug to be imported for personal use. Mr. Heller argues that the personal-use exception is far broader than the F.D.A.'s interpretation and that the drug should not be on the | After Furor, Americans Are No Closer to Having Abortion Pill |
545103_0 | The Senate Appropriations Committee moved today to block a Federal plan to assign a big band of radio frequencies for advanced pocket telephones and other emerging technologies. At the behest of Senator Ernest F. Hollings, Democrat of South Carolina, the committee inserted language into a financing bill for the Federal Communications Commission that severely hampers the agency from moving forward on the issue. "To folks who are looking at these new businesses, this is a drastic setback," said Michael Vernetti, a spokesman for Telocator, a trade association for paging and cellular telephone companies. The move follows an intense lobbying campaign by electric utilities, railroads and other groups that now use these frequencies for microwave communication networks. Under a proposal put forward by the commission in January, these companies would be forced to give up their licenses after 10 or 15 years to make room for services ranging from a generation of low-cost wireless telephones to palm-top computers that send data over the air. If the proposal becomes law, the new provision would protect the utilities by prohibiting the commission from designating them as secondary users that could be pre-empted by new services. After 15 years, new companies seeking to use the frequencies would have to submit a proposal to an outside arbitrator and would have to pay the costs of forcing the utility to use a different channel. Senior officials at the F.C.C. were also opposed. Anticipating a fierce battle between the rival business groups, the agency has offered several compromise proposals to microwave users. "Given all the efforts that the commission has made, we think it is premature to conclude that the commission is intent on harming the incumbent users," said Terry Haines, chief of staff for the F.C.C.'s chairman, Alfred C. Sikes. But the battle is hardly over. Although the appropriations bill is likely to pass the Senate, the Hollings provision is likely to run into opposition in the House from the Energy and Commerce Committee, which is headed by Representative John D. Dingell, Democrat of Michigan. In a letter earlier this year, Mr. Dingell said he thought that the needs of microwave users could be met by opening a band of frequencies now used by the Federal Government. THE MEDIA BUSINESS | Senate Panel Opposes Radio-Frequency Shift |
540781_0 | With his yellow parrot headdress, Paulinho Paiakan has emerged in recent years as a worldwide symbol of Brazilian Indians' defense of their Amazon homelands. "A new Gandhi," proclaimed Anita Roddick, who purchases Brazil nut oil from the Kaiapo Indian chief for her international cosmetics chain, the Body Shop. "A man who would save the world," the American magazine Parade trumpeted last April in a cover profile of the powerfully built Kaiapo with shoulder-length hair and piercing black eyes. International awards, television appearances in the United States and a heroic role in a children's cartoon series were all to culminate this fall with the filming of a $40 million Hollywood version of Mr. Paiakan's life, directed by Ridley Scott. Accused on June 2 Then, a bruised and battered 18-year-old woman appeared June 2 at a police station in Redencao, 1,000 miles northwest of here. She accused the 37-year-old chief of raping her in the back seat of his Chevette, a charge the chief denies. "Explosion of savage instinct," said the headline in Brazil's largest selling news weekly, Veja, which broke the story on its June 10 cover. "The chief symbol of ecological purity tortures and rapes a white high school girl." The ensuing uproar has bared Brazilian attitudes toward rape, race and Indian rights. Today, feminists are fighting anthropologists, who in turn are fighting Brazilian press barons for supposedly inciting an anti-Indian backlash. The young woman, a Portuguese language tutor for the chief's three children, charged that after a long day of drinking at a barbecue he attacked her and forced her to have sex with him, causing her to lose her virginity. Granted Numerous Interviews The woman, Silvia Leticia Ferreira, has been widely identified by Brazilian news organizations and has granted numerous television and press interviews about the case; she has also allowed photographs of the bruises she said were inflicted in the attack. In initial press interviews, Mr. Paiakan admitted, then denied, having sex with the woman. Formally charged with rape, the Indian leader in a police deposition June 19 again denied that he ever had sex with the woman. Instead, he said that his wife, Irekran, grew jealous of the younger woman and raped her with her fingers. [ On Tuesday, a presiding judge received a police report that affirmed that Ms. Ferreira's underwear was stained with her blood and with Mr. Paiakan's sperm. ] The chief awaits | Indian-White Rape Case Splits Brazil |
540722_3 | that tilted over by 80 degrees on the saturated soil beneath it in 1964 without breaking up, so the occupants were able to walk to safety down the face of the building; the splendid Tacoma Narrows Bridge at Bremerton, Wash., 2,800 feet between suspension towers, which behaved skittishly from its opening on July 1, 1940, and bounced itself to bits on Nov. 7, killing a cocker spaniel; L'Ambiance Plaza in Bridgeport, Conn., whose concrete slab floors fell one on top of another like an accordion folding while it was still under construction in 1987, killing 28 workers, 10 of them from the same small town in Italy; but you get the idea. My own favorite is the Campanile of St. Mark's in Venice, started in 888, finished in the 12th century, spontaneously returned to dust all of a thump in 1902, without hurting a soul. It has been rebuilt with modern techniques, and I trust it -- I think. The prose of the joint authors is clear and bright, but not so peppy as Mr. Salvadori's alone was in "Why Buildings Stand Up." I think that as professionals they have not quite the same zeal for failure as for success, and that may be why they have inserted, as though for relief, matters that have little to do with their nominal subject. There's a fine chapter ("Miracle on Thirty-fourth Street") about the crash of a B-25 bomber into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building in 1945, an incident for which only the pilot was to blame and in which the structure did what it was supposed to do: stand up. And there's an essay ("The Structure of the Law") reflecting the experience of Mr. Salvadori and others as expert witnesses pecked at by lawyers whose job it is to make two plus two equal mumbo jumbo. In a final chapter, the authors ask, rhetorically, "Can we prevent future failures?" Sure we can, though in some cases we won't, and indeed we will think of whole new kinds of disasters. But that's not really the point; the point is that these articulate craftsmen love their tools and the things they make with them, and love only a little less the lore of their craft -- including even the embarrassments -- which readers should be grateful they are willing to share. Tom Ferrell is an editor of The Book Review. | When Gravity Strikes Back |
540794_4 | to record data and the potential uses will be far wider. "We also have temperature sensing and air pressure sensing capability," Mr. Kinnamon said. "By being able to monitor that information, a trucking company will be better able to extend the life of a tire and preserve fuel economy." Goodyear executives say that the next plateau of technology will produce record-keeping information on the operational history of the tire. "That's important because when the tire needs to be retreaded, it can help you make a choice of what kind of tread to put on the tire," Mr. Sharp said. "It's making the most efficient use of the tire casing possible. It would tell you that the tire had been underloaded or overinflated within its life. It has the potential to more cost effectively determine the proper retread for the tire or determine whether it should be retread at all." All of that, he said, can improve highway safety because it would drastically decrease the chances of a tire's being retreaded unnecessarily or improperly. A tire that is retreaded unnecessarily would be more likely to blow out, creating unsafe conditions and increasing the cost to truckers. Indeed, by using a chip that detects the underinflation or overheating of the tire, the operator can make adjustments before the tire has been ruined. The tire's memory will also store information on anything that could affect the normal life span. It can tell the owner, for example, when the tire needs recapping or whether a problem with underinflation or overheating several months in the past might have made the tire a poor candidate for retreading. The new tires developed by Goodyear also have strong potential for the passenger-car tire market, some industry analysts suggest. By enabling car owners to do a better job of monitoring the inflation level of the tire and other performance information, a car owner can extend the life of a passenger car tire by 10 percent as well. "It could lead to a dashboard display that tells the driver that there is a low tire on the right back wheel," Mr. Sharp said. "It could also tell a driver that the tire is overheating, which is a sign of overload or underinflation. The driver would know to get the tire serviced or to modify his driving and avoid a tire failure." But Goodyear officials say such uses are years away. | Technology; The Sensory Truck Tire |
540526_4 | forcibly, by today's cruise ships and their social directors. In the heyday of the great liners, passengers were drawn gently into the social whirl. People seated at the same dining room tableintroduced themselves the first evening. (I've never seen plane passengers on transcontinental flights bothering with introductions.) There were get-to-know parties, board games, Captain's Night, and cotillions. True, some passengers remained unsociable, like one of Henry James's heroes (in "The Ambassadors") who "shirked the intimacies of the steamer." Others aboard exchanged life histories and home addresses, though the rule in the era of the great liners was "friendship ends at the gangplank." The rule was broken in one case I know of, the happy marriage of a couple who met when a man traveling in first class on the Italian liner Conte Biancamano went slumming in tourist class and was smitten by a young American woman. Still, the train is probably the most felicitous means of transport for conversation, especially in European railroad coaches that are subdivided into compartments. Is this seat taken? Is it all right to open (or close) the window? Why are we stopping here so long? These are questions that lead to conversations in which the foreigner may learn a lot about the country the train is traversing, while the local passenger will often be glad to point out sights and tourist traps to skip, and both can try to vault the language barrier. During rail trips in Spain some years ago I was genially urged by local fellow passengers on two trains to sample their mountain ham and help them empty their wine bottles. Now, alas, one should be wary about accepting a drink from a jovial-looking stranger anywhere because it might be spiked with knockout drops in preparation for a robbery. But travel has always implied hazard. That slight sense of danger has spiced many a young traveler's diary that recorded impressions from a first journey without parental supervision: the stories heard, characters met, people whom the young diarist would eventually forget. But not always. Although I kept no diary, I never forgot the mellow, elegant Frenchman on the train from Paris to Le Havre who told me he was a croupier, and offered the teen-age traveler a piece of advice. "Never set foot in a gambling casino! Never, jamais!" I never did. PAUL HOFMANN, a former New York Times correspondent, lives in Rome. | 'Have You Heard the One About . . . ?' |
540795_4 | to record data and the potential uses will be far wider. "We also have temperature sensing and air pressure sensing capability," Mr. Kinnamon said. "By being able to monitor that information, a trucking company will be better able to extend the life of a tire and preserve fuel economy." Goodyear executives say that the next plateau of technology will produce record-keeping information on the operational history of the tire. "That's important because when the tire needs to be retreaded, it can help you make a choice of what kind of tread to put on the tire," Mr. Sharp said. "It's making the most efficient use of the tire casing possible. It would tell you that the tire had been underloaded or overinflated within its life. It has the potential to more cost effectively determine the proper retread for the tire or determine whether it should be retread at all." All of that, he said, can improve highway safety because it would drastically decrease the chances of a tire's being retreaded unnecessarily or improperly. A tire that is retreaded unnecessarily would be more likely to blow out, creating unsafe conditions and increasing the cost to truckers. Indeed, by using a chip that detects the underinflation or overheating of the tire, the operator can make adjustments before the tire has been ruined. The tire's memory will also store information on anything that could affect the normal life span. It can tell the owner, for example, when the tire needs recapping or whether a problem with underinflation or overheating several months in the past might have made the tire a poor candidate for retreading. The new tires developed by Goodyear also have strong potential for the passenger-car tire market, some industry analysts suggest. By enabling car owners to do a better job of monitoring the inflation level of the tire and other performance information, a car owner can extend the life of a passenger car tire by 10 percent as well. "It could lead to a dashboard display that tells the driver that there is a low tire on the right back wheel," Mr. Sharp said. "It could also tell a driver that the tire is overheating, which is a sign of overload or underinflation. The driver would know to get the tire serviced or to modify his driving and avoid a tire failure." But Goodyear officials say such uses are years away. | Technology; The Sensory Truck Tire |
540802_1 | towers, which relay signals for television, radio and telephone. Ms. Bertomen is a connoisseur of them. A commuter to her job in Central Islip, where she teaches architecture at the New York Institute of Technology, she can discuss dish, disk and horn antennas with the enthusiasm classicists reserve for Doric, Ionic and Tuscan columns. She delights in cellular phone calls as others thrill to Gothic spires. In 1985, Ms. Bertomen gathered together a group of her architecture students to pursue her enthusiasm in a more scholarly way. Each student was asked to "adopt" a tower, document it with drawings, and study how the towers function within the larger network of communications. The team's work became the basis of a book with the same title as the show (Princeton Architectural Press), which is a best seller at the Urban Center's bookstore. Response to the book prompted Nicolas Rojas, of the bookstore's staff, to invite Ms. Bertomen to organize the show now on view. Evidently, a good many young architects are on Ms. Bertomen's wavelength. While the show addresses contemporary urban issues, it pulls together strands of thinking that other architects have pursued in the past. Ms. Bertomen acknowledges the pioneering research of Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi on the architecture of the American highway, but her interests take a different route. She is not drawn to the pop repertoire of golden arches and kitschy billboards. Whereas Mr. Venturi defined architecture as a "decorated shed" whose skin matters more than its bones, Ms. Bertomen has reverted to the modern idea that there's something virtuous about peeling away the skin to expose the structure underneath. She is fascinated by the high-tech, engineering esthetic of transmission towers: their delicate steel tracery, the prefabricated parts that can be combined to create different forms. But she is also concerned with the spatial structure of the suburban developments that the broadcast media have helped to shape. This focus harks back to Broadacre City, Frank Lloyd Wright's 1935 Utopian scheme for a decentralized urban America. Wright recognized back then that the car and the radio would bring about a new kind of city. Ms. Bertomen wants us to recognize that this new city has generated new kinds of public space: realms of movement and communication that have gone far toward supplanting the eroded public sphere of our beleaguered older cities. But is there a place in this | It's a Small Show, but It Sends a Signal |
545460_4 | and process recycled goods into marketable materials. It is scheduled to open in Yonkers on Sept. 1. The plant, one of a handful in the region, simplifies the recycling process by eliminating the need for residents to sort all the different items and for municipalities to find their own markets. Residents will be able to mix glass, plastic and metals in one container and put newspapers in another. Still Looking for Markets Any municipality may use the material recovery facility, but the six northern Westchester communities that are not part of the agreement to use the county's Peekskill plant will pay a higher fee to use the new Yonkers plant, which was financed with funds from users of the Charles Point incinerator. Finding consistent markets for recycled products continues to be a major drawback to the county's recycling effort, officials agree, but the prospect of the material recovery facility's producing a product that meets controlled quality standards has already attracted interested buyers, said Michael Ritchie, special assistant to the County Executive for Solid Waste Management. By passing the two laws, Westchester has met state deadlines to develop an integrated solid-waste management plan and mandated recycling program by September, one that officials believe sets realistic goals for achieving the state's 40 percent recycling target by 1997. The county must meet these state goals or it will be forced to expand its existing waste-to-energy incinerator, local officials say, adding that the state has threatened to stop issuing permits for garbage-transfer stations unless its goals are met. Hoping to Avoid High Costs The eight-year-old $237 million Charles Point Resource Recovery Plant in Peekskill has been the county's only disposal site for solid waste since the Croton Point Landfill was closed in 1986, following years of litigation by environmental groups. "If we can recycle effectively, Charles Point will be big enough to handle what's left, and we can avoid huge new costs," said Robert J. Vrana, deputy commissioner of the Bureau of Solid Waste Management of the Department of Environmental Facilities. Adding a fourth burner to the plant, Mr. Vrana has said, could cost as much as the original plant because of inflation and the cost of antipollution equipment. Mr. Vrana and others in charge of the county's solid-waste management effort agree that more needs to be done in the next five years to reach the county's 40 percent recycling goal. Although Pleasantville, Scarsdale | County Institutes New Recycling Regulations |
