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FBIS3-40205_1 | Electric Power: Another Bottleneck in China's Economy Nuclear Power: Partial Solution to Energy Bottleneck 1. Nuclear Power: The Key to Solving the Problems of Development 2. Nuclear Power: The Antigen for Prevention of Economic Difficulties on the Southeast Coast | power rose from 4 percent to 72 percent, and cheap reliable nuclear power has become the pillar of the French economy. Today, one-third of all of the electric power used in the energy-poor countries of the European Economic Community comes from nuclear power. In short, the fact is that the developed countries of Europe and America know there can be no entry into the 21st century without nuclear power. In the 1980s, the center of world economic growth moved to the Asian-Pacific area and the nations of the Pacific rim, and the nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island in the U.S. and at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union cast a cloud over the idea that nuclear power was the key to economic development. Nuclear technology forces in Europe, America, and Japan are collaborating in applied research on a new reactor that is safer, cleaner, more economical, and consumes nuclear materials more completely -- the fast breeder reactor. Advanced nations have increased their research on nuclear fusion which could provide mankind with an inexhaustible supply of energy. There can be no doubt that nuclear energy will be an important source of energy in the 21st century. Countries that do not gain access to nuclear energy will not join the ranks of advanced countries in the future world. 2. Nuclear Power: The Antigen for Prevention of Economic Difficulties on the Southeast Coast The energy shortage has become the "bottleneck" to China's economic development. The energy pinch is most strongly felt along the southeast coast, which is also feeling the effects of transportation pressures and environmental pollution, and the dislocated energy structure is the root cause of it all. China's coal resources are mainly concentrated in Shanxi, Shaanxi, and western Inner Mongolia, 70 percent of the hydropower resources are in the southwest, and 80 percent of the electricity in the southeast is produced from coal. Northern coal is shipped south and western coal is shipped east. Coal for electric power accounts for 46 percent of the freight shipped on the Beijing-Shanghai and Beijing-Guangdong rail lines, 30 percent of the freight on the Huangjin waterway, and 26 percent of the freight on the highways. And that still does not satisfy the demand. In Jiangsu Province, there have been shutdowns of over 40 percent of the power generators because coal supplies were used up. While coal provides the power for economic development, it also is |
FBIS3-40206_0 | Electric Power: Another Bottleneck in China's Economy 1993 Power Output: 800 Billion Killowatt-Hours | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Article by reporter Qin Jingwu [4440 0079 0582]] [Text] The Chinese electric power industry completed its annual mission for the installation of new power capacity nine days ahead of schedule, and kept the annual capacity of newly installed large- and medium-sized units above 12,000 MW for the sixth straight year, maintaining the fastest pace of electric power development in the world. The total national power output for the year was 815 billion kWh, 9.44 percent over last year, of which 671 billion kWh was from thermal power, an increase of 9.16 percent, and hydropower was 144 billion kWh, a 10.77 percent increase over last year. The entire electric power industry earned 19.9 billion yuan in profit taxes, an increase of 15.4 percent over the previous year. Although China's power industry has grown rapidly, the national economy has grown even faster and the power supply is more than 20 percent short of needs. In order to put electric power ahead of the curve, the Ministry of Electric Power is planning to add 15,000 MW of new units annually from 1995 to 1997, and 20,000 MW annually from 1998 to 2000, which will be an increase of about 300,000 MW of installed capacity by the end of the century, and will basically meet China's domestic needs. The government will make a great effort to raise the money for this, and will encourage joint efforts among administrative areas to get electric power and develop hydropower resources, and will encourage coastal economic development zones to make even greater investments into energy bases to get power, and for sending power out of energy rich areas; Economically developed areas will be encouraged to raise funds for power, and power enterprises will be allowed to go directly to the banks and other financial institutions for loans, or to issue bonds and shares. |
FBIS3-40254_0 | Biographic Data of Milan Babic | Language: Serbo-Croatian Article Type:CSO [Article by Filip Svarm: "Milan Babic--A Career"] [Text] Milan Babic was born in 1956 in the village of Kukari, near Vrlika. He studied dentistry in Belgrade, where he achieved notable success as a youth functionary. Upon receiving his diploma, he got a job at the Knin Health Center, but completed his specialization in Sarajevo. To the people of Knin, however, Babic is much less known as a dentist--there is a witness (the name and address are known to the editors) who alleges that Babic accidentally pulled one of his healthy teeth--than as a politician; among other things, he was the party secretary at his health center. He witnessed the disintegration of the LCY [League of Communists of Yugoslavia] as an LCC [League of Communists of Croatia] delegate at its last, 14th congress. Behind the scenes, he opposed Ivica Racan and part of the Croatian delegation, failing to comprehend what they had against Slobodan Milosevic and why they were supporting the Slovenes. He returned to Knin, definitively breaking with the reform faction of the Croatian communists and launching his career as a national politician. Under the supervision of Dr. Jovan Raskovic, Babic quickly became one of the founders of the SDS [Serbian Democratic Party]. He ran for the post of president of Knin Opstina in the first multiparty elections in Croatia in 1990 and was elected. However, he was not satisfied with the results of the elections; the SDS won in only three of the total of 11 Serb opstinas in Croatia. In this way, Raskovic was forced to negotiate with high-ranking Croatian functionaries (it appeared to be a matter of days before he would be officially declared the new Svetozar Pribicevic), and Babic himself conducted some of the negotiations, especially with the ministers in the Croatian Government in charge of the economy. He sought the combination of the northern Dalmatian and Lika opstinas into one community that would be better able to develop. The Croatian side, however, wanting to be done with the communists once and for all, allowed the SDS to repeat the elections in an "antibureaucratic" manner--Zagreb figured that this would satisfy Raskovic, and that he would support them in the inevitable conflict with Milosevic. Throughout the summer of 1990, Krajina teemed with various SDS rallies. Besides Raskovic, Babic was an obligatory speaker. While the former spoke about the Serb soul, the latter dealt |
FBIS3-40263_2 | * PAC Leader Claims UVPR Sidestepping Issues | Gorbachev, but who are now speaking about the eventual agreements with Bill Clinton and our entrance into Europe and the Council of Europe. Just as, in the end, these gentlemen were the ones who brought about this extraordinary reorientation of our entire lives from the East to the West. Last night, they signed the document to establish the Consultative Council for Euro-Atlantic Integration, a document that has its roots in the opposition. This document came out of the ranks of the parliamentary opposition and is one that was finally accepted by the government. The opposition also sent representatives to this meeting, and Mr. Iliescu had an entourage there (don't blame me; that's what Mr. Iliescu calls it), and the ministries and other organs of the government were also represented there. Currently, the opposition's arguments for the West and for European integration can no longer be combated by the government. At this time, the government can no longer bet on the CIS and Yeltsin (if the government would do what Yeltsin is doing in Moscow, we could also avoid some problems), and, so, it is betting on the West and Euro-Atlanticism, and it wants to profit from this, which is not correct. The wolf can change his clothing, but not his habits. The government was represented by Mr. Gherman. More importantly, the PSM [the Socialist Party of Labor] as well as the PRM [the ROMANIA MARE Party] were there, but not represented by their presidents. Furthermore, they tabled a declaration that noted that they are signing the document, but have important reservations concerning several of its provisions. I would have admired the PDSR [the Romanian Social Democratic Party] if it had taken a similar action. The PDSR, however, completely changed its clothing. In this case, it bears no resemblance to the wolf of old, and it signed the document, after which the Romanian mass-media presented us with the interesting observation that this Consultative Council was a consensual effort. Returning to the analysis at the beginning here, I think that the real motives for the current situation are of a factual and governmental nature, not theoretical and oppositional or dialogue focused. I say factual and governmental because the government is the one that must implement the reform program with everything that it involves. And the government, what does it do? So you can understand, I will tell you what was proposed to |
FBIS3-40265_12 | * Political Analysts on Reform, Transition Process An Analysis Which Describes the Current Stage of the Reform Process From the Government's Standpoint, the Reform Process Is a Success The Government's Political Will Is To Maintain a Certain Kind of Electorate The Experience of a Team Made Up of People Who Have Been in the Government and People Who Have Been in the Opposition | applying of normal gradualism, adverse reactions appear in the environment in which it is operating, until complementary measures are applied. When these adverse reactions appear, instead of considering them a signal that the transformations should be speeded up, our own governmental teams have done the very opposite: They have accentuated administrative intervention. Practically, in the final analysis, this has in fact meant that there is an orientation which is counter to reform, because the result has been something other than the one they had counted on. The field of price liberalization, and especially of the mechanisms of formation, is illustrative in this regard. I am trying to answer Mr. Cornea regarding the causes of these instances of procrastination--whether they are in the sphere of the lack of political will, or whether they spring from incompetence. My feeling (from the experience which I had when I spent a short period of time in the government) is that we are dealing with a combination of the two. For example, in the area of prices one can consider that there were also premeditated elements which had the effect of ensuring that not even up to the present time, after the four successive phases of liberalization, has the mechanism of formation been completely liberalized. In this case we are dealing with premeditation but also with incompetence. And when I refer to incompetence, I refer also to the lack of courage to apply a measure which introduces effects of shock into the economic and social system. If the people in our government have sinned in any way, it is through fear that they have sinned; and if they can be characterized in any way, again it is by their fear. The reformist type of person must, in my opinion, be the decisive type. But here the dilemma appears between maintaining your position high official and not making allowances for this personal career objective, regardless of what happens with your position. Due to this pathological gradualism, the transition in Romania up to now is a failed process; it has involved high social and economic costs, while the results do not justify these costs. From the Government's Standpoint, the Reform Process Is a Success [Valeria Pascariu] We see a list of problems which we consider failures of the present government. But what categories of interests does the government express? Because the essence of a government always lies |
FBIS3-40273_0 | War Tax in Bosnia Causing Problems in Slovenia | Language: Slovene Article Type:CSO [Article by Stane Pucko: "Controversial Sarajevo War Tax -- Interior Ministry Points To Disadvantages of Dual Citizenship"] [Text] The Bosnia-Herzegovina Government's decision to impose a 10- percent income tax on its citizens to support the war effort in Bosnia- Herzegovina could affect about 67,000 people in Slovenia who hold Slovene and Bosnian citizenship. Since we can assume that these people who live and work in Slovenia will have to send this money or it will be collected -- the method of collection is not yet known since this regulation is new -- it is obvious that the revenue will not clear Slovenia's borders without violating Slovene regulations, whether the money is taken abroad by individuals or by an "authorized" collector. This is merely the latest example of the problems which dual citizenship brings along with its advantages. |
FBIS3-40279_0 | Economic Stabilization Decrees Adopted | Language: Serbo-Croatian Article Type:CSO [Communique by the Government of Serbia: "Regulations for Stabilization"] [Text] At yesterday's meeting presided over by Nikola Sainovic, the Government of Serbia adopted the final text of about 30 regulations and decrees setting the tasks of the state bodies and facilitating the overall application of the Program for the Reconstruction of the Monetary System and Strategy for the Economic Recovery of Yugoslavia in 1994. The republic government reexamined the package of stabilization measures because the government task forces working on the implementation of the program proposed certain changes and additions to the original decisions. The government also called for the active involvement of government officials and authors of the measures in order to mobilize all the public, from enterprises to state bodies and citizens, to work for the implementation of the program. Thus, the citizens of Serbia will be informed as soon as possible about the substance, nature, and implementation of the measures offered as the most suitable manner for coming out of the crisis. The republic government examined the draft of the new criminal law and established the procedure for sending this important law to the National Assembly of Serbia for adoption. |
FBIS3-40282_5 | Foreign Minister Crvenkovski Views Policy | of the different theories on spheres of interest? [Crvenkovski] There appear to be various speculations in the public on different spheres of interest, different alliances of countries interested in having influence of one type or another on this territory. I must say that these speculations are mainly dominated by concepts of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. The strategic interest in Macedonia at this moment is the fact that we have promoted a new model of relations. In the external, but mainly in the internal policy. In extremely difficult surroundings, in extremely difficult conditions, with a war raging in the neighborhood, with blockades, and with a growing ethnic conflict in the Balkans, as in the greater number of postcommunist countries, we offered a model contrary to that leading to conflicts and wars. The success of the model of stability, with the help of all groups and structures in society, through the opening of economic and democratic areas, is of strategic interest and it is of great interest to the United States and Europe, as well as to the whole democratic world. In that sense, Macedonia has got an extraordinary strategic interest of the type that dominates at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. [Skerlev] Do you think that foreign policy is sufficiently engaged in the economy, first of all in making up for the damages caused by the sanctions, and how great an accent is placed on economic relations in the ministry? [Crvenkovski] The sanctions have been our main subject in all our international activities. Practically, there has not been a meeting in which the sanctions were not the first point on the agenda. However, in all the statements we have made, we were explicit in saying that overall compensation up for the sanctions is an illusion deriving from great hopes. What we succeeded in was to open a process in the United Nations with the Security Council Resolution with which the countries members were called to help Macedonia. We succeeded in arousing the interest of the international financial organizations in undertaking concrete actions. We have made an agreement with the IMF and we have signed an arrangement that has, so far, been the most favorable arrangement signed by the IMF with any country. The IMF has signed up such an arrangement only with Russia and Macedonia! It opens doors |
FBIS3-40282_9 | Foreign Minister Crvenkovski Views Policy | created in the public on this issue, that we shall have embassies wherever we have established diplomatic relations. This will certainly not be the case, for many reasons. First of all, due to the financial conditions, because running offices is very expensive. Moreover, also because, today, a great number of countries have established a different model of diplomatic services, which we think will also be suitable for our state. It means that, in many countries, ambassadors of another friendly country in the region can hold our letter of accredition. Also, and perhaps the most frequent solution applied by Sweden for decades, slowly accepted by others, is to have accredited ambassadors located in Skopje, in the ministry. Therefore, the greatest number of countries will be thus covered. There is another thing that we are going to make the first practical action, and I consider it has to be spread very much and very fast, which is -- the appointment of honorary consuls. That is the cheapest and the most efficient way to implement services for our citizens abroad. The honorary consuls will be nominated, first of all, by the citizens of the host countries, therefore not by our citizens living abroad. [Skerlev] Nevertheless, you will agree that it is in the interests of Macedonia, is it not, to have real embassies in some countries, despite the financial restrictions.... Where will we have embassies? [Crvenkovski] The five countries that are permanent members of the UN Security Council will have to have embassies, and we have not yet established diplomatic relations with some of them. Those countries are: the United States, Russia, France, Great Britain, and China. Germany and Japan also, of course, because they are countries of economic and political importance. After that, the countries with a great number of our people, like Canada and Australia, the Scandinavian countries, which will be most probably covered from one center, Switzerland because of its double role -- the bilateral relations and the relations with the United Nations, that is with the specialized UN agencies, and of course, the neighboring countries. [Skerlev] In the course of this year, the validity of the old Yugoslav passports expires, and only the Macedonian passports will be valid. However, there are many countries, for instance the Latin American, African, and some Asian countries, from which the ministry has not received information about the recognition of the Macedonian passport. [Crvenkovski] |
FBIS3-40284_0 | * Background, Provisions for April 1994 Census | Language: Macedonian Article Type:CSO [Article by V.V.A.: "The Law on the Census Is Ready, but... Fear of Politicized Count"] [Text] By the end of the year, the Macedonian Assembly should present the law on the census. It is a very desirable deadline so that there will be time left over to be used for finishing all the preparations for carrying out the census planned for April 1994. The text of the law has been prepared, and after its approval by the government, it will be submitted to the Assembly; two phases for this procedure are anticipated. As everyone knows, only two years after the last census--the data from which are official--the government is introducing a new census. The reason for this is that the previous census, taken in 1991, does not reflect the entire statistical picture of the country because it was boycotted by the Albanians and also because of organizational weaknesses in the way the census was carried out. Not much time had elapsed before a number of Assembly representatives, mainly from the Albanian parties, began to inflate their figures for the Albanian population in Macedonia--their data differed considerably from the official statistics--and their missionaries strolled through various European associations. In a similar fashion, various parties of the other ethnic groups in the country had reservations and doubts about the data with respect to the breakdown by ethnic groups. As a result of all this, the Republic Institute for Statistics came up with the idea of introducing a new census with international observers and international financing, and this idea has been accepted. At the Republic Institute for Statistics, the law has been treated as an entirely new project, developed on the basis of a number of scientific and expert consultations. When it was being drafted, the recommendations of the United Nations for population censuses, the suggestions of the expert group from the Committee of Deputy Ministers from the Council of Europe, as well as the experience of various countries were taken into account. Taking the Census In contrast to the earlier law in which citizens of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, foreign citizens, and people without citizenship who resided in Yugoslavia were included, in this census, it is proposed to register people who have an official, legal residence in Macedonia regardless of whether they are physically in the official place of residence or somewhere else in the Republic |
FBIS3-40286_3 | Mistreatment of Albanians in Macedonia Alleged | Interior of Macedonia, pointing out that a large number of representatives of this ministry, headed by Minister Ferchkovski, took part in these transgressions. Although the documents were submitted in March, so far, the regional prosecutor's office has remained silent, even after several communications in writing. We are not demanding a positive response but we would like evidence, a response which we will be able to use in an appeal to the International Court in The Hague. [Sinani] The photographic exhibition held in honor of International Human Rights Day and the videocassettes dealing with special events give the impression that in Macedonia, three years after the arrival of the democratic processes, the rights and freedoms of the Albanians are still being seriously violated. [Fejziu] This is the first time that the Democratic Forum has organized a presentation of the documentation collected during the three-year period, for the general public, in which the most extensive violations of rights and freedoms of Albanians, both individual and collective, can be seen. This documentation contradicts the assertion of the current government that Albanains in Macedonia have more rights than they deserve. It should be stressed that this is the evaluation of the Macedonian government while we have the case of the atrocious strangulation of Halil Halili from Gercec in Skopje and the strangulation of Nazmi Jusufi from Luboteni in Skopje, who were strangled in the police station along with two cases where Albanians were murdered in prison with the explanation that they committed suicide or died from heart attacks. This documentation clearly shows that Albanians are being deprived of their lives so that this government will be able to continue the repression which it is carrying out against the Albanians and so as to create the image of Albanians as a destabilizing element and, on the other hand, to present itself to the Albanian population as a strong force which must be obeyed. [Sinani] According to what you have said, it seems that the Albanians are the only ones whose human rights are being violated. [Fejziu] During the three years of activity of the Democratic Forum, in addition to the violations against Albanians, we also found proof of some instances of violation of the rights and freedoms of Turks in Macedonia, such as the case in Zhupa in Dibra. where Turkish pupils are not allowed to have their mother tongue as the language of instruction. |
FBIS3-40297_0 | Conclusions on UNHCR Case, Croat `Intervention' | Language: Serbo-Croatian Article Type:BFN [Statement by Bosnia-Herzegovina Prime Minister Haris Silajdzic at the extraordiary session of the Government of Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Sarajevo -- live] [Text] I will now propose conclusions, taking into account the reports by the two ministers. I propose the following conclusion on the first item on the agenda: After the perfidious murder of the British citizen, a representative of the UNHCR [UN High Commission on Refugees], and the wounding of the two workers of this organization in Zenica on 27 January 1994, the Government of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina conveys expressions of its deepest condolences to the family of the murdered man, the Government of Great Britain, and the UNHCR. Condemning this terrorist act, the Government of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina will do everything with a view to discovering and punishing the culprits of this horrific crime. This murder has taken place at the moment when we need humanitarian aid the most, but we are convinced that this act will not lead to the suspension of the delivery of humanitarian aid in central Bosnia and we think that it would be catastrophic if the innocent population paid the price for this terrorist act. As for the second item on the agenda, the military intervention of the armed forces of the Republic of Croatia in the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, I propose the following conclusion: The Government of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina asserts, according to the reliable reports from the field, that an open military intervention was launched on the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina by the armed forces of the Republic of Croatia. The Government of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina asks for an urgent session of the UN Security Concil and demands that the UN Security Council condemns this aggression and takes measures in conformity with Chapter 7 of the UN Charter and all relevant resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly adopted so far. These were the two conclusions on the two items of the agenda. Do we agree with these conclusions? [word indistinct] Thank you. The extraordinary session of the Government of Bosnia-Herzegovina has been concluded. |
FBIS3-40303_1 | Social Liberal Leader Criticizes Serb Accord | reached at the moment of most serious talk about air strikes on Serb military targets in Bosnia-Herzegovina. There was even talk of more drastic sanctions. [Vurusic] How would you account for President Tudjman's actions? [Budisa] The question is if the Croatian president can still manage to pull out of the embrace he was caught in during the famous negotiations in Karadjordjevo. If Dr. Tudjman were to try to do so, who knows what would emerge concerning the talks he and Milosevic held before, especially concerning Bosnia-Herzegovina. Moreover, this agreement has been reached at a time the West is facing a redefinition of its positions concerning the events in the former Yugoslavia, which was prompted by the changes in Russia. I think that the new western plan for Bosnia, which even the French are inclined toward, will reduce the possibility of the division of Bosnia-Herzegovina. I do not see what the new plan could contain apart from recognition of integral Bosnia-Herzegovina and giving up on ethnic states in Bosnia. Croatia must adjust to the concept supported by the international community, rather than stubbornly insisting on the division of Bosnia-Herzegovina and finding common grounds with Milosevic. [Vurusic] Do you think that Milosevic is in a way blackmailing Dr. Tudjman? [Budisa] I do not know about that, but if we were to turn our back on Milosevic completely, the contents of all the former talks between Tudjman and Milosevic would probably be revealed. [Vurusic] Radovan Karadzic has recently said that Serbia profits more from the agreement, while opening the Office in Serbia makes Croatia equal with the so-called Krajina and the Serb Republic. [Budisa] Croatia's mistake is consenting to open the Office before the FRY has recognized us within our borders. When there is such an agreement, the HSLS [Croatian Social Liberal Party] will do its best to mend and regulate the Croat-Serb relations. Until then, we believe that Serbia must be left under all the sanctions and have the status of aggressor. We in the HSLS do not want to give interviews even to the democratic -- provisionally described as independent -- Serb papers. [Vurusic] The Geneva agreement will reflect on Croat-Muslim relations. [Budisa] Although those involved deny it, the declaration certainly makes our relations with the Muslims difficult. If it were an agreement on recognition of the borders, there could be talk of a significant step toward the Serb recognition of |
FBIS3-40304_8 | * Changes in Czech Army Structure Described | they had prior to the downsizing of the Army. According to the notions of the minister, these numbers were to decline as a result of the efficiency ratings that have been ordered. This did not occur because the efficiency ratings were only copied from the attestations ordered by Comrade Vacek, both as to form and results. According to a statement made by Mr. Pospisil, deputy minister of defense, in the press, the percentage of officers found to be unsuitable from the standpoint of moral credibility is so conspicuously small that the impression gained by the public that it is once more being duped is obviously correct. Once again, no consideration was given to the fact that the former members of the VKR [Military Counterintelligence Service] were members of the Third Directorate of the Ministry of the Interior and that the legalization of their service status should be subject to the lustration law or that they would have to obtain exemptions--something that no minister has hitherto found the courage to do. The same holds true of the former political apparatus. The political commissars and other political protagonists of the former regime continue in service. General Nekvasil I have clearly kept the most important of reasons why it is not possible for the Army to be transformed into a desirable form until the end. This is the appointment of Maj. Gen. Nekvasil to be the new chief of the General Staff. He is a graduate of two Soviet advanced military schools and anyone who knows under what conditions a "foreigner" could be accepted there will understand that these fears have realistic roots. The repercussions to his appointment, which have recently been published in the daily press by people who served as his subordinates, are also not reflective of the high position that he occupies. After all, this is the highest Army office! Based on several encounters that I have had with Maj. Gen. Nekvasil, both prior to and after his appointment, it is impossible to formulate an objective viewpoint, but I acquired the impression that the problem lies not in his person, but in those who proposed and approved his nomination. These anachronisms are of such dimensions that the Army and, specifically, the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff, are unable to find a final solution to the problem of the Army lobby, using their own forces, without participation by parliament. |
