_id stringlengths 14 28 | text stringlengths 15 999 | title stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|
Surgery_Schwartz_3790 | addition, deep vein thrombosis occurs 1.6 times as often, pulmonary emboli 3.0 times as often, and endometrial cancer 2.5 times as often in women taking tamoxifen. The increased risk for endometrial cancer is restricted to early stage cancers in postmenopausal women. Cataract surgery is required almost twice as often a... | |
Pediatrics_Nelson_1722 | Congenital deficiency of C1-inhibitor results in hereditary angioedema, characterized by recurrent episodes of nonpruritic angioedema lasting 48 to 72 hours, which occur spontaneously or after minor trauma, stress, or anxiety. Abdominaledema can cause acute abdominal pain; edema of the upperairway can be life threateni... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_24935 | The diagnosis of hereditary angioedema is suggested not only by family history but also by the lack of pruritus and of urticarial lesions, the prominence of recurrent gastrointestinal attacks of colic, and episodes of laryngeal edema. Laboratory diagnosis depends on demonstrating a deficiency of C1INH antigen (type 1) ... | |
Pathoma_Husain_394 | C. Parathyroid adenoma is a benign neoplasm, usually involving one gland. 1. Most often results in asymptomatic hypercalcemia; however, may present with consequences of increased PTH and hypercalcemia such as i. Nephrolithiasis (calcium oxalate stones) ii. Nephrocalcinosis-metastatic calcification of renal tubules (Fig... | |
Obstentrics_Williams_1348 | Distal obstruction of the urinary tract is more frequent in male fetuses, and the most common etiology is posterior urethral valves. Characteristically, the bladder and proximal urethra are dilated, termed the "keyhole" sign, and the bladder wall is thick (Fig. 10-45). Oligohydramnios, particularly before midpregnancy,... | |
Pharmacology_Katzung_2428 | Three stages of ethylene glycol overdose occur. Within the first few hours after ingestion, there is transient excitation followed by CNS depression. After a delay of 4–12 hours, severe metabolic acidosis develops from accumulation of acid metabolites and lactate. Finally, deposition of oxalate crystals in renal tubule... | |
Biochemistry_Lippincott_1571 | of phenylalanine (Phe, or F; see p. 5) at the 508th position (∆F508) in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein encoded by that gene. This ∆F508 mutation prevents normal folding of CFTR, leading to its destruction by the proteasome (see p. 247). CFTR normally functions as a chloride channel in epithel... | |
Pediatrics_Nelson_1184 | Polyhydramnios may be acute and associated with premature labor, maternal discomfort, and respiratory compromise. More often, polyhydramnios is chronic and is associated with diabetes, immune or nonimmune hydrops fetalis, multiple gestation, trisomy 18 or 21, and major congenital anomalies. Anencephaly, hydrocephaly, a... | |
Physiology_Levy_699 | 3. Large primary afferent fibers enter the dorsal funiculus through the medial part of the dorsal root; collaterals synapse in the deep dorsal horn, intermediate zone, and ventral horn. Small primary afferent fibers enter the spinal cord through the lateral part of the dorsal root; collaterals synapse in the dorsal hor... | |
First_Aid_Step1_53 | X Fragile X syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) Chromosomal translocation that commonly involves chromosome pairs 21, 22, 13, 14, and 15. One of the most common types of translocation. Occurs when the long arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes (chromosomes with centromeres near their ends) fus... | |
Pathology_Robbins_2985 | http://ebooksmedicine.net Canbedominatedbybleeding,vascularocclusionandtissuehypoxemia,orboth Commontriggers:sepsis,majortrauma,certaincancers,obstetriccomplications Maybetriggeredbydrugs,infections,orlymphomas,ormaybeidiopathic Bothmanifestwiththrombocytopenia,microangiopathichemolyticanemia,andrenalfailure;feverandCN... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_8117 | (A) supine, which show dilated loops of small bowel in the right upper quadrant; (B) erect, which confirm the presence of airfluid level in the loops of small bowel as well as the stomach, consistant with small bowel obstruction.Figure 28-13. Small bowel obstruction. A CT scan of a patient presenting with signs and sym... | |