545440_0 | Despite the deep recession that has engulfed the New York region since the end of the 1980's, the boom that preceded it raised incomes faster than in most of the rest of nation and pared down the huge disparities in earnings among whites, blacks and Hispanic residents, new census data show. The data, released last week by the U.S. Census Bureau, did little to dispel the broad belief that the 1980's, more than most decades that preceded it, was one in which the gap between rich and poor widened. But it provided a fresh demographic snapshot that suggests that wealth and poverty no longer conform to traditional patterns of race or ethnicity, and that more minorities have ascended the economic order in the New York region. A major factor in the economic gains of minorities was an increase in their education. Although black and Hispanic people are still far more likely than whites to drop out of school, according to the census report, the proportion of people in all groups to obtain high school and college degrees nationwide grew in the 1980's. The census data also underscored the gains that have been made by people of Asian descent in the New York region -- which includes New York, New Jersey and Connecticut -- and elsewhere. Asians had higher incomes and more education than people of any other ethnic or racial group in the 1980's. Attributed to Service Sector Between 1979 and 1989, median incomes more than doubled in New Jersey and Connecticut. The census data show that residents of Connecticut, with median household earnings of $41,721 in 1989, were the highest-paid in the nation. New Jersey residents ranked third, behind those in Alaska, with a median of $40,927 for 1989. Under census definitions, a household can be a single person or a family residing under the same roof. The median income is the point at which there is an equal number of people making more and making less. In New York, the report said, median household income rose by 95 percent during the decade, to $32,956 in 1989, or 10 percent higher than the national median. Ten years earlier, the median earnings for New York State residents had been slightly lower than the national median. Economists attributed the income growth to rapid expansion, particularly from 1980 to 1988, in Wall Street brokerage houses, law firms, engineering companies, and a host | Income Gains Seen for Minorities in the New York Region |
545314_0 | To the Editor: In "The Candidates as Culture Vultures" [ July 12 ] , Michael Kelly states that "Theodore Roosevelt's chief cultural interest was the shooting of animals caught unaware." This a misstatement of historical fact. Theodore Roosevelt, a Harvard graduate, was perhaps the most erudite and literate man ever to occupy the White House. He was an insatiable reader, as suggested by the quantities of books he kept at his home at Sagamore Hill. He knew several foreign languages, as well as Latin and classical Greek, and he carried specially bound copies of the classics with him on his African safaris. Mr. Kelly may not like Teddy Roosevelt's politics, but it is inexcusable for him to imply that Roosevelt was some sort of ignorant boor. Compared to the intellectual attainments of Roosevelt, whose vast knowledge of history, nature and geography astonished his contemporaries, the intellectual pretensions of most subsequent Presidents have been extremely modest. RONALD ROSENBLATT New York CANDIDATES AND ART | Teddy Roosevelt Was No Boor |
545338_1 | quota for corn imports that would begin at 2.5 million tons each year and increase by 3 percent annually. Tariffs on other corn imports would be reduced over 15 years, but even that would involve a major transition for the country's 2.4 million corn growers, most of whom farm small plots for subsistence. The Government now pays those farmers about double the world market price for their corn. In return for its concessions on corn and other basic grains, Mexico is to receive greater access to United States markets for its citrus, vegetables and sugar. But one Mexican official acknowledged that even the considerable increase in access is less than Mexico sought. The Unresolved Issues Mexican and United States officials said that they were similarly close to an accord on energy issues, and that they had made some progress on new rules for foreign investment and services. But along with the further discussion on those issues, the thorny topic of automotive trade loomed especially large over the weekend talks among Mrs. Hills; the Canadian Trade Minister, Michael H. Wilson, and Mexico's Commerce Secretary, Jaime Jose Serra Puche. The topic has created a series of shifting allies and opponents: Mrs. Hills and Detroit's Big Three car manufacturers against United States auto workers and Mexican parts suppliers; Mexico against the United States, and Mexico and the United States against Canada. But trade officials said the remaining difficulties are less political than technical. What Is an American Car? After lengthy bargaining, officials said the three countries have agreed on how to determine the North American content of their cars, but they have not yet decided what level of North American content should be required for free trade. But the more difficult debate may be about how much trade they would open up to imports. Mexico, for example, now requires that its automotive producers export 1.75 cars for each one they import. Trade officials said today that they would not comment on the progress of their talks before Sunday. Mexican officials have been pushing to resolve the outstanding issues so a treaty can be signed before the Presidential elections in the United States and the State of the Union address by President Carlos Salinas de Gortari on Nov. 1. The Bush Administration, which has come to see the trade pact as a potential source of political support, particularly with voters in the Southwest, had | Talks Resume to Complete North American Trade Pact |
542584_0 | Calgene Inc.'s genetically engineered tomato, the Flavr Savr, may soon be free of restrictions as a result of the United States Department of Agriculture's proposal yesterday to deregulate the product. The tomato, which is designed to have an extended shelf life of two to three weeks, has been under Agriculture Department regulation for the last three years. Calgene, a biotechnology company focused on producing genetically engineered agricultural products, is the first company to petition the Government to grow gene-altered plants commercially without Agriculture Department permits. The company, based in Davis, Calif., plans to begin marketing the Flavr Savr tomato to consumers next year. COMPANY NEWS | U.S. PROPOSES DEREGULATING CALGENE'S BIOTECH TOMATO |
542666_3 | added that one objection raised about blood flow studies was that they just look at the brain's energy supply. Yet what people really want to see are the fine details of delicate interactions between nerve cells. The relationship between blood flow and brain functioning is nowhere near as simple as it is in a muscle, Dr. Shulman said, where "you put glucose in and work comes out." But, he added, he and others find that blood flow is a workable surrogate for brain function because "it is related to brain function in time and space." Fast M.R.I. imaging had its origin with a discovery by Dr. Seiji Ogawa of A.T.& T. Bell Laboratories that the technique could distinguish between blood that was laden with oxygen and blood that had been depleted of oxygen. It could therefore show where oxygen-laden blood was going in the brain and giving up oxygen.. Difference From Oxygen M.R.I. produces its images by detecting signals from the hydrogen atoms of water molecules surrounding the tiny blood vessels that deliver blood to the brain. The spinning nuclei of the hydrogen atoms are exposed to the strong magnetic field of the M.R.I. machine, then dislodged from the field with a brief pulse of radio waves. The nuclei emit radio waves of their own at a characteristic frequency when allowed to realign their axis of spin with the prevailing field. Dr. Ogawa found that water molecules surrounding the vessels have slightly different magnetic properties depending on whether or not the blood is fully loaded with oxygen. Hemoglobin carrying oxygen increases the magnetic field around it by a tiny amount, whereas hemoglobin without oxygen does not. Areas of the brain that are active become engorged with oxygen-rich blood. By exploiting the magnetic differences between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, investigators have found they can make moving pictures of the brain in action. PET scans have shown that small distinct areas of the brain light up when people think, providing the first evidence that thinking, or, at least metabolic activity in areas where thinking takes place, is localized and not diffused over the brain. Researchers recently have used PET scans to study brain activity in certain disorders, like dyslexia. PET Scan Difficulties But PET scans have been difficult and the method has taken years to begin yielding results. Because the method requires injection of radioactive glucose, it cannot be applied repeatedly to | Improved Scanner Watches the Brain As It Thinks |
542330_0 | Windfall The End of the Affair By William F. Buckley Jr. Illustrated. 296 pages. Random House. $25. As he has sometimes done in his previous oceangoing books -- "Airborne," "Atlantic High" and "Racing Through Paradise" -- William F. Buckley Jr. in "Windfall: The End of the Affair" freely quotes from his shipmates' journals whenever a change of pace or point of view seems needed. In one such selection, Richard M. Clurman, the writer and former Time magazine editor, describes Mr. Buckley at the wheel of a car full of people racing at speeds of 50 to 60 miles an hour down a steep mountain road edged by dizzying cliffs while simultaneously trying to pull a crew-neck cashmere sweater off over his head. "Grab the wheel," one passenger shouts at Mr. Clurman from the back seat. "Good thinking," writes Mr. Clurman, "because Bill's sweater is snagged, covering his face and eyes." The passage is amusing, like many similar ones in "Windfall." ("The sweater maneuver completed, he resumes his conversation in mid-sentence where he left off, never deigning to mention his murderous and suicidal autogymnastic undressing.") But it is also metaphorically fitting because it reveals Mr. Buckley taking inordinate delight in risk. And in "Windfall," he delights in risk as never before in his sailing books, especially the scariest risk of all, that of exposing one's more intimate feelings. "Windfall" is ostensibly an account of sailing the route of Christopher Columbus's first trans-Atlantic voyage, from Lisbon to Barbados, aboard a 71-foot chartered ketch named Sealestial. But though Mr. Buckley pays homage to the historian Samuel Eliot Morison, and quotes from his writings on Columbus where they seem pertinent to the voyage of Sealestial, he is the first to admit that this narrative of what he insists is his last major sailing trip is really "about how I see the world," for "how I see the world is the only way I know to react to the world." As readers of his previous books know well, how Mr. Bucklely sees the world is through such passions of his as boats, music, language, friends, family, politics, nautical gadgets, celestial navigation and answering the mail, to which activity he retreats in "Windfall" whenever there's nothing else to keep his mind racing. And when his accounts of dictating letters cease to amuse him, he reproduces what he said at his 40th college reunion; or describes how | Books of The Times; A New Risk, Perhaps a New Buckley |
542389_0 | World Economies | |
543975_9 | over. Then I tried to call Mid-Lakes on the two-way radio provided with the boat, but although we had been under way for less than an hour, we were out of range. We drifted from one side of the channel to the other. Eventually, a passing cabin cruiser promised to send help. After another hour, I saw a Mid-Lakes boat in the distance with Mrs. Wing at the helm. It pulled alongside and a mechanic -- the person who had in fact built our boat -- jumped aboard. He lifted our engine hatch and twisted a bolt that regulated air flow to the engine. It ran fine the rest of the week. By late afternoon, about five hours after we left the Mid-Lakes dock, we reached the intersection with the Erie Canal and the blue-and-gold sign -- Albany to the right, Buffalo to the left. I pushed the tiller to the right, sending us left -- literally into the sunset. There is a timelessness to this part of the canal, but time was very much on my mind. The locktenders used to be on duty until 11 P.M. To save money in an era of deficit-induced budgets, the state cut their hours back to 7 P.M. We were determined to get through the two locks leading to Clyde and tie up for the night -- there had to be a supermarket within walking distance where we could buy the perishables we didn't buy back in Cayuga. We glided into the second lock with 15 minutes to spare. In Clyde, founded by 19th-century Scottish immigrants, we tied up under a tall bridge. After a climb up a grassy bank and a 10-minute walk through town, we found the market. The quiet, meandering sections of canal were an antidote to the telephones, computers, round-the-clock television and harried meals that too often define everyday life in the late 20th century. The long stretch between Clyde and Lyons, where the canal cuts through old farms and fields, is a tableau from the years after the War of 1812. That was when America went canal crazy, building more than 4,000 miles of artificial waterways and opening back-country farms and out-of-the-way mills to hard-drinking, hard-driving canal barge captains. Just after sunset on our second day, the canal was a mirror, framed by tall old trees and steeples -- the churches of Palmyra, which says it has | Skippering a Canal Boat |
543900_4 | Invented or Found? Romanticism is far more than a theory of poetry, having profoundly altered the way in which we think about the world, according to "Conversations With Isaiah Berlin," by Isaiah Berlin and Ramin Jahanbegloo (Scribners). For more than two millennia people had believed that every genuine question must have one true answer and one only. After the Romantics had done their work it began to be believed that some answers were not to be discovered, but created; that moral and political values are not found but made. . . . The basic art of original creation as opposed to discovery and analysis -- that's a romantic conception. This contradicts the philosophy -- the philosophia perennis , of objective values, however discovered, which reigned from Plato until the modern Positivists, throughout Western history with no break. This great structure was not overthrown, but it was cracked, as it were, by the Romantics. As for us, we inherit both these traditions, objective discovery and subjective creation, and oscillate between them, and try vainly to combine them, or ignore their incompatibility. Seeking Virtue, Spurning Idle Fame The uses of envy are celebrated in this droll passage by the 14th-century poet Petrarch, included in Volume One of "Letters of Old Age: Rerum Senilium Libri I-XVIII," translated by Aldo S. Bernardo, Saul Levin and Reta A. Bernardo (Johns Hopkins University). You see, often second place is both safer and more advantageous. Ahead of you is someone to absorb envy's first blows, to show you the way at the risk of his own reputation, whose steps will teach you what to avoid and what to follow, someone to rouse you or shake off your numbness, someone for you to try to equal or to wish to surpass, so as not to see him always ahead of you. These are the spurs of noble spirits who have often enjoyed amazing success. . . . Surely, if you search your memory, you will find scarcely a great general, philosopher or poet who was not driven by such spurs to achieve that height. . . . Envy arouses the lover and the scholar. Love without a rival, merit without a competitor languishes. A poor worker is better than a lazy rich man. . . . It is better and safer to rely upon the support of active virtue than to count on the praises of idle fame. | Noted With Pleasure |
543825_0 | To the Editor: "There's Plenty of Room" (letter, June 30) by Sheldon L. Richman, senior editor of the Cato Institute, merits serious questioning on several counts. It is meaningless, if not outright dangerous, to suggest that population density is unimportant and that there should be no concern about population pressure because the average density per square mile in the world is low. Comparative density figures are useful in describing population distribution, but they take on meaning only related to the opportunities and limitations of the ecological and economic environments. Mr. Richman dismisses any limitation to population growth that might be caused by resource depletion by claiming that "every resource gets cheaper every year." Are we to conclude that there is a never-ending supply of oil, gas, coal, arable land, tropical forests, fish? He cites areas and spots with high densities that are well off economically, presumably indicating that high densities are of no concern anywhere. One wonders, however, how many Hong Kongs, Singapores and Taiwans can be expected to achieve viability in the world. More important, Mr. Richman ignores the evidence of population pressure, including widespread soil deterioration; increasing desertification; landlessness; food shortages, hunger and malnutrition; unemployment and underemployment in rural and urban areas. Perhaps he should look at such cities as Lagos, Calcutta, Kinshasa and Mexico City before reaching the conclusion that high densities are no problem. To state, as Mr. Richman does, that there is no evidence that population growth impedes economic growth is misleading. Present population growth rates in many African countries, for example, are more than 3 percent a year, while most countries are experiencing growth rates in national incomes substantially lower than that. WILLIAM A. HANCE Nantucket, Mass., July 3, 1992 The writer is professor emeritus of geography, Columbia University. | Population Growth Imperils the Planet |
543933_0 | A law to ban job discrimination against disabled people takes effect in a week and is widely expected to force changes in employment practices as far-reaching as those that followed the laws that opened jobs to women and blacks. As half a million businesses -- all those with 25 employees or more -- prepare to comply with the law, organizations representing people with disabilities are calling it their own emancipation proclamation. The law, the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, challenges the myths, attitudes and working conditions that its bipartisan authors blame for keeping many disabled adults housebound and impoverished. Applying to Many Businesses The provisions that take effect July 26 are intended to outlaw discrimination against the 14 million working-age Americans with physical or mental impairments. In two years, the provisions will be extended to three-quarters of a million other businesses with 15 to 25 workers. Although the law does not require employers to set goals for hiring or promoting the disabled, it could have much the same effect. It tells employers that in hiring, promotion and compensation they cannot discriminate against an otherwise competent worker who has a "physical or mental impairment" that "substantially limits" a major life activity, like seeing, walking, thinking or breathing. Effect Hard to Gauge With the law still to take effect and the hiring slow everywhere because of the sluggish economy, no one ventures to guess yet how many people with disabilities will get jobs because of the law or what business will spend to accommodate them. But few experts doubt that the impact will be widespread. "It means that Government and the private sector must take steps to assure that people with disabilities have access to the mainstream of American life," said Robert A. Katzmann, a specialist in legal and disability issues at the Brookings Institution. Agencies specializing in placing people in jobs report more contacts with employers. Steve Weiner, placement director at Gallaudet University, a college in Washington for deaf students, reports a surge in companies visiting the campus to interview. "The act is generating a lot of possible hires," he said. The law is an unabashed venture into social engineering and Government intervention into the private economy, normally anathema to many conservatives and business associations. But although many employers say they fear the cost of complying, others say the law will expand the pool of workers available to industry at | MAJOR SHIFT LIKELY AS LAW BANS BIAS TOWARD DISABLED |