FBIS3-40305_2 | * Mission of Czech Intelligence Service Discussed | services with hostile aims must expect that the disconnected agent net is not only known to our intelligence service today. The Office for Foreign Contacts and Information even settled with the so-called illegals who were operating abroad without diplomatic cover. All of them--their numbers did not exceed 40--were exclusively Czechoslovak citizens who, as officers in the communist intelligence service, had undergone long-term training. They arrived at their destinations, where they lived as foreign nationals, equipped with false documents, generally via a third country from which they emigrated to the target country after several years of living in the third country. They were to be activated only in times of international crisis or in the event of war. All of the illegals were invited to return by the Office for Foreign Contacts and Information: Many heeded the call and with respect to those who remained in place our side undertook steps to limit their activities against our Republic and against the other democratic nations. The structure and activities of the Office for Foreign Contacts and Information are based on a completely new philosophy of positive intelligence that is based on the demise of communism and, thus, on the demise of a bipolar world. The harsh and merciless war between the democratic and totalitarian secret services has come to an end and the bitter opponents of 40 years are faced with the possibility of partnership relationships and collaboration. The twilight of political espionage is beginning; traditional forms of espionage are being reevaluated; the concept of an enemy is being replaced by the concept of danger and the "espionage" environment of agents, illegals, and active measures is being shifted to the area of anticivilization risks. In current intelligence work, more and more information is being acquired from overt areas. But not even this development changes much about the fact that secret services continue to represent a sharp sword and that democratic states must hold them on a short rein by exercising strict control over them. Nevertheless, the current political climate has already given rise to the process for their dedemonization and transparency. The public has the right to know what the secret services in democratic countries are for and why they exist. They are here to protect national interests, to protect freedom and democracy, and, as a result, also to protect every one of us against violence, crime, and a lack of freedom. |
FBIS3-40308_0 | Report Views PDP Ties With Paramilitaries | Language: Macedonian Article Type:BFN [Report by Panta Dzambazovski: "Have the Authorities Played Down the Problem?"] [Text] Following the arrest of Mithat Emini, former secretary of the Party for Democratic Prosperity [PDP] and one of the party's founders and most influential figures, on charges of associating with the intent to pursue hostile activities against the constitutional order of the Republic of Macedonia, accused of being the supreme commander and ideologist of the Albanian paramilitary army in Macedonia, the whole affair on the creation of paramilitary formations discovered at the beginning of November is now being reassessed in terms of what was (official) cognition. A new analysis is under way. The affair was discovered by the press and it was just two days later that the authorities -- the Interior Ministry and Interior Minister Ljubomir Frckovski -- issued public statements. They announced that on 5, 6, 7, and 8 November eight Macedonian citizens had been arrested and charged with criminal activity. From the end of 1991 to the present they had created armed formations and arranged the purchase and illegal entry of arms, explosives, ammunition, and other military equipment in cooperation with institutions and services of foreign countries. November's Dilemmas Minister Frckovski reported that the Interior Ministry's action was the result of a two-year operation following the independence of Macedonia. During this period some smaller and some larger groups had been detected smuggling arms with the aim of overthrowing the constitutional order of Macedonia. In the end, eight people were arrested, while three foreign nationals escaped. It had been planned to recruit 20,000 recruits. The arrested group did not have direct links with any of the political parties, and, according to information from the Interior Ministry, Frckovski said there were no grounds for linking the group with a political party. One of those arrested, Deputy Defense Minister Hisen Haskaj, "appeared to be a citizen having individual activities in this matter or with an activity in liaison with the arrested group." The minister stated that there was no evidence of involvement of any other person from government structures, thus denying reports about a direct link between the group and the PDP when asked about the involvement of the deputy health minister Imer Imeri. Different interpretations of events began to circulate in public. The VMRO-DPMNE [Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization- Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity] said it was not merely an ordinary case of |
FBIS3-40308_2 | Report Views PDP Ties With Paramilitaries | arms smuggling, emphasizing that the paramilitary formation was under the direct leadership of the PDP, and was controlled and headed by the Albanian Government and its Defense Ministry. The other opposition parties reacted by saying that "a part of the coalition is working against the state"; asking for the "dissolution of the coalition"; arguing that the "national key resulted in unskilled professionals"; and calling the whole affair a "fiasco of the authorities." They also called for the PDP and NDP [National Democratic Party] to be banned. The temperature in the public was rising, albanophobia was increasing. There were also some parties, however, that appealed to reason, saying that "not all the Albanians should be identified with the fascist nationalists and separatists" (the nonparliamentarian associated political parties). The PDP, that is, its delegate group, as its coordinator Muhamed Halili stated, also looked at the situation from all possible angles. The PDP delegates did not dissociate themselves from the events, while the PDP center issued a statement only a few days later. The PDP recalled the period of the breaking-up of the Socialist Federated Republic of Yugoslavia, the beginning of the wars, and the departure of the Yugoslav National Army from Macedonia. "A vacuum was created in the maintenance of the security of the citizens...vigilantes appeared in inhabited areas, a model that became a thing of the past after the formation of the Macedonian Army." The statement reiterated the pleas of the PDP (for the Republic of Macedonia) and revealed dissatisfaction with the fact that some of the arrested were not given a chance to defend themselves. In fact, the PDP did not react the way it was expected to. Information obtained from "reliable sources" then began to appear in the media. Mithat Emini and PDP President Nevzat Halili were mentioned, the former as the commissioner of the political organization of the All-Albanian Army Headquarters, the latter as the one who approved the letters and documents that fled to Albania. It was claimed that the whole undertaking had logistical support from the top of the Albanian state -- President Sali Berisha, Prime Minister Alexander Meksi, and Defense Minister Safet Zhulali. Bekir Zuta, then vice chairman of the Macedonian Government, was mentioned as one of the fundamental strategists of the paramilitary army. Many details of the activities undertaken by the top figures of the paramilitary army appeared. Serious Accusations When Mithat Emini was |
FBIS3-40309_5 | VMRO-DPMNE's Approach to Foreign Policy Criticized | as it wins the election. At the same time, it is said that they would penetrate the Balkans, or since, as they put it, "Macedonia's place and status in the new European construction should be defined." I must admit that I concentrated a little more here to listen to the alternative recipe for success, when it appeared that: "The goodneighborly relations with Greece and the greater initiative of the future Macedonian foreign policy, for example, will be raised in a way in which there will be no discussions about the name, the flag, and so forth." As if neither he nor his party knew that the problem with Greece is precisely the current foreign and domestic policy of Macedonia, which considers everything, but does not accept changing. As to Greece, Mr. Sinadinovski is getting ready "to present Greece with the problem of the Macedonian minority which lives in Greece." Thus, a nice shortcut. The Greeks could hardly wait for us to turn to them, but everything was already decided, and Greece was almost ready to sit down with the Macedonians to talk about the Macedonian minority, when it does not admit that it has a minority, and still less does it recognize that there is a Republic of Macedonia on its northern border. Actually, Sinadinovski, as a "real" politician, and above all, a "pragmatist," understood that the current Greek policy should be to respond by doing the same thing in Macedonia. What guarantee will lead to improving neighborly relations and to stabilizing the Balkans and exactly define the place of Macedonia in the future European structure? However, I live in hope that Mr. Sinadinovski will re-examine this theory, this time bearing in mind the fact that such a "scientifically based foreign policy" in the Greek, Serbian, and other Balkan cases, produces lethal results. Unless the world's information [sources] are lying .... Finally, in the name of the shadow government, its minister for relations with foreign countries convinced us that Macedonia did not have to enter the United Nations under the conditions it did. To the question from the journalist -- "What would have happened to Macedonia if it had stayed outside the mainstream of the world organizations" -- came the following answer: "And what did it gain by entering?" Well, you see, if it is not clear to a potential minister even after several months what all Macedonia gained with |
FBIS3-40310_8 | Economic Report for 1993 | SDK [Public Auditing Service], which monitored internal flows in Yugoslavia and are not completely comparable with the foreign trade statistics, so these figures should be taken with a grain of salt), which is more than we exported to Austria in 1992, and approximately at the level of exports to France. In 1990 and 1992 our sales to Macedonia declined abruptly, but still reached about $382 million in 1991 and $133 million in 1992. It is interesting that trade with Macedonia increased substantially in 1993. While trade with other parts of the former Yugoslavia is still declining, the volume of trade with Macedonia in the first nine months of last year almost doubled in comparison with the same period in 1992. Macedonia has thus broken through to seventh place among Slovenia's most important trading partners. By September exports to Macedonia ($145 million) had already exceeded the total for 1992, while during the same period in the previous year they only amounted to $77 million. We traditionally have a surplus in trade with Macedonia. In 1992 it was about $55 million, and last year it was already $77 million. Several factors contributed to the extraordinary increase in trade. On one hand, it probably involves a gradual normalization, after the drastic decline during the crisis years of 1991 and 1992, to which the reestablished transportation routes like the ferry link between Koper and Durres (and further on to Skopje), but also the regular air link between Ljubljana and Skopje, also contributed in their own way. On the other hand, part of that trade probably also conceals some goods that after arriving in Macedonia seek a further path into Serbia, which is otherwise, in theory, isolated. In terms of structure, most of our exports are pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, which last year represented a fifth of all Slovene exports, and exports of paper, textile, and wood products are also important. Significant items in imports are copper, electrical cables, textile products and clothing, and of course also Macedonian wine (this year import duties were eliminated) and fruits and vegetables, etc. Both economies are showing strong interest in increased cooperation. A large number of Slovene enterprises are present in the Macedonian market in the form of joint firms or representations (for example, Gorenje, Peko, Kompas, Planika, Stol Kamnik, Libela, and so forth). Among other things, the Macedonians are also interested in establishing a bank in Slovenia. |
FBIS3-40318_3 | Successful Modification of T-55 Tank | a system for protection against the shaped charge similar to the design on the M-84 tank was installed on the tank. That is, screens to protect against shaped-charge warheads are used on this tank to protect the tank's flanks beneath the mounts of the boxes and fuel tanks, the critical line where the tank's armored floor plates join the sides, and also surfaces at the level where the tank's turret joins the armored hull. Twelve launchers have also been installed on the front of the turret to eject smoke canisters in front of the tank at distances greater than 100 meters. The launch tubes, the firing panel, and other equipment were taken over from the M-84 tank. Thanks to use of smoke-canister launchers, the tank is camouflaged by a smoke screen on the forward side, which reduces the disadvantage of the smoke screen of the heat-smoke apparatus of the engine, which, depending on the wind direction, is mainly created behind or to the side of the tank, and provides it insufficient protection from the front. The smoke canisters are so designed that they can be activated electrically and by hand and thrown around the tank. Aside from making it possible to eject smoke canisters, the launch tubes increase the turret's protection against the shaped charge. Actually, projectiles fired at the tank are activated when they strike those tubes before they hit the turret, which reduces their effect during action. A plow has also been installed on the T-55 tank so that it can dig itself in; it is on the lower front slanted plate of the nose, making it possible for the tank to dig itself in in 15 to 20 minutes depending on the soil type and category. It takes two to three minutes to convert the plow from working to traveling position or the other way around. This modification has made the tank more independent in providing its own cover, and the plow serves as an armor plate affording additional armor protection to the front of the tank. The improvement and modifications to T-55 tanks, although carried out under conditions of the embargo, have considerably improved essential tactical and technical characteristics of this medium tank, above all the rate of fire over longer range and protection against shaped charges. This has secured its survival on the battlefield and made it possible to respond decently to the enemy's tanks. |
FBIS3-40325_3 | Serbian Patriarch Pavle on Historical Facts, War | from they feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground. I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob." Abraham is the father, Isaac the son, and Jacob the grandson. God refers to himself as the God of three men from three different generations, although there were millions of people in each of those generations. God does not refer to himself as the God of the millions, but the God of the holy. It is up to us, then, to try among the millions to be people who are not inhuman, but among those individuals who strive toward divine justice. [Kuburovic] Recently, public interest of both believers and others has focused on a letter which you sent out some time ago to the clergy of the Serbian Orthodox Church, which in a way fixed how much a priest could collect for his services. What is that about? [Pavle] Saint Paul the Apostle, in referring to maintenance of the Old Testament clergy, told the Christians: "Do ye not know that they which minister about holy things live of the things of the temple, and they which wait at the altar are partakers with the altar? Even so hath the Lord ordained that they which preach the gospel should live of the gospel" (1 Corinthians 9:13-14). It is clear, then, that the faithful have a duty to support their pastors who preach God's word to them and perform services for them. Over time, that maintenance has been provided in various ways. Now, in most of our church this is done by the believers, when services are performed, providing funds to the priest for his support, either in money or in kind. This is not the buying and selling of God's blessing, nor, as it is said, "a charge for clerical services." The letter pointed out that the parishioners' ability to pay must be taken into account, the priest must bear in mind that now it is a question of survival for both under these great economic difficulties. [Kuburovic] Does that mean that the priests of the Serbian Orthodox Church do not receive a monthly salary when they are supported by the contributions of their congregation? [Pavle] Ever since the war, priests have not had any pay except what they received from their congregation. To be sure, in the practice of the Christian church, and |
FBIS3-40327_0 | Hungarian Leader Explains Tripartite Autonomy Plan | Language: Serbo-Croatian Article Type:BFN [Interview with Andras Agoston, leader of the Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians, by S.P. Stamatovic; place and date not given: "The Plan Involves Tripartite Autonomy"] [Text] "According to our basic concept, we demand tripartite autonomy: territorial, personal, and local. Territorial autonomy would encompass regions where our delegates won a majority in the regional Assemblies in Subotica, Kanjiza, Ada, Becej, Backa Topola, and Mali Idjos," Andras Agoston, chairman of the Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians [DZVM], stated in the interview to BORBA yesterday, in response to what the Hungarians demand in Vojvodina. According to Agoston, personal autonomy incorporates the possibility that ethnic Hungarians alone manage affairs in the fields of culture, education, and media ("alone, but in compliance with laws and the Constitution"). The planning and organization of the cultural, educational, and media activities under personal autonomy would be carried out through the minority council of personal autonomy. [Stamatovic] What is the principle according to which the council would be elected, and who would constitute it? [Agoston] The council of personal autonomy would be elected according to the multiparty principle and members of all nationalities in Serbia may be elected in it. Those who declare themselves Hungarians would be voting, as well as those who do not declare themselves Hungarians but are using our institutions. Included in the process of forming the council and voting on it would be those who do not use our institutions, but are giving financial aid to those institutions. [Stomatovic] What does local autonomy mean? [Agoston] Local autonomy would mean that in the 16 townships in Vojvodina where ethnic Hungarians are in the majority, they themselves vote on their local councils, as is the usual practice in classic examples of local self-government the world over. [Stomatovic] Rumors indicate that you have already held several talks with the president of Serbia on that matter, and that certain things have been promised to you. [Agoston] No agreement exists. In terms of a concrete agreement we have not yet spoken with the president of Serbia. In the discussion with the president I demanded the establishment of a publishing house that would collect news on the activities of ethnic Hungarians, the establishment of a network of ethnic Hungarian elementary and high schools, as well as the financing of cultural institutions, to be carried out through the association of ethnic Hungarian cultural institutions. We also demanded a |
FBIS3-40329_13 | * Amended Law on Income Tax | Article 23 The rights of compensation granted as part of social security and paid vacation for the care of children of up to one year of age, continue to be calculated on the basis of established rates, applied to the gross salaries that constitute the basis of calculation. Similarly, social security pensions, military pensions, and supplementary pensions continue to be calculated on the basis of existing rates according to law on the date of application of the present law. If both net and gross salaries are included in the period considered for pension determination, the basis of calculation of the pensions is the average of these salaries determined according to law. Article 24 Net salary rates or net incomes determined according to regulations in force on 31 December 1990 are used to establish state allocations for children, rents for state housing, scholarships for pupils and students, as well as parents' contributions for maintaining children in child care and kindergarten facilities. Article 25 The net sum of 750 lei per month granted beginning on 1 November 1990 for salary indexing as a result of price and rate liberalization is established as a gross amount of 975 lei per month. Article 26 The 3-percent contribution for additional pension is calculated on the base salary, including seniority raises, and the contribution of 1 percent owed by employees for the unemployment fund is calculated on the base salary. Article 27 In order to establish compensation for legal rest leaves, the net monthly income received by employees previous to the application of the present law will be changed into gross income on the basis of the tables of income tax calculation used for persons with children. Article 28 When international conventions or other agreements to which Rumania is a party exist, the provisions of those conventions or agreements are applied with regard to income tax in order to avoid double taxation. Article 29 Law No. 1/1977 regarding taxes on total remuneration in state socialist units; Art. 16-18 of Law No. 2/1977 regarding agricultural tax; Art. 3 of Law No. 4/1990 regarding remuneration and other rights of the president of Rumania, senators, and deputies; Art. 9 and Appendix No. 2 of Decree No. 279/1983 regarding the regulation of paid medical assistance; Decree No. 409/1985 regarding contributions from childless persons; Art. 3-7, 9, and 10 of the Decision of the Council of Ministers No. 545/1970 regarding the |
FBIS3-40333_5 | * Law on Military Courts, Prosecutor Offices | judges and prosecutors have the status of magistrates and are part of the magistrature body. Article 24. Persons who, in addition to the conditions stipulated by the Law for the Organization of the Courts, are officers on active duty, can be named military magistrates. Article 25. With the exception of those on probation, military judges and prosecutors are installed by decree of the President of Romania, upon nomination by the High Council of the Magistrature. Article 26. The special conditions for nominating and promoting judges and prosecutors, stipulated in the Law for the Organization of the Courts, are applicable in a corresponding manner to military judges and prosecutors. Article 27. Military judges named under the conditions of the present law cannot be removed. Military prosecutors and military judges on probation benefit from stability. Military magistrates cannot be investigated, detained, or arrested without approval from the Minister of Justice. Article 28. The provisions of the Law for the Organization of the Courts, referring to the rights and responsibilities of magistrates, are also applicable to military magistrates. Article 29. Military magistrates must wear their uniform during court sessions. Article 30. Military magistrates are on active duty and benefit from all the rights and obligations associated with this status. The salaries and other rights of military and civilian personnel are ensured by the Ministry of National Defense in accordance with the provisions of the Law on the Salaries of Organs of the Judiciary, and of regulations regarding the material and monetary rights specific to the status of active duty, and to the rights of civilian employees of that ministry. The assignment of military rank and promotion of military magistrates follows the rules applicable to permanent personnel in the Ministry of National Defense. Article 31. The responsibility of military magistrates for violating the rules established by the Regulations on Military Discipline are those stipulated by the regulations. The responsibility of military magistrates for disciplinary violations in connection with their functions as magistrates are those stipulated in the conditions and procedures of the Law for the Organization of the Courts. Chapter VIIAuxiliary, Administrative, and Service Personnel Article 32. All military courts and prosecutor offices will have a court clerk office, a registry, an archive, an administrative department, and a documentation department. Article 33. The auxiliary, administrative, and service personnel of military courts and prosecutor offices can be assigned from the ranks of noncommissioned officers on |
FBIS3-40337_0 | Ceramic Antifriction Bearings for Mainstream Applications | Language: German Article Type:CSO [Article by Ruediger Abele] [Text] Ceramic Antifriction Bearings Spreading from Exotic Nook Obsolescence of lubricants is inevitable in special applications for the Chemical and Food Industries. Professor and Doctor of Engineering H. Maier says what we lack is quick pilot production. VDI-N, Aachen, 15 Oct 93. They are still lurking as likely machine elements with properties yet unknown to many engineers. This can change, however, because ceramic bearings are ideal for numerous applications where conditions are extreme. They feature a high thermal stability and an extremely high corrosion resistance, and do not always require lubrication. Owing to the special properties of the material, ceramic bearings are bound to be eventually used where heretofore conventional antifriction bearings cannot be used as, for instance, in chemical reactor vessels. "The demand for ceramic bearings will grow," Grad. Eng. Matthias Popp is convinced, "wherever not only environmental compatibility, durability, and maintenance-friendly operation but also energy consumption and availability of the material are the principal considerations." As business manager of the Wemhoener & Popp enterprise in Herzogenrath near Aachen, which designs and manufactures antifriction bearings from purchased ceramic raw material, he is since 1989 active in this new and very innovative market. Users are meanwhile still very skeptical about this new high-performance material, which has the reputation of crumbling upon the slightest touch. What is commonly called brittleness Prof. Dr. Horst Maier, director of the Institute of Ceramic Components in Machine Construction (IKKM) at the RWTH Aachen, calls "limited ductility." The vocabulary used here makes it quite clear that, up to a certain limit, the ceramic material can display all its advantages while maintaining its extremely high shape stability. "This limit is not reached under the specific load for which a machine element has been designed", explains Professor Maier and he adds: "For many years we have been making the mistake of letting only specialists in fracture mechanics deal with ceramic materials. They can tell us precisely indeed when something will break to pieces, but in modern ceramic technology we are concerned about reliability rather than about probability of fracture." Professor Maier sees an essential task for the IKKM to be seeking new applications for "his" material. For the purpose of a still more effective collaboration with the industry, there was in 1990 established the Institute of Ceramic Processing and Application Engineering (IPAK). Unlike in classical research and development, areas of |
FBIS3-40339_7 | Germany: New Materials Developed Using Nanotechnology | provides merely inadequate long-term protection and, moreover, requires surface cleaning and pickling treatments during which chloroferous sludge is being discharged. Much more scratch and wear resistant nanocoatings can, on the contrary, be deposited without polluting prior surface treatment. 2. Nanocomposite materials are also eminently suitable for dirt-repellant coatings. The INM material which consists of special ingredients containing aluminum, silicon, and fluorine respectively is much more durable than the conventional plastic coating material and, in addition, prevents detrimental dirt deposition. 3. The INOPEX GmbH in Saarbruck will eventually produce bathroom mirrors with a nanocoating designed to prevent water vapor deposition and to last much longer than comparable products. For ceramic materials nanotechnology offers downright fantastic possibilities. The shortcoming of these extraordinarily wear-resistant and high-temperature heat-resistant materials has until now been their attendant fragility, owing to irregularities of the original powder mass. With the aid of the nanoparticle technique, the INM researchers were able to effectively avoid dreaded formation of defects in a very promising all-around material by making it from grains thousand times finer than before. In addition to that, the Saarbrueck researchers want to produce by a novel processing technique the heretofore awfully expensive nanopowder (now costing a few thousand DM/kg) for a price of 50-150 DM/kg. They were the first ones able to mix perfectly uniform ceramic particles only 15 nm in diameter so as to space them closely but allow them to move freely. Until now nanotechnologists unfortunately tended to produce particles on the premise that making them smaller made its easier for them to "stick" to one another, but this led to formation of worthless lumps. The INM researchers have tamed these obstinate midgets, a billion of which would fit in a pinhead, by coating them with an ultrathin molecular monolayer sheath. This sheath ensures that they remain spaced exactly 0.4 nm apart. This superior processing technique makes many heralded applications for a heretofore notoriously fragile material realizable. A nanoceramic material may to a large extent replace steel or aluminum in automobiles. While it is so elastic as to be suitable for spring components, its wear resistance and high-temperature heat resistance are also so exceptional that costly water cooling could be dispensed with. Meager Assistance Despite all the successes and magnificent prospects, Schmidt remains altogether skeptical about German materials research. "Materials require an especially long lead time, ten years or more being necessary for innovation. In Germany |
FBIS3-40345_1 | France, CIS: Joint Scramjet Engine Research Described | the CIAM [Central Institute of Aircraft Engines Moscow], whose activities are located on two sites: In Moscow, where most of the theoretical and laboratory work is done, and in Turayevo (50 kms from Moscow), where the institute has an impressive complex of industrial testing facilities. Under the leadership of its present director Donat Ogorodnikov, the CIAM, which is specializing in the study and development of aeronautical engines, devotes a substantial amount of its activity to the study of the super-ramjet, and in particular the hydrogen-powered scramjet. Existing cooperation focuses on two main areas: -- the development of computation codes in aerothermics and in aerothermochemistry; -- the in-flight experimentation of an axisymmetrical scramjet. High-Performance Digital Diagrams Concerning the development of computation codes, the CIAM is suggesting digital diagrams derived from that of Godunov and which are particularly economical in terms of computation time. Areas of joint activity include a comparative evaluation, based on the computation of a series of test cases, of the CIAM diagrams and those used at the ONERA. When this evaluation is finished, Russian specialists will come to France to help their French colleagues embed CIAM digital diagrams in some of their codes, notably those dealing with supersonic aerothermochemistry. Other than the initial work of selecting and embedding the most appropriate digital diagrams, ongoing research will be continued within the scope of the PREPHA program aimed at defining and validating the models which best represent the physical phenomena governing aerothermics and aerothermochemistry of the scramjet. The CIAM and certain Novosibirsk-based institutes will be able to contribute their experiences and their databases in this field, but ways of cooperation on this issue remain to be decided. Although the development of computation codes is a very promising area of cooperation in the medium and long term, in-flight testing of a scramjet is, in the short time, the most beneficial. First Test Inconclusive In November 1991, the CIAM conducted an initial in-flight test of a hydrogen axisymmetrical scramjet. A stabilized supersonic combustion phase could not be reached during this test because the carrier rocket's trajectory control was insufficient and the hydrogen flow control was set too close to the limits for unpriming [desamorcage]. As a result, the engine operated only a few, very short moments in supersonic mode. During the summer of 1992, ONERA's financial contribution, thanks to support by DRET, enabled the CIAM to start up preparations again for a |