Pathology_Robbins_2988 | Other transfusion reactions are uncommon or rare, but can have severe and sometimes fatal consequences, and therefore merit brief discussion. Severe, potentially fatal allergic reactions may occur when blood products containing certain antigens are given to previously sensitized recipients. These are most likely to occ... | |
Pathoma_Husain_41 | Macrophages process and present antigen via MHC class II to CD4+ helper T cells. 2. Interaction leads macrophages to secrete IL-12, inducing CD4+ helper T cells to differentiate into TH 1 subtype. 3. TH 1 cells secrete IFN-y, which converts macrophages to epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells. I. DIGEORGE SYNDROME A.... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_28846 | Paget’s disease is usually diagnosed from radiologic and biochemical abnormalities. Radiographic findings typical of Paget’s disease include enlargement or expansion of an entire bone or area of a long bone, cortical thickening, coarsening of trabecular markings, and typical lytic and sclerotic changes. Skull radiograp... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_8049 | / 1249Clinical Presentation / 1250Diagnosis / 1250Therapy / 1250Mesenteric Ischemia1250Miscellaneous Conditions1250Obscure GI Bleeding / 1250Small Bowel Perforation / 1251Chylous Ascites / 1252Intussusception / 1253Pneumatosis Intestinalis / 1253Short Bowel Syndrome1254Pathophysiology / 1254Therapy / 1255Outcomes / 125... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_22135 | Renal complications in sickle cell disease result from occlusion of the vasa recta in the renal medulla. The low partial pressure of oxygen and high osmolarity predispose to hemoglobin S polymerization and erythrocyte sickling. Sequelae include hyposthenuria, hematuria, and papillary necrosis (which can also occur in s... | |
Pediatrics_Nelson_1385 | ABO incompatibility with sensitization usually does not cause fetal disease other than extremely mild anemia. It may produce hemolytic disease of the newborn, which is manifested as significant anemia and hyperbilirubinemia. Because many mothers who have blood group O have IgG antibodies to A and B before pregnancy, th... | |
Psichiatry_DSM-5_692 | A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Note: Do not include symptoms that are clearly attributable to a medical condition.... | |
Obstentrics_Williams_2169 | Vesicoamnionic shunts are used in selected fetuses with severe bladder-outlet obstruction in which diminished amnionic fluid portends a grim prognosis (Fig. 16-8). Distal obstruction of the urinary tract occurs more often in male fetuses. The most common etiology is posterior urethral valves, followed by urethral atres... | |
Histology_Ross_1268 | Ghrelin and peptide YY control appetite as part of the short-term weight control system. The recently discovered potent appetite stimulant ghrelin is a small, 28-amino-acid polypeptide produced by gastric epithelial cells. In addition to its appetite stimulatory role, it acts on the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland... | |
Pathoma_Husain_123 | ii. Increased risk of Salmonella paratyphi osteomyelitis iii. Howell-Jolly bodies on blood smear 3. i. Presents with chest pain, shortness of breath, and lung infiltrates ii. Often precipitated by pneumonia iii. Most common cause of death in adult patients 4. 5. Renal papillary necrosis-results in gross hematuria and p... | |
Pediatrics_Nelson_1015 | Trisomy 18 (47,XX,+18 or 47,XY,+18) is the second most common autosomal trisomy, occurring in approximately 1 in 7500 live births. More than 95% of conceptuses with trisomy 18 are spontaneously aborted in the first trimester. Trisomy 18 is usually lethal; fewer than 10% of affected infants survive until their first bir... | |
Pathology_Robbins_3020 | MORPHOLOGYIntheacute phase of ARDS, thelungsaredarkred,firm,airless,andheavy.Microscopicexaminationrevealscapillarycongestion,necrosisofalveolarepithelialcells,interstitialandintra-alveolaredemaandhemorrhage,and(particularlywithsepsis)collectionsofneutrophilsincapillaries.Themostcharacteristicfindingisthepresenceofhyal... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_2768 | In noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, lung water increases due to damage of the pulmonary capillary lining with consequent leakage of proteins and other macromolecules into the tissue; fluid follows the protein as oncotic forces are shifted from the vessel to the surrounding lung tissue. This process is associated with dy... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_1906 | Sensory neuronopathy (or ganglionopathy) is characterized by widespread but asymmetric sensory loss occurring in a non-lengthdependent manner so that it may occur proximally or distally and in the arms, legs, or both. Pain and numbness progress to sensory ataxia and impairment of all sensory modalities with time. This ... | |