543948_1 | indicates that the agencies either ignored or did not pursue mounting evidence that Iraq was paying for its weapons programs with loans from the Atlanta bank. The report did not discuss such evidence, for example, or point out that the bank was under Federal investigation. At the time, some State and Agriculture Department officials were also warning their superiors of their suspicions that some loan money guaranteed by the United States credit program might have been diverted to Iraq's weapons projects. In addition, there were a number of intelligence reports, many generated by the Pentagon, on Iraq's extensive procurement network around the world. The intelligence report largely followed the conventional wisdom of the Bush Administration that President Saddam Hussein was a leader who could be worked with. It included a discussion of Iraq's ambitious weapons programs and complex procurement network, but concluded that he would focus on rebuilding a country ravaged by eight years of war with Iran and would not attack any of his neighbors in the next two to three years. The report's timing was particularly crucial because it was delivered just one month after Mr. Bush signed a directive on Oct. 2 that called for the use of economic and political incentives as a way of moderating Mr. Hussein's behavior. A few days after the report was issued, the Bush Administration extended $500 million in new loan guarantees to Iraq. Mr. Bush remained personally engaged in the policy in that period. When Secretary of State James A. Baker 3d sent a still-secret message to Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz of Iraq after a meeting they had on Oct. 6, he invoked Mr. Bush's name in responding to Mr. Aziz's charge that the United States was trying to destabilize Iraq. "The President has asked me to say to you and through you to President Saddam Hussein in the most direct way possible that the United States is not involved in any effort to weaken or destabilize Iraq," the message said. "Having looked into the matter and discussed it with the President, I can tell you this with the highest authority. Such an action would be completely contrary to the President's policy, which is to work to strengthen the relationship between the United States and Iraq whenever possible." The National Intelligence Estimate was the first such document on Iraq in the Bush Administration. Such reports reflect the thinking of the | C.I.A. Had Warned Bush Over Iraqi Farm Loans |
543873_1 | affecting public accommodation of people with disabilities, began only in January, and there has been so much anticipatory sound and fury over the legislation that there has hardly been time for a dispassionate evaluation. Is Mr. Blanck just another Harvard-educated, Stanford-trained smarty-pants with a sociopolitical agenda? "I am at the interface of employers and advocates," Mr. Blanck said during a telephone interview from his office in Iowa City. "The point was to begin a dialogue on these issues and to help resolve disputes without resorting to litigation." At least four years ago, he said, when the A.D.A. was still just a blur in the eyes of several legislators and lobbying groups, there was an obvious need for empirical information on the ability of people with disabilities to work -- and the ability of workplaces to accommodate them. "There was a lack of information out there," he said. "Just a lack of hard facts." "We knew that a Federal effort was down the pike, though we didn't know what it would be," Mr. Blanck said. As a scholar with training in psychology, the science of individual behavior, and law, the formal rules of social behavior, Mr. Blanck was aware that policy, the implementation of good intentions, frequently outruns knowledge. There was, for example, little longitudinal research on the impact of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, a measure affecting Federal workplaces and contractors that was the spiritual ancestor of the A.D.A. Thus was Mr. Blanck's project, which began in 1989, both obvious and, in policy science, unusual. "To have subsequent comparisons, we needed baseline data," he said. His approach, drawing on techniques used in economic, medical and social research, was interdisciplinary and inclusive of those he refers to as "consumers" of the A.D.A. -- people with disabilities -- and "users" -- the employers. The consumers studied were mentally retarded, many with various "physical challenges." Mr. Blanck estimates that 20 to 30 percent of the 43 million Americans said to be disabled fall into the category of people he studied. His users covered a range of large and small workplaces, from fast-food businesses to hospitals to sales organizations to high-tech production companies. It is on the basis of the first year of data, from 1989, that Mr. Blanck assigned some common beliefs about disabilities to the realm of mythology. Perhaps most surprising, given the protesting voices of several trade associations in recent months, | At Work; Data on Disabilities, True and False |
544037_0 | Last year, after at least a dozen unsuccessful job interviews, Kathleen Roche, a self-described "little person" who is 4 feet tall, snapped at an interviewer who had just told her that she was unqualified for a receptionist's position. "Look at me for what I am," she told him, "Not for the way my feet dangle off the chair." When Michael Lopez, a college graduate who had been a counselor for an organization of disabled people, was looking for work last year, he made a flurry of phone calls to job-placement agencies. Many were promising, often reaching discussions of salary. But after he asked whether his electric wheelchair would be able to get through their doors, no agency invited him for an interview. Brenda Whigham was taken aback when an officer at a job-placement company advised against mentioning her visual impairment. He told her that once she got the job, she then could discuss the magnifying equipment she needed to read a page of text. All three said recently that their disabilities had been a setback when they began their job searches. But when they turned to Just One Break, a not-for-profit agency in New York that places the disabled in jobs, they learned that their disabilities could be assets. Within a few months, they each had a job they liked: Mrs. Roche, 44 years old, a receptionist at the office of the Federal Comptroller of the Currency; Mr. Lopez, 27, an administrative manager at RJR Nabisco, and Ms. Whigham, 30, a customer service representative at UTAC America, a watch company. One of a Kind The agency, known as JOB, says it is the only employment service devoted exclusively to placing disabled people. Other groups serving the disabled offer job referrals, but they do not operate as professional employment services, concentrating solely on providing and developing placements. There is still much reluctance about hiring people with disabilities, says Mikki Lam, executive director of the agency. But in the last few years, she has observed a marked change in the attitudes of companies, now on a mission to diversify their work force. For 45 years, as JOB paired disabled people and employers, it has been sending out a constant message: people with disabilities should be considered for many of the same jobs that able-bodied people do. To this end, it maintains a referral list of 1,200 qualified employees, makes job placements with | Job Agency Turns Disabilities Into Assets |
543821_2 | call with ears. Mario Cuomo, when he was trying to convince reporters of why he need not run for President, used to say that it was not the messenger that was important, it was the message. In the case of the Perot phenomenon that shoe fits. He was limited, this talk-show wonder who got going when the going got tough. And he changed the whole tenor of the race this year. When George Bush, who seems to have been on a fishing trip for every major crisis of the last four years, interrupts his angling to say that he gets the message, something is out there. In his speech Mr. Clinton quoted the civil rights activist Fanny Lou Hamer, who said when she was running for Congress in 1964, "I'm sick and tired of being sick and tired." Mr. Perot galvanized the sick-and-tired vote. There's been so much talk of positioning this last week, a word that is offensive to voters, suggesting that winning their allegiance requires no more than a Happy Meal with a McPrinciple and a large middle ground. Mr. Clinton positioned himself as a moderate and friend of the middle class. He said it was time for a change in the party, to admit that the welfare system doesn't work and that creating jobs is more important than creating entitlements. The Perot groundswell had nothing to do with positioning -- there were few positions, even to the bitter end -- and everything to do with a vast number of voters who believe that government and its citizens live in parallel universes. Paying seemly attention to the meaning of the Perot candidacy, Mr. Cuomo said in his nominating speech: "Before he told anyone what he intended to do or how he would do it, he used one word and applause broke out all over America. The word was 'change!' " That big broad vague message has pre-empted this election. The old Democratic stances have been muted and the theme of a new generation hammered home with everything from Elvis jokes to Fleetwood Mac anthems. The tone has been set: change. From here on in, Mr. Clinton must stand the dictum on its ear -- the messenger has become critical, the messenger and his ability to look through the scrim of positioning and spin and electoral votes and simply say: "I see you. I know you. I am you." | Public & Private; The Fourth Wall |
540457_0 | After a few shots of sugar cane rum, fishermen who gather nightly on a riverside wharf here often say that, peering through the tropical haze of the Eastern Amazon, they can see the bright lights of France. Indeed, 15 minutes downriver by motorized canoe lies a thinly populated corner of Europe: Saint Georges de l'Oyapock, the southernmost town of French Guiana. Historically, Brazil has been a nation that received immigrants, not one that dispatched emigrants. Traditionally, this remote edge of the country was a beacon for French convicts escaping Devils Island and fleeing Guiana's thick jungles. In a legacy of this era, one Brazilian border village carries the name Normandia -- a nostalgic tribute by a French fugitive to his faraway birthplace. But now it is the lights of France that burn brightest in this region straddling the Equator. Fleeing a decade of economic stagnation, Brazilians are migrating to French Guiana in search of European salaries. French Guiana, slightly larger than Maine, has only 100,000 people. Brazil's five states closest to it have 20 million people, largely poor. 'Hit the Beach Running' Without life jackets and packed into precarious wooden canoes, hundreds embark every week from here for the perilous, seven-hour journey to Cayenne, the capital of the French department. "You have to hit the beach running," Iran Bernardino, a Brazilian veteran of the trip, counseled a friend late one afternoon as they waited for the sun to set before climbing into a river canoe. With French work visas virtually impossible to obtain, most Brazilians enter the department illegally by way of Cayenne. Some continue to Kourou, site of the world's busiest commercial satellite launching center. "Until I was caught, I was earning 9,000 francs a month in a furniture factory in Cayenne," Mr. Bernardino said, an amount worth $1,730 today. By contrast, the 36-year-old former construction worker noted, Brazil's legal minimum salary is $67 a month. Oiapoque, an isolated Amazon village without a sewage system, without a high school and without a working telephone at the town hall, has become the latest contact point between two tectonic plates -- the economically developed north and the economically deprived south. One Million Have Left Since '80 The deep recession has sent Brazilians knocking on all doors. As many as one million Brazilians have immigrated to the United States, Japan and Europe since 1980. Most recently, they have turned to French Guiana. | Oiapoque Journal; Perilous Jungle Passage Leads Poor to 'France' |
540457_3 | construction has progressed slowly, largely because of French fears that the road will become a highway for Brazilian immigration. In town, sun-faded posters from France's recent regional elections serve as reminders that French Guianese are full-fledged French citizens. Attracted by social benefits befitting a European Community nation, local nomadic Amazon Indians routinely cross the Oiapoque River from Brazil to register as French citizens. At the local gendarmerie, a police officer complained about the difficulty of blocking Brazilian immigration. A Growth Industry "For every 2 boats you catch, 10 get through," said the sergeant, outfitted in khaki shorts and shirt. "The Brazilians don't stop, and you can't shoot them." Border tensions increased one night in April when a Brazilian team slipped into Saint Georges. Boarding the gendarmes' only river patrol boat, the Brazilians cut steering cables and stole the two outboard motors. Oiapoque's locals admit that smuggling illegal workers into French territory has become a growth industry for Brazil's northernmost town near the Atlantic coast. "It started two years ago with the Collor Government," Newton Torres da Silva, a former boat pilot, said. He was alluding to the recession, for which many blame Brazil's President, Fernando Collor de Mello. Plastic Baggage Today, boat pilots shouting fares to "Franca" greet a bus that arrives daily from Macapa, a state capital 370 miles to the south. Facing the river wharf is a line of tent restaurants selling cheap plates of beans and rice, and Oiapoque's largest rooming house, appropriately named Hotel de Transito. On a recent afternoon, one quayside merchant openly hawked "plastic bags for Cayenne." "You have to keep your clothes and documents wrapped in plastic," counseled Mr. Bernardino, who recalled wading ashore at dawn on previous arrivals at Cayenne. Canoe pilots rarely beach their craft, fearing that the French police will seize their motors and cut up their boats with chainsaws. Boat pilots, who charge about $30 a passenger, find they can pack as many as 50 people into one canoe, if they dispense with life jackets. The 125-mile journey to Cayenne entails negotiating open seas for five hours with a 40-horsepower engine. When boats capsize in the dark, passengers often drown. "It's a risk," admitted Mr. Bernardino, who said he supported his wife and two children on earnings he sent home from Cayenne. "But it's a bigger risk to stay home and to try to survive on Brazil's starvation salaries." | Oiapoque Journal; Perilous Jungle Passage Leads Poor to 'France' |
540474_0 | To the Editor: "Look Who's Adding Missiles" (editorial, June 19) expresses dismay that France and Britain are "increasing their nuclear arsenals." Leslie H. Gelb's column the same day states that Israel is militarily secure, but "What most troubles Israeli generals, and civilian hawks and doves alike, is Arab nuclear potential." An opportunity to address both concerns was wasted by President Bush when Boris Yeltsin displayed the courage to make a less-than-equal deal in which his country would cut strategic weapons to 3,000 while ours could keep 3,500 (front page, June 17). Mr. Bush failed to reciprocate in a way free of risk or cost: announce a nuclear arms test moratorium. With Russia and France having taken the lead on this, if the United States did the same, Britain would undoubtedly follow, thus leaving China as the only permanent member of the Security Council -- and the only acknowledged nuclear-have nation -- still uncommitted to a test ban. It seems unlikely that China would refuse to join the other four in the most significant step, both symbolic and substantive, toward prevention of a world teeming with nuclear-armed nations, and surely, in time, subnational groups, including terrorists. Testing implies the quest for qualitative improvement, which can make quantitative reductions meaningless. And continued testing weakens the quest for nonproliferation, since "near-nuclear" states can claim their sovereign right to do the same, that is, to become full-fledged members of the nuclear country club. Little wonder this worries Israel. And that France and Britain believe they must increase their arsenals. Since the summer of 1945 the United States led the way, with the Soviet Union soon to follow, in the costly, counterproductive march of folly of the arms race. Now it is incumbent on the United States to lead the way back. That is bound to be an incremental process, but not beyond the capability of human intelligence. Without question the most practical first step is a United States test moratorium. HAROLD WILLENS Los Angeles, June 19, 1992 | Better to Stop Missiles on Ground Than in Sky; Test Moratorium |
540446_0 | Operation Sail 1992 is billed as the largest fleet of tall ships ever. Officially it celebrates Columbus's first voyage to the Americas 500 years ago. But it's much more. As training ships for yet another generation of ocean sailors, those stately vessels celebrate five thousand years of sail. The first Op Sail, in 1964, was supposedly the world's last chance to see such an assembly of sailing ships in working order before they rotted or rusted away. But today's display attests that they function even now as floating classrooms for young men and women who want to go to sea. Making the point splendidly, Op Sail '92 concludes on Tuesday with 1,700 of those cadets from some three dozen countries parading together up Lower Broadway. The careers for which they train are, of course, on ships propelled by modern engines, some even nuclear. But the sea is a demanding workplace, and there's no better way to learn that than under sail. The complete sailor possesses a feel for winds and tides, stars above and shoals below. Life aboard ship also requires teamwork and discipline. Wind-powered sailing, whether on a little sailboat or a mighty bark, brings it all together, up close physically and mentally, where a would-be tar can't help but absorb it. The stars of Op Sail are the 30-plus Tall Ships, entering the harbor under a bridge that takes its name from Giovanni da Verrazano, the Florentine navigator who did it first, in 1524. No spectator will fail to spot the U.S. Coast Guard's proud 295-foot Eagle leading the way. But none can ignore the small ships that will be bringing up the rear -- a collection of historical replicas and up-to-date originals spanning the adventure of eight centuries. Even these represent only a brief moment in the history of sail. As far as is known, man freed himself from the limitations of oared ships, powered by human muscle, as far back as 3000 B.C., when Egyptians first harnessed the wind on the waters of the Nile. For ages since, fickle breezes remained the only power for sailing abroad -- to explore, to travel, to transport goods, to fish the ocean deep. For ages to come, sailing those breezes will condition young men and women for the rigors of the sea. | Editorial Notebook; Not Just a Mobile Museum |