FBIS3-40349_1 | European Affairs: Europe Lags Behind U.S. in Biotechnology | CEC's [Commission of the European Community] Biotechnology Unit in Brussels, was Acting Director of SERC's [Science and Engineering Research Council] Biotechnology Directorate. He went on to list what the Commission sees as Europe's chief weaknesses in the area. These are: -- Lack of consensus on the scientific objectives to be aimed for; -- The relative isolation of academic research; -- A complex regulatory system which many find hostile to research; -- Under development of the SME sector; -- A poor and declining public perception and understanding of biotechnology. (This Dr. Lex identified as perhaps the most significant weakness. Even a small amount of negative coverage on TV, he said, can have a powerful effect on public opinion, even putting students off deciding to specialize in the subject). It was sad to see European companies moving their research activities to the United States where regulations are easier, he commented. So far, Member States had come together in joint projects as part of CEC programmes. More collaboration is needed. But Europe does have its strengths, too: -- Biotechnology is given reasonable priority in the Member States; -- There are substantial investments in R&D by large companies, mainly chemical, agro-chemical, seed and pharmaceutical companies; -- Collaborative behavior has been stimulated by previous EC programmes; -- There is strong involvement of a large cross-section of industry in horizontal activities -- CEFIC [European Council of Federations of the Chemical Industry], SAGB [Senior Advisory Group on Biotechnology], National Biotech Associations, Industrial Platforms etc.; -- High expectations from various parts of society for various reasons. There would be a very significant increase in the funds available for supporting biotechnology research in the fourth framework programme, Dr. Lex told the conference. He also referred to three recent reports issued by the industrial R&D committee (IRDAC) of the EC on the life sciences programmes -- covering in particular biomedical research, and agriculture, biochemical and food, with reference to the fourth Framework Programme. IRDAC calls for more industrial participation in all projects, and identifies a number of lateral issues which merit special attention including training, productive systems, safety regulation, intellectual property and education. Copies of these reports can be obtained from Dr. Lex, Fax: Brussels 296-4322. As previously reported, there is a third call for proposals under the current CEC Biotechnology programme with a deadline of 12.1.94. An information pack may be obtained from: E. Magnien, DGXII-E/1. Fax: Brussels 295-5365. |
FBIS3-40352_6 | ESA Microgravity Research Program Described The Subscription Levels of Participating Member States to the EMIR-1 Programme Scale of Subscriptions of Participating Countries in the EMIR-1 Programme 4. Programmatic Changes Introduced by the Transformation of the Previous MG Programme (Extended Phase 2) into the EMIR-1 Programme | mechanisms of graviresponse. Studies in developmental biology and cell biology have generated many new and open questions. On a macro-scopic level, most biological processes appear not to differ in a microgravity environment. However, results clearly show that on the level of individuals cells or tissue, unexpected and often rather drastic differences occur. These results are intriguing. They provide a strong basis for obtaining insight in the (unexpected) role of gravity in fundamental cell biological processes, in regulatory mechanisms and their influence on the level of whole plants or animals (including man). Further research in these fields will also contribute to the field of exobiology. Questions about the origin of life on Earth, the likelihood of life having originated on other celestial bodies, the possibility of interplanetary (or interstellar system) transfer of living organisms will all be addressed by this discipline, that is included in the programme. The finding that gravity may influence cellular, or even molecular processes, therefore has strong relevance for the study of those fundamental questions. Furthermore, there is a group of processes of adaptation to the absence of gravity, the study of which could well illuminate the normally-occurring process. In the absence of gravity bone becomes demineralized and muscle proteins are broken down faster than they are built up. The cardio-vascular system has to function differently in the presence of different hydrostatic forces. Prolonged bed-rest can simulate some of the gross effects of weightlessness, but microgravity has already been shown to produce additional effects, presumably because of the elimination of actions due to differences in the magnitude and direction of force on individual components of the body. The study of the interaction of cosmic-ray particles with living matter is another area of research. While a considerable part of this work can be conducted with particles generated using Earth-based accelerators, the full spectrum of HZE particles, however, is difficult to produce simultaneously. There already is some experimental evidence that space flight factors such as weightlessness enhance the biological effects of radiation, and the mechanisms of this could cast much light on the functioning of the genetic apparatus. It will also assist with the evaluation of the radiation hazards to man during prolonged space missions, in terms of both, their immediate and their longer-term effects. 1.2 General EMIR Programme Objectives The main objectives of the EMIR Programme are: -- To promote fundamental and applied research in materials, fluid, physical |
FBIS3-40358_4 | Airbus Industrie Strategy Centers on A330 | imagine how interested airlines are. "The A330 is a recession airplane," claims Air Inter, which will be able to use it to prepare for a price war in Europe. The domestic carrier plans to employ the A330 on its most-traveled routes, i.e. Paris-Marseille, Toulouse, Nice, Strasbourg, and Montpellier. It will gain about 18 percent on operating costs per seat. Meanwhile, the A340 quadrijet has acquired the nickname "World Ranger" since it captured the record for the world's longest flight this summer in a 19,000-km trek from Bourget to Auckland, New Zealand. The A330, together with its A340 twin, is probably Airbus's best weapon for the coming years, provided that traffic continues to pick up and transporters' finances improve. Both Toulouse and Seattle believe they will. After long claiming that there was no market for an A330-A340 type airplane, Boeing is trying to counter the new threat from Europe with its 777 family. It is running two years behind. Only the future will tell which company took its stitch in time. The Principal French A330 Equipment Suppliers Firms Equipment ABG-Semca Air intake system Air conditioning control system (chief contractor, Germany's Liebherr Aerotechnik) Aerospatiale Primary flight In-flight alarm Centralized control computers computers maintenance system Samm Rudder servocontrols Elevator Aileron servocontrols servocontrols (chief contractor, America's Allied Signal Bronzavia-Air Stabilizer control Equipement ballscrew ECE Electrical contactor control computer Turbomeca APU (auxiliary power unit) (chief contractor, America's Garrett) Solartron Fuel control system Intertechnique Hydraulic circuit Breaker Avionic monitoring computer monitoring case equipment ventilation computer Messier-Bugatti Front landing gear Wheels and Brake brakes regulation systems Ratier Figeac Spoiler servocontrols (chief contractor Germany's Mannesmann-Rexroth) Sextant Secondary flight Radio-frequency Electronic Flight Fuel control computers control panel display system control, management guidance, system and flight envelope protection system Team Audiocommunication control case ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Airbus A330 Orders | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |13 customer airlines |127 firm orders | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |TWA (U.S.) |20 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Northwest Airlines (U.S.) |16 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Air Inter (France) |15 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |GPA (leaser; Ireland) |13 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |IFLC (leaser; U.S.) |11 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Malaysia Airlines (Malaysia) |10 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Cathay Pacific (Hong Kong) |10 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Garuda Indonesia (Indonesia) |9 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Thai Airways (Thailand) |8 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Korean Air (Korea) |7 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |LTU (Germany) |5 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Euralair (France) |2 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Lufttrafik KB (Germany) |1 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Since Continental Airlines (U.S.) canceled its order, orders for the A330 ha-| |ve been flat. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
FBIS3-40367_0 | German Postal Service Tests Israeli Zinc-Air Battery | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] At the scientific press conference in Berlin this week, Post Office board member Dr. Guenter Tumm, Prof. Dietrich Wabner of Munich Technical College, and experts from the Bavarian Federation for Technical Control (TUeV), and the Energy Management Research Center explained the technical advantages of an innovative battery technology that the German Federal Post Office wants to use in electric vehicles in the parcels service starting in 1995. Developed by Jerusalem firm EFL, the battery uses zinc-air electrodes and has successfully completed a practical test with the Bavarian Federation for Technical Control. Whilst a 900 kilogram lead-gel battery gave a Post Office electric van a range of only 54 kilometers, with a 650 kilogram EFL battery it can travel 300 kilometers. Apart from the new battery's drastically increased storage capacity, Professor Wabner stressed in particular the system's operational safety in the event of a short circuit. By contrast, some electric vehicles fitted with sodium sulfide batteries had gone up in flames when a short circuit occurred. The remarkable thing is that even when cooled to minus 18 degrees the EFL battery can still give full power within millionths of a second. Wabner described the EFL energy system as the best battery in the world at present. Initially, starting in 1995, not more than 70 vehicles owned by the Post Office and various firms and municipalities will be fitted with the new batteries. The field trial will serve to clarify not so much technical as operational questions. Dr. Tumm said the running costs of an EFL vehicle were initially 1.40 German marks [DM] per kilometer, whereas a diesel vehicle today costs only 42 pfennig [0.42 DM] per kilometer. But Post Office experts calculate that once the EFL batteries have been introduced the price per kilometer could fall to 54 pfennig [0.54 DM] by the year 2000. |
FBIS3-40368_3 | France: Renault Tests Active Suspension Prototype | up the specifications sheet and check that the prototype is valid. One of our suppliers (Valeo, Bendix, etc.) then makes it. In return, we inspect the equipment," says Nicolas Varlot. One of the peculiar features of electronic equipment is that it tends to break down. Annoying when the automatic window controls are involved, failures are catastrophic if they affect the steering, braking, or suspension systems! "Hence the importance of strategies involving graceful degradation, which occupies between 60 and 80 percent of the computer's memory. Engineers must, for example, anticipate one of the suspensions being knocked out--and design the other three to adjust accordingly!" adds Nicolas Varlot. Will numerical simulation of vehicle behavior make certain road tests obsolete? "It's an old question.... We thought structural computations were going to eliminate crash studies--but they didn't at all. The more you refine a simulation, the more new parameters pop up! At best, road handling simulators will eliminate certain standard tests." Concludes Varlot, "A problem solved raises other that need solving. When the ocean recedes, it exposes new shoals!" Boxed Material: Using Electronics in Testing Francois Hebert's electronics lab has a staff of six and two electronics CAD stations that run the Cadence program. Cadence can be used to design and simulate digital/analog boards. Says Francois Hebert, "One of the product's great features is its behavioral simulation module, which enables us to close the simulation loop." Indeed, the sim module can be used to model a mechanical device--jack, steering column--governed by linear or non-linear laws. The laboratory designs between 15 and 20 boards a year, each of which requires about three months of study. "By extending the limits of electronic board simulation, we have reduced the number of touchups per board from 4 or 5 to 1.2 or 1.4. With each touchup costing 30,000 or 40,000 French francs, CAD quickly pays for itself." Boxed Material: Two Facilities for Torturing Prototypes Renault has two facilities for prototype testing. The first, at Lardy (Essonne), specializes in engines, while the second, in Aubevoye (Eure), focuses on skid resistance (chassis, suspension, brake system, etc.) and vehicle dynamics. Aubevoye was created in 1982 and employs about 300 people. It boasts 21 kilometers of roadways to test speed, road handling, skid resistance, comfort, and endurance. The test roads recreate pothole conditions, high-speed national highways, city streets, and mountain roads. The center has an acoustical bench and a climate wind tunnel. |
FBIS3-40371_7 | Aspects of Electric Car Development in Europe Presented Risks, Difficulties, Achievements | the companies that design special-use vehicles: Sita and Semat for street cleaners and garbage trucks, and Charlatte for industrial vehicles. Says Sita's Alfred Trombini, "Our electric models derive from thermal ones; they are quiet and non-polluting, two requirements which are found in certain municipal bid invitations. Given the price of this type of vehicle, the additional cost of electrification is only 10 to 30 percent." Such a small ratio makes it possible to retain a thermal engine to enable the vehicle to get back to repair shops and incineration plants, which are located far from urban areas. Small electric carmakers still have a few years before the "big guys" invade their turf. At that time they might taste the bitter experience of having been the first ones on the block. Then again, they could, in the meantime, widen the gap so far that they will become forces to be reckoned with. Boxed Material: Electric Vs. Electrified Vehicles "Electrified" vehicles are avatars of thermal ones--that is, they are series models whose original powerplants have been replaced by electric motors. All large-run personal vehicles will continue to be electrified versions for the next several years. Electric vehicles, in contrast, are designed with electrical propulsion in mind. Generally they feature two or three seats. Since battery weight and space needs are factored in from the outset, electric vehicles offer better skid resistance, comfort, and ergonomics. Their batteries, whose placement is better planned, do not cut into the room available in the vehicle's interior. In a Nutshell --Once they reach a volume of 5,000 a year, small manufacturers will have to revamp their production processes. That is still a ways down the road. --A vehicle designed to be powered electrically can carry 40 percent more payload than a classic electrified vehicle. --Agora weighs only 650 kg, including batteries. Photo Captions Sita has been making its Lama 6000 street cleaner since 1990. The same company supplies electric garbage trucks to the cities of Bordeaux and Paris. It was awarded the EUREKA label for one of its research programs on electric vehicles. Renault's Master and Express are electrified vehicles. Tested since 1986 in Chatellerault, they will be mass-produced in 1994. The city of Goteborg (Sweden) has ordered 200. Erad's Agora, made since early 1993, is the least expensive electric car on the market at Fr51,000. It is a small, two-seater, convertible with almost 2 HP! Its |
FBIS3-40373_1 | France: Memory-Alloy Carburetor Air Intake Regulator | The technical benefits of shape-memory alloys are many. Manufacturers must still be persuaded to equip their cars with this miracle device. Quite sensitive, it shrinks in the slightest cold air draft. Then, it expands languorously under the effect of heat. Developed by the Mecaplast company, this car-engine thermal air-intake regulator is the first to use the surprising properties of shape-memory alloys. "The system spares motorists who drive in very cold areas the unpleasantness resulting from the icing of intake valves," Didier Theron, the marketing manager of this Monaco company specialized in plastics engineering, explained. When the air temperature falls below a given value, the spring becomes less stiff, which causes a trap door to close, thus protecting carburetion components against the rigor of cold weather. Conversely, when the weather becomes milder, the spring recovers its initial characteristics and opens again the trap door. The trick? The reversible behavior of these shape-memory alloys which reflects the passage from one crystalline structure to another. This transformation takes place in a number of alloys, such as copper-aluminum-nickel or titanium-nickel, following suitable heat treatments. Mecaplast uses products made by the Memometal company. Located in the Alberville area in Savoie, this company has all the equipment required to make the precious material (vacuum furnaces, annealing furnaces, drawing machines, etc.). It can prepare the formula that will exactly meet its clients' requirements. Fast and Reliable Regulators What are the advantages of shape-memory alloys to regulate the carburetion air intake? First, an extremely short response time: about two seconds compared with about 50 for traditional systems using wax caps. "These performance characteristics make it possible to achieve a much more precise regulation, which is therefore more suitable for the current electronic injection systems," according to Didier Theron. Another advantage is its reliability, as there is a minimum of moving parts. This simplification also reduced manufacturing costs by about 30 percent. In spite of all these benefits, the regulator is not yet on the market. In fact, we shall have to wait patiently for a few years, until car manufacturers venture to add this "quasi magic" component under the hoods of their cars. This wait-and-see attitude, however, does not shake the Mecaplast engineers's faith in the future of shape-memory alloys in the automobile world. They just filed a new patent in order to use these alloys to regulate the ventilation of engine hoods according to the outside temperature. |
FBIS3-40375_1 | British, German Biotech Research Institutes Discuss Cooperation | to train neural networks, it is now possible to predict secondary structure with an average accuracy of 70 percent. Christine Orengo, of the Biomolecular Structure and Modelling Unit at UCL [University College London] reported on analysis of data in the Brookhaven Protein Database (PDB). She has identified 150 unique folds, and is developing fast automatic methods for comparing structures. Uta Lessel, from the host organisation, the Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische Forschung [GBF] in Braunschweig, described similar work based on calculating intramolecular C distances. This too isolates structural families from the PDB. Tim Hubbard, of the Cambridge Centre for Protein Engineering at Hills Road, takes this predictive approach in a different direction. He pointed out that the increased number of structures in the PDB allows one to use pair-wise interactions and H-bonding patterns to build potential tables for the topology of Beta-strand alignment, a technique that is sufficiently powerful to distinguish correct from incorrect alignments. Beta-strands are extended conformations of polypeptide chains. In modelling, it is essential to obtain the correct register and alignment of adjacent Beta-strands, which remains a difficult problem for anyone who wants to predict structure from sequence. Gerald Boehm, of the University of Regensburg, is developing techniques to assess the quality and reliability of model structures. These include correlation functions, derived from non-redundant protein structures, that put statistical limits on the accuracy of a structure. The technique has been validated against deliberately misfolded models, and is now being used to investigate proteins from extremophiles to identify their individual sources of stability. Although more nucleic acid data, from more diverse sources, is being collected every year, Rainer Fuchs of the EMBL Data Library cautioned that the quality of these data is probably lower. There are more than 100 types of database available today, and Fuchs called for more logical data structures, with better relational links between databases, in the future. Some of this development will take place during the next 18 months, as the Data Library moves to its new site in Cambridge. Peter Artymiuk, of the Krebs Institute at Sheffield University, spoke about the development of two programs, POSSUM and PROTEP, that ease the comparison of 3-D structures, detecting new folds and identifying relationships between structure and function. The programs work at either main chain or side chain level, and have discovered previously unrecognised structural relationships between proteins in the PDB. Paul Wrede, of the Free University in |
FBIS3-40377_2 | Netherlands: `Introgene' Seeks Role of EC-Wide Gene Therapy Center | from the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Within a short while, Valerio hopes to be able to exchange his out-dated laboratory on TNO [Netherlands Central Institute for Applied Research] ground in Rijswijk for brand new premises on the grounds of Leiden University. From 1996 to 1998 Leiden State University (at which Valerio was recently appointed professor of gene therapy) will subsidize the university research group which Valerio will lead. The new professor can then reckon on a subsidy of 2 million guilders. According to Valerio, "all the investors concerned are aware that the market for gene therapy is not just around the corner. I think that we have to wait for at least about eight years for that. Fortunately they also understand that the Netherlands could become an important center in the field of gene therapy." Adenosine Deaminase In March of this year Valerio became the first researcher to apply gene therapy to a human being. In this case, a French child in the Necker Hospital in Paris was treated for ada-scid, a disorder of the immune system in which a defect in the gene that codes for the adenosine deaminase (ada) enzyme interrupts the production of white blood cells. Patients fall prey to all kinds of infections from which they can die if not treated. Valerio and his colleagues played a large part in the success of the operation. They transferred a correct ada gene into isolated bone marrow cells from the child. The bone marrow cells were then injected back into the body of the patient, the intention being that the cells will resume their function and produce completely perfect white blood cells. Whether the operation will actually produce any results will not be known for several months. On the Way to a Routine Technique While gene therapy was originally seen as a solution for hereditary diseases, nowadays researchers also see possibilities in such disorders as hepatitis B, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer (of the brain and of the lung, amongst others). All kinds of cell types are being considered for the technique: muscle cells, lung cells, nerve cells. Valerio's group intends to specialize in gene therapy in genealogical cells, and therefore is making use of bone marrow cells. "We want to bring the technique to the point that it can be routinely applied. We ourselves will probably be involved in the treatment of only one, at the most two |
FBIS3-40377_3 | Netherlands: `Introgene' Seeks Role of EC-Wide Gene Therapy Center | brand new premises on the grounds of Leiden University. From 1996 to 1998 Leiden State University (at which Valerio was recently appointed professor of gene therapy) will subsidize the university research group which Valerio will lead. The new professor can then reckon on a subsidy of 2 million guilders. According to Valerio, "all the investors concerned are aware that the market for gene therapy is not just around the corner. I think that we have to wait for at least about eight years for that. Fortunately they also understand that the Netherlands could become an important center in the field of gene therapy." Adenosine Deaminase In March of this year Valerio became the first researcher to apply gene therapy to a human being. In this case, a French child in the Necker Hospital in Paris was treated for ada-scid, a disorder of the immune system in which a defect in the gene that codes for the adenosine deaminase (ada) enzyme interrupts the production of white blood cells. Patients fall prey to all kinds of infections from which they can die if not treated. Valerio and his colleagues played a large part in the success of the operation. They transferred a correct ada gene into isolated bone marrow cells from the child. The bone marrow cells were then injected back into the body of the patient, the intention being that the cells will resume their function and produce completely perfect white blood cells. Whether the operation will actually produce any results will not be known for several months. On the Way to a Routine Technique While gene therapy was originally seen as a solution for hereditary diseases, nowadays researchers also see possibilities in such disorders as hepatitis B, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer (of the brain and of the lung, amongst others). All kinds of cell types are being considered for the technique: muscle cells, lung cells, nerve cells. Valerio's group intends to specialize in gene therapy in genealogical cells, and therefore is making use of bone marrow cells. "We want to bring the technique to the point that it can be routinely applied. We ourselves will probably be involved in the treatment of only one, at the most two diseases, as test cases for the technique. For other diseases we will eventually only deliver the tools. We will make those so simple that anyone will be able to work with them." |
FBIS3-40379_3 | Germany: Biosensor Developed for Quick HIV Blood Test | institutions cooperated intensively as early as from the first idea--over four and a half years ago--was decisive for the scientists' success. There was basic preliminary work to do in finding out how microelectronic sensors can be coupled with proteins. HIV was chosen as the model system from the start. Finally a suitable measurement principle was found and investigated and further developed into a functioning signal converter for the detection of antibodies. Quartz Oscillators Convert the Measuring Signal Quartz oscillators--thin wafers made of pure quartz crystal--that because of their high reliability are used as frequency-, cycle- or time-regulating components are the heart of the measuring system. They are found in timepieces, in advanced digital scales and also in computers or engine controllers. As mass-produced electronic products they are not particularly expensive. Quartz oscillators are excited to oscillate by means of an electronic alternating field. If something is deposited on the quartz oscillator, with the increase in mass the frequency also changes. This change is detected by an oscillator and frequency counter. Once the measuring principle was functioning, the team dealt for a long time with the problem of how biological material can be put onto quartz wafers. Unlike other research teams, they used gold electrodes here, which permit good adhesion and stability of the biological material. Then there was a breakthrough too: The hydrophobic interaction between a protein and gold surface brings about such good adhesion that the proteins are not washed off. Finding suitable antigens for the coating was the job of Professor Hans J. Wolf, who has already developed several conventional HIV tests and other virus tests. "We know the general sequence of the HIV genome, and with the aid of our self-developed computer-aided protein analyses selected virion envelope regions which we knew are well recognized by the immune system of infected patients." These proteins--the regions are 30 to 40 amino acids long--were produced chemically and tested with normal sera. Color reactions indicated whether the sera recognize this little piece of the virion envelope. The now finished testing system is based on the flow injection principle, which consists of two liquid circuits driven by pumps: a circuit in which the specimens are prepared and automatically lined up in a waiting loop. An injection valve feeds them, precisely timed, into the liquid stream of the measuring circuit. The carrier stream constantly flows through the measuring chamber containing the sensitive quartz |
FBIS3-40380_1 | France: Albumin Production Abandoned | Pierre Laperrousaz: "Medical: Merieux Gives Up Extraction of Placental Albumin; Genetic Engineering Does Not Deliver"--first paragraph is L'USINE NOUVELLE introduction] [Text] Genetically engineered albumin could rule out any risk of contamination. But the process is still too costly. The decision made by the Merieux Institute to stop the production of placental albumin should logically reawaken interest in recombinant albumin obtained through genetic engineering. The Merieux Institute, which had set up an original process using placentas collected throughout the world, had to stop production under the pressure of health authorities. The latter are in fact quite concerned about the risk of contamination by infectious agents, such as the one that causes the Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome in patients treated with growth hormone. In principle, using genetically engineered products will rule out any risk. The best example of this is precisely the growth hormone which, today, is exclusively of genetic origin. Why, then, not follow the same path for albumin? Rhone-Poulenc, in collaboration first with Genetica, then with Merieux, which since then has joined the group headed by Jean-Rene Fourtou, was among the first to think of it. Research was even sufficiently advanced to consider applying for an AMM [marketing authorization] by 1995-1996. Today, however, the group is questioning the feasibility of the process, and the project has been put on the backburner. Actually, manufacturing albumin by genetic engineering poses a fearsome industrialization problem, in particular at the product purification stage. "Compared with other recombinant products introduced in recent years, for instance tPA, we are working on a quite different scale because the quantities involved are much larger and the market price much lower," people at Merieux explained. The current world albumin production is 250-300 tons, eight percent of which is produced by Merieux. The product sells for 18 francs per gram and is used in quantities of several hundred grams per dose, whereas a recombinant drug sells for several thousand francs per gram but is administered in doses measured in micrograms. Does that mean that we should give up all hope of ever manufacturing genetically engineered albumin? Will the need for maximum security tip the scales in the right direction, as was the case for another blood product, the antihemophilic Factor 8, the first recombinant version of which was introduced on the market this year by the U.S. company Baxter? But it is true that this is another product used in infinitesimal doses. |