Pathology_Robbins_3881 | In developed countries, sporadic infections may be contracted by the consumption of raw or steamed shellfish that have concentrated the virus from seawater contaminated with human sewage. Infected workers in the food industry are another source of outbreaks. HAV itself does not seem to be cytopathic. The cellular immun... | |
Obstentrics_Williams_7884 | Malformations. he incidence of major malformations in women with type 1 diabetes is at least doubled and approximates 11 percent Qovanovic, 2015). These account for almost half of perinatal deaths in diabetic pregnancies. As shown in Table 57-6, cardiovascular malformations accounted for more than half of the anomalies... | |
Pathology_Robbins_2987 | U.S. hospitals each year. Thanks to improved screening of donors, blood products (packed red blood cells, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma) are safer than ever before. Nevertheless, complications still occur. Most are minor and transient. The most common is referred to as a febrile nonhemolytic reaction, which takes ... | |
Pathology_Robbins_3110 | Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation in many tissues and organs. We discuss it here because one presentation of sarcoidosis is as a restrictive lung disease. Other diseases, including mycobacterial or fungal infections and berylliosis, sometim... | |
First_Aid_Step2_905 | syndrome (female) 45,XO The most common cause of 1° amenorrhea; due to gonadal dysgenesis. No Barr body. Features include short stature, shield chest, widely spaced nipples, webbed neck, coarctation of the aorta, and/or bicuspid aortic valve. May present with lymphedema of the hands and feet in the neonatal period. May... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_9361 | To activate antithrombin, heparin binds to the serpin via a unique pentasaccharide sequence that is found on one-third of the chains of commercial heparin (Fig. 143-5). Heparin chains without this pentasaccharide sequence have little or no anticoagulant activity. Once bound to antithrombin, heparin induces a conformati... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_31686 | A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Note: Do not include symptoms that are clearly attributable to another medical cond... | |
Pathology_Robbins_4585 | Primaryhyperparathyroidismisthemostcommoncauseofasymptomatichypercalcemia. Inamajorityofcases,primaryhyperparathyroidismiscausedbyasporadicparathyroidadenomaand,lesscommonly,byparathyroidhyperplasia. Parathyroidadenomasaresolitary,whilehyperplasiatypicallyisamultiglandularprocess. Skeletalmanifestationsofhyperparathyro... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_7430 | PM 1119STOMACHCHAPTER 26levels of somatostatin, decreased somatostatin messenger RNA production, and fewer somatostatin-producing D cells. The mechanism of decreased antral somatostatin synthesis and release may be related to (a) antral alkalinization due to heli-cobacter urease (acid in the antrum releases somatostati... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_1825 | normally present in skin, becomes more prominent and important during the repair process.Biochemically, each chain of collagen is composed of a glycine residue in every third position. The second position in the triplet is made up of proline or lysine during the translation process. The polypeptide chain that is transl... | |
Pathology_Robbins_1723 | As a result of the remarkable success achieved in prevention of Rh hemolysis, fetomaternal ABO incompatibility currently is the most common cause of immune hemolytic disease of the newborn. Although ABO incompatibility occurs in approximately 20% to 25% of pregnancies, hemolysis develops in only a small fraction of inf... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_19480 | The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system contributes to the regulation of arterial pressure primarily via the vasoconstrictor properties of angiotensin II and the sodium-retaining properties of aldosterone. Renin is an aspartyl protease that is synthesized as an enzymatically inactive precursor, prorenin. Most renin in... | |