540489_1 | through shortages of gasoline and fresh food. Many oil refineries and storage depots have been surrounded by trucks, while fruit and vegetables are beginning to spoil in trucks and warehouses. Further, production in plants owned by Renault, Citroen and Peugeot has been disrupted by the lack of parts. Even a Peugeot Talbot car factory in Coventry, England, has temporarily laid off hundreds of workers because of a halt in deliveries from France. The catalyst for the so-called "Operation Snail," involving tens of thousands of truckers, might at first seem almost anecdotal -- a new road-safety measure involving an automatic six-month suspension of a license when a driver loses six points through traffic violations. Every licensed driver in France is now credited with six points, and will be marked down with each offense. Under the system, which is already in force in Germany and other European countries, driving under the influence of alcohol would cost three points, reckless driving, two points, and ordinary cases of speeding or going through a red light, one point. See Livelihood Threatened The French truckers argue that the regulation threatens their livelihood because the time they spend at the wheel makes them much more likely to lose points than ordinary drivers. And if they lose their licenses, they say, they lose their jobs. As a result, they want to be given more chances. But the Government is eager to impose discipline on driving habits in France, which has one of the worst accident records in Europe. Last year, 9,600 people died and some 200,000 were injured on French roads, roughly twice as many as in Britain, which has the same population. Prime Minister Pierre Beregovoy has insisted that the new points system that went into effect on July 1 will be preserved and has warned the truckers that they already risk losing their licenses. But he offered to make "adjustments" if the blockades were lifted. The truckers' action comes at a particularly bad time. Only last week, thousands of farmers protested a planned cutback of agricultural subsidies by trying to blockade Paris. Cab drivers in many French cities are also planning stoppages to protest the new rules on driving licenses. With the truckers' action now in its fifth day, prospects for an early settlement look slim. The Transport Minister, Jean-Louis Bianco, has proposed one concession -- that the authorities would not assess points as a result | Truckers Vex France With Protest . . . |
540472_0 | THE Milky Way is spilled across the sky like powdered sugar, while the Big Dipper hangs huge, forever poised to pour out dreams. The air is getting cooler. The wooden masts creak in the wind. It is a little past 2 A.M. and we are slicing through salt water that was once home to the America's Cup race. Newport, R.I., twinkles like tiny diamonds off the starboard bow. Rebecca Sugden, who lives in Waterville, Me., and will be a high school junior this fall, is out of her normal element. The 15-year-old is one of two young women on watch. They are responsible for steering the ship, spotting dangers and each hour completing the log. She had just seen a falling star and seemed immensely pleased. Why so happy? "The beauty, I guess," she said. "I don't know how to explain it, it's like being free." So it has been going on the Harvey Gamage, a 110-foot, 129-ton windjammer that arrived at a Hoboken pier yesterday to participate in New York's grand parade of sailing ships. Supervised by a crew of six professionals, the vessel is being sailed by 15 high school girls, most of whom have little sailing experience. They are participants in a five-week educational program being run by the College of the Atlantic, a small liberal arts college. Situated in Bar Harbor, Me., it also teaches courses reflecting its ecological mission to groups as varied as preschool children and retired people. The idea is to teach the girls, ranging from 13 to 17 and all but three from Maine, something about marine biology and maritime history, in addition to giving them rigorous sail training. The cost is $2,900, though more than half received scholarships ranging from $900 to $2,500. Boys were deemed a distraction. The big goal is to help the girls realize something about themselves, as they strain to test personal limits. "I've always been kind of a negative person," allowed Laurie Moran, who is 16 and proud of helping hoist a 450-pound anchor. "I'll think I'll look more at the bright side." This, of course, is one of those little stories behind the great big story of a New York celebration. A small but important part of the magnificent whole. Late Wednesday afternoon, the Harvey Gamage was in Woods Hole, Mass., where the students visited the oceanographic institute. Along the way, they stopped at museums, | Getting Their Sea Legs: Windjammer With a Crew of Girls |
543375_2 | and his school's fourth-place ranking, up from 12th place in the 1989 survey, he acknowledged the criticism it has drawn. "I think some of the methodology is questionable in terms of how they picked the journals they considered the best," he said. "But as a crude tool for measuring quality scholarship, I suppose it's as good as any rating system." Importance of Being Listed Dean Hines said such surveys have been important to his school in the last several years. He said he believes the U.S. News & World Report survey, which ranked Iowa 25th this year and 18th in 1991, was largely responsible for a 22 percent increase in the law school's admissions applications by out-of-state students in the last academic year. Even though his school's rankings fell in the latest U.S. News & World Report survey, he said, the mere mention of its name among the top schools distinguished it from the nation's 175 other accredited law schools. Bruce J. Schulte, an assistant dean at the Chicago-Kent College of Law, said the survey's creators chose to base it on law reviews because they are the most current indication of the level of legal scholarship. "It measures what it measures, no more, no less," he said. "But I think all of us would agree it's better than asking some judge who graduated from his school 30 years ago and is still a booster." Differences in methods aside, the results of the survey were similar to those of the U.S. News & World Report survey, published on March 23. All five schools that were rated highest by academics in the news magazine's 1991 survey rank among the top six in the Chicago-Kent survey. Correction: July 22, 1992, Wednesday An article on the Law page on Friday, about a survey by the Chicago-Kent College of Law at the Illinois Institute of Technology ranking law schools by how often their faculty members write in leading law reviews, included an incomplete description of the methodology used by U.S. News & World Report to produce a similar study. The magazine bases 20 percent of a school's ranking on a survey of deans and faculty members, 20 percent on appraisals of recent graduates by employers and judges, 20 percent on success in placing students after graduation, 25 percent on the academic performance and other characteristics of incoming students and 15 percent on a school's resources. | Ranking Law Schools by Faculty Publishing Rate |
543289_0 | The French observed the 50th anniversary today of the first major roundup of Jews in Nazi-occupied France amid growing demands that President Francois Mitterrand publicly recognize the responsibility of the Vichy Government for crimes against Jews. In recent weeks, a flurry of newspaper articles and television programs have sought to dispel the traditional view that only Germans singled out Jews for persecution by demonstrating how the Vichy Government took the initiative in ordering the French police to arrest Jews. The anniversary notes the time when the French police, under the Vichy Government, took part directly in the first organized roundup on July 16 and 17, 1942. Then some 13,000 Jews, including 4,000 children, were arrested and confined in a cycling stadium, the Vel d'Hiver on the Left Bank, before being deported to Auschwitz and other death camps. Of these, only about 400 survived. The stadium no longer exists. During the German occupation between 1940 and 1944, about 76,000 French and foreign Jews were deported to Nazi death camps, of whom 2,600 survived. A large group of intellectuals last month called on President Mitterrand to break an historical taboo by formally proclaiming that "the French state of Vichy" carried out persecution of and crimes against Jews. But on television on Tuesday, Mr. Mitterrand sidestepped the issue, noting that in 1940 "the French state was Vichy and not the Republic" and that the Resistance, the Government of General de Gaulle in 1944 and the Fourth Republic "were founded on rejection of this state." The intellectuals renewed their appeal to the President today to recognize Vichy's responsibility, arguing that "the French state today is answerable for everything that has been done in the name of the state." After November 1942, the Nazis occupied all of France and the Vichy Government continued only a shadowy existence, eventually fleeing to Nazi Germany in 1944. Mr. Mitterrand laid a wreath at the entrance to the Vel d'Hiver in Paris today, and some protesters in the crowd heckled the President when he arrived. Other demonstrations today included one in which Jewish students symbolically tried the Vichy Government in front of the Palace of Justice. The debate about Vichy's role in persecuting Jews has been raging here since April when a Paris court dropped charges of crimes against humanity against a former Vichy police official, Paul Touvier, who ordered the execution of seven Jews. | Amid Vichy Storm, Paris Honors Jewish Dead |
541601_2 | the drought. Zimbabwean troops protect a corridor from the port of Beira, in northern Mozambique, through which a highway and rail line run to Zimbabwe. Hundreds of thousands of starving refugees from Renamo-held areas to the north are now camped out along the Beira highway and are getting some relief food. Efforts begun two years ago to reconstruct Beira's port have fortunately been carried out to a significant extent. Six ships were unloading grain there the other day, and the road to Zimbabwe was jammed with trucks. The other ports being used are Maputo in Mozambique, Durban, East London, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town in South Africa, and the South African territory of Walvis Bay in Namibia, on the west coast. There is also Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from which grain has to move to Zambia on a decrepit railroad and highway. So far the largest part of emergency grain supplies have come through South Africa. There has been good cooperation between South Africa and its neighbors. Even Zimbabwe, which had refused to have any kind of high-level contacts with the white regime, sent its Transport Minister, Denis Norman, to work out plans. "Food is moving," Mr. Morton said, "but time is running out." What makes this drought so devastating, he said, is that it covers the whole region. In the past this country or that has had trouble but has been able to buy from another in the region, usually South Africa or Zimbabwe. Bringing grain from across the world takes months and costs twice as much. The drought is having deadly ripple effects on local economies. Zimbabwe, for example, usually produces 450,000 tons of sugar, much of it for export. This year the cane crop was just 12,000 tons. Local cotton, used in a profitable textile industry, is down 70 percent. Bulawayo, the country's second city, has only a 40-day water supply left. The economic growth rate in Zimbabwe is negative now: minus 8 to 10 percent. The official inflation rate is 43 percent. And prices are bound to go higher with the cost of imported corn, sugar, cotton, oil and other staples. All this is a cruel blow to a country and a region that had reason to think better times were coming: racial conflicts easing, regional growth a real possibility. Now people are thinking only about getting through to the next rain -- if it comes. | At Home Abroad; Hope Turned to Dust |
545876_7 | the flow of current in the tether and use the energy to boost the orbits of space platforms or satellites." Another possible use would be to dangle capsules with instruments below a shuttle, down into the upper atmosphere. This is a region, above 60 miles, where airplanes do not fly and balloons and sounding rockets can get only sketchy data and into which satellites cannot dip. It is also a region of great scientific interest because of concerns over depletion of the protective ozone layer and climatic consequences of rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Federal Express in Space? Such a downward tether mission has been proposed to follow the current test. Different equipment would have to be developed because operating in the upper atmosphere would result in greater friction heat and dynamic pressures on the tether and capsule. But the mission has yet to be approved. "There's not much enthusiasm for the mission by NASA, unless Italy is willing to pay a large share," Dr. Grossi said. For the time being, the only authorized tests of tether technology involve modest piggyback flights on Air Force Delta 2 rockets, beginning next March. When the Delta's upper rocket stage reaches orbit, it is to deploy a 12-mile-long tether with a basketball-size capsule at the end. Instruments in the capsule are to measure the tether performance over a period of one orbit. The capsule will not be retrieved. This Small Expendable Deployer System, or SEDS, is being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., which also oversaw the design of the more elaborate equipment for the current test. James Harrison, manager of the SEDS project, said a second test with a Delta rocket was being planned for March 1994. One objective then, he said, would be to see if tethers could be used to drop a capsule into the atmosphere in such a way as to send it hurtling toward a precise spot for a landing on Earth. If feasible, Mr. Harrison said, tethered re-entry capsules "could serve like a Federal Express" to deliver experiment samples, film or even waste from an orbiting space station. Space designers have also conceived of tethers as the connective tissue holding together main components of a space station and of observatories strung out at the end of tethers, hundreds of miles away from the vibrations and contaminants of the station itself. If capsules | NASA Unveils A Satellite On a Tether 12 Miles Long |
545841_0 | To the companies that have to replace them, telephone poles are a nuisance. To the Environmental Protection Agency, they may be a source of toxic wastes. But to Dr. Ralph Portier's bacteria, they're dinner. There are an estimated 120 million poles on which electric utilities and telephone companies around the nation festoon their lines. Natural decay, normal renovation of roads and various highway accidents mean that about 2.4 million of these poles need to be replaced every year. Trouble is, the chemicals used to treat the wooden poles are potentially carcinogenic if the poles are buried or burned. Enter Acinetobacter aceti, the main species of bacteria developed at Louisiana State University as part of its work for the E.P.A. Acinetobacter (pronounced ASS-ih-nee-toh BAK-ter), which normally eats cellulose, was bred by Dr. Portier, a microbiologist at L.S.U., to prefer the wood preservatives and fire retardants used in telephone poles. Much like the organic molecules found in Big Macs and other human food, the toxins found in the phone poles -- creosote and pentachlorophenol -- are carbon based. And these particular poisons are especially tasty to Dr. Portier's masticating microbes. Early next year, Microterra Inc., a Boca Raton, Fla., company plans to open an $8 million plant in Louisiana, part of which will use Dr. Portier's bacterial process under license. Telephone companies and electric utilities that want to dispose of their poles, without the environmental headaches, would sell them to Microterra at $80 apiece. The Microterra plant has an annual capacity of 600,000 telephone poles but is easily expandable. The 45-foot-tall poles are fed into a giant wood chipper. The chips are then plunged into a washing machine containing sodium hydroxide, which separates the toxic chemicals from the wood. This step removes up to 95 percent of the creosote and pentachlorophenol, which is then recovered, thus reducing the need for industry to make more of the carcinogens. The dark-brown chips are then fed into a soft brown gravy of Acinetobacter for 10 days, which removes an additional 4.9 percent of toxic wastes. The nearly pristine chips can then be made into wood products for desks and other furniture. And what about the Acinetobacter? Alas, no postprandial nap for them. "They either die immediately after they've had their fill," Dr. Portier said, "or other bacteria grow more numerous and turn them into bug food." But as with so much in the microbe world, | COMPANY NEWS: Disarming the Utility Poles; An Acquired Taste For Creosote |
544736_0 | A coast guard frigate of the Black Sea Fleet raised the Ukrainian flag today and set off from a naval base in the Crimea for the Ukrainian port of Odessa, chased by other warships. Negotiations with the mutinous crew continued tonight. Russia and Ukraine have been squabbling over how to divide the Black Sea Fleet, which has some 300 ships. But at a meeting last month, Presidents Boris N. Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid M. Kravchuk of Ukraine asked fleet personnel to be patient and not declare allegiance to either country, despite an earlier Ukrainian demand that fleet personnel declare their loyalty to Ukraine. The incident today appeared to stem from complaints by sailors who had already taken an oath of allegiance to Ukraine of humiliation and oppression by senior officers, a Ukrainian naval official, Nikolai Savchenko, told the Interfax news service. Two Ukrainian ships were ordered to make contact with the ship, which was not identified. The frigate that mutinied today has a crew of about 60 and is armed with two cannon, torpedoes and depth charges, said officials from the Commonwealth of Independent States. It left a Commonwealth base at Donuzlav, in the Crimea, without permission, and commanders sent a guided missile cruiser, a hydrofoil, three other ships and a plane to try to bring it back. It finally anchored near Odessa at about 5 P.M. local time. | Sailors Mutiny and Take a Ship to Ukraine |