FBIS3-40383_13 | Uncertain 1994 Predicted for French Aerospace Industry Figures to Decline in 1994 Interview With Mr. Jacques Barillot-Creuzet, President of the GIFAS PME-PMI Committee: "Some PMEs Lost 50 Percent of Their Sales" | this leads to a demotivation of employees, lower productivity, and longer cycles and lead times. [Dupont] What efforts do you make, on export markets or through diversification, to make up for the decline of domestic markets? [Barillot-Creuzet] PMEs have limited self-financing capacities, which makes it difficult for them to diversify successfully. They are often blamed for not taking advantage of the prosperity of the late eighties to diversify. But you should recall that at the time they were under such pressure to shorten lead times and increase production rates that it was materially impossible for them to turn to other markets. PMEs have reduced chances on export markets because of the unavowed protectionism practiced by all countries. In addition, the compensation mechanisms included in the large contracts awarded to prime contractors sometimes force the latter to take back products that were developed by their French associates and entrust them to foreign companies. Therefore, it takes a lot of financial strength to obtain financing for all or part of development costs or to generate openings on export markets. [Dupont] What is your reaction to the present situation, where support for R&D occurs at the expense of series contracts? [Barillot-Creuzet] Only a very small part of R&D budgets goes to PMEs. Unfortunately, that is a French practice. The United States took advantage of their strong growth in the late eighties to grade their base of subcontractors and small equipment manufacturers according to whose knowhow was deemed critical. Here, it was the crisis that eliminated the weakest. We deplore the fact that there was no industrial logic behind all that. [Dupont] What do you think of state measures taken to limit layoffs at prime contractors? [Barillot-Creuzet] Clearly, these measures result in a transfer of our jobs to prime contractors, as the latter take back workloads. Actually, these measures just shift the problem to make it less conspicuous, but probably at the expense of our economic and eventually our social best interest. [Dupont] What about the increased frequency of filings for bankruptcies? [Barillot-Creuzet] Some companies now view filing for bankruptcy as a management method, with the sole objective of maintaining their workloads by cutting prices. This sometimes leads commercial courts, which are concerned about employment in their regions, to liquidate all the debts of these companies in order to encourage takeovers. That generates unfair competition, which may lead to economic, industrial and social imbalances. |
FBIS3-40384_2 | Germany: Siemens Boosts Business in Eastern Europe | contract has been signed with the Ministry of the Interior under which police offices in Kazakhstan's 23 regions will be equipped with a total of 700 video terminals. In addition to the hardware and software, training and after-sales service will also be provided. Installation will begin before the end of 1993 and will be completed in three years. An SNI mainframe with the BS2000 operating system will handle data management and data security at police headquarters in Almaty. Middle-power range Sinix systems operate as communications servers in a country-wide network, while PC's or workstations are used as video terminals. Among other things, Polis includes a relational database and optical archiving and image processing components. The Kazakhstan police will use it as an information and investigation system and for processing cases. SNO is also cooperating with the NIZEVT Computer Technology Scientific Research Institute in Moscow. At an investment cost of DM3 million and with a significant input from NIZEVT staff, SNO has developed a migration concept from "Eser" (uniform system of electronic computer technology in the former CMEA [Council for Mutual Economic Assistance] area) to BS2000 and set up a demonstration computer center. Earlier Siemens Contacts Helpful In the Czech Republic SNO is benefiting from the comparatively favorable free-market conditions and earlier Siemens contacts in the telecommunications sector. Among others, a project has been carried out for the foreign insurance section of Czech Insurance with the VESYS program package, using an SNI H60 system. The Czech social insurance is also going for SNO/SNI, and has had 97 Sinix MX300-60 systems with a total of 1500 PC workstations installed in its branch offices. SNO is undertaking automatic passenger handling for the Czech State Railway CD; five years ago Siemens-Nixdorf technology was used to automate freight wagon circulation for the then Czechoslovak State Railway. SNO has supplied the Slovak Republic's largest bank, the General Credit Bank Bratislava, with 70 automatic teller machines, connected online to the authorization center in Bratislava. SNO is paying particular attention to basic and advanced training for its own and its clients' personnel. Besides imparting basic knowledge wherever SNI systems are installed, SNO says it is also offering courses in software development, data communications, marketing, management and work methods, basic business management, and foreign languages, among others. SNO is also setting up training centers where major potential customers are located, mainly to provide software training in the respective national |
FBIS3-40386_0 | Success, Failures of French Computer Firms in Asia Analyzed | Language: French Article Type:CSO [Article by Philippe Guichardaz: "Southeast Asia: An El Dorado where French Businesses Must Prove Themselves"--first paragraph is LE MONDE INFORMATIQUE introduction] [Text] Very few PMEs [small to mid-size companies] have durably succeeded on the Asiatic market, although that market is booming. Criticism--failure to meet deadlines, overall lack of professionalism--added to difficulties in obtaining help account for their inconspicuous presence. What is it that drives to Asia French PMEs like Ilog, an SSII [data-processing services and engineering company] specialized in software engineering which just set up a subsidiary in Singapore, or Gemplus, the smart card leader which has been operating in Singapore for four years and is now opening an office in China? "We are aware of the French market limitations. International markets, especially the Asiatic market, are a matter of survival for us," Edouard Efira, the Ilog assistant general manager, assured. If they relocate, therefore, it is not to benefit from lower labor costs at the expense of French workers, but because they are determined to gain market shares in Asia. Actually, most countries in the region have the advantage not only of experiencing economic booms, but also of being perfectly solvent. Just a few figures will illustrate the existence of a sort of Asiatic El Dorado. Whereas, according to the OECD, the seven major western industrialized countries are expected to record 1993 growth rates in the +2.6 to -1.9 percent range, the World Bank reported 12-percent growth for Communist China in 1992; according to Chinese sources, growth should reach 13.5 percent in 1993. As for the other countries in the region (Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand), the World Bank stressed that no group of countries ever experienced such a high growth rate within 30 years: 5.5 percent on the average between 1960 and 1990. Yet, less than three percent of French foreign trade is with the "three Chinas" (Communist China, Taiwan, Hong Kong). Apart from the French giants in the electronics sector (Alcatel, Bull-Zenith, Thomson), French presence is limited to a few enterprising PMEs (Ilog, Gemplus, OST [Observatory of Science and Technology], Pact Group, Lisa Engineering, etc.), which are usually well positioned in their subsectors and quite determined to expand all over Asia. Thus Ilog, the leading European supplier of object-oriented development tools, which possesses a technological lead in constraint-oriented programming, has made a remarkable breakthrough in Singapore, especially |
FBIS3-40388_49 | France: 1993 Report on International Research Programs | Life Sciences The life sciences community is making increased use of large facilities devoted to the study of condensed matter (synchrotron radiation and neutron diffusion). The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg is a facility that offers European scientists a cluster of high-quality semi-heavy scientific instruments. It also has two branches at ILL in Grenoble and the DESY Laboratory in Hamburg. This laboratory, a 15-nation project, has evolved into one of the best in Europe in the fields of cellular and structural biology. It is particularly active in the domains of cellular biology, differentiation, biological structures and information systems, genetic expression, physical instrumentation, biochemical instrumentation, information processing services, and data banks. It also conducts training for researchers who are completing or have already completed their doctorates. EMBL has plans to expand its Grenoble branch, to take more advantage of the ESRF, and to establish a new branch (European biological information systems), the site for which had not yet been chosen by the time this report was prepared. Contributions by member states in 1993 will amount to DM68 million (up 11 percent from 1991). Personnel expenses account for close to 60 percent of the budget. The French contribution (16.7 percent) will be DM11.5 million, equal to about Fr39 million. Considering the size of the financial investment, the level of participation of French researchers is still too low, and the Council urges that incentives be offered to the French scientific community to promote increased participation by French scientists in the work of EMBL. [table omitted] (12) Interdisciplinary Projects Under this heading are two research programs that involve diverse disciplines. a) Detection of gravity waves (Project VIRGO) This project in fundamental science, under the leadership of CNRS/IN2P3, involves a broad spectrum of physicists and astrophysicists, theoreticians, and experimenters. It was approved by the Council in 1992, and in cooperation with Italy it has now been launched. CNRS is considering committing a Fr40 million program authorization in 1993 to this project, which is described in detail in part two of this report. b) Manned space flights These are experiments carried out with human beings in attendance, under microgravity conditions (10[.sup]-3[/] to 10[.sup]-5[/] g). The primary areas of research involved are: --study of human behavior during manned flight: - understanding the effects of gravity on the process of perception and spatial orientation; - analysis of adaptive responses of major physiological functions to microgravity (cardiovascular |
FBIS3-40389_1 | Italy: Bioindustrial Science Park Project Advances | Finpiemonte (regional holding company), Federpiemonte, Assindustria Ivrea, Olivetti, the Turin provincial authority, and the municipal authorities of Ivrea and Colloretto Giacosa. The design and construction phase of the bioindustry park will take place over 1994-95 and in 1996 the park will begin to manage the services that will be made available to the companies housed there. The initial cost of the park is estimated to be 30 billion lire for 8,000 square meters of laboratories that will be made available to university researchers and private companies beginning in 1996. In the area located in the municipality of Colloretto Giacosa, on the outskirts of Ivrea, a staff of up to 400 will be involved in activities related to the pharmaceutical, chemical, environmental, veterinary, food and agriculture, and medical sectors. Ivrea ensures that this is the first initiative of its kind in Europe with an entirely biotechnological vocation. Europe is playing a fundamental role in the development of the park because 21 billion lire come from funds for projects promoted by the EU [European Union] for areas of industrial decline (which in Piedmont include the province of Turin and Verbano-Cusio-Ossola). The Canavese initiative is part of a second allocation of investments, to be made over 1995-96 and amounting to more than 583 billion lire to be divided between public and private projects for the two areas of Piedmont. "In the first semester of 1994," said Industry Councillor for the Piedmont Region Giuseppe Cerchio, "the first phase involving an investment of 558 billion lire will be completed." The new projects concern a wide range of sectors, but special emphasis has been placed on technological innovation and the construction of science parks. "For this area," explained Cerchio, "the overall investment amounts to 53 billion lire, 37 of which come from EU, government, and regional funds while the remaining sum has been covered by promoting committees that have already been established and that include the municipal authorities, organizations, companies and private groups." The completion of the Lake Maggiore park, which began with the first part of the program has also been approved. Funding will also be provided for a feasibility study on the Caselle aeronautical science park -- which the regional authorities will support in the future -- and the Canavese technology district will be approved. However, as far as these last projects are concerned, these are only the first steps pending other operational programs. |
FBIS3-40403_0 | UK: Science Minister On Withdrawal of Gene Patents | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Speech by UK Science Minister William Waldegrave on 11 February 94, place not given: "Withdrawal of Gene Patents Good For the UK"] [Text] The withdrawal of patents for cDNA sequences for unknown functions will encourage further research into this important area, separating the exploratory research phase from the exploration phase, Mr Waldegrave said today. He was speaking following today's decision by the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) to withdraw their patent applications for cDNA sequences of unknown function, filed in 1991. Mr Waldegrave said: "The MRC and NIH patent applications were filed in order to protect the interests of the UK and US taxpayers, with least damage to the international research effort in genome mapping which requires the free flow of information. "However, The Medical Research Council, with the support of the Government, has always argued that these applications should not be granted. I welcome the co-operation between the UK and the US on this important issue and look forward to further developments in this important area of research." This announcement backs up MRC's decision in October 1993 not to file any further patent application on newly-obtained cDNA sequences of unknown function unless accompanied by knowledge of the gene function. Sir Dai Rees, Secretary to the MRC said: "We feel this withdrawal of the patents is a correct step, and we are delighted to be able to co-ordinate our actions with those of the NIH." Note To Editors Further information on this announcement can be obtained from: Press Office; Medical Research Council; 20 Park Crescent; London; W1N 4AL; Tel: 071 636 5422; Fax: 071 436 2665 Issued by: Press Office; Office of Public Service and Science; Cabinet Office; 70 Whitehall; London; SW1A 2AS; Tel: 071 270 0207/0393; Out of hours telephone 0399 1133 and ask for pager number 721338 |
FBIS3-40404_6 | France: French Biotechnology Standards Surveyed | the United States which had begun some 300 experiments out of a total of 600 being conducted worldwide. In the context of its own standardization policy, the European Community wanted to push ahead with the establishment of standards on a European scale. A more theoretical and less pragmatic discussion than that made several years earlier in France led to a 54-standard project being devised along the themes taken up in certain chapters of the French Standards text, without encompassing all of them. This is partly explained by the lack of experience in this area of certain European partners and by the speed with which the project had to be set up. Nevertheless, AFNOR (the French standards association), which has established a considerable lead in this area, and with the backing of the national interprofessional bio-industry organization (Organibio), asked the European Committee for Standardization [CEN] to form a technical committee, TC 233 biotechnology, which it would coordinate. Moreover, the CEN obtained an EC mandate (from Directorate General Three) to finance much of this work. After the inevitable delay while an effective body was set up, the program is now developing in acceptable conditions. It is hoped that the great majority of national biotechnology experts will cooperate by making constructive comments on the documents being drawn up in the various international working groups set up to produce the first draft. This has been a rapid and perhaps tedious overview of the current state of biotechnology regulations and standardization in France and in Europe. In such a wide field of application -- ranging from agriculture to genetic therapy and from basic research to marketing -- it is a long and arduous process to take everyone's point of view into consideration. The important thing, however, must surely be that we are seeing, for the first time in scientific history, safety discussions taking priority over industrial application. There is a potential risk associated with biotechnology, very well defined by Professor Royer in his 1981 report commissioned by the industry ministry. Only by the pragmatic study permitted by the intelligent application of regulations and standards can we further our knowledge of this potential risk and either confirm it or disprove it. Advances in developing this knowledge can only be made using a progressive approach, structured between safety barriers, permitting dialogue only between operators and members of independent socio-scientific commissions, and subject to secrecy in the discussions. |
FBIS3-40416_0 | UK: Science Council Boosts Research Into Clean-Coal Technology | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Press release from the UK Science and Engineering Research Council: "Half Million Pound Boost For Coal Research"] [Text] An agreement between the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has been signed which provides an additional 500,000 pounds for coal research in UK universities. An important part of the DTI's Coal R&D programme, managed by the Coal Team of Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU), will be the contribution of more than 500,000 pounds towards a collaborative programme on coal research. In addition, ETSU's Coal Team will provide active monitoring of a portfolio of coal-related research grants to ensure the full potential of the research is realised and disseminated as widely as possible. Further information can be obtained from: Dr Neil Pratt, Process Engineering Committee, SERC, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1ET, Tel: 0793 411484, Fax 0793 411020; The Coal Programme Manager, ETSU, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RA; Tel: 0235 432669, Fax 0235 432753 Notes For Editors 1. DTI made a brief reference to the programme in press release P/93/287 dated 27/5/93. 2. The programme will continue under EPSRC after 1 April 1994. 3. Funds and manpower made available from ETSU will enhance the commitment SERC makes to coal and related research which currently stands at around 1 million pounds per annum. 4. Since 1 April 1990, the Coal Team at ETSU have undertaken programme management responsibility for the DTI's Coal R&D programme. This responsibility entails providing necessary technical support in the preparation and development of strategy, and the recruitment, assessment, contracting and management of R&D projects. The Coal Team comprises of Project Managers supported by administration, contracts, finance and technology transfer personnel, all of whom report to the Coal Programme Manager. A significant aspect of the DTI's Coal R&D programme is the support of fundamental research at Higher Education Institutes [HEI] of relevance to the development of clean coal technologies. Co-operation between HEIs, research institutes and industry in this research area has increased considerably over recent years, and the Coal R&D programme seeks to encourage this trend. Closer interaction enables industry to become increasingly aware of the capabilities of the HEIs and, consequently, to identify centres of expertise that are best suited to address specific research problems. In turn, HEIs are able to recognise more clearly industrial requirements and focus their research programmes accordingly. Fundamental coal science research |
FBIS3-40422_0 | Germany: Juelich Research Center Develops Microtomography System | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Excerpts] This year, the Juelich Research Center awarded its prizes for outstanding doctoral theses to the electronics and semiconductor engineering sectors. One of the criteria for the awards is whether the candidates have presented their findings in a readily comprehensible form. [passage omitted] Gerd Fuhrmann, working in the Juelich Research Center's Central Electronics Laboratory, developed a laboratory microtomography system that can be used, in conjunction with a computer, to make the entire three-dimensional structure of a sample visible without previous preparation. He exploited the scanning electron microscope's high-current electron beam, which, if directed onto a metal cutting edge [Metallschneide], generates an x-ray beam, which is passed through the sample under inspection. According to the material of which the object under inspection consists and its thickness, the x-ray beam is attenuated (absorbed), and the absorption, or the energy loss resulting therefrom, is measured behind the sample in special detectors. Details From Inside the Object A computer is then used to reconstruct the inner structures of the sample according to the computer tomography process, achieving unprecedented resolution. Details of bones, tumor tissue, or industrial materials down to a size of less than 5 micrometers (five-thousandths of a millimeter) can thus be displayed and distinguished. However, this involves evaluating and processing large quantities of data from the numerous detectors by sophisticated procedures. The microtomography system can be used anywhere where interference-free inspection of the inner structures of small samples is required: for pores and cracks in ceramics or fiber-reinforced composites, for airbag sensor tests, for measuring oil-water mix permeation of porous rock in mineral oil research, or for examining bone specimens for medical purposes. Fuhrmann demonstrated his development with an examination of tiny living beings, displaying the inside of a fly's head. It was possible to identify tubes leading from the mouthpart into the trunk of the body. "Electrons in the Overtaking Lane" is the title that Frank Mueller gave his doctoral thesis, in which he addressed problems encountered in highly compressed semiconductors. Unlike nonconducting insulators and metals, which are good conductors of electricity, semiconductors are materials in which the flow of free electrons can be controlled. As "ideal" semiconductors have no free charge carriers, however, foreign atoms with an excess of electrons must first be built into the semiconductor material, a process referred to as "doping." Foreign Atoms Becoming a Problem These foreign atoms are becoming something of |
FBIS3-40424_1 | Germany: Siemens Develops Technique To Detect Defective Chips | manufactured is hard to imagine, and they are difficult to detect. An inspection process with neural intelligence now recognizes faulty minimemories in a flash. Who can imagine a number with a million zeros? Expressed in milligrams, the weight of the Earth needs a 30 digit number. The number of atoms in the entire universe has about 125 places - but a million? Siemens engineers have to get to grips with this giant number if properly working silicon chips are to leave the factory in Regensburg: In theory 2[.sup]4194304[/]-1 reference patterns can occur in the production of a 4 megabit memory, a number with approximately 1.2 million digits. "Maps", better known as "bit-maps" showing specimen faulty memories are used to try to classify this almost infinite number of reference patterns in order to cut the time required for inspecting a silicon wafer with memory modules. At first sight it is a never-ending task: How can this huge number of possible combinations be classified at all? Fortunately, the bit-map variants are similar in appearance. Someone with a sound background knowledge who "reads" the bit-maps for a long period of time can divide them into some 80 to 100 risk allowance groups. This is an extraordinary achievement for the human brain. There is just one snag: Visual analysis takes up to 15 hours for every 6-inch silicon wafer. Siemens in Regensburg has now optimized bit-map analysis of silicon wafers with neural networks. The computer uses pattern recognition to decide in which of the 80 or so risk allowance groups a defect found on a chip falls. The actual analysis is performed on a perfectly ordinary PC. One great advantage is that any new reference patterns that occur no longer have to be reprogrammed because the system "learns" them itself. And that is not all: Since most of the equipment used in chip manufacture has quite characteristic reference patterns, the system gives a specific alarm when faults of a particular risk allowance group accumulate in part of the wafer. This enables such "output killers" to be identified early. The bit-map analysis system developed by Siemens' Semiconductor Division will also check 16 megabit and later 64 megabit memories: The number of possible reference patterns in these memories is as much as 2[.sup]108864[/]-1. To write this number out would require a computer printout which, with the pages placed end to end, would be 100 kilometers long. |
FBIS3-40436_3 | Italy: Management of Space Activities Assessed | blocked for three years, and the 440 billion requested by FIAT for the VEGA [Advanced Generation European Carrier] carrier have not yet been authorized, work is continuing on the construction of the two logistic modules for the United States space station: 500 billion for the construction and a successive payment for maintenance and operational activities, without significant technological, scientific or commercial returns. In the meantime, yesterday, Research Minister Umberto Colombo presented the report on the government lines of action for innovation and research policy. This analysis points once again to the necessity of favoring innovation in the productive sectors that are leading our economy, promoting advanced technologies that have a strong capability of dissemination, reinforcing research and technological development activities connected with the modernization of the infrastructure networks (information science, telecommunications, transport), and favoring the setting up of industries that have a scientific basis. Despite the situation of economic crisis, some decisions taken by the current government have allowed about 3.3 trillion lire to be recuperated, and 588 billion have been allocated to national research plans, 300 billion to technological parks in the Mezzogiorno [southern Italy], 350 billion to training, 540 billion to projects coming under Law No. 46, and 600 billion to the Italian aerospace research center, that has recently been reoriented toward aeronautical themes. Colombo declared that these resources, that total 15 percent of the annual funding for research "are improvements obtained by eliminating areas of inefficiency and management errors, but it will soon be necessary to increase the resources available because the gap dividing us from the other industrialized countries has become intolerably wide." The immediate necessities are for the universities to pay greater attention to research programs that have fixed goals, for more effective coordination between programs and public research organizations, and for an increase in resources for training young researchers but "before asking for more money it is necessary to spend what is already available well," concluded Colombo. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Research: A Comparison Between Countries | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Italy without personnel | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |Year |Country |Personnel Engaged | | | | |in R&D in Ind-| | | | |ustry | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |1989 |Canada |53,860 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |1989 |France |149,822 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |1989 |Germany |296,510 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |1989 |Japan |528,363 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |1989 |United Kingdom |176,100 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |1989 |Italy |64,944 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |1990 |Canada |53,240 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |1990 |
FBIS3-40438_0 | Italy: New GaAs Solar Cells Tested on EURECA PLatform | Language: Italian Article Type:BFN [Article by Riccardo Romani: "CISE of Milan Uses Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells"] [Text] Another important step forward in the photovoltaic conversion of solar energy has been made with gallium arsenide (GaAs) cell technology. For over 10 years this has been used in addition to silicon in the constant search for new and more efficient solutions to the production of electricity using solar energy. This step has been made by the new generation germanium substrate GaAs cells developed by researchers at CISE [Center for Data, Studies, and Experimentation] in Milan (an ENEL [National Electric Power Company] research company] and successfully tested for 11 months on the EURECA [European Retrievable Carrier] platform in space from which they have now returned for further laboratory tests. The results furnished by these cells as well as definitively confirming their higher performance with respect to silicon cells, now open interesting prospects for further development since their costs are now the same as those of their competitors, silicon cells. As has been noted, the development of the two technologies has always been accompanied by advantages and disadvantages: reduced costs but low conversion factors (10-14 percent) in the case of silicon solar cells; in the case of gallium arsenide cells however, the performance is doubled but with costs up to four times higher. These differences have obviously induced researchers all over the world to concentrate their efforts on silicon cells because of their possible ground applications for photovoltaic energy (panels for domestic use, experimental centers etc.), but placing great emphasis on gallium arsenide cells because of their higher performance levels, the increased resistance of GaAs to cosmic radiation, and high performance at low temperatures. That is, to make them more suitable for military and space applications. Here, increased performance, reliability, the reduced size and weight of the panels at equivalent power levels and consequently an increased scientific payload, not the costs, are the determining factors when choosing the optimal solution. Now that the cost difference between GaAs and silicon cells has been overcome, the new generation GaAs cells tested aboard EURECA have become more appealing because performance levels are doubled and because of the other advantages already mentioned (size, weight, reliability, etc.). A success that CISE researchers have achieved by replacing the substrate, which was previously made of the same material, with a thinner but stronger and much less expensive germanium substrate; and using |