Pharmacology_Katzung_3874 | This is an autosomal dominant trait. Although levels of LDL tend to increase throughout childhood, the diagnosis can often be made on the basis of elevated umbilical cord blood cholesterol. In most heterozygotes, cholesterol levels range from 260 to 500 mg/dL. Triglycerides are usually normal. Tendon xanthomas are ofte... | |
Pediatrics_Nelson_1187 | Multiple gestations are associated with increased risk resulting from polyhydramnios, premature birth, IUGR, abnormal presentation (breech), congenital anomalies (intestinal atresia, porencephaly, and single umbilical artery), intrauterine fetal demise, birth asphyxia, and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Twin-to-twi... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_19883 | Vasoconstriction, vascular proliferation, thrombosis, and inflammation appear to underlie the development of PAH (Fig. 304-1). In long-standing PH, intimal proliferation and fibrosis, medial hypertrophy, and in situ thrombosis characterize the pathologic findings in the pulmonary vasculature. Vascular remodeling at ear... | |
Biochemistry_Lippincott_1812 | Wound to a tissue damages blood vessels and exposes collagen. Platelets (thrombocytes) adhere to the exposed collagen, get activated, and aggregate to form a platelet plug. Adhesion is mediated by von Willebrand factor (VWF). VWF binds collagen, and platelets bind VWF via glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) within a receptor comple... | |
Psichiatry_DSM-5_2524 | Although cannabis use can impact multiple aspects of normal human functioning, in- cluding the cardiovascular, immune, neuromuscular, ocular, reproductive, and respira- tory systems, as well as appetite and cognition/perception, there are few clear medical conditions that commonly co-occur with cannabis use disorder. T... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_3244 | In the absence of hemolysis, the physician should consider a problem with the hepatic uptake or conjugation of bilirubin. Certain drugs, including rifampin and probenecid, may cause of bilirubin. Impaired bilirubin conjugation occurs in three genetic conditions: Crigler-Najjar syndrome types I and II and Gilbert’s synd... | |
Biochemistry_Lippincott_594 | B. Cystic fibrosis CF is the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians of Northern European ancestry and has a prevalence of ~1:3,300 births in the United States. CF is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by mutations to the gene for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein that functions as ... | |
Neurology_Adams_8239 | Following the experience of the massive rubella epidemics of 1964 and 1965, the congenital rubella syndrome has been expanded to include low birth weight; sensorineural deafness, sometimes unilateral (the most common complication); microphthalmia; pigmentary degeneration of the retina (salt-and-pepper chorioretinitis);... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_7375 | (i.e., low gastrin state) show thin mucosa and decreased parietal cells. In animal studies, gastrin administration has been shown to stimulate the growth of established colon cancers and to cause pancreatic acinar cell hyperplasia.41 Important causes of hypergastrinemia include pernicious anemia, acid-suppressive medic... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_20270 | Despite being one of the oldest known occupational pulmonary hazards, free silica (SiO2), or crystalline quartz, is still a major cause of disease. The major occupational exposures include mining; stonecutting; sand blasting; glass and cement manufacturing; foundry work; packing of silica flour; and quarrying, particul... | |
Pediatrics_Nelson_3448 | Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal injury and is an important cause of acute kidney injury in children. HUS typically occurs in children less than 5 years of age but can occur in older children. The most common type of HUS is a... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_3689 | The co-occurrent crystalluria is typical of ethylene glycol intoxication; both needle-shaped monohydrate and envelope-shaped dihydrate calcium oxalate crystals can be seen in the urine as the process evolves. Circulating oxalate can also complex with plasma calcium, reducing the ionized calcium as in this case. Althoug... | |
Pathoma_Husain_468 | C. Rickets is due to low vitamin D in children, resulting in abnormal bone mineralization. 1. Most commonly arises in children < 1 year of age; presents with i. Pigeon-breast deformity-inward bending of the ribs with anterior protrusion of the sternum ii. Frontal bossing (enlarged forehead) -due to osteoid deposition o... | |