544733_0 | Time for another adventure in Conceptland, where all cars are sleekly sculptured and solar-powered, all televisions have immediate access to every movie ever made, and all houses vacuum themselves. Today: a visit to the executive office to peer at the future phone (or at the "Future:Phone," as the makers would write it, anticipating a New Age punctuation style). The design, a 21st-century combined telephone and work station, is a joint concoction of the Dictaphone Corporation and Cousins Design Inc. The designers expect post-millenium executives to need features including a keyboard with built-in telephone headset, a voice-recognition unit, a "communications tower" that houses the computer, a port for downloading information from computer diskettes and a clear display panel. The panel would become opaque when displaying messages being dictated into the voice-recognition unit, other data and video images, or images of a telephone caller. The screen could be split into multiple windows like today's computer displays. The keyboard would be connected to the communication tower by radio transmissions instead of wire. "The electronics are feasible today, but not at a price that would make it a large-volume product," said Sandor F. Weisz, director of industrial design for Dictaphone, a Pitney Bowes subsidiary in Stratford, Conn. "Our goal is to go way out looking for ideas that we should be aware of as we work on current product designs. Some of them are already being incorporated." What would it take to convince Dictaphone to try to turn the design into a working model? Evidence, Mr. Weisz said, that the estimated cost of producing the Future:Phone in high volume would come down about 75 percent. At that rate, he said, it could sell profitably for about $1,500 BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY | I See Memos in My Crystal Ball. I See the Boss on Line 1. |
540200_1 | its last. In recent years, majestic sailing ships have decorated the harbor on special occasions, smiling anachronisms calling attention to the past, the 200 years of the United States or the 100 years of the Statue of Liberty. More than at any other time, Operation Sail focuses on the ships themselves and the role of sail in history. At the center of this weekend's celebration, marking the Columbian Quincentenary, are replicas of three ships from Spain, the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria of 1492 fame. Ships like these, not much different from Verrazano's, crossed the ocean and changed the world. The sailing ship was one of humanity's transforming inventions. Dr. Lionel Casson, a retired classics professor at New York University and author of "Ancient Mariners," a history of the sailing ship, says, "It's the earliest example of the use of energy other than muscle, either animal or human." It All Began . . . When? The origin of sailing is lost in a fogbank of history. The earliest evidence of the sail is on the Nile in Egypt. Archeologists have found depictions of sailing vessels on Egyptian vases and in tomb paintings going back to 3000 B.C. They show square sails on single masts. At about the same time, the sail began showing up in the eastern Mediterranean, indicated by artifacts from the Minoans of Crete. Whether other civilizations like China were also using sails this early is an open issue, Dr. Casson said. There just is no evidence. The Bible provides many references to the uses of ships and their hold on the imagination. The writer of Proverbs XXX, Verse 18, 19 exclaims: "There be three things which are too wonderful for me . . . the way of an eagle in the air; the way of a serpent upon a rock; the way of a ship in the midst of the sea. . . ." Richard Steffy, the foremost expert on ancient shipbuilding at Texas A. & M. University's Institute of Nautical Archeology, says: "I like to think that shipbuilding was the most important early everyday technology. The Greeks and Romans built big and beautiful temples, but I think there's really nothing like a ship, their ships." One of the first significant modifications in ancient sailing was the introduction of the triangular sail, the lateen sail, by Mediterraneans and the Arabs in the Indian Ocean. The square sail | Of Time And the Sea: A Majestic History |
540375_5 | can't wear gloves," said Cynthia Rugart, a crew member, referring to the iron lines that stabilize the mast. "Also, when the sail billows, it can blow you right off the foot ropes." Ms. Rugart, a student nurse, also mentioned the difficulty of climbing past the foretop, a wooden platform about halfway up the mast. To negotiate the obstacle, crew members must climb with their backs at a 45-degree angle to the deck below. In addition to the physical work, crew members must master the hundred and one routines required to operate and maintain the ship, as well as a substantial, arcane vocabulary. "Every line and sail has a name and a function," Mr. Morgandale said. "If I say tend the course sheet and you don't know what it is, you're in trouble and you're unusable." With a normal complement of 35, crew members work through a rotation of five jobs on a standard four-hour watch. All of them eventually get a turn at the wheel, which is more a matter of symbolism than actual power. The striking, painfully obvious fact that strikes every landlubber who boards a tall ship is this: the helmsman cannot see to steer the ship. Yes, there is a compass, right in front of the wheel. But a compass cannot indicate that an iceberg lies dead ahead. Instead, ships rely on three pairs of eyes. Two crew members stand lookout at the bow of the ship, scanning the water for ships, markers, enemy submarines, whatever. A runner delivers breaking news to the deck officer standing aft near the helmsman. In most cases, the officer already knows what the runner is telling him, since he paces incessantly back and forth, leaning over the side and scanning the horizon. Aura of Mark Twain On the Gazela, the stand-in for the deck officer was Charles Futcher, a Delaware River pilot who normally guides tankers and container ships up the river. Anyone who has read "Life on the Mississippi" has a pretty good idea of the job description, and of a pilot's encyclopedic knowledge of tides, currents, shoals and bottom topography. Rivers have not changed since Twain wrote the book, and the pilot still carries with him a certain aura. Looking sharp in brokerlike attire (button-down shirt, tie and suspenders), Mr. Futcher signaled rudder commands to the helmsman with one hand. A set of headphones and wrap-around microphone kept him | Celebrating Columbus And the Age Of Sail |
540308_2 | when over two-thirds of white voters agreed to share power with blacks, has also been dimmed by the deadlock in the talks on a new nonracist constitution. As early as last March, the International Commission of Jurists concluded after surveying the violence that month, "It is clear that it would not be possible to hold free and fair elections on a one-person-one-vote basis today in the parts of South Africa we have visited." The Murderers, the Murdered The sources of the violence are extremely complex. But the murky possibility of complicity by the security forces looms over a confused landscape rife with political rivalry, vicious intolerance, gang fights over township turf, revenge and crime born of poverty and despair. Even given these explanations, some deaths defy comprehension. There was, for example, the black schoolteacher in Sebokeng township who walked down the wrong street, a street where young toughs were firebombing a local policeman's house, and was blown away by the police, who mistook him for one of the mob. Black leaders have accused the Government of orchestrating the Boipatong killings and other incidents of violence. But Justice Richard Goldstone, who heads a commission investigating violence, concluded before the Boipatong massacre that the primary cause in six other black townships was rivalry between supporters of the African National Congress and those of Inkatha. The Question of Collusion "Even if the allegations against members of the security forces prove to be justified, such misconduct would not have been possible but for the ongoing battle between the African National Congress and the Inkatha Freedom Party," he said. Nelson Mandela, the leader of the African National Congress, has warned that the violence in black areas could leap-frog into white neighborhoods, and many whites assume it already has. White fears have created a booming business in high walls topped with razor wire, burglar alarms, vicious guard dogs and private security firms who promise a rapid armed response to intruders. There has also been a huge proliferation of guns. The country's five million whites own most of the 3.2 million firearms registered with the police. The National Institute for Crime Prevention estimates that twice as many firearms circulate illegally. Bank robbers and car hijackers now often carry AK-47 assault rifles. Quarrels Turn Violent Among the poorest of the urban poor, often hostel dwellers and squatters trapped in abysmal living conditions with little hope of a decent | Post-Apartheid Hopes Stained by Bloodletting |
540217_0 | Here is a schedule of events in New York City this weekend that are part of Operation Sail '92 and the New York City Columbus Quincentenary , along with a sampling of related activities. For more information, call the number for the individual event. There is also a general information number set up by the New York City Columbus Quincentennial Commission : (800) 892-1492. Today EAST RIVER SAIL-BY. More than 100 Class B and Class C vessels -- ships less than 160 feet long -- will sail from Long Island Sound to Gravesend Bay, Brooklyn, accompanied by nearly 1,000 spectator craft. Noon to 5 P.M. SPANISH CARAVELS, Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, Pier 86, Hudson River at 46th Street, Manhattan. Spanish replicas of the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria will be on view and open for boarding. Hours: today, 9 A.M. to 2 P.M.; Sunday, 9 A.M. to 9 P.M.; and Monday through Wednesday, 9:30 A.M. to 5:30 P.M.; the ships are taking part in Operation Sail tomorrow. Boarding fee: $5 for all three ships; $4 for the elderly; $3 for ages 6 to 12; free for children under 6. Information: (212) 246-1992. "1492: TWO WORLDS OF SCIENCE," New York Hall of Science, 47-01 111th Street, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. A new exhibition featuring a replica of the only globe in existence in 1492; a simulation of riding a ship on the ocean; Old World navigational devices; American Indian calendars, number systems, foods and medicines, and daily demonstrations of navigational skills like direction-finding and determining knot speed. Through Aug. 30. Hours: today through Sunday, 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. Admission: $3.50; $2.50 for children 3 to 18. Information: (718) 699-0005. KIT McCLURE BAND, South Street Seaport, Pier 16, South and Fulton Streets, Manhattan. Big-band music. 6 P.M. Free. Information: (212) 669-9424. QUEENS MUSEUM OF ART, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park."Colombia: Contemporary Images," a display of works by Colombian artists Hours: Tuesdays, 10 A.M. to 8 P.M.; Wednesdays through Fridays, 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.; Saturdays and Sundays, noon to 5 P.M.; closed Mondays. Open July 4; Suggested admission: $3; $1.50 for students, the elderly and ages 5 to 12; free under age 5. Information: (718) 592-5555. Tomorrow GREAT PARADE OF SAIL. More than 260 tall ships will sail from the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge to the George Washington Bridge, joined by thousands of spectator craft. 9 A.M. to 4 P.M. FLAG RAISING AND FIFE | Celebrating Op Sail and Columbus |
540333_1 | on issues ranging from Algerian independence to nuclear weapons. Captured by the Germans General Billotte was a leader in the French Resistance and Free French movements. In 1940, he was wounded by the Germans and captured. He escaped from a German prisoner-of-war camp into the Soviet Union, where he represented France in Moscow in 1941-42. Then he returned to become de Gaulle's military Chief of Staff and Secretary of National Defense, based in London. Commanding an armored brigade, he led the first liberation forces that entered Paris in 1944 and arrested its German governor. He then commanded a division fighting in eastern France, and after Germany fell he became Rhineland's governor. From 1946-50, General Billotte headed the French military delegation at the United Nations, and under an international rotation system frequently served as chief of the United Nations Military Staff Committee. Friendly with American officials, he engaged in public advocacy and secret talks with the United States and Britain that culminated in NATO. As president of the French Movement for Atlantic Unity, he was an early proponent of uniting Western democracies against the Soviet Union and the spread of Communism. Quitting his army post in 1950 to enter politics, General Billotte protested that the French Government was failing to formulate a global strategy. He warned that the Russians were obstructing peace and building armaments "full of perils for the free peoples." He urged the United States to keep Communism out of Asia and develop the hydrogen bomb to regain superiority, and also said Germany should rearm, with controls. In the National Assembly A founder of the Gaullist party, he was elected in 1951 to the National Assembly from the Burgundy Department of the Cote d'Or. The next year he led a rebellion among Gaullists, but later reconciled with them. In 1955 he served as Defense Minister in the Edgar Faure Administration. He was elected a deputy for the Seine Department in 1962 and Mayor of Creteil, near Paris, in 1965. In 1964 he served as an intermediary between de Gaulle and President Lyndon B. Johnson in efforts to mend French-American relations. From 1966-68 he was the Minister of Overseas Territories in the Government of Georges Pompidou. General Billotte was born into a military family and graduated from the St.-Cyr Military Academy in 1926. He was stationed in the Far East, then in Paris. His first combat command was in 1939. | Gen. Pierre Billotte, 86, Who Led French Forces Into Paris, Is Dead |
541541_0 | Financial Documents Reveal Winners and Losers | |
541417_0 | Seeking to resolve one of the most difficult scientific and legal conflicts involving the nation's food supply, a Federal Court of Appeals ruled today that the Environmental Protection Agency must remove from the market any pesticides that both have the potential to cause cancer and leave residues in processed foods. A three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in San Francisco, ruled that such pesticides were covered by a 34-year-old provision of the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act. The regulation prohibits even trace amounts of any potentially carcinogenic additive in juices, breads, jellies, flour or thousands of other processed foods. "Congress intended to ban all carcinogenic food additives, regardless of amount or significance of risk," Judge Mary M. Schroeder said in the decision. "The language is clear and mandatory." The environmental agency, the defendant in the case, said it was considering an appeal. It had maintained that the 1958 provision, the Delaney Clause, did not apply to pesticide residues that concentrate in processed foods. Instead, the agency regulated pesticides under a separate law that allows small amounts of cancer-causing chemicals in foods if the chemicals' benefits to farmers and consumers outweighed the risk to health and the environment. It sought to minimize potential risk by setting strict limits on residues. Victory for Environmentalists The ruling was a clear victory for environmentalists, consumer groups, and labor unions who have argued for more than a decade that American farmers' reliance on insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and other toxic chemicals to produce food was polluting the environment and threatening health. But the National Agricultural Chemicals Association, the Washington-based trade group for the $5.7 billion-a-year pesticide industry, said today that its compounds were among the most thoroughly tested products on the market and were safe for consumers. The American Farm Bureau Federation, the nation's largest farm organization, said it was studying the court decision and had no immediate comment on it. The court said the Delaney Clause clearly prohibited residues of cancer-causing pesticides in processed foods and directed the E.P.A. to begin taking action to remove such residues from thousands of products. But in making its ruling the court took no position on whether the residue amounts currently allowed in foods pose a hazard. Lawyers and officials of the agency said it was not yet clear what the practical effects of the ruling would be. Under the Delaney Clause | Court Expands Pesticide Ban To Cover Many Used in Food |
541369_0 | Did President Bush's policy toward Iraq before its invasion of Kuwait involve law-breaking? Maybe. And maybe some official cover-up afterward. In any event, it would take far too long for an independent counsel to get to the bottom of the matter, and the results would be problematic. Was the policy merely a "mistake," as Bush officials are wont to say? This remarkably generous description would be laughed off by Republicans if Democrats had committed even remotely similar sins. Was it a blunder? Yes. And of such proportions that Bill Clinton and Ross Perot would be crazy not to drag the issue into the Presidential campaign. This much is already clear from the previously secret documents put on display by Representatives Henry Gonzalez and Sam Gejdenson: The Bush Administration knew or had good reason to believe that Saddam Hussein was involved with nuclear weapons, terrorism, genocide with chemical weapons against the Kurds, illegal diversion of loans to buy arms -- and that he was a very bad guy with boundless ambition. Yet in the face of all this, Bush & Co. consistently protected him from an increasingly suspicious Congress. Protect Saddam to what end? To "moderate" his behavior, the officials say and said. To glimpse how zany this was, to see what they saw as acceptable behavior, look at what they knew or suspected about Saddam from 1988 on: They had good reason to believe Saddam had a secret nuclear weapons program. True, international inspectors were giving Iraq a clean bill of health. But they knew of its longstanding effort to acquire weapons-grade uranium, and that in 1990 it tried to smuggle in U.S.-made nuclear capacitors. They also knew that from 1985 to 1990 the U.S. had approved 771 items of dual-use technology, of which 162 had possible nuclear applications. On June 15, 1990, less than two months before the Kuwait invasion, a senior State Department official told Congress that Iraq was not a "near-term" nuclear threat. But he went on to note Saddam's "great lengths to develop non-conventional weapons," including nukes. Bush aides also had definite information about an Iraqi missile program with capabilities well beyond Scuds. Many officials argued that these missiles, given their potential accuracy, made sense only as carriers of a nuclear payload. Some officials further maintained that Iraq had been diverting loans from the Banco Lavoro to finance this effort. Administration officials knew that Saddam was | Foreign Affairs; Cuddling Saddam |