FBIS3-40450_194 | Forward-Looking Development of Energy Technology The Characteristics of Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 2: The Swedish Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 3: Society's Influence on Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 4: 2.1 What Characterizes Successful Technical Development Projects? 3.2 What Characterizes the Swedish Development of Energy Technology? 4.3 Experience of Swedish and Foreign Support for Energy Innovations 4.5 Is Continued Economic Support for Commercial Development of Technology Necessary? 5. Recommendations Regarding Society's Role in Commercial Development of Energy Technology Development and Distribution of New Energy Technology; Seven Case Studies of New Industrial Development Projects 3. Thermo-Mechanical Pulp and Energy Recovery in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Production 8. The Adjustment of the Pulp and Paper Industry to AOX Regulations for Organochlorine Compounds | authority which is charged with overseeing and monitoring SKB's activity in the nuclear waste field. SKB's, and thus the nuclear power companies', R&D in the nuclear waste field annually amounts to more than 150 million kronor. Today's R&D activity in the waste sector is partly aimed at a final supplementation of the data base for evaluation of long-range safety before choosing the protective system and site, partly at a practical reevaluation of the methods for detailed studies of the chosen site under realistic conditions. The development of methods and access to data for evaluating the long-range safety of deep geological storage and data access has been brought to a level which enables the start of a site-finding process during the 1990's. The Nordic authorities for nuclear safety and radiation protection are presently working on developing joint recommendations for the design of specific acceptance criteria for deep storage for permanent storage of long-lived waste. Internationally, Sweden is well placed as regards handling nuclear waste. The completed activities, including projection and construction of CLAB, SFR and the transportation system, have totalled 8 billion kronor at today's prices since the mid-1970's. Summarizing Analysis The nuclear waste issue became a major political controversial issue during the 1970's. Seen from this perspective, the creation of the Law of Conditions was logical. The Law of Conditions, with its demands for absolute safety, led to a concentration on redundantly safe systems. From a technical and economic aspect it may be discussed whether such a development was justified. On the other hand, it was necessary to invest in techniques and systems which one believed had the confidence of the general public and the politicians. The efforts in the area of waste in the late-1970's and 1980's were made in this spirit, although there were occasionally loud protests among the technicians. Compared to the values involved in the political considerations, the costs of investing in extremely high safety in the nuclear waste sector have nevertheless been reasonable. Internationally, Sweden has come a long way as regards the technology of nuclear waste handling. This is a result, among others, of the nation's rigorous legislation, which led to intensive research and technology development in the field of nuclear waste from 1977 and on, and well-functioning cooperation and express willingness to solve problems among the nuclear power companies responsible. In the general debate it is often said that the "highest possible safety" |
FBIS3-40450_215 | Forward-Looking Development of Energy Technology The Characteristics of Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 2: The Swedish Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 3: Society's Influence on Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 4: 2.1 What Characterizes Successful Technical Development Projects? 3.2 What Characterizes the Swedish Development of Energy Technology? 4.3 Experience of Swedish and Foreign Support for Energy Innovations 4.5 Is Continued Economic Support for Commercial Development of Technology Necessary? 5. Recommendations Regarding Society's Role in Commercial Development of Energy Technology Development and Distribution of New Energy Technology; Seven Case Studies of New Industrial Development Projects 3. Thermo-Mechanical Pulp and Energy Recovery in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Production 8. The Adjustment of the Pulp and Paper Industry to AOX Regulations for Organochlorine Compounds | in the long run. After that followed a period when the companies were helped to achieve energy savings, establish know-how and improve operation and maintenance, etc. Toward the end of the period the activity was aimed at developing decision materials for energy savings which the enterprises themselves can continue. From 1977 to 1984 the efforts were mostly aimed at saving oil, and in recent years more toward greater electricity efficiency. SIND's participation was of a coordinating nature. The actual energy consulting was carried out in part by the energy consultants of the development funds themselves, in part by hired consultants, whereby the efforts were roughly evenly distributed between the fund's own energy consultants and hired consultants. The activity was primarily free of charge. Certain attempts at paying for it with fees were made but did not turn out very well, which was mostly because utilization of consultants is low within the group of small and medium-sized firms and the cost of consulting is considered high. Energy Consultants at the Regional Development Funds In 1975 SIND was given the task of providing information about energy saving contributions by way of the enterprise associations, a predecessor for the regional development funds. Funding was allocated for education, information and courses in the field of heating. The goal was to reduce oil consumption. Over the next two years SIND was charged with providing information on the potential for saving energy, principally for heating but also process-oriented measures, which could save energy. The activity was undertaken in the form of seeking-out activity. An actual target group was not defined. The companies which were interested got help. In 1977 the enterprise associations' personnel, which often consists of energy-and VVS-trained civil engineers, was trained in the subject of energy for three days. After that, the right to decide applications for energy conservation subsidies of up to 50,000 kronor was delegated to the enterprise associations. The idea was to achieve smoother handling of energy conservation funding. Further, in 1977 tests were started with a "free energy consultant" in three provinces. About 1,000 companies in the three provinces were given energy consultations of half or one day each. The activity was primarily to seek them out. The intent was for these firms then to apply for energy conservation subsidies and thus carry out energy-saving measures. But only about eight percent of the companies visited applied for energy conservation subsidies |
FBIS3-40450_217 | Forward-Looking Development of Energy Technology The Characteristics of Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 2: The Swedish Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 3: Society's Influence on Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 4: 2.1 What Characterizes Successful Technical Development Projects? 3.2 What Characterizes the Swedish Development of Energy Technology? 4.3 Experience of Swedish and Foreign Support for Energy Innovations 4.5 Is Continued Economic Support for Commercial Development of Technology Necessary? 5. Recommendations Regarding Society's Role in Commercial Development of Energy Technology Development and Distribution of New Energy Technology; Seven Case Studies of New Industrial Development Projects 3. Thermo-Mechanical Pulp and Energy Recovery in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Production 8. The Adjustment of the Pulp and Paper Industry to AOX Regulations for Organochlorine Compounds | within a year. In 1978 the "free energy consultant" activity was expanded to include all provinces. In 1978 an industry-specific energy consultant activity was also begun. There was cooperation with STU [Administration for Technical Development] and Linkoping Technical College, among others. The wood product, rubber and foundry industry were also targets, among others. Relatively few companies were visited, and the potential for saving energy at the firms visited was judged at an average of 20 percent. After 1980 a gradual addition of energy consultants took place in all provinces. In this phase the activity was developed to include an annual budget of 10-15 million kronor. The seeking-out activity continued. Visits were undertaken which changed into preliminary inventories as to whether a sufficiently large energy saving potential could be found. Visits to individual firms were usually carried out at the initiative of the individual company. On the other hand, the industry-specific surveys were active efforts. The energy consultants also undertook a number of so-called special projects, in which it may be questioned in some cases whether their tasks were not outside the field. Among other things, they participated in introducing solid fuel combustion and worked with issues involving mini-power plants and wind power. In one example the energy consultant was involved in development and installation of a new type of wind power generator. Together with external consultants, PC-based program software has been developed for profitability calculations of energy budget measures and the development of certain measuring equipment, such as energy data meter for storage of measurement data and an air flow meter for low air speeds. It was determined in the 1983/84 budget bill that the activity should continue to the same extent as over the past two years, but that the appropriations must be reduced. Attempts at financing with fees were once again made, which worked poorly, in accordance with the previous evaluation. In 1986 the appropriations were sharply cut back from 13 million kronor for the 1985/86 fiscal year to 4 million kronor for the 1986/87 fiscal year. Vattenfall contributed 3 million kronor for the 1986/87 fiscal year within the framework of its Task 2000 project, which is aimed at making electricity use more efficient and reduce the demand for electric power. After that, the activity ceased. When the subsidies were removed, the activity largely disappeared, and today energy consultants remain only in Jonkoping province. Another few are left |
FBIS3-40450_218 | Forward-Looking Development of Energy Technology The Characteristics of Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 2: The Swedish Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 3: Society's Influence on Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 4: 2.1 What Characterizes Successful Technical Development Projects? 3.2 What Characterizes the Swedish Development of Energy Technology? 4.3 Experience of Swedish and Foreign Support for Energy Innovations 4.5 Is Continued Economic Support for Commercial Development of Technology Necessary? 5. Recommendations Regarding Society's Role in Commercial Development of Energy Technology Development and Distribution of New Energy Technology; Seven Case Studies of New Industrial Development Projects 3. Thermo-Mechanical Pulp and Energy Recovery in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Production 8. The Adjustment of the Pulp and Paper Industry to AOX Regulations for Organochlorine Compounds | wind power. In one example the energy consultant was involved in development and installation of a new type of wind power generator. Together with external consultants, PC-based program software has been developed for profitability calculations of energy budget measures and the development of certain measuring equipment, such as energy data meter for storage of measurement data and an air flow meter for low air speeds. It was determined in the 1983/84 budget bill that the activity should continue to the same extent as over the past two years, but that the appropriations must be reduced. Attempts at financing with fees were once again made, which worked poorly, in accordance with the previous evaluation. In 1986 the appropriations were sharply cut back from 13 million kronor for the 1985/86 fiscal year to 4 million kronor for the 1986/87 fiscal year. Vattenfall contributed 3 million kronor for the 1986/87 fiscal year within the framework of its Task 2000 project, which is aimed at making electricity use more efficient and reduce the demand for electric power. After that, the activity ceased. When the subsidies were removed, the activity largely disappeared, and today energy consultants remain only in Jonkoping province. Another few are left but they also work with other issues. The fact that the activity disappeared so quickly was mainly due to two factors: There was no actual market for these services, and the energy savings that can be undertaken today are primarily for greater efficiency, so that considerably larger resources are needed both to survey them and to change them. Two independent evaluations of the activity have been made: by SIAR [Foundation for Research on Enterprise Administration] in 1984 and by AF [Steam Boiler Association] in 1988. Both of them are of the opinion that the project was relatively successful, but that one should have concentrated on fewer companies in a few industries which would have been interesting from the aspect of energy. Summarizing Analysis The original idea was to provide small and medium-sized companies with information about energy-saving measures, primarily oil savings. With information at hand, one would then act rationally, that is to say undertake measures to save energy. This did not happen. The reasons are many. One of them is that many small and medium-sized firms regard the cost of energy as a "fixed" cost and it rarely exceeds two percent of turnover, at a mechanical engineering industry, for |
FBIS3-40450_241 | Forward-Looking Development of Energy Technology The Characteristics of Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 2: The Swedish Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 3: Society's Influence on Commercial Development of Energy Technology--see also Chapter 4: 2.1 What Characterizes Successful Technical Development Projects? 3.2 What Characterizes the Swedish Development of Energy Technology? 4.3 Experience of Swedish and Foreign Support for Energy Innovations 4.5 Is Continued Economic Support for Commercial Development of Technology Necessary? 5. Recommendations Regarding Society's Role in Commercial Development of Energy Technology Development and Distribution of New Energy Technology; Seven Case Studies of New Industrial Development Projects 3. Thermo-Mechanical Pulp and Energy Recovery in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Production 8. The Adjustment of the Pulp and Paper Industry to AOX Regulations for Organochlorine Compounds | reduce emissions, the Swedish industry itself chose oxygen bleaching. In the case of oxygen bleaching, it was also possible to refer to economic reasons. Environmental issues grew in importance in the 1980's. The government also established strict environmental goals and set up strict environmental requirements. Consequently, the forest industry was forced to introduce relatively untested technology on a large scale. The technical solutions existed, in principle. In the 1980's the forest industry expanded and the mills have made new investments. The fact the industry experienced an economic boom has helped the forest industry meet the strict requirements imposed on it. When they were expanding and making new investments anyway, the environment-improving investments were even more justified. The market advantages, which in many cases it has been possible to exploit by offering the market non-chlorine (ClM[.sup]2[/]) bleached pulp products, have in several cases been a motor for the technology and justified the investment in new technology. Sweden is far ahead from an international perspective. Today, this could mean market advantages, both for the paper manufacturers and for machine and chemical suppliers and consultants. The level of demands in the permit decisions were one reason for the introduction of new technology, which was known but untested on a large scale. But public influence did not force the technology as such. The technology existed. The strict environmental goals which were established, and the market's demands for alternative, bleached, "environmentally friendly" products, were the reasons behind the rapid introduction of the technology, however. Aspects which may have reinforced the investment in the new technology were that the industry was experiencing a boom in which strong expansion was taking place, and that was a better justification for environmental investments. The conversion has cost a great deal of money, however, which it has been difficult to get back in the form of higher product prices. Bibliography > Section 2 ABB Flakt, various foundation materials. "Thirty-Fifth Quarterly for the Coal Utilization Technologies Survey Group Report Summary," Batelle, 1990. "Emissions Improvement for Germany's Power Utilities," Coal Trans, Sep/Oct 1991 ENERGIEWIRTSCHAFTLICHE TAGESFRAGEN, 1985, Vol 35, Issue 6, pp 655-664: "With Lightning Speed in Search of Solutions". STATT [Swedish Technical-Scientific Attache Activity], 1990: "The West German Energy Puzzle." VARMEFORSK, 1990: "Batelle-Coal Application Technology, Summary of Quarterly Report No 35." Weidner, Helmut: "Air Pollution Control Strategies and Policies in the F.R. Germany, Laws, Regulations, Implementations and Principal Shortcomings" (Edition Sigma), 1986 |
FBIS3-40457_0 | Patent Office Announces New Evaluation Standards International Agreement and New Standards for Software and Genetics Targeted | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Text] International Agreement and New Standards for Software and Genetics Targeted On 21 June, the Patent Office announced the revised examination standard for patents which, for the first time, includes guidance on evaluating the novelty of an invention. The objective is to seek international agreement in the application of the patent system. New standards were also set forth concerning ideas on protecting computer software and genetic engineering. The importance of the ``embodiment'' in the interpretation of the claims (scope of the patent) which has been strongly criticized by the United States and European countries, will be revised; patents will be flexibly judged with claims given priority and broad rights will be recognized. This standard will apply to applications dating from 1988. In the guidelines for guaranteeing the fairness and reliability of the examination, the patent examination procedure consists of industry-specific standards and a general standard common to all technical fields. The first standard was developed 30 years ago. The initiation in recent years of trilateral meetings involving Japan, the United States, and Europe had the objective of agreeing on a system, its operation and revision, and accumulating precedents involving patents. This time, this situation is taken into consideration and a full-scale revision was made. The novelty of an invention is decided based on the standard of whether a skilled person having ordinary knowledge of a technical field would easily think of the invention. While in the new standard, the examiner does not reject novelty when the idea of ``easily comes to mind'' based on documents in similar technical fields cannot be demonstrated. As for computer software, the conditions of using natural laws in information processing based on software and the inseparable link with the hardware were clarified. Accordingly, program trading of stocks and game software that simply substitute the brain activity of humans in a computer are not the objects of patents. In addition, an invention of the recording medium that stores a program is not applicable to patents. In contrast, in genetic engineering, the standard prepared concerning the novelty of inventions related to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains specific base sequence that form protein are: (1) When the protein is original and advanced, it is novel. (2) When a protein is known, but the sequence of amino acids is not common knowledge, the sequence of amino acids that forms the protein is not novel if |
FBIS3-40465_0 | National Inst. of Agrobiological Resources To Procure Supercomputer for DNA Data Bank | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Text]The National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, MAFF has decided to purchase a supercomputer with a supplementary budget and issued a call for resource materials in the ministry gazette dated 10 June. The Institute plans to set up a DNA data bank to coordinate and support biotech research starting with genome research on agriculture, forestry and fisheries related organisms on the DNA level. The supercomputer will be used not only to construct and manage a base sequence database that will be compatible with other databases around the world, but also to perform administrative functions such as inventory management of DNA samples, etc. |
FBIS3-40468_10 | Security in the Open Era By Opening a System, Mainframe Utilities Are One Just Step Away It Is Easy To Have Unauthorized Access Without Leaving Evidence Behind Point 2: Increasing Checkpoints Corresponding to the Importance of the Information Strict Checks or Restricted Functions Placed on the Public Network That Make It Easy for External Enemies To Gain Entrance Point 4. Consider the Balance Between Security and Flexibility Encrypting is Bothersome to Use in Terms of CPU Burden and Key Management | the possibility of access by numerous undesignated parties. In this regard, there are few users who lend a hand in improving security. Generally, they have only a dilute sense of danger. There are data to suggest that 23% of companies do not use even the most basic of security countermeasures, the password. In June of 1992, the Japan Information Processing Development Committee (JIPDEC) conducted a survey of 4,649 user companies regarding security, and this was one of the results obtained in the responses from 1,894 companies. Even if the need for security is recognized, ``it is a pain when it comes to the budget'', and it is a headache for most information system managers. Security countermeasures do not produce a result that could be called ``increasing the efficiency of business.'' Rather, security increases management activities, and it cannot help but increase the number of employees in the information systems department. As a result, the issue becomes one of how to convert the value of information into money. According to Kiyoshi Ono, manager of the Network Technology Section, Open Systems Technology Division, Nomura General Research Institute, it is probably natural that we hear, ``Spending ¥1,000 to protect ¥100 is not good business.'' However, the situation continues to be a matter not of ¥100 but of ¥10,000 worth of information being dropped into the open system from the host. This information is being immediately exposed to danger. Part II: Checkpoints for Security Countermeasures Security countermeasures can be brought about without any particular custom products. How aware users are of such things as company rules and operating procedures plays a big role. There are companies that actually put a great deal of effort into security. However, security and convenience are inversely related. Even with vital information, if you think about security exclusively and make access too tricky, it loses meaning to speak of an 'open' system. Generally, although users do not have much of a sense of danger, there are already quite a few businesses that have taken up measures to guarantee security. Showa Shell Oil has made a PC LAN and host connection with NetWare and TCP/IP, but they have taken their own measures to ``keep security tight,'' says Kazuhiko Arai, manager of the Information Systems Laboratory. At Citibank, the password for the PC LAN supervisor is split in half and controlled by separate people. The supervisorial functions of the system cannot |
FBIS3-40468_30 | Security in the Open Era By Opening a System, Mainframe Utilities Are One Just Step Away It Is Easy To Have Unauthorized Access Without Leaving Evidence Behind Point 2: Increasing Checkpoints Corresponding to the Importance of the Information Strict Checks or Restricted Functions Placed on the Public Network That Make It Easy for External Enemies To Gain Entrance Point 4. Consider the Balance Between Security and Flexibility Encrypting is Bothersome to Use in Terms of CPU Burden and Key Management | the freedom of the open system. A balance must be struck between security and flexibility. Efforts to study this should be made as early as possible. Key Management and Electronic Seals in the Use of Encryption Encryption is a powerful means of guaranteeing secrecy, but somehow having joint use of the same key is a problem. KPS (key predistribution system) is being developed as a means of solving this problem. Also, electronic seal systems which utilize encryption technology are being commercialized. KPS Allows Joint Use of the Key by Input of the Partner's ID KPS is a system developed by Professor Hideki Imai of Tokyo University. The assumption is that individual cards will be issued for each user, at which time the ID is set. During transmission by encryption, joint use of the key is possible by simply entering the partner's ID. Because the IDs can be publicly known, management is simple without making mistakes about the encryption key data. Currently, Advance markets a system that encrypts and decodes PC files using KPS. In this system, the DES method has been adopted for encryption processing. Because key production and DES encryption processing are all done within an IC card, the safety is very high. Electronic Seal Uses ESIGN by NTT NTT Advanced Technology is commercializing an electronic seal systems. This is a system that uses ESIGN, which is an encryption method developed by NTT. It is a system called a digital signature, and it applies secret key data as a seal. As with ordinary seals, 1) only the person having that seal data can seal the document (it cannot be forged by other people, and even the authorized person cannot deny it afterwards), and 2) if there is tampering in the process of delivering it to the partner, there is an electronic means for the receiver side to find out if there was tampering. EDI (electronic data interchange) is becoming popular, and it will be a very important technology for transactions of data, such as vouchers, between companies. Although the functional roles of KPS and ESIGN vary, IC card systems are used. For this reason, they are expensive when there are numerous users using them on a LAN. Because they are not matched to the NOS and applications when used on a LAN, KPS and ESIGN are not good in terms of processing file units and the ease of use. |
FBIS3-40471_0 | Features of Mitsubishi ESR Electric Vehicle | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Text] Mitsubishi Motors has spent years developing internal combustion engines and electric vehicles in the pursuit of technology that achieves a balance among energy savings, cleanliness, and mobility. With the ESR, we have developed an advanced experimental research vehicle that, through the implementation of revolutionary new technology, realizes a superior combination of these factors. The ESR uses a high-efficiency compact electric generating plant -- composed of batteries, an electric motor, an engine, and an electricity generator. This system gives the ESR an energy consumption rate superior to either combustion engines or conventional electric vehicles. ESR employs the Series Hybrid Electric system, with which the vehicle is always driven by an electric motor. The Series Hybrid Electric system is known as the most efficient among hybrid systems with two driving modes. The first is battery-operated mode, in which batteries supply energy to an electric motor. This driving mode has zero emissions. Second is hybrid mode, in which an on-board electric generating plant supplies power to the electric motor when the batteries run low. Energy Savings & Clean Air -- A compact, lightweight AC induction motor and motor controllers assure highly efficient motor operation with excellent response at low and high speeds. -- The 1.5-litre petrol engine developed specifically for generating electricity incorporates the optimized inner cylinder gas flow technology that is the base of our MVV (Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex) engine. This water-cooled in-line 4-cylinder engine has a high expansion-ratio cycle. The engine runs at a constant speed to achieve both high efficiency and the cleanest possible exhaust emissions. -- A highly-efficient, light, and compact AC generator has been adopted. Also, a turbo generator has been employed to convert exhaust energy into electricity. -- An energy regenerative brake system is available to convert the vehicle's kinetic energy into electricity to charge the batteries. In addition, solar cells are built into the roof to generate electricity from sunlight. -- Assisted by Mitsubishi Motors' proprietary navigation system, ESR will always operate in Battery-operated Mode in areas near hospitals and schools to achieve zero exhaust emissions. The electrically heated catalyst system achieves ultra-low exhaust emissions even in Hybrid Mode. Mobility -- The adoption of highly efficient alkaline batteries, a lightweight body design, and reduction of drag and rolling resistance make a range of 500 km or more possible in Battery-operated Mode. (At 40 km/h constant speed on a flat road) Hybrid |
FBIS3-40473_25 | A New Liquid Crystal Era: Abrupt Changes in Market, Technology, Materials, and Components Expanding the Applications Market Takes the Lead and the Technology Revolution in Panels, Components, and Materials Agreement on the market needs of thin sizes, light weights, and low power consumption Dramatic change in the market, panel technology, and components and materials technologies Rapid Advances of TFT in the Second Generation: Reflective Color To Be Marketed by 1996 Reviving LSI Technology Supporting Both High Image Quality and Low Cost Three Times the Productivity Confirmed for the Term 2 Line: Largest Panel Size with 4 Bevels The Multiple Display System: Proposal for a New Use of LCD Panels The Push to 1W Power Consumption and Wide Viewing Angles in Mass-Produced Products Mass production at each company moves towards wide viewing angle panels Technology To Widen Viewing Angle Stressed Productivity and Multi Domain Model Doubled the Vertical Viewing Angle Shigemitsu Mizushima, Sharp Liquid Crystal Division, TFT Development Center Surface Reflectance Lowered to 1/10 by AR Processing, Making Outdoor Use of TFT Panels Possible Hideki Yakushigawa, Sharp Liquid Crystal Division, TFT Development Center 300% Productivity Achieved in Term 2 Line with Larger Substrates and Equipment with Improved Processing Performance Successive Technologies Like Unpolished Glass Target ¥50,000 Panels Reducing the Average Cost Targeting a 40% Production Cost Reduction by Introducing a Printing Process Takuya Hamaguchi, Micro Products Division, Dai Nippon Printing Decisive Development of a Thin, Lightweight, Low Cost Backlight with No Light Conductor Reflectance of Polarizer Reduced to 1/10 in a Vapor-Deposited Multi Coat | is 5:1. *1 indicates the range where there is no intensity level reversal. *2 means the product specifications do not entirely match. *3 is the contrast condition of 10:1. *4 is a joint development by Tokyo Noko University and Stanley Electric. *5 indicates the premise of the edges of opposite poles are patterned by an exposure process. *6 is the contrast condition of 30:1. *7 indicated the same specifications announced by Tektronix in the US. Both Sharp and Sanyo Denki used conventional equipment unchanged and developed technology to widen the viewing angle without expanding the process. Sharp only changed the molding process conditions for oriented film and increased the vertical viewing angle to 80. Beginning in the spring of 1994, this process will be adopted in products (see article on p. 79). Sanyo Denki uses a method to expand the vertical viewing angle to 100 by only changing the opposing poles' mask patterns. Panel reflectance will be instantly lowered to 1/10 in the second generation. Processing was developed to prevent reflection by the black matrix that produced the largest reflectance so far and by the polarizer. The black matrix was one layer of conventional chromium (Cr), but has a lower reflectance in a two-layered structure with Cr oxidized film. Reflection prevention for the polarizer is an effective method where an inorganic film is formed by multilayered vapor deposition. A method to remove the protective layer on the front surface was also fabricated (see article on p. 80). Since the multilayered vapor deposition process is a batch process, the manufacturing cost of the polarizer jumps up three- to ten-fold depending on the production quantity. Future development of the coating method for the multilayered film will be active from the cost side. Three-fold productivity improvement realized in term 2 line Term 2 lines for TFT panels that will operate in 1994 will immediately improve productivity by three fold. The evaluation of equipment where the 9.4-inch panel has 4 bevels is almost finished. Koichi Suzuki, manager in Toshiba's Liquid Crystal Department, is confident that the three-fold improvement in productivity can be proven in the prototype line. Then, in the term 3 lines, the objectives will be for each company to make larger substrates and line fabrication with 6 to 9 bevels for the 10-inch class (see pp. 81-82 for details). Technology To Widen Viewing Angle Stressed Productivity and Multi Domain Model Doubled the |