Physiology_Levy_669 | Destruction of the VPL or VPM nuclei diminishes sensation on the contralateral side of the body or face. The sensory qualities that are lost reflect those that are | |
Neurology_Adams_9088 | Strictly speaking, CO is an exogenous toxin, but it is considered here because it produces a characteristic cerebral injury and is frequently associated with delayed neurologic deterioration. The extreme affinity of CO for hemoglobin (more than 200 times that of oxygen) drastically reduces the oxygen content of blood a... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_9022 | Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reaction The most frequent reaction associated with the transfusion of cellular blood components is a febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR). These reactions are characterized by chills and rigors and a ≥1°C rise in temperature. FNHTR is diagnosed when other causes of fever i... | |
Pathology_Robbins_645 | Among the acquired thrombophilic states, two are particularly important clinical problems and deserve special mention: • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) syndrome. This syndrome occurs in up to 5% of patients treated with unfractionated heparin (for therapeutic anti-coagulation). It is marked by the development o... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_22680 | Ménétrier’s disease (MD) is a very rare gastropathy characterized by large, tortuous mucosal folds. MD has an average age of onset of 40–60 years with a male predominance. The differential diagnosis of large gastric folds includes ZES, malignancy (lymphoma, infiltrating carcinoma), infectious etiologies (CMV, histoplas... | |
Pathology_Robbins_3631 | MORPHOLOGYAutoimmunegastritisischaracterizedbydiffusedamage of the oxyntic (acid-producing)mucosa withinthebodyandfundus.Damagetotheantrumandcardiatypicallyisabsentormild.Withdiffuse atrophy, theoxynticmucosaofthebodyandfundusappearsmarkedlythinned,andrugalfoldsarelost.Neutrophilsmaybepresent,buttheinflammatoryinfiltra... | |
Psichiatry_DSM-5_2520 | Other mental disorders. Cannabis-induced disorder may be characterized by symp- toms (e.g., anxiety) that resemble primary mental disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety dis- order vs. cannabis-induced anxiety disorder, with generalized anxiety, with onset during intoxication). Chronic intake of cannabis can produce a lac... | |
Histology_Ross_1049 | Cartilage is an avascular form of connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes and a highly specialized extracellular matrix. Three kinds of cartilage are described on the basis of characteristics of the matrix: hyaline cartilage (described here), elastic cartilage (described in Plate 9), and fibrocartilage ... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_15655 | Eye Salivary glands Dorsal root ganglion Spinal cord Brain Infection of brain neurons with neuronal dysfunction 6 Centrifugal spread along nerves to salivary glands, skin, cornea, and other organs 7 Virus binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction 3 Replication in motor neurons of the spinal c... | |
Pathoma_Husain_370 | H. Choriocarcinoma is a malignant tumor of syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts (placenta-like tissue, but villi are absent, Fig. 14.7). 1. 2. ~-hCG is characteristically elevated; may lead to hyperthyroidism or gynecomastia (a-subunit ofhCG is similar to that ofFSH, LH, and TSH) I. Teratoma is a tumor composed of... | |
Pathology_Robbins_1842 | Carbon monoxide (CO) is a nonirritating, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas. It is produced by the incomplete oxidation of carbonaceous materials. Its sources include automotive engines, industries using fossil fuels, home oil burners, and cigarette smoke. The low levels often found in ambient air may contribute to imp... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_12352 | recep-tors of muscles, leading to fluctuating weakness. Most patients have either thymic hyperplasia or thymoma. The most common symptoms are diplopia, ptosis, dysarthria, and dysphagia. More severe cases have limb or respiratory involvement. Weakness worsens with repetitive movement. Treatment is with acetylcho-linest... | |