541460_2 | backed by armored cars and occasionally using tear gas ordered truckers to move on. By this morning, it was possible to drive unimpeded from Lille in the north to Marseilles in the south. By this evening, only a handful of the original 160 blockades were still in place. Rather than gratitude, however, many French have expressed dismay at the Government's handling of the crisis: its failure to consult truckers before adopting the road-safety measure, its decision to implement the new rules at the start of the vacation season and its reluctance to use force when negotiations were going nowhere. Now the question is how this reaction will affect the Government's popularity. After the Socialist Party was drubbed in regional elections in March, Mr. Mitterrand appointed a new Prime Minister, Pierre Beregovoy, who has succeeded in restoring some confidence in the Government. This in turn encouraged the President to call a referendum on the treaty on European union, which commits European Community members to create a single currency and to adopt common foreign and security policies. His gamble was that a strong vote for the treaty would boost the Socialist Party's fortunes in time for legislative elections, due before next spring. Coming after a wave of protests by farmers angry over plans to reduce agricultural subsidies, however, the truckers' movement has served to highlight both the mood of irritability that continues to grip France and the widespread feeling that the Government is out of touch with the electorate. 'The State Is Tired' In an article about the "social Balkanization" of France, Le Monde wrote this week, "When the state is tired, the economy depressed, unemployment inexorable, the grand design undefinable and the construction of Europe a challenge that disturbs more than its mobilizes, it becomes a time of everyone for himself." Some political experts have argued that the Government's crisis of communications is aggravated by the absence of interlocutors with society. Not only is Parliament overshadowed by the power of the President, but many groups no longer feel adequately represented by their unions. As a result, frustration tends to focus on the Government. To gain its attention, truckers and farmers, and students, nurses and other groups, often choose direct action, be it roadblocks or street demonstrations. Now the Government's greatest fear is that instead of confirming France's pro-European sentiments, the referendum on union will become a test of the Government's popularity. | Police Clear Protesters' Trucks Off French Roads |
546714_0 | At the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro last month, Japan pledged more than $7 billion to help other nations fight pollution. But halfway toward the summit of Mount Fuji, a four-story parking garage is being planned. The difference between the summits shows how far this industrial powerhouse has come in environmental awareness and, some say, how far it has to go. Having long been perceived as an ecological outcast, Japan is trying to transform itself into a champion of planetary protection and a leader in setting world environmental policy. With its vast financial resources and technological prowess, the nation could make a significant contribution to solving problems like global warming and acid rain, experts say. But environmentalists here say Japan must improve its own record before it can lead others. Skeptics say Japan's Government and industry are interested more in public relations and profits from the sale of environmentally safe products than in planetary salvation. While Japan has done a better job than most countries in cleaning up its pollution, they say, it has not been as kind to the environments of other countries. Recently, in a development that caused great embarrassment here, a court in Malaysia ordered the shutdown of a factory owned partly by one of Japan's largest chemical companies, Mitsubishi Kasei, because the plant's radioactive wastes were endangering local residents. Wood From Tropical Forests Moreover, conservationists say, while Japan has developed impressive technology for cutting emissions and reducing energy use, it has not shown a deep commitment to preserving the natural environment or curbing its appetite for development. Japan is the world's largest importer of wood from tropical forests, has resisted a ban on whaling and has been embroiled in controversies in the last few years over its use of drift-net fishing and imports of ivory. At home, it has built dams on virtually all its rivers, threatened coral reefs with overdevelopment and plastered its countryside with golf courses. "What Japan is saying to the world and what Japan is doing here are quite different, and I am ashamed," said Dr. Michio Naito, a physician who lives near the base of Mount Fuji and is leading a fight to stop a prefectural government from building the 500-vehicle parking garage at an elevation of 7,600 feet, about 4,800 feet in elevation below the summit. He said the existing one-level parking lot at that location has already caused | Japan and Ecology: Room to Improve |
570610_1 | this case is not real, but you can't argue with the top management of a big company." American Partner Needed Dr. Ulmann also said Hoecht needed to find an American company willing to buy a license to market the drug here. He said that Roussel officials had offered several large American corporations the chance to license the drug in the United States but that all had turned them down. He said that if Roussel did decide to seek approval for the drug in the United States it would be likely to license the rights to a small company that can dedicate itself largely to this one product. He said only a few such companies exist. He said he could not name any of the companies, large or small, that have had talks about RU-486. A key to the drug's prospects in the United States, Dr. Ulmann said, will be the public reaction in Germany to a vote in the German senate on whether to make abortion widely available in that country. The debate on abortion in Germany is similar to that in the United States. The German parliament has already approved a measure to do that, and the upper chamber is expected to pass it, too, by the end of December. The company will then decide whether to introduce the drug there. Process for Approving Drugs In the United States, the President has little direct influence over whether a drug is marketed. Drug policy is made by the Food and Drug Administration under a voluminous set of laws and procedures to insure that medications are effective and relatively safe. The President could recommend to the company that it apply for approval, as health officials did in Britain in order to get RU-486 approved there last year. The process for approving drugs in Britain is similar to that in the United States. The only other issue on which the President would normally have influence is whether the drug may be imported for personal use by women. The Bush Administration has made it illegal to import it, a position that was bolstered earlier this year when it won a Supreme Court battle against a woman, Leona Benton, who had tried to bring the drug into this country. Even if the import policy for individuals were reversed, it would make little difference to most women. The drug is under strict control in the | Abortion Pill's Sale Unlikely Soon Despite Change of Administration |
570601_1 | on the street than we would like, but it is very developmental, and much of this equipment is state of the art." Elizabeth Philipps, whose 20-year-old daughter Sarah was killed in the Pan Am bombing, said the victims' relatives were monitoring the Federal Aviation Administration's research programs closely, sitting in as observers on research committees. "We feel that progress has been made, but that the pace has been far too slow," she said. "We feel that the airlines have had a much louder voice in the economics of the improvements than airline passengers have." Shortly after the bombing, the F.A.A. said it would require all big airports to install a new kind of bomb detector, known as a thermal neutron analyzer, which bombards luggage with radiation and analyzes the atomic particles that are emitted in reaction. Six were built and tested, but their performance fell short of expectations. In 1990 Congress told the F.A.A. not to require any detectors until they had been tested and proven reliable at detecting small quantities of plastic explosives. Since then several new approaches for detecting bombs have been explored by various companies, with financing from the F.A.A. Standards to Meet This month the F.A.A. for the first time told prospective manufacturers of new equipment what standards their machines would have to meet to be certified for use at airports. The performance requirements call for equipment to be automatic, sounding an alarm to alert an operator when bomb material passes through. That way, an operator's judgment would not be needed, as it is with existing X-ray equipment used at airports, which cannot reliably detect plastic explosives. For security reasons, the agency did not disclose the reliability rate required of new equipment and the size of explosives that must be detectable. The agency said that since it was unlikely any single technology would meet the performance requirements, combinations of existing technologies will probably have to be used until some breakthrough is made. In the next two months, according to F.A.A. documents, the agency will begin testing one promising combination of technologies at the terminals of Delta Air Lines and American Airlines at Miami International Airport, using both advanced X-ray machines and vapor-detection equipment that mechanically sniffs out bombs. The trials will include both F.A.A. test baggage and actual passenger baggage. Tests Being Planned Other tests are being planned at airports in Newark, San Francisco and other | Progress Is Slow In New Efforts To Find Bombs |
570618_2 | the care taken to preserve the surroundings. Hunting and fishing are prohibited. The number of guests is strictly limited by the availability of only 12 thatched-roofed cabanas. Here, guides accompany visitors on hikes over miles of jungle trails that wend their way around 1,500-year-old Mayan burial mounds. But elsewhere in the country's interior, the success of places like Chan Chich have drawn less conscientious imitators. Along the wilds of the Macal River, another nature lodge that is given high marks for the care it has shown for the surrounding environment has seen over a dozen copycat lodges sprout up in the last couple of years to offer hikes and canoe rides amid a greenery of Amazonian splendor. To accommodate urban tourists, some have razed undergrowth down to the riverbanks, leading to rapid soil erosion and damage to the aquatic life. But for many, the best example of the environmental degradation in Belize is the development of its coast. Well before the advent of eco-tourism, Belize's extraordinary reefs made it a favorite destination for divers, and sprawling developments were built on the most popular keys. Some of the favorite reefs began to die. Belize has responded to the reef damage by suspending new construction on the keys pending an environmental impact study and is considering measures like raising fees for divers and limiting their numbers. "One thing we have learned is that the principles for eco-tourism are not firmly established yet," said the Minister of Tourism, Glen D. Godfrey. "You often don't know when you are going over the limit until after the fact." Arnold Brown, a director of the Programme for Belize, a group founded to conserve and manage 202,000 acres of wilderness in the northwestern corner of the country, is itself planning nature tourism activities for its lands, as well as small-scale, experimental logging and agricultural projects that it hopes will pay for its conservation and serve as a model elsewhere in the country. "It has been helpful that Belize is aware that much of the world has its eyes on what is happening here," said Bruce W. Miller, a research fellow with Wildlife Conservation International, a branch of the New York Zoological Society. "If we can't find a sensible way to both use and protect these resources in a sparsely populated place like Belize, where much of the forest is intact, its unlikely we can do it anywhere." | Belize, Marketing Its Beauty, Fears Its Ruin |
570664_2 | of her sprawling family of sufferers and strivers." IN SEARCH OF HUMAN NATURE: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought, by Carl N. Degler. (Oxford University, $13.95.) Mr. Degler gives an overview of the nature-versus-nurture debate in the social sciences from the late 19th century to the present. Although our reviewer, Richard A. Shweder, disagreed with the author's conclusion that today's embrace of Darwinian ideas is free of any eugenics agenda, he found the book a "splendid, informed, eye-opening textual tour of the acceptance, rejection and acceptance again of biosocial thought." DOUBLE DOWN, by Tom Kakonis. (Onyx, $5.99.) Timothy Waverly, the intellectual poker player of Mr. Kakonis's earlier novel, "Michigan Roll," is back again, hoping to win a big game before the mob cashes in his chips. "The author turns over some choice face cards in this nervy game of high-stakes crime," Marilyn Stasio said here last year. AMERICAN STORIES, by Calvin Trillin. (Ticknor & Fields, $10.95.) In this collection of 12 pieces from The New Yorker, Mr. Trillin looks at people and events that are far from everyday, whether they are camp celebrities or criminal cases. Last year our reviewer, Laura Green, found his profiles the most successful, "permeated with Mr. Trillin's graceful appreciation for his subjects' zealous creativity and larky passions." DORUNTINE, by Ismail Kadare. Translated by Jon Rothschild. (New Amsterdam, $9.95.) Ismail Kadare, a self-exiled Albanian writer, has set this novel in his country during the time of the Byzantine Empire. Captain Stres, a constable, is called upon to investigate a strange story of resurrection involving the dead brother of a young noblewoman, Doruntine. The book is a "magical parable," Stephan Salisbury said here last year, that "manages to be at once a meditation on the isolation and tenacity of Albanian culture and on the birth of legend." EUROPE: Road to Unity, by Flora Lewis. (Touchstone/ Simon & Schuster, $14.) Originally published in 1987 as "Europe: A Tapestry of Nations," this book has been revised and updated by its author, senior columnist for The New York Times. Intended to be a companion to a forthcoming public-television series, "The New Europeans," the book is a series of essays on national character. Our reviewer, Stephen R. Graubard, found the author "more adept in discovering distinguishing traits than in tracing uniformities." THE FIVE GATES OF HELL, by Rupert Thomson. (Vintage Contemporaries, $11.) Moon Beach, a bizarre seaside | New & Noteworthy |
570446_0 | The vote by the Church of England last week to ordain women as priests provoked such a level of anger and anguish that there seemed little chance that the deep rift over the issue could be healed soon. In narrowly approving the change, the Church of England joined 12 of the 28 self-governing provinces of the worldwide Anglican church, including the United States, in permitting women to be ordained. But it will be nearly two years before a woman is ordained in England, church officials said. Parishes will have the right to reject women priests, and bishops will not be forced to ordain women. The church already has 1,350 women deacons, who can perform marriages, baptisms and funerals, but who are not permitted to celebrate the Holy Eucharist, when bread and wine are blessed in the most sacred moment of the church service. Church leaders, including George L. Carey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who supported the change, urged reconciliation, but opponents of the change, both women and men, said they felt the church's creed had been corrupted. Two Government ministers said they were considering leaving the church to become Roman Catholics. And the Vatican itself said the move was a "grave obstacle" to the chances of reconciliation with the Anglican Church, which split away from Rome in 1534 under King Henry VIII. | November 8-14: Clergy Is Divided; Church of England Approves Priesthood for Women |
570607_7 | Alden Smith, the director of the department of classics, credits the enormous interest in the classics in the last five years to the students themselves. He said: "They question: 'What was it like 2,000 years ago? How have people changed?' And the best way is to read about the culture in the Latin literature." Mr. Doogan said that students were still reading Cicero and Virgil, but that they were relating the literature to what was happening today. "Two thousand years ago, at the time of Catiline's conspiracy when he plotted to overthrow the government, there was high inflation and people were out of jobs," he said. "Cicero railed against him in the Senate, attacking Catiline's character. My students say Cicero's oration against Catiline today would be labeled 'character assassination.' " As students become proficient in reading the classics in Latin, Ms. Cook said, they are more likely to read the works of the ancients. "The universal themes prevail," she said. "Horace wrote, 'Carpe diem' -- 'Seize the day.' I tell my students who are concerned about S.A.T.'s and college to heed Horace's advice: 'Don't worry about the future. Take the opportunity you have today and make the most of it.' " Spreading the Word About Latin Among the most fervent advocates of Latin are the 1,000 members of the St. Gregory Foundation for Latin Liturgy, founded in 1989 by the Rev. Peter Stravinskas, pastor of Holy Trinity Church in Newark. The foundation's goal is to promote the tradition of the Latin rite in the Roman Catholic Mass. In 1964 Pope Paul VI and the Second Vatican Council gave permission to the clergy to substitute the spoken language for Latin. Father Stravinskas said that in today's highly mobile society, Latin as a universal language was more important than ever. "I think people are beginning to realize that the liturgy in Latin was thrown out too hastily," he said. "Americans are not linguists," Father Stravinskas said. "As a people they have a great resistance to learning a foreign language. Gradually, though, they are discovering what they have lost by abnegating the study of Latin: knowledge of the classics and mythology, the logical mental development that Latin brings, concepts of grammar which apply across the board, a good English vocabulary and the ability to spell correctly." The foundation's goals are reflected in a bumper sticker it sells. The sticker reads: "Amo Missam Latinam." | All Over State, Latin Redux |