FBIS3-40489_2 | Atomic Energy Commission of Japan Reports on High Level Waste Underground Disposal R&D Progress and Validity A Clear Statement of Concrete Know-How That is Generally Reasonable | performance evaluation. Secondly, in preparing for the future, when the time comes to evaluate a specific underground site in detail for its geological environment, it would be necessary to be ready with the utmost accuracy and reliable data that has been inspected and accumulated efficiently. In addition, the goal is to have necessary technical developments available for analyzing and evaluating the accumulated data so it can be put into practical use. From the ``Technical Report,'' extraction was made from the accumulated report and data in the area of earth science, and reports that would be useful in the future concerning geological environments viewed from waste disposal interests were systemized and consolidated. At the same time, a survey of the development of techniques and tools so that precise geological environmental data can be collected is being pursued. Furthermore, on deep geological environmental data, the necessary reports for performance evaluation is being prepared but since the actual data is limited to a portion, it has been learned that collection of more data would be necessary. At the present, the data concerned with geological environment of underground waste disposal, as far as collection is possible has been prepared systematically and comprehensively for a large area for the first time in our country. The data will be the basis for showing our country's characteristic geological surroundings and together it can be evaluated as useful for extracting subjects for survey studies in the future. Selection of Applicable Material for Artificial Barrier Research and Development of Waste Disposal Techniques. The research and development of waste disposal techniques have to be a method where long term safety can be guaranteed. In order to clearly make this concrete, the essential techniques are dependent on the individual artificial barriers and based on it, the goal for disposal techniques related to site design, construction and operation must be of utmost trustworthy one. In the ``Technical Report,'' the applicability of different types of material for structuring the artificial barrier have been compared and organized, and as a result, selections of example materials are displayed. Furthermore, a groundwork investigation of the technical feasibility of the design and execution of the disposal installation is being made together with a display of an example of a technically feasible system. The outlook has been that for the technical aspects necessary in building the artificial barrier, basically, existing technology will be applied for the design and |
FBIS3-40490_3 | Atomic Energy Commission of Japan Reports on High Level Waste Underground Disposal R&D Future Issues Importance of Grasping the Concept of Reciprocal Relationship with Natural Phenomena | the improvement in trust of the multiple barrier system. For the purpose, analytical models, technical skills on improvements and developments accompanied with reasonable confirmation, and the securing of confidence in the analytical data are thought to be especially important. Also, by efficiently utilizing the research institution for performance evaluation run by Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (PNC), a plan for a complete basic data and the expansion of data base that includes necessary data for analysis such as thermodynamics of radioactive material will be necessary. On the other hand, in order to grasp scientifically the long term phenomena, it is useful to understand natural phenomena. Therefore, the continued enforcement of natural analog study should be made together with the observation of kinetics pertaining to earth chemical reaction. Further Raising the Level of Deep Underground Studies Mutual Subjects and Ways for Future Progress. In order to advance future research and development, the products yielded from the past shown in the ``Technical Reports'' should be further realized. The geological environmental conditions should be gasped even more in fineness, attainment of high level technology needs to be planned, and precision improvements in analytical skills are going to be needed. It will be pertinent that consideration in obtaining high level results that are trustworthy from all research areas is absolutely a requirement. In order to satisfy this, it is important to advance research institutions, substantiate facilities and proceed in educating human resources. Especially, the deep underground study institution is the necessary base for the mutual research of survey studies of geological environment conditions, research and development of waste disposal techniques and for performance evaluation studies. Also, in combination, it is a useful research institute for educational contributions to our country's collective research on geology, hydrologic, earth chemistry, rock engineering etc. that relates to deep underground. In the case of PNC, it is now in progress of planning and establishing a research and development of underground waste disposal techniques that is in agreement with our country's geological surroundings. However, since the research and development will be long term, it will come under the number two overall collection planned by PNC prior to year 2000, and through federal evaluation, the progress of the research and development will be ascertained, and it would be necessary to further evaluate and examine future study policies. Furthermore, in the future, in order to collectively and efficiently advance research |
FBIS3-40491_0 | Atomic Energy Commission of Japan Reports on High Level Waste Underground Disposal R&D PNC To Use Supercomputer for Research | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Text] The Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (PNC) has decided to introduce supercomputers this fiscal year and they will begin selecting early next year. The ones planned to be introduced would be a Central Processing Unit (CPU) system incorporating over ten units of super row calculators combined with a graphic calculator and an operation work station. PNC already has introduced a Bechtel Computer System at the Information Center, at O-arai Engineer Center last year and this will be their second unit. The new unit will also be installed at the Center and it will be used for studies of underground waste disposal and severe event conditions for fast breeder reactors (FBRs). At the Information Center, a CPU with one Bechtel calculator has already been installed and assimilation of complex phenomena are being treated. However, with only one CPU, it is not always effective for timely assimilation. For example, in research and development of underground waste disposal, many calculation codes must be combined and an event is assimilated while basic understanding and evaluation must be made repeatedly. At the same time, models are formed and systems are developed, and accuracy must be raised. In such cases, while trial and error is being repeated, tremendous number of parameter surveys are being made while the calculation process is being confirmed by visual reappearance and at the same time, it is important that conditions be changed during calculation in order that the best condition be found. In this way, while calculating, results are made real and visual at the work station, but with the Bechtel computer, it is not effective in using methods to change and evaluate established conditions in the midst of a calculation. In contrast, with a CPU containing super rows of computers, it is possible to simultaneously process multiple calculation codes in rows at high speed. It is also possible to dynamically establish changes during operation and it has the advantage of being able to evaluate results realistically. At PNC, the assimilation is to be used for real evaluation analysis such as for heat flow power of FBRs and also for various kinds of phenomena occurring in underground waste disposal. The introduction will be decided within this fiscal year, installation is to be made next year, tests on the applicability of the existing software programs for row calculators will be investigated, and trial is planned |
FBIS3-40491_1 | Atomic Energy Commission of Japan Reports on High Level Waste Underground Disposal R&D PNC To Use Supercomputer for Research | Unit (CPU) system incorporating over ten units of super row calculators combined with a graphic calculator and an operation work station. PNC already has introduced a Bechtel Computer System at the Information Center, at O-arai Engineer Center last year and this will be their second unit. The new unit will also be installed at the Center and it will be used for studies of underground waste disposal and severe event conditions for fast breeder reactors (FBRs). At the Information Center, a CPU with one Bechtel calculator has already been installed and assimilation of complex phenomena are being treated. However, with only one CPU, it is not always effective for timely assimilation. For example, in research and development of underground waste disposal, many calculation codes must be combined and an event is assimilated while basic understanding and evaluation must be made repeatedly. At the same time, models are formed and systems are developed, and accuracy must be raised. In such cases, while trial and error is being repeated, tremendous number of parameter surveys are being made while the calculation process is being confirmed by visual reappearance and at the same time, it is important that conditions be changed during calculation in order that the best condition be found. In this way, while calculating, results are made real and visual at the work station, but with the Bechtel computer, it is not effective in using methods to change and evaluate established conditions in the midst of a calculation. In contrast, with a CPU containing super rows of computers, it is possible to simultaneously process multiple calculation codes in rows at high speed. It is also possible to dynamically establish changes during operation and it has the advantage of being able to evaluate results realistically. At PNC, the assimilation is to be used for real evaluation analysis such as for heat flow power of FBRs and also for various kinds of phenomena occurring in underground waste disposal. The introduction will be decided within this fiscal year, installation is to be made next year, tests on the applicability of the existing software programs for row calculators will be investigated, and trial is planned for 1995. The present introduction has been approved under this year's revised budget and Science and Technology Agency has decided to introduce computers not only to PNC but to the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research and to National Aerospace Laboratory. |
FBIS3-40497_3 | Transport Ministry Study Committee Report on Popularizing Low-Pollution Vehicles `Low-Pollution Vehicle Popularization Study Committee,' Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles Subpanel Roster `Low-Pollution Vehicle Popularization Study Committee,' Methanol Vehicles and CNG Vehicles Subpanel Roster I. The Necessity for Introducing Low-Pollution Vehicles and the Reasons for Selecting the Vehicle Types Covered in the Study 3. Total Expenditure and Composition for Freight Carrier Firms IV. Features and Possible Uses of Vehicle Types Covered by Study V. Study Concerning the Social Infrastructure Upon Which Introduction of These Vehicles Is Premised VI. Estimates of Costs To Introduce and Operate Low-Pollution Vehicles 1) At this juncture we are going to make estimates of the introductory and operating costs for the hybrid, electric, methanol and CNG vehicles which are to be targeted for Japan Development Bank Lease Financing System Coverage (Equipment) | Department #3, Chief Gun, Yoshitaro; Japan Trucking Association, Managing Director Tanaka, Goro; Nippon Express Co., Ltd., Director of Operations Uwagawa, Hideki; Isuzu Motors Ltd., Products Planning Office, Materials Handling Engineering Group, Deputy Chief Matsuoka, Teruo; Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd., Product Planning Department, Section Chief Suzuki, Takayoshi; Hino Motors Ltd., HIMR Development Office, Chief Tsuchida, Akimichi; Mitsubishi Motors Corp., Truck, Bus Development Division, Products Planning Department, Deputy Chief Nishida, Akira; Komatsu Ltd., Technology Division, Engine Development Center, Engine Development Department, Chief Niwa, Kanae; Petroleum Industry Activation Center, Managing Director Kasamatsu, Ichiro; Nippon Methanol Motors Co., Ltd., General Manager Kishida, Sotaro; Japan Gas Association, Natural Gas Vehicle Project, Manager Secretariat: Yamada, Yutaka; Transportation Economics Research Center, Research Director Katayama, Fusatoshi; Transportation Economics Research Center, Researcher In collaboration with the Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan Research Institute Table of Contents I. The Necessity for Introducing Low-Pollution Vehicles and the Reasons for Selecting the Vehicle Types Covered in the Study II. Operating Structure of Road Transport Carriers 1. Size of Freight Carrier Firms 2. Operating Conditions 3. Total Expenditure and Composition for Freight Carrier Firms 4. Bus Company Business Realities III. Current Vehicle Usage of Road Transport Carriers 1. Vehicle Procurement Methods 2. Business Operations and the Realities of Vehicle Usage 3. Current Status of Urban Traffic IV. Features and Possible Uses of Vehicle Types Covered by Study 1. Hybrid Vehicles 2. Electric Vehicles 3. Methanol Vehicles 4. CNG Vehicles V. Study Concerning the Social Infrastructure Upon Which Introduction of These Vehicles Is Premised VI. Estimates of Costs To Introduce and Operate Low-Pollution Vehicles 1. Hybrid Vehicle Cost Estimates 2. Methanol Vehicle Cost Estimates 3. CNG Vehicle Cost Estimates VII. In Conclusion I. The Necessity for Introducing Low-Pollution Vehicles and the Reasons for Selecting the Vehicle Types Covered in the Study In Japan the abatement of atmospheric pollution has been advocated for quite some time, and to date, various types of measures have been devised to counter the so-called fixed sources like factories, e.g., emission concentration controls, aggregate emission volume controls and restrictions on fuels used by factories and the like. As a result of the use of petroleum-fueled internal combustion engines as the motors for automobiles, they too, like the other fixed pollution-generating sources, have become the source of a considerable portion of the total volume of urban exhaust gases. For this reason, and in light of what is known about the |
FBIS3-40497_29 | Transport Ministry Study Committee Report on Popularizing Low-Pollution Vehicles `Low-Pollution Vehicle Popularization Study Committee,' Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles Subpanel Roster `Low-Pollution Vehicle Popularization Study Committee,' Methanol Vehicles and CNG Vehicles Subpanel Roster I. The Necessity for Introducing Low-Pollution Vehicles and the Reasons for Selecting the Vehicle Types Covered in the Study 3. Total Expenditure and Composition for Freight Carrier Firms IV. Features and Possible Uses of Vehicle Types Covered by Study V. Study Concerning the Social Infrastructure Upon Which Introduction of These Vehicles Is Premised VI. Estimates of Costs To Introduce and Operate Low-Pollution Vehicles 1) At this juncture we are going to make estimates of the introductory and operating costs for the hybrid, electric, methanol and CNG vehicles which are to be targeted for Japan Development Bank Lease Financing System Coverage (Equipment) | are limited. Also, it is obvious that when purchasing vehicles, approximately 60% of the firms are cognizant that ``it is important because of the need for a fixed amount of depreciation costs every year'' from an accounting standpoint. Furthermore, as reasons for the poor utilization of leases for vehicle purchases, ``because even when money is borrowed, funding can be procured at low-interest,'' and ``because of the structuring to produce profits for the actual years of a vehicle's serviceable life after it is fully depreciated'' were cited most often. Also, more than one third of the respondents indicated that it is ``because they do not fully understand the merits of leasing.'' ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Chart 3-1. Questionnaire Survey Results; Importance of Yearly Amount of Depr-| |eciation When Purchasing Vehicles | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Response |Number of Respondents | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Important Because a Fixed Amount of D-|15 | |epreciation Every Year Is Necessary | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Do Not Regard the Amount of Depreciat-|10 | |ion as Particularly Important | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Because Vehicles Are Purchased with C-|7 | |ompany Funds | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Because Even if Money Is Borrowed, Ve-|17 | |hicles Can Be Procured with Low-Inter-| | |est Funding | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Because Trucks Have Value as Assets |4 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Because Merits of Lease Not Fully Und-|10 | |erstood | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Because the Administrative Procedures |0 | |Are Complicated | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Because of the Structuring To Produce |16 | |Profits for the Actual Years of a Veh-| | |icle's Serviceable Life After It Is F-| | |ully Depreciated | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Because Vehicles Can Be Purchased Che-|0 | |aply Through Large-Lot Purchases | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Other: Presently Leasing |1 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- On the other hand, according to data of the Japan Leasing Association, it is clear that among the forms of procurement for trucks and buses, the utilization of leasing is rising. As of 1990, the number of lease-held passenger cars was 420,000, buses, 10,000, and trucks, 680,000, and in terms of component ratio, trucks and passenger cars were the more prevalent. Also, in terms of the ratio of lease-held vehicles accounted for in the numbers of vehicles in use, leases accounted for 7.2% of buses, for 7.1% of trucks, for 1.3% of passenger cars, and for an overall average of 2.7%. Whatever class of vehicle one considers, lease utilization is rising steadily, and it appears this trend is going to continue |
FBIS3-40503_2 | Selections from the Proceedings of the 9th NAL Symposium on Aircraft Computational Aerodynamics On the Roles of Wind Tunnel Testing and Computational Fluid Dynamics in Aircraft Development | CFD (computational fluid dynamics). By leaving to CFD many of the things that previously had to be done in wind-tunnel tests in the aerodynamic design process, the cost and time required for model fabrication and wind-tunnel operations can now be drastically reduced. CFD is particularly well suited to parametric studies involving shape variation and the like. CFD is expected to play an increasingly large role, as compared to wind-tunnel testing, in the conceptual and preliminary design phases. At the current time, however, due to the computing times involved, almost all of the computer code used in design work that is three-dimensional is potential flow analysis code.[.sup]1[/] As a consequence, it is very difficult to evaluate aerodynamic characteristics at off-design points where viscous effects are prominent. So wind-tunnel tests are also required in the preliminary design stage. In order for Navier-Stokes code to be used freely as the design code in actual design work settings, the entire operation -- beginning with airframe shape definition, including grid generation and numerical computation of flows, and ending with the derivation of the final aerodynamic coefficients -- must be concluded within a single dat,[.sup]2[/] plus the computation time for each case for the same shape must be on the order of several minutes. Essential to achieving this will be the development of a numerical wind tunnel having functions for the automatic generation of airframe surface grids and space grids, and a computer with the power to process at 100 GFLOPS or faster. At the stage of the main design or detailed design, after the preliminary design work has been done, CFD still has a large role to play. Ordinary high-subsonic-speed transport aircraft, such as the Boeing 747 Jumbojet, are different from fighter aircraft or space planes in that the surrounding flow is in a relatively simple condition, with either little or no separation. It is in this field of aerodynamic design for airliner airframes that CFD really shows its power. 2. Wind-Tunnel Tests and CFD Reliability In Figure 1 we have a single diagram that summarizes the results of testing the NACA0012 wing shape in a typical two-dimensional wind tunnel.[.sup]3,4[/] The shock wave position (distance from leading edge taking wing chord length as 1) is plotted on the vertical axis, and the Reynolds numbers based on chord length on the horizontal axis. Despite the fact that this is a relatively simple flow under conditions of |
FBIS3-40508_0 | Sumitomo Heavy Ind. Completes Repair on Arc Heater Wind Tunnel for NASDA | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Text] The National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) has completed a repair on the arc-heater wind tunnel (at the National Aerospace Laboratory in Chofu, Tokyo) which is to be used for testing various materials at the ultrahigh temperature of 1700C in the development of the Japanese version of the space shuttle, among other things. Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd., installed the arc heater, one of the main features of the wind tunnel, and announced its official delivery on 29 September. The total amount of the order to Sumitomo Heavy Industries was ¥420 million. The purpose of the arc-heater wind tunnel is to simulate the surface temperature of an object when it re-enters the earth's atmosphere and to test the durability of the object under the exotic thermal environment. Since the construction of the arc-heater wind tunnel by NASDA at the National Aerospace Laboratory in 1982, the wind tunnel had used a U.S.-made arc heater in performing various tests. However, the U.S.-made arc heater had some limitations in terms of the shape and size of the objects being tested, and it was plagued with the problems associated with wear and tear in recent years, which prompted the present renovation. The renovated wind tunnel can be used to test various materials for the unmanned winged space vehicle, ``HOPE (H-II Orbital Plane),'' among other things, at a surface temperature of 1700C. The maximum input power of the arc-heater Sumitomo Heavy Industries delivered is 750 kW (as compared with the previous equipment's maximum input power of 450 kW). The main body is divided into 39 segments in order to achieve an appropriate heating and cooling balance. Thanks to the segmented structure, the heating efficiency is improved by more than 50 percent. |
FBIS3-40524_1 | Defense Technology Foundation Chief, Defense Lab Director on Defense Technology After Cold War | in October 1990, and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WPO) in March 1991. What in fact was the East-West confrontation? The country as individuals or as a human society must revise its idea about what is the ideology. This is the same as the path taken by Japan since the Meiji Era. We are probably at the point of awaiting the decisions of future historians and cannot ignore this as has been done in the past. Contemporary problems also exist on the periphery. Terashima: Since World War II, the world has not only advanced militarily, but political, social, economic, cultural, scientific, and technical advances are also evident. In addition, I believe various other elements are apparent. As for the military in the East-West confrontation, a mutual endless expansion of military strength continued and competition ensued. This brought about a nuclear stalemate. Moreover, on the Soviet side that was challenged by the Strategic Defense Initiative of the United States, Gorbachev, who recognized the link to collapse if the ruined domestic economy were neglected, advocated a new way of diplomatic thought called perestroika. This drastically altered East-West relationships. The situation at that time was to dismantle WPO and for each NATO country to seriously examine arms reduction. Then, the collapse of the previous world order of two superpowers has immediately lead to the problems of outbreaks of regional low-intensity strife rooted in ethnic and religious problems, refugee and displaced persons problems, United Nations Peace Keeping Operation activities, economic stagnation in other countries, growing unemployment, strong variety of military weapons exports to protect defense industries, anxiety about the outward flow of nuclear technology from the former Soviet Union, North- South problems, and worldwide economic blocs, like GATT. This resembles various illnesses arising when the physical strength of the human body weakens. However, there is no cure, so won't this unstable situation continue for now? Yamashita: It will probably be that way as we enter the 21st century. Terashima: As you have stated, although each country is groping for a new order, a rather long period is needed until this will be established. Yamashita: What are the spin offs, the fruits of the Cold War era, that contributed socially and economically to humanity? Well, first, there are the peaceful uses of nuclear power, communications by artificial satellites, investigations of resources, atmospheric observations, astronomical observations, computer developments, simulators, trainers, lightweight structure materials, large-scale |
FBIS3-40524_15 | Defense Technology Foundation Chief, Defense Lab Director on Defense Technology After Cold War | ``the adherence to the objectives of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty,'' and ``the instrumental position in peace and security in Japan and the Far East.'' The Diet resolution on upholding the Three Principles on Military Weapons Export will probably be strictly observed in the future, but today after the end of the East-West confrontation, various countries in Western Europe have worked diligently to export weapons without concern about its appearance and are planning to maintain and preserve the defense industry. This stirs up intense strife in underdeveloped countries. The activity of the United Nations' Peacekeeping Operation is to squelch this. Terashima: The proliferation of weapons throughout the world is a very dangerous problem and must be seriously addressed. Shouldn't our country aggressively appeal to the world and not take the passive position because it does not export weapons? Concerning the future of Japan's equipment and technology, I heard that serious discussions took place at two recent meetings proposed by the Equipment Bureau director and I expect them to be reflected in the next term defense. Yamashita: As you stated, nothing else is so anticipated. The North Korean missile that has a range of 1,000 km also camouflages nuclear capabilities and presents a major threat to Japan. According to the newspapers, measures to address this were influenced by the United States. I remember seeing an article where the research results of Japanese industry in early SDI research received high marks in the United States. Indeed, what will it be in the future? Of course, joint research not only produces joint reform and conflicts with the Three Principles of Weapons Export, it is capable of advancing the discussion on the principle of collective self defense. Fundamentally, this is probably a constitutional question. I would like the Constitution to take up expressions whose interpretations are not understood. We have passed scheduled time, so I would like to thank you for taking the time to talk to us. (Recorded 18 August) Taizou Terashima, former chairman of the Joint Staff Council Mr. Terashima was born 15 March 1933 in Soma-gun, Fukushima Prefecture. He graduated from the Faculty of Law, Tohoku University in March 1956 and entered the Self Defense Force. He has held the position of general head on 17 December 1953; control transport manager in the Joint Staff Council's Equipment Department in March 1955; planning manager of the same department in April 1956; vice-chairman of |
FBIS3-40527_13 | Individuals, Organizations, in Defense Technology Experts Discuss TRDI's Role in Defense Technology, Innovation | eight years, but when we take into account all the facilities that have to be built, it will probably take more time than that. Next, in guided weapons-related research, we are prototyping (3rd) a new guided fighter missile. The conventional infrared guided missile systems used in the Sidewinder and AAM-3 track their targets by points, but this new guided missile system will be the first to use an image-based guidance system to track its targets. These things are incomparably faster than the older antitank missiles and short SAM missiles. In other words, both we and the enemy are both moving, so the CCD signal processing presents really serious problems. It looks like we will be quite hard-pressed in developing these technologies. In firearms and military vehicle matters, we are working on a new fuse for use in mortars. We cannot get a release on the VT fuse technology from Great Britain under which the new mortar shell is licensed, so we'll have to develop this item on our own. The next item involves the research and prototyping (1st) of a ground-based robot which is used for land mine processing. This is a robot that can skillfully get around different types of obstacles. The U.S. and other countries have been working exclusively on vehicle-type robots, but the TRDI has been working on its own to develop a robot that can perform dangerous jobs. This research has also gotten a lot of support from various corporations. IT: Do you mean this robot will have the capability to detect land mines? SU: The research on land mine detection is being done separately. We are looking into ways in which land mines can be detected by either infrared radiation, milliwaves, or different types of radio waves. IT: Is this part of the joint research work between the United States and Japan that the TRDI has been involved in? SU: No, it isn't. The robots favored by the United States are either self-piloted or auto-loading type robots, so I do not know whether the United States has any interest in Japanese robot technology or not. It may be that they feel that they do not want any of Japan's good technologies, or they may feel that their own technology is superior. Now, in warship and underwater weapons related matters, we are engaged in the research and prototyping (3rd) of the main elements configuring a future |
FBIS3-40527_30 | Individuals, Organizations, in Defense Technology Experts Discuss TRDI's Role in Defense Technology, Innovation | from scratch has been diminishing. In that regard, I think that we will be OK if we can maintain the technology for that, make it possible for the field units to become aware of this again, and evaluate it, and come up with development configurations. IT: We'll have to make some modifications in the R&D directives then, won't we? YI: Well, technology is going to keep improving, so even if the military side knows what system it wants, a decision cannot be made without data. Therefore, I think at the demonstration model stage that we will have to make a certain number of units. IT: You're referring to prototype plus, aren't you? YI: Making a lot of prototypes gives us a lot more leeway in responding to different demands. Until recently, most people thought prototyping was a sort of trial manufacture before an item went into production. IT: This is because manufacturers believe that they cannot do R&D without it being predicated on a specific item. I think what they were concerned about is amortizing their R&D costs, but there are other ways of looking at this besides that. In other words, by revising the system and doing things the way that Mr. Uemura recommended earlier, it would not be that much different from doing R&D not predicated on specific equipment. We also have to consider what the Office of Technical Assessment (OTA) in the United States has been saying about the era of producing large amounts of military hardware coming to an end, and countries having to start thinking about ways to cultivate their most important core technologies. In the case of Japan, the approach has always been to receive a request from military headquarters, and then develop, demonstrate, and test that piece of equipment. I think that we have to be able to say, even when the request comes from military operations, that we're not going to put an item into mass-production, but we're going to cut off production as soon as the testing is done. I think that we have to consider doing it that way, or another way in which the testing and reporting of military hardware proposed by the TRDI is tested and reported on by military operations. TY: When it comes to how the United States pays, our understanding is that they make full payments at each stage. IT: No, I don't think that |