Immunology_Janeway_1363 | H.M. Li, B.A. Fields, and R.A. Mariuzza. Thus, the α-chain V region and the CDR3 of the β chain of the T-cell receptor have little effect on superantigen recognition, which is determined largely by the germline-encoded V gene segments that encode the expressed Vβ chain. Each superantigen is specific for one or a few of... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_23479 | Hepatitis A This agent is transmitted almost exclusively by the fecal-oral route. Person-to-person spread of HAV is enhanced by poor personal hygiene and overcrowding; large outbreaks as well as sporadic cases have been traced to contaminated food, water, milk, frozen raspberries and strawberries, green onions imported... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_12643 | Eye Infections Eye infections due to P. aeruginosa occur mainly as a result of direct inoculation into the tissue during trauma or surface injury by contact lenses. Keratitis and corneal ulcers are the most common types of eye disease and are often associated with contact lenses (especially the extended-wear variety). ... | |
Physiology_Levy_636 | The ventroposterior nuclear complex of the thalamus represents the main termination site for ascending somatosensory information in the diencephalon. It consists of two major nuclei, the VPL and VPM, and a smaller nucleus called the ventral posterior inferior (VPI) (see Fig. 7.5 ). The medial lemniscus forms the main i... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_1379 | with descend-ing blunt aortic injuries [BAI], whereas right-sided hematomas are seen with innominate injuries) (Fig. 7-22). Posterior rib frac-tures, sternal fractures with laceration of small vessels, and mediastinal venous bleeding also can produce similar hemato-mas. Other chest radiographic findings suggestive of a... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_11366 | should be considered.Duodenal ObstructionWhenever the diagnosis of duodenal obstruction is entertained, malrotation and midgut volvulus must be excluded. This topic is covered in further detail later in this chapter. Other causes of duodenal obstruction include duodenal atresia, duodenal web, stenosis, annular pancreas... | |
Neurology_Adams_7761 | The prevalence of the disease cannot be stated exactly, but is on the order of 1 per 50,000 to 1 per 100,000 of the general population. The disease is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The gene, called ATP7B (homologous with the ATP7A gene, which is defective in Menkes disease), codes for a membrane-bound, c... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_23399 | B but is smaller, 35–37 nm; hepatitis E resembles hepatitis A virus but is slightly larger, 32–34 nm; hepatitis C has been visualized as a 55-nm particle.) Antibodies to HAV (anti-HAV) can be detected during acute illness when serum aminotransferase activity is elevated and fecal HAV shedding is still occurring. This e... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_13352 | Post-TB Complications TB may cause persisting pulmonary damage in patients whose infection has been considered cured on clinical grounds. Chronic impairment of lung functions, bronchiectasis, aspergillomas, and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) have been associated with TB. CPA may manifest as simple aspergilloma (... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_5381 | that may have cytotoxic and cardiovas-cular effects such as vasodilation and hypotension.The large quantity of unfractionated heparin used during cardiac surgery predisposes patients to developing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) with an incidence of 1% to 5%.22 Platelet factor-4 (PF4) is produced by platelets an... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_29177 | nicotinate (from niacin therapy), and the organic acids lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate. The monoand divalent anions then become substrates for URAT1 and OAT4, respectively, and are exchanged for uric acid from the proximal tubule. Increased blood levels of these anions result in their increased glomerular... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_24903 | Thediagnosisofananaphylacticreactiondependsonahistoryrevealing the onset of symptoms and signs within minutes after the responsible material is encountered. It is appropriate to rule out a complement-mediated immune complex reaction, an idiosyncratic response to a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), or the dir... | |