570552_4 | accustomed to landmarks staying in one spot. There is also the question of authenticity. If the landmark is a house that has always been maintained, it will be mostly original. But shipwrights are always replacing rotted timbers or rigging. Ms. D'Estang said there was great effort at the seaport to maintain a ship's integrity. If white oak or live oak was used for the original decking, the replacements are cut from the same wood. The netting on the rails was originally cotton but at one point was replaced with galvanized chain-link fence; the seaport's head rigger replaced it last winter with painstakingly hand-woven cotton netting. When the decks were replaced, the staff put down the original style of canvas to protect it. "On a modern boat you'd probably have a fiberglass or metal deck," Captain Lotz said. "But I don't know that anything would hold up any better than the canvas does." Buffs Lend a Hand Seaport officials said it was not unusual for maritime buffs to help out as Mr. Dean did. "It's an example of how stuff comes to us from out of the blue," Captain Lotz said. "A lot of times the phone rings and someone pops out of the woodwork with some great information about one of our ships." Coincidentally, while he was talking, one of the seaport employees came up to Ms. D'Estang to inform her that the grandson of a man who had served aboard the Morgan was visiting today and would like to talk with her. These days, Captain Lotz sails the Sabino on 90-minute cruises up and down the Mystic River during the spring, summer and fall, while an engineer scoops six to eight shovels full of coal into her furnace to keep up a head of steam. Sailing the Mystic "There are steamboat fanatics, people who go all over the country riding steamboats, just like people who ride trains," Captain Lotz said. "But this is truly one of a kind, different from any other boat I've ever run." The Sabino is quiet, with no internal combustion machine driving her through the water, just a 75-horsepower Paine steam engine. It's a bell boat, which means the captain rings a bell or gong from the pilothouse to signal the engineer in the engine room one deck down. Ring the gong once and it's ahead slow, twice for reverse. "It forces you to think | The View From: Mystic Seaport; A National Landmark With a Penchant for Moving Around |
570604_1 | limit government's taxing power say the state measure will serve as a model for similar efforts around the country. With a few exceptions, voters around the country this year voted soundly against new taxes. South Dakota rejected a state income tax. California repealed a tax on snack foods and rejected a proposal to increases taxes on the wealthy. Voters in Colorado also turned down a proposal to increase the sales tax by a penny. And Arizona voted to require a two-thirds majority of the Legislature to increase taxes, joining 20 other states with tax limitation measures. Measure Defeated Twice The exceptions came in Idaho and Michigan, where voters rejected curbs on property taxes. The Colorado measure, which was led by Douglas Bruce, a Colorado Springs real estate investor, had been defeated twice before. The amendment won 54 percent to 46 percent. "It's our money, and if we want bigger government, we'll pay for it,"Mr. Bruce said. "But we don't want it to be crammed down our throat." He said he was outspent 3 to 1, and he complained that opponents had tried to scare voters. "I'm no anarchist," he said. "I'm a short-haired, middle-aged bachelor with a paunch living in the suburbs with a puppy. I'm not a threat. I just don't like government paternalism. Can't we decide for ourselves what taxes should be? Does Big Brother know what's best for us?" The measure is more comprehensive than California's Proposition 13, the 1978 measure that cut property taxes but did not remove the power of the Legislature to pass increases in sales and income taxes. The Colorado measure does not impose a tax cut. "This is the best tax and spending measure that we have seen -- period," said Mr. Keating of the Taxpayers Union. The measure requires that the state save 1 percent of its budget for three years to be used for emergencies. But the Legislature must declare an emergency before it spends the reserve. In addition, it puts a cap on spending. Governments can spend no more than they did the previous year, with an adjustment for inflation and population growth. And the measure forbids any special elections to decide tax increases. Votes on new taxes can only be held during the general elections. Local governments officials say the measure would effectively keep them from accepting state or Federal grants, in some cases, since the money would | Taxpayer Revolt in Colorado Vote Raises Alarm About Lost Services |
573021_0 | Dr. William J. Campbell, a ranking meteorologist for the United States Geological Survey and an internationally known expert on polar ice, died last Friday. He was 62 years old and lived in Gig Harbor, Wash. The agency, which reported the death late Wednesday, said he had suffered a heart attack. At the time of his death, Dr. Campbell headed the agency's Ice and Climate Project, based on the campus of the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Wash. He played a leading role in interpreting data sent by earth-satellite sensors regarding polar sea ice. Adrift on Ice Island He was instrumental in the development of interagency and international remote-sensing experiments of the polar ice regions and was a member and director of several large-scale projects in that field. He wrote and co-wrote more than 130 papers and received many citations, including the United States Antarctic Medal (1965), the Soviet Union's Arctic Medal (1974) and several team awards from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. A native of Brooklyn, he was an alumnus of Brooklyn Technical High School and a physics graduate of the University of Alaska. As a graduate student, he spent 15 months studying ice physics while adrift on an ice island in the Arctic Ocean. He also survived a plane crash at the South Pole in 1963, the year before he earned his doctorate in atmospheric physics and oceanography at the University of Washington. A sought-after expert on sea-ice dynamics and remote sensing, he lectured at many universities in this country and abroad. He joined the United States Geological Survey, a branch of the Department of the Interior, as a member of a team studying sea-ice and glacier dynamics and was appointed chief of the agency's Ice Dynamics Research Project in 1969. Dr. Campbell is survived by his wife, Dr. Nelly Mognard Campbell, who is also a physicist; two sons, Christopher and Nicolas; and a brother, Dennis. | W. J. Campbell, 62, Meteorologist Who Was an Expert on Polar Ice |
573026_2 | diners at the nearby Interlaken Inn and appear tomorrow evening at West Hartford's First Church of Christ Congregational (the basement, of course). After the 1960's folk scare when the Kingston Trio and other awfully clean groups in pressed pants and striped shirts took folk songs to unprecedented heights of slick, packaged popularity that shocked traditionalists, folk music has returned to a comfortable obscurity and a presumed purity. Being a folk singer is not your standard 9 to 5 job, unless you mean 9 P.M. to 5 A.M. when the crowd, the guitar and the wine are good. The Patons are folk singers with a cordless phone, their own 800-number (836-0901) and a label (Folk Legacy) with more than 100 recordings available from their 19th-century carriage-house near here. And there's more to the Patons' 1,000-song repertory than those mind-numbing choruses of Michael Rowed the Boat Ashore that Peace Corps volunteers have carried to every corner of the globe. Let's face it, more folk music was written in the barn than the parlor. It was intended for private porch performances at a time the country's isolated pockets of population made their own entertainment or did without, not for a wired era of widespread enjoyment when global satellites simultaneously televise recordings with warning labels. Folk songs tell of brave heroes, pure maidens, sadness and glee. But like some of Shakespeare's lilting literary licentiousness, old-fashioned folk music, despite its often jaunty rhythms, can also be violent (spouses murdering one another), immoral (doing deals with the devil) and euphemistic, even for its day. It doesn't, for instance, take Madonna to suggest that, in original versions, more may have been going on in Dinah's kitchen than someone strumming on an old banjo. But that's what fascinates the Patons (no, not that -- the revealing changes in lyrics over generations). "There's no end to the world's folk songs," said the 63-year-old Mr. Paton, who has spent decades combing rural America and the British Isles for them, then tracing their evolving themes and lyrics. "And every folk song is always alive, always changing, as singers adapt them for different times and audiences." The Patons adjust songs and performances for specific audiences, even adding their own lyrics. Last summer, one spectator tried to request her favorite old folk song but couldn't remember the title. She sang a verse. "I know it," said Mr. Paton. "I wrote it." OUR TOWNS | United in Love for Homemade Songs |
573038_1 | of mission: saving someone from dropping out is saving a life. "Some people feel that we cater too much to the students, that with the foul language, for example, we don't throw the book at them," said Ruth Klein, the high school's principal. "But what we're looking for is improvement. We have to be aware they don't come here because they were the students everyone loved back at their home schools." New York City has what many experts consider to be the best alternative-education system in the country. But smaller districts often lack the resources to establish a special school for students who are failing and are often disruptive, but who don't fit into special-education or other categories that the districts are required to serve. The programs that do exist for disruptive students are usually housed in makeshift quarters that signal their students' low status. Praise From the State "Because it's an afterthought, and they get few kids, the authorities say, 'Let's make do,' " said Michael H. Mostow, a coordinator of special projects in the New York State Department of Education. "More often than not it's a fabulous staff that goes the extra 10 yards for the children." In Dutchess, however, the County Board of Cooperative Educational Services rented space in a former factory and created a new school. "The facility is the finest I've seen," Mr. Mostow said. "The statement they make to the kids going there is, we value you, we're spending a lot of money to make something really attractive, we think you're really important." The board also formed a partnership with the County Department of Mental Hygiene. Students and their parents agree to counseling when they are accepted into the alternative program. The department provides social workers at the school, and 24-hour coverage for emergencies. Structured Environment "The school provides a safe haven, a very structured environment, for these young people," said Frank San Felice, the board's assistant superintendent for instructional services. "But many times, when they go back to their communities, such as for a vacation, things have a tendency to fall apart." The students come from poor families and middle-class families, from farms and from city ghettos. Some are struggling because of learning disabilities diagnosed late; others have family problems. Some are addicted to drugs or alcohol. Girls, especially, have run away from home. In their hometowns, they may be seen as misfits | For Disruptive Students, a Chance to Succeed |
573022_2 | allowed to cross into Mexico with most of its cargo after a customs declaration form was filed. During negotiations with the caravan's leaders, the leaders said, Federal agents first requested a manifest of the cargo, and after an inspection, removed some prescription medicines and computer equipment. The cargo was then allowed to proceed without the required license. Both Sides See Success "We feel this was a victory," said Fran Craig, a spokeswoman for Pastors for Peace. "We stated our intention to deliver aid without the license required by the current embargo. We did not apply for a license, and yet we got things through. " But Judy Turner, a Customs Service spokeswoman for the southwest region, said that United States laws had been observed. She said the caravan had presented officials with a list of goods and an export declaration. "Everything was legitimate that went out of country and the Government got a list of items on that declaration form and we were able to do that in accordance with regulations," Ms. Turner said. "Beyond that I don't know if there's a victory. That is for each side to interpret." Ms. Bernstein, of the Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization, said that in the days before the confrontation supporters had received conflicting information about how officials would respond. "My sense is that from the beginning they started backing down from what we thought was a very big club they could use to enforce a harsh embargo," she said. The United States embargo on commerce with Cuba was begun in 1963 and was strengthened last month when President Bush signed legislation that further restricts trade by prohibiting subsidiaries of American companies from doing business with Cuba. It also bars ships carrying cargo to Cuba from putting in at American ports for six months. Under the law, civil sanctions could be assessed after an administrative hearing, including fines of as much as $50,000. It also provides for criminal sanctions including fines of as much as $250,000 and prison terms of as many as 10 years. On Tuesday, the United Nations General Assembly delivered an unexpected rebuke to the United States, overwhelmingly passing a resolution that calls for an end to the embargo against Cuba. Dozens of nations that usually back the United States either voted for the resolution, which Cuba sponsored, or abstained. Only the United States, Romania and Israel voted against it. | Group Plans New Effort to Defy Ban on Cuban Aid |
566830_0 | Latin America's Roman Catholic bishops reaffirmed last week that the needs of the region's poor should continue to have first call on the attention of the church. But unlike previous gatherings of this scope, the latest meeting of the Latin American Episcopal Conference proved to be primarily a holding action on church policy. On Wednesday, the 300 bishops ended more than two weeks of deliberations at the conference in Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic without endorsing any major new directions in church policy or practice. Their sessions often bogged down in procedural difficulties and a tug-of-war between bishops urging change for the Latin American church and Vatican officials who are allied with conservative church leaders. Earlier meetings of the bishops' conference, in Medellin, Colombia, in 1968 and Puebla, Mexico, in 1979, were pace-setting events for Catholicism worldwide. They implanted into Catholic teaching the notion that the church should exercise a "preferential option for the poor" and frame its theology in response to the special problems of particular localities. In a brief "Message to the Peoples of Latin America," the bishops in Santo Domingo declared their commitment to the positions taken at those earlier meetings, ending speculation that conservative policies pursued by Pope John Paul II and other Vatican officials might induce the bishops to re-emphasize more traditional doctrinal themes. 'Base Communities' Assessed In a longer document charting a "new evangelization," the bishops dealt with dozens of topics, including the mixed historical record of Christianity in Latin America, the role of grass-roots "base communities," the shortage of priests and the problem of the continent's many nominal Catholics. The document recognized the value of "base communities," small cells of believers with lay leadership that have often nurtured religious opposition to social inequities. But the document warned against separating these cells from the parish and diocesan structures or turning them into political instruments. The bishops' statement included forceful language defending the rights of Latin America's Indians and blacks. The bishops acknowledged the values in the distinct cultural and religious traditions of these groups and pledged to incorporate their symbols, rituals and cosmologies into Catholic practice whenever "compatible with the clear sense of the faith" and "the general discipline of the church." Scheduled to coincide with the 500th anniversary of Columbus's arrival in the Americas, the Santo Domingo meeting became entangled with protests against the European conquerors' treatment of Indians and importation of | LATIN BISHOPS SET NO NEW DIRECTIONS |
567077_0 | To the Editor: Menopause, Helen E. Fisher argues (Op-Ed, Oct. 21), unmasks women's testosterone levels, contributing to increased numbers of women running for political office. A few scientific studies have found a relationship between elevated testosterone levels and positions of dominance, but it is not clear from these studies whether testosterone levels are the cause or effect of the social position. Would Ms. Fisher attribute men's interest in politics to testosterone? Should we expect older men, with their declining testosterone levels, to be less involved in politics? I suspect not: biological explanations for human action tend to focus on women. Ms. Fisher overlooks the 20 years of effort that women like Carol Moseley Braun in Illinois or Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer in Califorina have put into running for and holding political office. Most successful female candidates have been involved in politics even while they were still menstruating. STEPHANIE RIGER Prof. of Psychology, U. of Illinois Chicago, Oct. 21, 1992 | Menopause Has No Part in Year of the Woman |
566931_5 | where medicine is going before anyone else thinks of it and to have a fund that produces above-average returns by creating whole new categories of companies." The concept, he added, "is very, very bold and obviously risky." The trick, of course, is to hit on the right ideas. Mr. Steinberg reads voraciously and, as he says, "optically scans" journals like Science and Nature, clipping articles that fire his imagination. But, he said, he has often thought that one good way to get ideas for new companies would be to "bring in a group of smart kids, who have not been taught what's impossible, and ask them for suggestions." He created Diacrin Inc., which is experimenting with making cells that can be readily transplanted into patients without the need for drugs that suppress the immune system. Another company, Medimmune Inc., is making drugs that kill cells infected with viruses or that are cancerous. And Cytomed uses immune-system hormones to combat inflammatory and immune-system disorders. Pharmavene Inc. is making drugs to treat cocaine and other addictions. All these, too, are still in the experimental stage. In forming companies, Mr. Steinberg said he is guided by his belief that health care and medicine are rapidly changing and that "after the year 2000, the players will change." In addition, Mr. Steinberg looks for products to cut costs. "A lot of people in the industry are afraid of the impact of the compelling demand to reduce health care costs, without recognizing it as an extraordinary business opportunity," he said. He always asks whether a new technology will reduce costs. "If I don't get the right answer, I get out." And not only is that good business, Mr. Steinberg said, it is "what's likely to happen, and what morally and ethically ought to happen." For Mr. Steinberg, a company is a success only if it is a roaring success. "We don't view anything as having paid off until it reaches $1 billion in sales," he said. So far, Mr. Steinberg said, it is too soon to say which of his companies will pay off in his terms. The first handful went public just over a year ago. In the meantime, while he waits for the first burbles from the fountain of youth, Mr. Steinberg plans to keep his own body going with spare parts, if necessary. One of his companies, Biotransplant Inc., of Charlestown, Mass., is | Profile/Wallace Steinberg; Laying Pipe for the Fountain of Youth |