FBIS3-40527_32 | Individuals, Organizations, in Defense Technology Experts Discuss TRDI's Role in Defense Technology, Innovation | is true. The United States has been saying the same thing. They used to pay for mass-production, but they say that one of the problems they have now is that they can no longer do this. TY: Advanced countries have settlement methods based on weapons exports, but that is not possible for Japan, so it is tougher. SU: The thing that is interesting about the United States, for example, is that despite having decided on an initial number of B-1B to manufacture, they were suddenly able to cut that number midway through production. The problem with that type of system, however, is that money is being paid to maintain production facilities. What I mean is even when they put private industry on hold, they still come up with the necessary money. So, if the need ever arises, they can immediately increase the quantity in the system. That type of thinking is completely alien in Japan. In Japan, whenever the pitch of production is dropped, there are no policies about what to do with the production equipment. This is a cause of great concern. IT: Even the United States has said that it will have to revise part of its system in order to adopt the prototype-plus approach. I don't know in what areas this will happen, but it will involve some new regulations. In that sense, I feel that we should come to some type of conclusion in this discussion regarding what approach Japan should take in revising its system. YI: The U.S. is studying ways of using limited budgets, but if things proceed with the military taking the initiative based on conventional spin-offs, it benefits private industry because it improves their technology, but now this philosophy is being somewhat modified. The idea now seems to be dual use, that is, to include spin-ons as well. If things go in the direction of spin-ons, I think that it will lead to private industry looking ahead to the future, the government providing the funding, and the equipment and research. In the past, the intense competition between companies in the Japanese electronic industry created a high technological level in that industry, and even threatened the technological superiority of the United States, but now the United States is moving in the direction of doing all it can to support industry, and this may force Japan once again into an era in which it |
FBIS3-40530_0 | University of Electro-Communications Develops Micro Actuator | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Text] The research group of Professor Junji Furusho and his assistant Akito Sano has developed a new type of small actuator (drive mechanism). Its distinctive characteristic is that it uses electric viscous fluid with viscosity that changes in response to the strength of electrolysis. It is anticipated that this will be applied as a driving source for micromachines that output big force from a small structure. The plastic body of the newly developed mechanism contains passageways for the electric viscous fluid, electrodes, and a reciprocating piston. The passageway has one entrance, divides into two part way, and becomes one again at the exit. The two divided passageways are linked part way by another passageway where the piston is. The electrodes are made of electric discharge-processed stainless steel fluorine resin. An electrode is attached at the entrance and exit to each passageway to the piston. There is a total of four electrodes. There is a tiny opening the size of a comb's tooth between the positive and negative electrodes. When voltage is applied there it's difficult for the electric viscous fluid to move and the opening is closed. It acts like an opening and closing valve. For example, when the left entrance valve is closed, the fluid flows into the right passageway, and when the right exit valve is closed, the fluid flows through the piston's passageway to the left exit passageway. This makes the piston move from right to left. If the closing of valves is reversed, the piston moves from left to right. The piston is attached to an exterior moving mechanism. It's possible to some extent to reduce the size of hydraulic mechanisms, but it is difficult to reduce the size of the valves so they'll open and close mechanically. In contrast, since the electric viscous fluid itself instantly becomes a valve, there's no need for mechanically moving parts. It is relatively easy to reduce the size of non-moving parts such as electrodes. Moreover, subtle control is possible since the closing of the valve is responsive to the strength of the electric field. Although for this reason this mechanism has been considered advantageous for micromachine actuators, it hasn't been produced until now. This time a prototype basic mechanism was created that can move and is two centimeters long and three centimeters wide. The plan next is to further reduce its size. It is believed |
FBIS3-40535_0 | INCS Using Rapid Prototyping to Make Medical Models from CT Scan Data | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO INCS Inc. (3-2-1 Sakado Takatsu-ku Kawasaki City, president Shinjiro Yamada, Tel. 044-819-2419) has developed software that makes it possible to use data measured by CT scans for rapid prototyping (RP). It has begun a service using that RP system to create solid models of skulls using light-hardened resin. Price: ¥150,000 each. Light-hardened resin models of skulls are beginning to be used in simulations meant to improve results of neurosurgery which requires high levels of technical skills. INCS entered this field in anticipation of increased demand. In January 1994 INCS will introduce a service using CT data to produce NC data for processing the ceramics appetite [sic] in areas deficient in skull and so on. Skull models made by RP can be very useful when they are used prior to neurosurgery for decisions on surgical order and for practice in cutting open and removal using instruments just as in actual surgery. The newly developed software adjusts for data lost due to CT scans measuring in two millimeter intervals. When CT scan data is sent to INCS, its model creation service will do everything from adjusting data to building models. It has already done this for Keio University Hospital. D-MEC (Chuo-ku Tokyo), a company 100%-owned by Japan Synthetic Rubber, also has a skull model creation service and makes 100 per year. In October the Central Social Insurance Conference (an advisory body of the Central Medical Association and the Minister of Health and Welfare) recognized the ``Plan for Surgery Based on Life-Sized Solid Models of Intestines'' -- a plan submitted by two medical institutions (including Keio University Hospital) for consideration of pre-surgery diagnosis and surgical planning using life-sized solid models -- as a new advanced form of medical treatment. Accordingly, it is anticipated that demand for RP models of skulls will increase. Process data on appetite in deficient portions of skulls is revised on the basis of CT scan data and is created after being transferred to CAM (computer aided manufacturing). Thus RP technology can be used from diagnosis to treatment. |
FBIS3-40542_6 | Semicustom Products to Meet Needs of Growing MCM Market | burn-in X Adequacy of technique test technique socket and carrier Bare chip flow Y KGD environment and organization Module test boundary X Establishment scan of manual test, formation of test pattern Development of X Development of high performance high precision, tester multi-pin, high frequency interface tester Burn-in X Establishment technique of reliable warranty conditions Low cost of manufacturing in (1) was achieved by employing a ceramic baseboard. In addition to a low price baseboard, if the same baseboard is used in various areas by customizing, low cost will be realized for mass production. The manufacturing time is shortened by already prepared baseboards that are regulated. In design and CAD technology (2), a tool was developed jointly with CAD makers to be used by system designers with no previous experience in MCM development. By using this tool, system designers can design MCM in a short period of time. In testing (3), common socket and test equipment were semi-customized in order to test a bare chip in which MCM on board will be placed. Therefore testing cost was reduced. Two Types Prepared Using Ceramic Baseboard In manufacturing technology (1), the reason ceramic baseboard is more advantageous in terms of cost than a printed circuit board or thin film baseboard is because of remarkable price drop in multi-layer ceramic baseboards. Ceramic is also suitable for the high speed and high integration demanded by the market. For a low cost product, ``TAM10C Series'' (figure 3) using alumina (Al[.sup]2[/]0[.sub]3[/]) ceramic multi-layer baseboard, and for high speed products over 100 M Hz, ``TAM10Z Series'' (figure 4) combining ceramic and deposit of thin film of Cu/Polyimide were developed. In reality, MCM-L using printed circuit board is cheaper, but the wiring rule is difficult. Also, MCM-D using thin film technology is high in performance but it is expensive. The big gap in the difference in cost and wiring density is quite extreme, and a feeling of Rtoo short for a sash but too long for a beltS reflects the demand (table 2). Table 2. Classification Of MCM By Types of Baseboards Thick film Thin film Combination of technology technology thick and thin film technology MCM-L MCM-C MCM-D MCM-D/C Baseboard High density Ceramic Baseboard Ceramic printed multi-layer and thin multilayer circuit baseboard film wiring baseboard and board board thin film wiring board Current Wiring density X O Y Y technology level Cost Y O X _D_ Speed _D_ O |
FBIS3-40546_0 | Honda, U.S. Company To Develop Electric Vehicle Battery | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Text] Honda Motor Co. (Nobuhiko Kawamoto, president) and Ovonic Battery Co. (OBC, headquartered in Michigan), a U.S. venture company that produces electronic and electrical parts, have agreed on the joint development of a next-generation battery for electric vehicles and concluded a development contract. This is the first time automobile-related Japanese and U.S. corporations have joined hands to develop a next-generation battery for electric vehicles. Based on this contract, Honda will begin development of a practical battery based on the nickel-hydrogen battery on which OBC has been conducting research and development has over twice the storage capacity and durability of conventional batteries, development of a low-cost battery is envisioned at the time of its placement on board electric vehicles. In addition, because the battery does not include any lead or cadmium components, it is said to have the merit of being able to avoid secondary environmental pollution. The contract specifies that OBC will devise the design specs--based on the next-generation battery that the company has developed--for mounting in the electric vehicles that Honda is currently developing, then develop a prototype. Honda will mount the battery in its electric vehicles currently under use. Regarding the contract, Honda, in addition to procuring a prototype battery from OBC for research, test production, and testing, will pursue technology exchange. Honda is paying OBC approximately ¥150 million for the next-generation battery technology. With California--due to the problem of environmental protection--introducing regulations by 1998 mandating that two percent of all vehicles sold there emit no exhaust gases, the development of electric vehicles is becoming hurried. But the development of high-performance batteries has become the major prerequisite for that. Amidst such developments, Honda is strengthening its development capabilities in environmental-protection vehicles by joining hands with a U.S. venture company with strength in a future field of technology. OBC, a venture company that excels in new materials development and chemical synthesis R&D, is a member of the Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) group of companies. With former General Motors chairman and chief executive officer Stempel recently becoming chairman of ECD, the parent company, the group is said to be strengthening its capabilities related to automobiles. |
FBIS3-40551_0 | New Outlook for Space Industry Authors of Report on Space Industry Outlook Comment | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Transcript of discussion by panelists Katsuya Nakayama, director, Tsuru Gakuen School, and professor, Faculty of Environment, Hiroshima Institute of Technology; Saburo Koshisaka, head, Department of Space Development, NEC Corporation; Moriaki Tsuchiya, professor, Faculty of Economics, Tokyo University; Hiroshi Harada, head, Aerospace Division, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.; Akira Yamazaki, former chief, Space Industry Section, Machinery and Information Industries Bureau, MITI, and currently chief, Environmental Technology Research Section, Planning and Coordination Bureau, Environment Agency (moderator)] [Text] Yamazaki (moderator): Gentlemen, thank you for taking the time out of your busy schedules to attend this discussion today. It has been a long time since it was first said that Japan's space industry was experiencing a turning point. The end of the Cold War has resulted in a drastic decline in the international demand for weapons. This has made it necessary for us to review the significance of promoting space development for military purposes. In Japan, with the major change in the demand situation following the so-called Super 301 Article trade friction between Japan and the United States, the environment surrounding the space industry has become more complex. Meanwhile, we are currently living in the "space age." Last year we observed International Space Year. Under the slogan "the observation of earth from space," the designation of such a year was intended to promote space development. In parallel with this effort, experts investigated and discussed the prospects of the space industry in Japan at the meetings of the Aerospace Industry Committee. Since the work of compiling a report on the results of the investigation and discussion has been completed, I would like to hear from the gentlemen attending today's meeting who were central members of the committee about the focus of the report. At the same time, I would like to hear your expectations with respect to Japan's efforts to promote the space industry. I would like to have Professor Tsuchiya, who chaired the committee meetings, make the opening remarks. Characteristics of Space Industry and Japan's Role Tsuchiya: The space industry is a major industry which involves a number of technologically-related industries. However, in space technology, Japan must step up her efforts to catch up with the front-running countries in the field. Japan has a comparatively long history of involvement in the space industry. However, progress during the postwar years has been deterred by the restrictions imposed by the war-renouncing Constitution. In |
FBIS3-40551_3 | New Outlook for Space Industry Authors of Report on Space Industry Outlook Comment | interdisciplinary cooperation among governmental organizations, academic institutes and private companies in the development of the space industry. A long time has passed since Japan's space industry was said to be experiencing a turning point. Now Japan must earnestly consider the role it will be able to play. Japan must also consider how to overcome the disadvantages it faces in promoting space industry development. These are the questions we must tackle seriously in our efforts to develop Japan's space industry. Moderator: The turning point issue has two meanings: a turning point in the efforts directed toward space development, and a turning point in the effort to develop the space industry. In fact, we are experiencing a turning point with respect to space development. In this sense, as Professor Tsuchiya has pointed out, the space industry must step up its efforts so that it can pursue its objectives on its own without governmental protection. Now is the time for us to step up our efforts so that we will be capable of coping with the problems Japan's space industry is facing. I agree with Professor Tsuchiya in that we must make an effort to ensure a balanced development of the space industry vis-a-vis other domestic industries and to have the balanced development realized. In space development, the development of rockets is experiencing particular difficulty. I would like to have Mr. Harada, as a central figure representing the space industry in an investigative committee, give his opinion of the current situation of space development in Japan. Harada: This is a difficult question to answer. As has been pointed out, not only Japan, but also the United States and European countries are currently experiencing very hard economic times. In this sense, it is a global phenomenon that progress in space development is decelerating as a result of economic hardship. In Japan, the space industry is a minor industry and, accordingly, the budget for space research and development is small. This was pointed out repeatedly in the latest report. However, in terms of annual growth, the space industry has maintained growth close to 10 percent, a growth rate which is high compared to the growth rates of other industries. In this sense, I think the future of the space industry is promising. As referred to a while ago, rockets constitute an essential part of space development efforts. As the vehicle providing the means for accessing |
FBIS3-40552_12 | New Outlook for Space Industry MITI's Space Industry Policy Promotion of Utilization of Satellite-Based Remote Sensing Technology Promotion of Use of Microgravitational Experiment Environment Promotion of the Development of Space Plane-Related Technology Survey of Situation of Development of Next-Generation Commercial Satellites and Their Utilization | exploration. MITI has been making an effort to make it possible to use the observation data obtained from LANDSAT and SPOT in the exploration of natural resources, including exploration for oil deposits. The development of the technology needed to promote this effort has been conducted by ERSDAC as part of a development task commissioned by MITI. So far, efforts have been made to verify the effectiveness of the remote sensing technology in exploring natural resource deposits by comparing the data obtained by these remote sensing satellites with the data obtained through ground exploration. In addition, the development of the technology to improve the data processing and analyzing techniques has been promoted to ensure the effective use of the data. The use of the remote-sensed data has already been started in the exploration of oil deposits and metal resources, as well as in the exploration of geothermal energy. The application field is expected to expand in the future with further progress in the R&D of remote sensing technology. In June 1992, JERS-1 began to be used for practical applications, and efforts are currently being made to adapt a data processing method for the satellite. At the same time, the development of the technology needed to process and analyze the data obtained from ASTER is under way in cooperation with the EOSDIS data processing and distribution system of the United States. ASTER will be put into commercial operation in 1998. So far, Japan has lagged behind other technologically-advanced countries in developing the technology to use remote-sensed data. However, it is expected that the number of customers using the data will increase in the future as a result of the improvement of data utilization systems. Efforts to improve the system are currently under way in preparation for the reception of data from JERS-1 and ASTER. 5. Development of Data Utilization Technology in Field of Hydropower Development In formulating a hydropower development plan, it is essential to grasp the available flow rate of water in a river. So far, data on flow rates has been obtained by measuring the flow rates at the measurement stations located along major rivers. Flow rate calculations have been conducted by taking the river surface area and other necessary elements into account. However, there are many rivers in which it has been difficult to grasp the flow rate due to a lack of measurement stations, as well as for |
FBIS3-40552_27 | New Outlook for Space Industry MITI's Space Industry Policy Promotion of Utilization of Satellite-Based Remote Sensing Technology Promotion of Use of Microgravitational Experiment Environment Promotion of the Development of Space Plane-Related Technology Survey of Situation of Development of Next-Generation Commercial Satellites and Their Utilization | to be promoted in recent years. Under these circumstances, MITI plans to start research on space robot technology so that it can evaluate the fundamental technology needed to create space robots by taking advantage of the launch of technology evaluation satellite No 7 (EST-VII), scheduled to be launched by NASDA in 1997. Joint research by Japan and the United States on a technique for mutual manipulation of a telerobot installed a very long distance away was scheduled to start in 1993. Study of Electric Power Generation System in Space Amid the mounting concern in recent years about the deterioration of the earth's environment, the Japanese government has announced that it will make an effort to formulate a plan to save the earth from aggravating environmental pollution, that it will promote the transfer of environment-related technologies to developing countries, and that it will promote the development of new energy-related technologies that may prevent environmental pollution from causing further aggravation. The space electric power generation scheme involves generating electric power using solar energy, and transmitting the electric power thus generated to ground stations in the form of microwave energy. This energy generation system represents one of those new energy generation methods being studied for possible introduction in the future in our effort to save the earth from environmental destruction. In order to realize electric power generation from space, a number of problems must be resolved. These problems include the development of a technology for constructing a large-scale electric power generation system in space, grasping the effects on the earth's environment of using microwaves to send the electric power generated, and reducing the cost of constructing such a system. Technologically, however, a major hurdle has almost been cleared, and it is highly possible that electric power generation from space will be realized. Since 1991, MITI has been conducting surveys on space electric power generation system development in Japan and abroad, on the technological possibilities of constructing such systems, and on their economic viability. Study of Launching Rockets on Commercial Basis As a result of the progress being made in recent years in the commercial utilization of communications and broadcasting satellites worldwide, rockets for placing these satellites in orbit are beginning to be launched on a commercial basis by Ariane Space Corporation and other companies. In the meantime, with the appearance of a company established to procure rockets and launch them for its customers, |
FBIS3-40556_0 | Robin Raphael Visit Reviewed | Language: Urdu Article Type:CSO [Editorial: "American Minister's Visit to Pakistan"] [Text] Ms. Robin Raphael, the U. S. assistant secretary for South Asian affairs, has arrived in Pakistan to start negotiations with Pakistani government officials and political leaders. On her arrival in Pakistan on Sunday, she met with the acting President Mr. Wasim Sajjad, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, and opposition leader Nawaz Sharif. Ms. Raphael's meeting with Benazir Bhutto is considered very important, and U. S. Ambassador John Minjo and Pakistani Foreign Secretary Sheharyar Khan were also present at the meeting. It was learned that these talks began with discussion of India-Pakistan relations and the Kashmir problem. The United States had assured that it would support efforts to resolve the Kashmir issue in the United Nations. Ms. Raphael said that the Kashmir issue would be resolved according to the UN resolutions. The United States had advised that the nuclear programs in South Asian countries be frozen, rolled back, and then destroyed. It was assured that no pressure would be put on any country unilaterally to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons. If what Ms. Raphael has said represents the Clinton administration's policy, then we should understand that U. S. policy on Pakistan is changing. Pakistan and America have very old relations, and Pakistan still desires good relations. However, we cannot deny that it was the United States that brought about the coolness in the bilateral relations. It has always tried to take advantage of Pakistan's friendships through some agreements, and has never considered Pakistan's needs and interests. It is especially true when we had problems with India, and during trying times, the United States not only left Pakistan alone, but also took steps to benefit India. In the context of the nuclear program, the U. S. policy seems to want to make India a powerful country in this region. Under the Pressler Amendment, military and economic aid to Pakistan has remained suspended. A few months ago, the United States threatened that it would declare Pakistan a terrorist nation just to please India. Therefore, believing that the United States has changed its policy over Kashmir's nuclear program and other issues could be premature. Since the United States itself is responsible for the tension and cool relations between the two countries, it should take the initiative in improving this relationship, and must provide facts to support its intentions. |
FBIS3-40559_0 | Government Criticized for Ignoring Close Allies | Language: Urdu Article Type:CSO [Editorial: "Why Cold Attitude Toward Close Allies?"] [Text] Foreign Minister Sardar Aasif Ahmed Ali, soon after taking over his office, called a press conference and said that relations with China, Iran, and the Gulf countries are becoming cooler, and that India is making a place for itself among Pakistan's friendly nations. At the same time, he promised to improve foreign policy. He also made it clear, however, that no basic changes would be made in it. India has been working very hard and diligently during the last two and one-half years to improve its relationship with China. It not only resolved many of its border disputes with China, but also improved relations by exchanging visits by the leaders of both countries. The situation is not like it was in the past; both countries have become quite warm to each other. Prime Minister Narasimha Rao recently visited Iran and not only discussed political affairs with the leaders there, but also signed an agreement to increase trade between Iran and India. An almost similar situation exists with the Gulf countries. India is making room for itself in these countries by offering thousands of workers at very low wages. Pakistan has very close and friendly relations with China, and China will never establish a close relationship with India at the cost of its relationship with Pakistan, because it knows well that the United States and its allies are preparing India to confront it. Pakistan has similar relations with Iran and the Gulf countries. It also has a religious and cultural relationship with these countries, which have a centuries-old tradition. India, by increasing trade with these countries, is trying to weaken their relations with Pakistan. In the present era, the importance of economic relations cannot be ignored. In our beloved country, because of political instability over the last few years, we did not pay much attention to our relations with other countries. We should expect that the present government should not only eliminate the reasons behind this coolness in our relations, but also make efforts to strengthen Pakistan's relations with these countries. |
FBIS3-40560_1 | Caution Urged on Negotiating Over Nuclear Program | that it would be a lesson to all other countries." Mr. Bhutto's supporters say that he took a great risk and continued the program, and that he was dismissed and later hanged as punishment. General Ziaul Haq continued this program; however, because of the Afghanistan situation, the United States did not object. When the Afghanistan war was over, the United States intensified its objections again, and, finally, in October 1990 it stopped all military and economic aid to Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment. At present, Pakistan is trying to explain to the United States of America that the unilateral implementation of the Pressler Amendment is not helping it achieve its goal of stopping the proliferation of nuclear weapons in South Asia, and that it should review this legislation again. Many informed American experts have also admitted that the Pressler Amendment has not helped in the attainment of the goals it was supposed to reach, and that there is no use in retaining it. However, the U. S. government has not agreed to review this legislation. Since the establishment of Benazir Bhutto's government, she has tried to convince the United States that its policy on nuclear weapons in South Asia is incorrect. Ms. Robin Raphael, assistant secretary for South Asian affairs, has also been informed of Pakistan's position on it. Madam Bhutto has explained Pakistan's stand again. As the prime minister has said, Pakistan has proposed different strategies to limit the spread of nuclear weapons in South Asia. Because of a lack of cooperation from India, however, none of these could be implemented. If the United States really wants to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons in South Asia, then, instead of putting pressure on Pakistan only, it should pressure both countries equally. Its present policy is resulting in an increased nuclear race in this region. It should realize the importance of Pakistan's positive and proper stand, and should be willing to review its decision to stop aid to Pakistan. Mian Nawaz Sharif, leader of the opposition, has said that Madam Bhutto froze the nuclear program in July 1990, and has admitted that it was frozen during her administration. Thus, she had proven herself to be an enemy of her own country. The inference that Mr. Sharif has made from Madam Bhutto's statement is a very strong and unreasonable one. However, Madam Bhutto should also clarify her statement; if the program |
FBIS3-40564_4 | U.S. `Minister' Claimed in Cabinet | condemnation of the interest system, who had insulted the religious leaders, and who was involved in a conspiracy to declare our country a terrorist nation, is equivalent to inviting Allah's wrath on us. If this man is not removed from the cabinet, the apprehension felt by the religious circles will not be removed (Daily JASARAT Karachi 19 Nov 93). These reactions indicate that Sardar Asif Ahmed Ali's appointment has sowed the seeds of confrontation between religious groups, the opposition, and the Benazir government. It is a proven fact that no Pakistani government has been successful after alienating the religious groups. Therefore, we had said in the beginning of this article that the appointment of Sardar Asif Ahmed Ali to the foreign ministry was Benazir's first blunder, and, if she does not rectify this mistake, she will not have to wait long to suffer consequences . The new foreign minister announced the day after his appointment that he was going to end Pakistan's isolation at the international level. Someone should ask this foolish person when was Pakistan alone? During Nawaz Sharif's era, Pakistan led the Group-77 nations. Last year Pakistan become a member of the Security Council with the international vote in its support. In addition to the Security Council, Pakistan was appointed a member to another important UN agency, the Social and Economic Council. These honors were received with the support of majority of the countries in the world. How does it indicate that Pakistan was alone? The truth is that his eyes are masked by U.S. interests. He sees Pakistan alone in the whole world just because the United States has stopped aid to it for the last two years. Nawaz Sharif received huge amounts of aid from Japan and Korea after the United States stopped its aid, and Pakistan started such large projects as motorways to prove that it did not care for U.S. aid and could make do without it. The success Pakistan had in building planes and missiles without U.S. help has worried the United States about losing an important customer for its defense and economic markets. Therefore, it is not Pakistan that is alone; it is the United States. Asif Ali is trying to get the United States, and not Pakistan, out of this economic isolation. He will work in the Pakistani cabinet as the American foreign minister. The whole nation objects to his speech. |