First_Aid_Step2_158 | FIGURE 2.2-16. Actinic keratosis. The discrete patch above has an erythematous base and a rough white scale. (Reproduced, with permission, from Hurwitz RM. Pathology of the Skin: Atlas of Clinical-Pathological Correlation, 2nd ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1998: 359.) The second most common skin tumor, with local... | |
Histology_Ross_2750 | Formation of HCl from the H and Cl that were transported into the lumen of the canaliculus. In humans, intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells (chief cells do so in some other species). Its secretion is stimulated by the same receptors that stimulate gastric acid secretion. Intrinsic factor is a 44-kilodal... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_7011 | a parasympathetic inhibition, supporting SclerodermammHg35 –0Esophagus25 cmEsophagus30 cmEsophagus35 cmSSSS35 –0035 –Figure 25-42. Esophageal motility record in a patient with sclero-derma showing aperistalsis in the distal two-thirds of the esopha-geal body with peristalsis in the proximal portion. (Reproduced with pe... | |
Histology_Ross_1973 | Several diseases affect the valves of the heart, causing their degeneration (e.g., calcification, fibrosis) and resulting in heart malfunction because of insufficiency or stenosis of valvular orifices. These conditions, known collectively as valvular heart disease, include rheumatic heart disease, vegetative endocardit... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_31685 | DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS Clinical Manifestations Major depression is defined as depressed mood on a daily basis for a minimum duration of 2 weeks (Table 466-7). An episode may be characterized by sadness, indifference, apathy, or irritability and is usually associated with changes in sleep patterns, appetite, and weight; m... | |
First_Aid_Step1_183 | Symptoms: Parotitis A , Orchitis (inflammation of testes), aseptic Meningitis, and Pancreatitis. Can cause sterility (especially after puberty). A . Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions B ) commonly found in Purkinje cells of cerebellum and in hippocampal neurons. Rabies has long incubation period (weeks to months) bef... | |
Pathoma_Husain_194 | 1. Evidence of prior group A ~-hemolytic streptococcal infection (e.g., elevated ASO or anti-DNase B titers) with the presence of major and minor criteria 2. Minor criteria are nonspecific and include fever and elevated ESR. 3. i. Migratory polyarthritis-swelling and pain in a large joint (e.g., wrist, knees, ankles) t... | |
Psichiatry_DSM-5_2527 | The essential feature of cannabis intoxication is the presence of clinically significant prob- lematic behavioral or psychological changes that develop during, or shortly after, canna- bis use (Criterion B). Intoxication typically begins with a ”high" feeling followed by symptoms that include euphoria with inappropriat... | |
Pharmacology_Katzung_2689 | 4. Hepatotoxicity (halothane hepatitis)—Hepatic dysfunction following surgery and general anesthesia is most likely caused by hypovolemic shock, infection conferred by blood transfusion, or other surgical stresses rather than by volatile anesthetic toxicity. However, a small subset of individuals previously exposed to ... | |
Pathology_Robbins_2217 | Kidneys influence peripheral resistance and sodium excretion/retention primarily through the reninangiotensin system. The kidneys and heart contain cells that sense changes in blood pressure and/or blood volume. In response, these cells release several important regulators that act in concert to maintain normal blood p... | |
Neurology_Adams_11765 | This special form of neuromuscular disorder that in a few ways simulates myasthenia gravis, is observed most often in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung, was first described by Lambert, Eaton, and Rooke in 1956 and further by Eaton and Lambert in 1957. Unlike myasthenia gravis, the muscles of the trunk, sho... | |
First_Aid_Step1_509 | Defective mineralization of osteoid (osteomalacia) or cartilaginous growth plates (rickets, only in children). Most commonly due to vitamin D deficiency. X-rays show osteopenia and “Looser zones” (pseudofractures) in osteomalacia, epiphyseal widening and metaphyseal cupping/fraying in rickets. Children with rickets hav... | |
Neurology_Adams_2021 | The abducens nucleus contains two groups of neurons, each with distinctive morphologic and physiologic properties: (1) the intranuclear abducens motor neurons, which innervate the ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle, and (2) abducens internuclear neurons, which project via the contralateral MLF to the medial rectus neuro... | |