569760_0 | After a bitter and exhausting debate that divided both the clergy and laity, the Church of England voted narrowly today to ordain women as priests. While the decision cheered liberals and the church's ruling hierarchy, who had pushed to bring women into the pulpit, it also brought warnings of resignations and deepening schism from a conservative minority that says the move violates Scripture and the church's ancient Catholic traditions. In recent weeks, hundreds of Anglican clergymen in Britain threatened to resign if the proposal was approved, and in Rome a spokesman for the Vatican said the vote represented a "grave obstacle" to repairing the 16th-century split between Roman Catholics and Anglicans. While 12 of the 28 self-governing provinces of the worldwide Anglican Communion already ordain women as priests, including the United States, where about 1,000 have been ordained, the proposal had paralyzed the mother church in Britain. For many it underscored growing concern about the future relevance of a state church that serves a society that is already among the most secular in Europe. Victory Margin Is Thin Not since King Henry VIII split the church from the Vatican in 1534 has a debate left such deep fissures among clergy and laity, with people on both sides threatening to abandon the church if they disagreed with the outcome. To approve the motion, a two-thirds majority was required in each of the three houses of the church's General Synod. While it was approved by 75 percent of the church's bishops and 70 percent of the clergy, it won a wafer-thin margin among the laity, with just over 67 percent of the 251 lay members to the synod voting yes. A switch of just two votes among lay delegates would have blocked the path to priesthood for women. Some 500 people holding a candlelight vigil outside Church House in central London danced, cried and set off fireworks when they heard the result of the vote announced in a radio broadcast. "The church has been emotionally exhausted over this, and now we can get on with preaching the Gospel," said Cave Bergquist, a chaplain at Trinity College, Cambridge. Stephen Jenkins, a spokesman for the Church of England, said Parliament, which remains the formal ruling body of the state-sanctioned church, must rule on the motion. If it gives its approval, which is expected, Queen Elizabeth II must then give her assent. Mr. Jenkins said | Anglicans in Britain Vote to Let Women Be Priests |
569723_7 | not to let their contributors be flooded with directly competing requests. In this case, Mr. Viguerie gained total control over his client's donor list, which was gathered at the client's expense. The fact that these people had recently made a donation made their names valuable commodities in the mailing-list marketplace. The education lobby could send repeat letters to its own donors, but under the contract could not rent out their names. Mr. Viguerie, in contrast, had the right to make any commercial use he wanted of the group's donor list. He could use it to replenish his company's lists, which he constantly rented out to other groups and businesses for profit. He could rent the lobby's member names to competing charities, or use them for mailings of his own. (Lists of people who make actually contributions are typically rented for about $8,000 for a single use of 100,000 names.) Unusual Advantages In another unusual feature of the agreement, Mr. Viguerie owned the language in the letters themselves, which he developed at the group's expense, and he later gained control over selection of all subcontractors. The list control and other provisions of this contract would constitute "a categorical violation of our ethical rules," said Robert Tigner of the Association of Direct Response Fundraising Counsel. That organization, to which many direct-mail companies, but not Mr. Viguerie's, belong, has set guidelines for the industry. "This was a cash cow for Viguerie," said Denison Hatch, editor of the newsletter "Who's Mailing What" and a direct-mail expert. Receiving fees for every letter sent, Mr. Viguerie benefited from large, expensive mailings even when there was little chance they would pull in donations. When the contributions fell short, as they often did, the education lobby fell into debt to Mr. Viguerie. The solution to this was more mailing. It is common for new charities to go into debt initially, but in this case the debt reached $847,000 by 1989, after nine years. In the strange economics of direct mail, such debts did not necessarily mean that Mr. Viguerie was losing money. Nor did it mean that the education group's chief, Mr. Alexander, was necessarily unhappy. His organization, though virtually under Mr. Viguerie's control, still received thousands of dollars each month out of the donations to cover salaries and expenses. A New Issue Fear Is Turned Into Contributions In early 1986 the Taxpayers Education Lobby, which was collecting | Fear in the Mail -- A special report.; Alarmed by Fund-Raiser, The Elderly Give Millions |
569722_0 | Anglicans to Ordain Women After a bitter debate that divided the clergy and the laity, the Church of England voted narrowly to ordain women as priests. The decision cheered church liberals. Page A3. Environmental Fight at Hand The Vice President and his staff are planning a last-ditch attempt to loosen rules that prevent landowners from developing wetlands. Page A16. Joy Riding Kills 4 in Newark Two separate collisions killed four people in Newark, where a nightly ritual of joy riding has become a car-theft epidemic. Page B1. Queens Boy, 4, Fatally Shot A 4-year-old boy waiting to go into church was shot in the head and killed, apparently by a teen-ager firing randomly in Queens. Page B3. A Matisse Breaks a Record Matisse's "Harmony in Yellow" sold for $14.5 million at an auction at Christie's, setting a record for a work by the artist. Page C15. | INSIDE |
569746_0 | The fax said a bomb had been stowed in the luggage bin above seat 25A on United Airlines Flight 46 from Los Angeles to Kennedy International Airport. It said the bomb would detonate when the plane descended below 10,000 feet or landed, unless a $600,000 ransom was paid. Five miles above the Midwest yesterday afternoon, the crew of the Boeing 767 looked in the overhead luggage bin and saw a tool kit. They wrapped it in blankets, neckties and sweaters they borrowed from passengers and carried it to the back of the plane, where they immersed it in water and covered it with a flotation device to cushion it. Three hours and a nervous landing at Kennedy later, the police bomb squad concluded that the device was not a bomb. F.B.I. agents and Port Authority police detectives questioned and released the 48 passengers, who had been quickly led off the front of the plane. 'Remained Calm' The fax arrived at United's headquarters near Chicago less than an hour after Flight 46 took off from Los Angeles at 10:25 A.M. Eastern time. United officials apparently radioed the crew on Flight 46. "Everybody remained calm," said one passenger, David Sawyer, a financial adviser from San Diego. The plane landed at 3:38 P.M., eight minutes before its scheduled arrival time. Joe Hanson, a United spokesman, said the plane touched down "without incident" and that the passengers and 10 crew members "deplaned safely via portable stairs." | Airline Passengers Help Crew Smother A Suspected Bomb |
569781_0 | The World Bank's request for a special $5 billion grant for environmental projects is running into trouble from donor countries critical of the bank's environmental record. Twenty donors are to meet Thursday and Friday in Paris to consider the grant, along with the bank's proposed three-year, $18 billion budget. The bank provides more than $20 billion a year to developing countries. Officials in some donor countries argue that the $5 billion should be refused until the bank reconciles its development plans with the demands of conservationists. A Bush Administration official familiar with the budget issue said the United States would vote against the special fund, which he said was unlikely to be approved in full, for economic reasons as well as environmental. Critics of the bank's record point in particular to a decision to go ahead with a dam project in India that was condemned as environmentally unsound by experts hired by the bank. The $10 billion project, in the Narmada Valley, which the World Bank began financing in 1985, has become a paradigm of the conflict. Environmentalists and many Indians say the dam, designed to provide water and electricity for 80 million people in central western India, would flood forests and farms and displace 1.5 million people. In response to the criticism, the bank commissioned a review of the dam in 1991. The report criticized virtually every component of the project. The authors of the study say the bank distorted their findings to justify continuation of the project. "What I find alarming were the misrepresentations," said Don Gamble, a Canadian who served as chief of staff for the review. "The bank twisted the report to say the opposite of what is actually true." Bank officials deny that charge. "We have listened to the report carefully," said Mohammed el-Ashry, the director of the bank's environmental department. "We feel that there has been good progress with the Government of India and we have to build upon it." Mr. Ashry said the bank would send a team to India in April to monitor the progress of the dam. "If we see that things are going O.K., we will continue with the project," he said. Mr. Gamble says the handling of the India project will have a direct bearing on the voting for the special fund. "The bank is very vulnerable now in terms of funding," he said. Officials at the bank say | World Bank War on Pollution Faces Ever Sharper Criticism |
571111_0 | Cambodia's national elections, scheduled to be held in May, should proceed whether the Khmer Rouge take part or not, Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali said today in a report to the Security Council. Under terms of a peace accord signed in Paris last year, the Khmer Rouge and the three other warring factions in Cambodia would turn over most of their arms to United Nations peacekeepers and retreat to guarded cantonments or camps while the United Nations prepared the country for elections. The other factions, the Cambodian Army and two non-Communist guerrilla groups, have mostly complied with the accord but the Khmer Rouge have refused. Its leaders accuse the Goverment, which is backed by Vietnam, of permitting Vietnamese troops to remain in the country, and of refusing to hand power over to the Supreme National Council, which is made up of all four factions. The well-trained Khmer Rouge troops have refused to disarm, and they will not permit the Cambodians who live in the areas they control to register to vote in May. The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia, which includes some 15,000 peacekeepers and 5,000 United Nations technicians, has found "no evidence" of any foreign troops in Cambodia, the Secretary General's report says. The United Nations has not been able to search the 15 percent of the country held by the Khmer Rouge. Lucrative Border Smuggling The Khmer Rouge controlled Cambodia from 1975 until 1978, when Vietnamese troops defeated them and installed a pro-Hanoi Government. The Khmer Rouge were responsible for the deaths of at least several hundred thousand and possibly more than a million Cambodians during their three-year reign under Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge then joined with the two guerrilla groups and fought to unseat the puppet Phnom Penh Government until the peace treaty was signed in Paris last year. Cambodia specialists here suggest that the real reason the Khmer Rouge have refused to cooperate with the United Nations is the possibility that they would lose their immensely lucrative smuggling operation along the border with Thailand. | Khmer Rouge Should Not Delay Cambodia Vote, U.N. Says |
571120_0 | Even as they considered a compromise on a proposed pastoral letter about women in the church and society, the country's Roman Catholic bishops today opened one of the sharpest debates that the document has produced in its troubled nine-year history. The church's opposition to the ordination of women, which the Vatican and church leaders have insisted was not open to further debate, nonetheless became the central object of discussion at the semi-annual meeting of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. The meeting rang with impassioned appeals: a few bishops argued that the question of women's ordination should be examined further, while others demanded a clear show of support for the current teaching. One bishop argued that the church's justifications for its teaching on women were not traditional at all; another declared that "a woman priest is as impossible as for me to have a baby." The pastoral letter, which has gone through four drafts without ever approaching a consensus among bishops and an array of advocacy groups argues that the equality of women can be affirmed without minimizing differences between the sexes or opening all church offices to them. It emphasizes traditional teachings about the priesthood, sexual morality and differences between men and women. While all four successive drafts of the letter have affirmed the equality of women and condemned discrimination as a moral evil, the first draft included many passages quoting women at hearings on the letter, leading the liberal faction to welcome that draft as opening the process to women. Later drafts became more conservative. Trying New Route After the bishops gathered for this morning's session Joseph Cardinal Bernardin of Chicago took the lead in trying to forge a compromise and urged that the whole document be referred to the top officers of the bishops' conference. He said they should then assign sections of the draft to various committees for recommended actions or further study. Cardinal Bernardin's proposal, which would kill the pastoral letter as such but leave room for less authoritative actions on women's issues, was couched in conservative terms. He warned that if the letter was brought to a vote and failed to get a two-thirds majority, the bishops might be seen as questioning the church's teaching on the ordination of women, which was stressed in the latest draft. Citing the 1976 Vatican document that said the church was not authorized to ordain women, Cardinal Bernardin | Ordination of Women Puts New Fire in Bishops' Debate |
571171_1 | lawyers objected that the daughter's responses were hearsay. Judge Cohen said that anything the daughter said to her parents will have to come directly from her when she takes the witness stand. The mother's appearance in state Superior Court today was her first courtroom encounter with the four former Glen Ridge football players, who are charged with assault. She has known three of the defendants -- Kevin and Kyle Scherzer, 21-year-old twins, and Christopher Archer, 20 -- from their childhood, and was friendly with their parents for years. She and Mr. Archer's parents, Douglas and Michaela, worked together on civic groups in town, the mother said. 'Correctaible Handicap' The fourth defendant, Bryant Grober, 21, grew up in the north end of Glen Ridge, and she knew of him only by name, she said. Only Mr. Grober, seated at the defense table, stared persistently at the witness in the 90 minutes she was on the stand during Mr. Laurino's questioning. However, as the defense's cross-examination began, all four defendants watched her intently. She seldom, if ever, looked their way. Before the mother took the stand, the prosecution placed into evidence a dowel-shaped, 14-inch wooden stick about three-quarters of an inch in diameter. Mr. Laurino told Judge Cohen that the young woman will testify that she was assaulted with it in the Scherzers' recreation room. Prosecutors also contend that she was sexually assaulted with a broom handle and a fungo bat, a narrow bat used to hit ground balls and fly balls in baseball practice. The authorities have never found those instruments. Barred from exploring any details that the young woman gave her parents about the episode, Mr. Laurino had the mother discuss, as he has with most prosecution witnesses, the young woman's mental impairment. The mother said that throughout her daughter's schooling, she was in special classes for the neurologically impaired and the mildly retarded, and never advanced beyond second-and third-grade textbooks. She added that her daughter, now 21, had few close friends, and preferred the company of elderly people and children. The mother testified that on the evening of March 1, 1989, the young woman returned home about 6:30 -- some 45 minutes past her deadline. "She was late and I was angry," she said. "She was full of apologies." Mr. Laurino showed the mother a red stick, and she said that her daughter had carried it home that night. | Accuser's Mother Testifies In Sexual Assault Trial |
570840_0 | World Economies | |
570744_4 | In recent years, many were "bus people" who traveled by land through China before taking a boat for the final hop to Hong Kong. The Vietnamese Government initially encouraged the flight, seeing it as an opportunity to confiscate the wealth of the emigrants and to rid the country of its ethnic Chinese minority. Now Hanoi, eager to improve ties with the West, seems to want to curb the outflow and take back those who fled. Foreign lands are much less alluring than they used to be: Vietnamese have learned, through the tragedy of lost and wasted lives of their friends and relatives, that other countries will not offer them a better life. "The message is getting through about what the realities are," said Robert Van Leeuwen, chief of the Hong Kong mission of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Home Has Some Attractions Another factor is the improvement in living standards in Vietnam as the economy opens up. Special videos have been shown in the camps in Hong Kong, emphasizing the new opportunities if the Vietnamese return home. It also helps that the European Community has paid for projects that offer returning boat people vocational training or small loans to start businesses. The United States said in September that it would contribute up to $2 million for similar programs. While the horrors of piracy and drowning are now fading, new tragedies are unfolding in the lives of people like 26-year-old Cam Jia Ninh, who has been living in a camp in Hong Kong for more than five years. Mr. Cam married another Vietnamese, Pham Thi Thuy; they have a six-month-old son. The Family No One Wants Now the family is about to be split up, perhaps forever. Hong Kong will send Pham Thi Thuy and her son back to Vietnam and her husband to China. Vietnam expelled Mr. Cam, an ethnic Chinese, to China in 1978 and will not take him back; China refuses to take Ms. Pham; Hong Kong refuses to allow them to stay. Mr. Bresnihan, the refugee coordinator, said that while this kind of separation is a terrible thing, allowing such couples to settle in Hong Kong would lead to a flood of similar marriages. The Hong Kong government interviews all the Vietnamese arrivals to screen out those whom it regards as genuine political refugees, and they are resettled in the West. But human rights groups | Flow of Vietnamese to Hong Kong Seems Over, to Hong Kong's Relief |
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