FBIS3-40565_6 | Secret Deal Said Struck With U.S. Over Nuclear Program | to use its full force against Pakistan if it is necessary. Although Pakistan has frozen its nuclear program, and, according to opposition leader Nawaz Sharif's claim, the present government has also rolled the program back, the United States and Japan are still not satisfied. The way Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto had repudiated Nawaz Sharif's claim has also complicated the issue. A few days ago, when it was confirmed that Pakistan's nuclear program has been frozen, there was also the good news that the countries helping Pakistan were going to provide it about $3.5 billion in aid. However, the United States officially announced on 19 November 1993 that all USAID offices in Pakistan will be closed by the end of 1995. Mr. Brian Edward, the chief of USAID has openly announced that the USAID offices in Pakistan are being closed as a punishment for Pakistan's nuclear program. Mr. S. Katajima, who heads the agency that decides Japanese government's policy on economic and technical aid, visited Islamabad last week. After talks with top level representative of Pakistani government, he said at a news conference that the Japanese government is concerned about Pakistan's nuclear program. He also mentioned that Japan will provide economic and technical aid to Pakistan only on condition that it stop plans to build weapons and missiles for mass destruction, reduce its defense budget, adopt policies to spread peace, increase plans to reduce environmental pollution, stabilize the democratic process, and continue to implement the economic policies started by Dr. Mayeen Qureshi. The U.S. and Japanese attitude shows that freezing our nuclear program is not considered enough for reinstating aid to Pakistan. Instead, we are being asked to do much more. I have written in this column that the United States has requested that Pakistan's roll back its nuclear program to a level where it is incapable of making nuclear weapons, and, in the third and the last phase, the program that represents our nuclear preparations should be totally disintegrated. The United States wants to do all this not only because it fears that Pakistani nuclear weapons can be used against India, but also because other Islamic countries might get this technology and these weapons could be used against Israel. In this context, Libya was mentioned in the beginning, and now they are mentioning Iran. Pakistan has repeatedly assured them that in spite of the availability of technical knowledge, it has |
FBIS3-40569_1 | U.S. Formula on Kashmir Viewed | 10 million Kashmiris. At present, we are not concerned with the formula itself. The question is why were the Pakistani people and the Kashmiris not taken into confidence over it? It is a proven fact that any project done stealthily always has some flaws in it. We already have found problems with this formula. According to our information, this formula was not created in one day; the U.S. representative has been coming and going here for it. Deputy Secretary of State Clifton Wharton and Assistant Secretary for South Asia Robin Raphael played very important roles in its formation. They had the Indian Foreign Secretary J.N. Dixit come to Washington in August 1993 to inform him about this formula. Later, General Hoover, an important American official, had informed the Pakistani caretaker government about this formula. It was decided that this formula would be implemented after the "elected" government in Pakistan was established. As soon as this "elected government" was established, Robin Raphael arrived in Pakistan and, after settling all the details, started moving things around to pave way for its implementation. Muyeen Qureshi was asked to present himself at the U.S. behest and details were settled with his help. However, he did not open his mouth for three months, and decided with the United States that the plan will be carried out when the elected government is in office. Madam Rafael arrived here with the formula a few days before the new government took over. If this is true then why did the elected government not present it to the elected National Assembly? What was the reason for keeping quiet about it? There is no doubt that something is wrong? As for the formula itself, its third phase especially calls for some attention. According to it, Jammu-Kashmir will either be under UN custody or India and Pakistan will find a way for joint administration. An interim government with India and Pakistan's agreement and Kashmiri leaders' involvement will be established in Kashmir. This interim government will hold a plebiscite within a short period. Obviously, Azad Kashmir is included in this formula. A third option will be included in the plebiscite. As for the question of placing the whole of Kashmir under the United Nations supervision, we have stated in these columns in the past that this idea was also presented during Nawaz Sharif's government. According to one source, the former prime minister |
FBIS3-40571_4 | Bhutto Stance on Kashmir, Nuclear Program Analyzed | give the impression of its being serious to the Pakistani people. At the same time, the Nawaz Sharif government joined the nuclear issue with the regional and international politics. Nawaz Sharif's greatest achievement was to propose the five-nation conference to resolve the nuclear issue in Pakistan and India. It left India alone and friendless at international level because four countries were supporting this conference and only India was against it. This was the international situation in which the elections were held. The U.S. government and nonaligned and aligned people assumed that Benazir Bhutto would emerge as the power. However, as the adage goes, "I was bathing and the fly was washed away." It was the most prominent misconception in Pakistani politics that the PPP has the largest vote bank and Benazir Bhutto is the most popular leader. However, when the elections were held, Nawaz Sharif also joined the race. He presented his charismatic personality ahead of his inexperience and neglectful deeds on the political chess board. This development has changed the whole political framework. This situation has puzzled the U.S. administration and has surrounded Benazir with whirlpool of problems. Benazir Bhutto and the PPP had thought that they would be able to force the U.S. point of view on the people using their popularity. It has begun to appear difficult now. Nawaz Sharif and his opposition group is fully aware of Benazir and PPP's helplessness. That is why Nawaz Sharif is talking about Kashmir and the nuclear program in every breath he takes. Meanwhile the United States had shown some flexibility and had tried to convince the people that the U.S. attitude was changing after Benazir's arrival, and Benazir had also tried to use this to her advantage. However, when the U.S. government observed the reaction of the opposition party and the people, it changed its approach, and began to repeat its old stand of depriving Pakistan of aid as long as it was suspected of making nuclear weapons. Although Benazir is emphasizing that she will not accept any pressure over the nuclear program, her refusal to open debate on this issue in the National Assembly only intensifies many suspicions. Saying that the nuclear program cannot be made a topic of discussion in every street and corner is childish. There have been demonstrations in Japan against the nuclear program for months. Why cannot we discuss this issue in our assembly? |
FBIS3-40572_0 | U.S. Said Unable To Fulfill Goals in Region | Language: Urdu Article Type:CSO [Editorial: "U.S. Goals Will Fulfill Goals"] [Text] It is generally believed that the real reason for tension with the United States is Pakistan's nuclear program. The United States does not believe that this program is for peaceful uses and suspects that Pakistan wants to make atomic bombs. Because of this suspicion, it stopped military and economic aid to Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment. The United States is not satisfied with Pakistan even after the nuclear program was frozen. It is pressing us to roll back the nuclear program, to permit the inspection of nuclear installations, and to unilaterally sign the NPT [Nonproliferation Treaty]. However, this is plain blackmail. Actually the United states wants to make Pakistan dependent on it. Since Pakistan is not willing to become dependent, the United States at times accuses it of making nuclear weapons, and at other times threatens to declares it a terrorist nation. What the United States wants is clear from the U.S. Ambassador John Minzo's speech at the American Association of Pakistani Doctors last Saturday. The U.S. ambassador said that relations between the two countries would be very good if Pakistan agreed with the United States. He said in his speech that relations between the two countries have improved compared to the past, and there is the possibility that these relations will become more stable if Pakistan supports U.S. international policies. What the U.S. ambassador has said is very true. If Pakistan was dependent on the United States, and had become its ally, the United States would have no complaints or accusations against Pakistan. U.S. international policies are not hidden from any one. The United States cannot tolerate the idea of Pakistan's friendly relations with China. It does not like Pakistan's brotherly relations with Iran, Iraq, Libya, and other Muslim nations either. It also wants Pakistan to recognize Israel and to establish diplomatic relations with it. However, the U.S. ambassador should fully understand that Pakistan is an independent nation. The Pakistani people are Muslims with a firm faith in their religion. They cannot break up their traditional friendship with these countries for U.S. happiness and aid. Opportunistic and cowardly nations change their ideologies and policies. The Pakistani people are not cowards and will not compromise their principles under pressure or for greed. Pakistan's relations with China can become more stable. Pakistan will continue its efforts toward unity and cooperation |
FBIS3-40573_1 | Paper Calls for ICO Involvement in Somalia | in that remote African country. Faced with mounting domestic hostility to its military involvement in the African country, Washington had no option but to call it a day. Some of the Europeans were smart enough to jump ship well in time. Especially noteworthy were the Italians who amongst all westerners knew their Somalia because of their past colonial role in that country. Forced by its laws and an increasingly hostile public opinion at home, Washington has resorted to the familiar subterfuge of trying to achieve its objective through proxies. But the dimensions of the conceptual flaw in the Somalian misadventure is becoming glaring enough for the United States to wash its hands off and shift the entire blame to UN Secretary General Butrus-Ghali. Left holding the baby, it is Ghali now who is designated as the conceiver of the Somalian operation. Transferring the blame elsewhere, the United States is doing the same to its Somalian military role and in this respect, Pakistan is willing to carry most of the burden. With 5,000 soldiers, Islamabad already has the largest representation in the UN Somalian contingent and this is increasing steadily. With 32 of its soldiers dead, Pakistan's loss is the largest amongst all contributors to the force. Although the life of a Pakistani is not considered as valuable as that of an American, Islamabad should ponder over some crucial aspects of its willingness to shoulder US burden. It is widely known that wherever Langley House finds its style cramped by domestic legislative restrictions, it inducts Saudi or any other intelligence agency which collaborates with the CIA. But by their very nature, the clandestine operations remain hidden and have vast room for wriggling out of a tight corner. But in any military involvement, it is not that easy to disclaim responsibility. The UN operations around the world by now are widely perceived as another means of furthering US objectives. Pakistan needs to guard against emerging eventually as what the Americans call the fall guy. If Pakistan believes that it is doing a service to brother Muslims in Somalia, the correct authority for the Pakistani contingent's operations in Somalia should be the Organisation of the Islamic Conference [OIC]. Irrespective of the OIC's credibility as a forum of all Muslim countries operating independent of any non- Muslim decisive influence, its nomenclature demands action on important issues that entail supreme sacrifice by a Muslim soldier. |
FBIS3-40574_0 | Relations With U.S. Viewed | Language: Urdu Article Type:CSO [Article: "Pakistan-U.S. Relations--United States Never Was Faithful"] [Text] Our American "friends" first took the ships back from the Navy, then refused to supply F-16 planes to Pakistan, even though the price of these planes was already paid. The situation is such that our coast is undefended, and the absence of the F-16 in our space shows that we cannot defend our land and sea. Mr. Pressler declared Pakistan a hostile nation three years ago. Perhaps he does not know the difference between gunpowder and atomic bombs. The American policy shows that they want to make Pakistan a sacrificial lamb or goat and throw it in front of the bloodthirsty wolves. If we review relations between the United States and Pakistan, it is clear that the United States has not been faithful even to its good friends. There is an old adage used by the soldiers in the West: If you are faithful to your friend, then you are unfaithful to God. The Americans follow this adage perfectly. In the Gulf War, it started Operation Desert Storm to help its friends. It then demanded billions of dollars to meet its war expenses. First it emphasized the need for nuclear power in Pakistan, and when Pakistan reached its goal of producing nuclear power, it then began to make noise and asked it to stop. When India exploded a nuclear bomb in May 1974, it was commended, even though India had fought wars with both China and Pakistan. America is extremely powerful, but because of its biased nature, its foreign policy has been very ineffective. It is falling in the eyes of the free world. The United States had no desire for Pakistan to reduce its defense budget. The Americans praised their agents for this goal, and then had them raise the slogan that Pakistan must reduce its defense expenses. Why should we reduce defense expenses? No logical reason was given for this. Pakistan has had an open stand, that militarily weak Pakistan had always been a "delicious morsel" for India to devour. India had always suppressed the weak, be it in the Kashmir issue, Goa, Nepal, Bhutan, Hyderabad (Deccan), Junagarh, Manavdar, Mangrol, Naxalbari, the Nagas, Mizo tribals, or former East Pakistan. India always forced itself into any place where it saw weakness. The Americans always supported India in Asia and have ignored India's belligerence, war craze, and expansionist |
FBIS3-40575_0 | JI Leader States U.S. Using Bhutto Government `To Finish Muslims' | Language: Urdu Article Type:CSO [News Report: "U.S. Wants To Destroy Muslims Through Our Government--Munawwar Hussein"] [Text] Jhang (Special Correspondent)--The United States wants to exterminate Muslims through our rulers because all these rulers are its obedient followers and pay homage at its doors. Sayyed Munawwar Hussein, secretary general of Jamaat-i-Islami, stated this in a meeting here today. He said that our rulers ignore the problems faced by our people just to make the United States happy. This way these rulers are used to keep the people away from Islamic movements. There is a spread baseless propaganda against these movements. Movements to help establish Islamic identity are accused of terrorism and fundamentalism. While commenting on the international situation, he said that the United States has recognized its target. It considers Islam a danger to it. Secularism cannot tolerate Muslims, and secularism, be it Western or Eastern, commits atrocities against the people. Its proof is the abominations committed day and night against the Muslims in Bosnia. About Afghanistan, he said that pro-Soviet intellectuals had advised us that this issue should be taken care of through negotiations with the Soviet Union. However, the Afghans not only embarrassed it in Afghanistan but in the whole world. It proved that the only superpower there is Allah who can make one great or little. All honors and humiliations are in His hands. Commenting on the new world order, he said the United States wants to do whatever it desires and no one should question it. That is why it makes all these plans, and that is why it sent its armed forces to Somalia. However, when its troops were being killed, it announce their recall and thus Allah made its plans fail. Those who say that Islam could not be implemented with jihad in Afghanistan and with democracy in Algeria should know that the world is changing now. The Kashmiri people are offering their lives and the Muslims in Palestine and Bosnia are bravely standing against kafirs. The Islamic laws have been implemented in Sudan and there is new awakening in Malaysia. All these point to the bright future of Islam. Hafiz Mohammed Idris, leader of the Jamaat-i Islami of Punjab; Mian Maqsud Ahmed, secretary general; and Chowdhery MPA [Member of Provincial Assembly] also addressed the meeting. |
FBIS3-40576_1 | U.S. Said Continuing To Fear `Islamic Bomb' | continues to accuse Pakistan and other Islamic countries of fundamentalism. These countries just love their national independence and want the world to respect them. Mr. Larry Pressler was asked at the Islamabad press conference why the Pressler Amendment was implemented only against Pakistan. Is it not unfair to single out one nation in the world and accuse it? Mr. Larry Pressler spat out the truth in his response. This is part of the usual U.S. policy which is not admitted to at the diplomatic level. Mr. Pressler said that during the 1980s there was information in the media that an `Islamic bomb' was being made and its technical knowledge could be transferred from one nation to another. Yes! This is the real fear and all these efforts are being made to stop it. Campaigns are launched against Muslim countries. They are surrounded after being accused of fundamentalism, and they are being deprived of their rights in the international brotherhood like second-class members. Their national autonomy is challenged at every step. At times, Iran is accused of terrorism and at other times the Sudanese government is censured by calling it a military dictatorship. They ask why General Abdul Bashir is experimenting with establishing an Islamic form of government? Plans to divide up Sudan and create a Christian country from within it are approved so that anti-Islamic forces could use this place as their base. The establishment of Muslim rule following the democratic process in Algeria is being objected to because the Islamic Salvation Front might come to power using the slogan of an Islamic form of government. The United States, which opposes military dictatorship in Sudan on principle, becomes a champion and supporter of a military dictatorship that is against democracy there. When Pakistan takes the path of self-dependence in defense, its efforts at self-dependence are opposed and labeled as efforts to make the Islamic bomb. It is threatened with being called a terrorist nation, its elected government is overthrown under a conspiracy, and a government headed by persons of its own liking is installed there. The Islamic world never called these actions Christian fundamentalism. Instead, we used political definitions and called it American colonialism. We did not denounce it using some religious terms. As soon as Larry Pressler told the truth and explained the real reason behind the Pressler Amendment, Senator Brown, the other senator present in that press conference, |
FBIS3-40581_0 | Iran Seen Source of Economic, Moral Support | Language: Urdu Article Type:CSO [Editorial: "Iran's Economic and Moral Support"] [Text] Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and Iranian spiritual leader Ayotallah Khamina met the other day and agreed that the Kashmir issue should be resolved according to the UN resolution. In addition, they agreed that the Afghanistan, Palestine, and Bosnian issues should also be resolved according to the wishes of the people there. The history of Pakistan and Iran's friendship is very old. In addition to Iran and Pakistan's social and religious relationship, they are good neighbors. Iran helped Pakistan in every difficult time. The people of Pakistan have not only praised their Iranian brothers, but have increased mutual relations with them. Especially after the Islamic revolution, led by religious leader Ayatollah Rohella Khomeini, Iran supported Pakistan on every critical occasion. Iran later had to fight a cold war after its revolution. The imperialist agents tried to throw obstructions in the path of Iran's revolution, and hurt Iran both politically and economically. Still, the Iranian government never hesitated to provide moral and material support to their Muslim brothers in Pakistan. Mr. Hoshemi Rafsanjani, the president of Iran, and spiritual leader Ayotallah Khamina have great love and respect for Pakistani Muslims, and have expressed it on several occasions. Madam Benazir Bhutto said on arrival in Iran that it was her second home, and that she did not consider herself a foreigner there. That is why Madam Bhutto, in both her administrations, made visits to Iran her first priority. During Madam Bhutto's recent visit to Iran, several agreements were signed between the Pakistani and Iranian governments. They also agreed to accelerate action on the agreements signed in the past. Iran has strongly condemned the Indian government over Kashmir, and has emphasized resolving this issue by providing self-government to the Muslims there. Iran expressed great concern over the atrocities being committed Muslims in India and other countries. The reaction that Iran's government expressed at the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India last year serves as a lesson to other Muslims. During the meeting between Benazir Bhutto and Ayatollah Khamina, the prayers delivered by the spiritual leader made the Pakistani people respect him and pray that the roots of the relationship between Pakistan and Iran become immortal in history. |
FBIS3-40582_1 | Joint Declaration With Iran Viewed | If we look at it within the framework of the present situation in the world it is very important, because the international situation at present shows a lot of unrest in the Islamic world because of the conspiracies of the Hindus and Jews against Muslims. The Indian atrocities in Kashmir, the massacre of Muslims in Bosnia, and the Jewish aggression against the Muslims in Palestine are problems which we can resolve by working together. Wherever the Muslims live now, there are economic and social problems. The non-Muslims also have a monopoly over trade and commerce. From the perspective of resources, Muslims are not behind in any country; however, the disagreements and minor scuffles among the Pakistani nations, as well as the unnecessary confrontation, have stopped Islam from making an important place for itself in the world. Even today, if Muslim nations cooperate with each other in economic and social areas, no power in the world can insult them. It is our misfortune that we have to depend on non-Muslims to obtain modern technology. If we sign mutual agreements for exchange of technology, then we will not have to look at anyone else. Iran, after the 1979 Islamic revolution, started to use its own resources. Soon after this revolution, the imperialists forced a war on Iran. Still, after this long war, Iran managed to keep its economic and social conditions under control. All this happened because of its strong faith, which was helped by the grace of Allah. Imam Khomeini once said that neither the United States nor communism were superpowers; only God is the superpower. If we trust someone else, then our faith is weak. In light of Imam Khomeini's statement, Iran confronted a major superpower, which influenced politics worldwide. It is a welcome development that the Muslim nations are also changing slowly, and that an atmosphere of mutual cooperation is increasing. This will help us to at least escape the control of foreigners. Relations between Pakistan and Iran for the last half century have prepared Pakistan to openly trust the Iranian Government and the people there. The people of Pakistan declare Iran their second home; similarly, our brothers in Iran consider Pakistan their second home. We pray the agreements made between the two countries will last until the end of the world, and that friendly relations between the governments and the people of Iran and Pakistan will never end. |
FBIS3-40594_2 | Reasons for Defeat of Religious Parties in Elections Viewed | of only a few people. Islam is still present as an important force in this country, just as it has been in the past. In the October election, the people did not vote for the religious parties. There are some reasons for this, and I am trying to explain those in these lines. It is a known fact that elections in Pakistan are not based on any ideology, philosophy, or system. If the people have elected a person or a party, then they have not done so because of their association with a specific ideology. They always had different reasons. For example, when the PPP [Pakistan People's Party] got a majority vote in the 1970 election, it was not because the people had supported socialism against Islam. Those who keep an eye on the country's social and economic conditions know that 80 percent of this country's population lives in rural areas. It is their opinion that is decisive in election results. Generally, politics is divided into two groups in rural areas. This politics is based on the police station and the court. Mutual misunderstandings and disagreement over land are the problems that top the list of the problems that the rural people usually face. If some people have a disagreement in a village, then the political bigwigs in the region stand behind them, and the person with more influence in the police station or the court succeeds in getting his way. In order to influence the government, these people need the support of the administration. Therefore, they always try to stay on the good side of the government. If we paid attention, we would know that this is the basic reason that our politics has been introduced to "lotaism" [a form of nepotism]. The leaders who had influence in their districts in the 1970s joined the PPP. When the PPP won the majority, a large number of independent candidates also joined the ruling party because it was important for their political survival. Those who opposed them became weak, because they did not have the support of the government. When martial law was implemented in 1977, and General Ziaul Haq's administration was established, he needed political support to establish his credibility among the people. Thus, the politicians who opposed the PPP gathered under the umbrella of the new government. They joined the "shura" of Ziaul Haq and started to establish their |
FBIS3-40595_2 | Chances of Future Government Action Against Drug Dealers | remembered that when this same Qazi Hussain Ahmad joined the IJI [Islami Jamhoori Ittehad], he declared that the Urdu meaning of the Muslim League was Jamiat-I-Islami and that both parties had the same basic characteristics. At any rate, it cannot be denied even today that when the war for Pakistan was being fought, Jamaat-I-Islami was the largest opposing party [sic]. Qazi Hussain Ahmad said that both Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto were trying to outdo each other in currying favor with the U. S., that both supported the capitalist usury system under the aegis of the U. S., and that they had joined Moin Qureshi with the intention of mortgaging Pakistan totally to the U. S.. It should be remembered that Qazi Hussain Ahmad is running for election in Malakand, and he has made campaign speeches in various places there. He pointed out that disorder, murder, theft, and plunder were increasing daily and no one's life or property were safe which proved clearly that both the past two governments and the present caretaker government had failed. He said that corruption had continued to increase under the Benazir and Nawaz governments up to the present time and the reason was that the precepts of the Koran and the hadith were ignored. He said that the Islamic Front would end injustice, disorder, and oppression in the country and establish a beneficial social order under the leadership of honest individulas, and that, in order to put an end to oppression, the people should join the Islamic Front and confront plunderers and feudal landlords and thus prevent the old ruling class from regaining power and strengthening the Western system instead of Islam. Qazi Hussain Ahmad said that certain individuals accepted the United States as the sole superpower and tried to scare the Islamic Front, but that the latter was sure that soon the United States would suffer the same fate as the Soviet Union, a fate which everyone had witnessed. He said the struggle of the Islamic Front was not against Benazir, Nawaz Sharif or Wali Khan, but against the United States and its exploitative capitalist system and the supporters of that system. On the whole, the Islamic Front will not succeed in gaining more than five national assembly seats from the entire Northwest Frontier Province. Meanwhile, the big fish of the drug business were suddenly arrested in three MPOs and put in the |
FBIS3-40599_1 | Politicans Said Damaging Nuclear Program by Haggling | situation has changed. Now the U.S. pressure is decreasing and Pakistan will be freed from the Pressler Amendment restriction without rolling back the nuclear program. At Madam Bhutto's statement, her main rival, Nawaz Sharif, reacted by saying that Madam Bhutto had admitted to her "crime" about freezing the program during her government. Now she was making compromises with the United States, and the nation will not allow her to do that. Nawaz Sharif said in a meeting in Lahore that, by appointing a man like Sardar Asif Ahmed Ali the foreign minister and a journalist like Maliha Lodhi the ambassador to the United States, Madam Bhutto had clearly hinted that she is ignoring Pakistan's interests. The whole nation listened to and read the feelings expressed by the prime minister and the former prime minister with great interest. Interestingly enough, both slipped while trying to push each other. Madam Bhutto did not remember that she was in power in July 1990. Now Nawaz Sharif forgot that Benazir's government was dismissed after July 1990, new elections were held, a new party called the IJI [Islami Jamhoori Ittehad] (coalition of some parties) came to power getting two-third majority, and the PPP [Pakistan People's Party] had failed to form government in any state. The man who won the crown to the prime ministership after this election was Nawaz Sharif. He headed the government from 1990 to the middle of 1993. The question arises: If Madam Bhutto had frozen the nuclear program, why did not Nawaz Sharif disclose this information when he was the prime minister? If this freeze was harmful, why did not he rectify the problem? Why did he not take the nation into confidence and expose all her actions at that time? We should also ask Madam Bhutto if Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi had frozen the nuclear program, and it was an inauspicious act (that is why she hesitates in accepting responsibility for it), then why did she make agreements with Khan and Jatoi? Why did she cooperate with them? Why did she let her representatives to become cabinet members during the caretaker government appointed by Mr. Khan? Why did she go as far as to let her husband be a minister? Why is Ghulam Mustafa her confidant now? Why did she go to his home and ask him to join her caravan? Can or should those who play |
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