Histology_Ross_3711 | The Leydig cells are active in the early differentiation of the male fetus and then undergo a period of inactivity beginning at about 5 months of fetal life. Inactive Leydig cells are difficult to distinguish from fibroblasts. When Leydig cells are exposed to gonadotropic stimulation at puberty, they again become andro... | |
Physiology_Levy_3942 | Primary hyperparathyroidism iscausedbyexcessiveproductionofPTHbytheparathyroidglands.Itismostfrequentlycausedbyasingleadenoma confinedtooneoftheparathyroids.OwingtoelevatedPTH,patientswithprimaryhyperparathyroidismhavehighserum[Ca++]and,inmostcases,lowserum[Pi].Hypercalcemia isaresultofboneresorption,increasedgastroint... | |
Physiology_Levy_3476 | The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of the kidneys (see ), particularly the afferent arteriole, responds fThe liver and central nervous system also have sensors that respond to changes in blood pressure and [Na+] and then signal the kidneys to alter NaCl excretion. These systems do not appear to be as important as vasc... | |
Immunology_Janeway_371 | and the convertase does not form. However, the small fragment of C2, C2b, is further cleaved into a peptide, the C2 kinin, that causes extensive swell-ing—the most dangerous being local swelling in the larynx that can lead to suffocation. Bradykinin, which has similar actions to those of C2 kinin, is also produced in a... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_5370 | plan revascularization (Fig. 21-2A,B). A stenosis is considered to be significant if it narrows the lumen of the artery by 70% (or 50% in the case of left main coronary artery). Borderline lesions or complex lesions may be assessed by fractional flow reserve (FFR) or instant wave-free radio (iFR), which obviates the ne... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_32449 | Pathology and Clinical Course The pathophysiology of carbon monoxide exposure is incompletely understood. CO binds to hemoglobin with an affinity more than 200 times that of oxygen, directly reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, and further promoting tissue hypoxia by shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation c... | |
Pharmacology_Katzung_3755 | Heparin is a heterogeneous mixture of sulfated mucopolysaccharides. It binds to endothelial cell surfaces and a variety of plasma proteins. Its biologic activity is dependent upon the endogenous anticoagulant antithrombin. Antithrombin inhibits clotting factor proteases, especially thrombin (IIa), IXa, and Xa, by formi... | |
InternalMed_Harrison_20767 | FIGURE 322-3 The normal alveolus (left) and the injured alveolus in the acute phase of acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (right). In the acute phase of the syndrome (right), there is sloughing of both the bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells, with the formation of protein-rich hyaline mem... | |
Pathoma_Husain_144 | II. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) A. Neoplastic proliferation of naive B cells that co-express CDS and CD20; most common leukemia overall B. Increased lymphocytes and smudge cells are seen on blood smear (Fig. 6.8). C. Involvement of lymph nodes leads to generalized lymphadenopathy and is called small lymphocytic ... | |
Gynecology_Novak_6886 | The initiating event in cervical dysplasia and carcinogenesis is infection with HPV. HPV infection was detected in up to 99% of women with squamous cervical carcinoma. HPV is the causative agent in both squamous and adenocarcinoma of the cervix, but the respective tumors may have different carcinogenic pathways (7). Th... | |
Surgery_Schwartz_9311 | fluid often is present. The mucosa may show hyperemia and patchy necrosis. In severe cases, about 5% to 10%, the inflammatory process progresses and leads to ischemia and necrosis of the gallbladder wall. More frequently, the gallstone is dislodged and the inflammation resolves.Not all episodes of uncomplicated acute c... | |
Pathology_Robbins_2330 | MORPHOLOGYTakayasu arteritis classically affects the aortic arch and arch vessels; one third of cases also involve the remainder of the aorta and its branches. Occasionally,aorticrootinvolvementcausesdilationandaorticvalveinsufficiency.Pulmonaryarteriesareinvolvedin50%ofpatients,andrenalandcoronaryarteriesalsocanbeaffe... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.