OLOGIE ET LIGNES DIRECTRICES DE L ELABORATION DES SCENARIOS I L estimation des emissions de GES a ete faite sur Ia base de Ia methodologie revisee de 1996 et les bonnes pratiques 2003 du GIEC. A cet effet l outil informatique a ete utilise a travers les feuilles de calcul au format Excel developpees par le GIEC pour chacun des secteurs concernes. L elaboration des previsions et du choix des donnees se sent faits au cours de reunions de concertation.', 'L elaboration des previsions et du choix des donnees se sent faits au cours de reunions de concertation. lis ont lieu au niveau sectoriel pour les trois secteurs principaux d emissions de gaz a effet de serre (agriculture, foresterie et changement d utilisation des terres, energie) et au niveau multisectoriel. Ces reunions ont permis : • • • d identifier et d exploiter l:es programmations nationales et les orientations prospectives du Mali qui ont servi de base a I elaboration de Ia CON-MALl; de valider les donnees techniques recueillies par l equipe de Ia Troisieme Communication Nationale pour Ia periode 2007- 2014; de determiner les valeurs des donnees de base pour les annees 2015-2030 dans les differents secteurs pour le scenario de base et pour le scenario d attenuation.', 'Ces reunions ont permis : • • • d identifier et d exploiter l:es programmations nationales et les orientations prospectives du Mali qui ont servi de base a I elaboration de Ia CON-MALl; de valider les donnees techniques recueillies par l equipe de Ia Troisieme Communication Nationale pour Ia periode 2007- 2014; de determiner les valeurs des donnees de base pour les annees 2015-2030 dans les differents secteurs pour le scenario de base et pour le scenario d attenuation. Dans une perspective de moyen terme pour assurer le developpement durable du pays, bien qu ils n emettent que tres peu de GES, deux autres secteurs ont ete consideres: Ia gestion des dechets et l industrie. lis ne sent pas integres dans Ia CON mais feront I objet de traitements ulterieurs.', 'lis ne sent pas integres dans Ia CON mais feront I objet de traitements ulterieurs. Les calculs de GES dans Ia CPDN sent effectues par secteur puis agreges sur trois periodes : • • • La premiere periode est celle des annees 2007-2014 pour laquelle les valeurs des emissions de GES sent issues de calculs effectues lors de ! elaboration de Ia Troisieme Communication Nationale du Mali (TCNL a partir de donnees reelles fournies par les services techniques. La seconde periode concerne 2015-2030 et resulte de previsions refletant Ia tendance normale du developpement du Mali (scenario Business-As-Usual). Ce scenario a ete elabore en fonction des politiques nationales et des concertations sectorielles. C est le scenario de base. Afin de participer a !', 'Afin de participer a ! ambition collective d atteindre l objectif ultime de Ia Convention (moins de 2°CL le Mali a elabore un scenario plus ambitieux et volontariste afin de reduire les emissions de GES au cours de Ia periode 202Q-2030. C est le scenario d attenuation conditionnel qui est conditionne par Ia mise en ceuvre de moyens humains, materiels et financiers du Mali et de ses partenaires bilateraux et multilateraux. Si le Mali etait le seul investisseur dans cet exercice le scenario correspondant sur cette meme periode est le scenario d attenuation inconditionnel.TROISIEME PARTIE : PREVISIONS DES EMISSIONS DE GES DU MALl 3.1. Bilan des emissions de Ia periode 2007-2014 3.1.1.', 'Bilan des emissions de Ia periode 2007-2014 3.1.1. Emissions dans le secteur de I Energie Le Mali dispose de potentiels d energies renouvelables significatifs dont: • l energie solaire: 6 kWH/m2 (7 a 10 heures d ensoleillement par jour); • Ia biomasse : 2 000 ha de plantations de jatropha, 1400000 I d alcool a partir de Ia canne a sucre ; • • l hydraulique : 1150 MW (seulement 22% exploites) ; l eolien: 3 a 7 m/s . (Source : Direction Nationa/e de I Energie) Malgre ce potentiel, le secteur energetique est tres peu performant au regard de ses principaux indicateurs notamment : • • • • • • un bilan energetique do mine par le bois energie (bois de feu et charbon de bois), se traduisant par une forte pression de Ia consommation sur le massif forestier national ; un taux de dependance a !', '(Source : Direction Nationa/e de I Energie) Malgre ce potentiel, le secteur energetique est tres peu performant au regard de ses principaux indicateurs notamment : • • • • • • un bilan energetique do mine par le bois energie (bois de feu et charbon de bois), se traduisant par une forte pression de Ia consommation sur le massif forestier national ; un taux de dependance a ! importation des produits petroliers de 100%; une faible consommation d energie finale : 0,18 tep/hbt (0,45 pour Ia zone CEDEAO, 0,5 pour I Afrique) ; une faible consommation electrique: 59,36 kWH/hbt; :.::1 t a:.:x d e!ectrificaticr. bas: 27,08% r.aticna! (55,27% urbaln, 14,89% rura!)', 'bas: 27,08% r.aticna! (55,27% urbaln, 14,89% rura!) en 2010; une croissance de demande d electricite: 10% annuel; une faible integration des energies renouvelables dans Ia production d electricite: 3%; Figure 2: Structure de Ia consommation finale d energie au Mali en 2010 Les trois communications nationales du Mali (1ere en 1995, 2em e en 2000, 3eme en cours d elaboration) ont toutes etabli que parmi les trois secteurs les plus emetteurs de gaz a effet de serre (GES), figure celui de l energie. L emission de GES due a ce secteur est en constante progression (Figure 3). Entre 1995 et 2000, l accroissement a ete de 60,32%, tandis qu il a atteint 83,63% entre 2000 et 2012.', 'Entre 1995 et 2000, l accroissement a ete de 60,32%, tandis qu il a atteint 83,63% entre 2000 et 2012. Dans Ia periode 1995-2012, les emissions de C02 sont passees de 945 kT a 2 782 kT, soit un accroissement de plus de 190% sur les 17 annees.Figure 3: Evolution des emissions de GES dans le secteur de l energie La repartition des emissions par rapport aux sous-secteurs de l energie est montree sur Ia figure 4. L analyse de cette repartition montre que le sous-secteur residentiel occupe Ia premiere place avec Ia consommation accrue de biomasse, notamment le bois energie comprenant le bois de feu et le charbon de bois (82,20% des emissions significatives du secteur en 2012).', 'L analyse de cette repartition montre que le sous-secteur residentiel occupe Ia premiere place avec Ia consommation accrue de biomasse, notamment le bois energie comprenant le bois de feu et le charbon de bois (82,20% des emissions significatives du secteur en 2012). Le sous-secteur des transports vient en seconde position (12,25% des emissions significatives du secteur en 2012) avec Ia consommation de combustible fossile (essence et gasoil). Le sous-secteur de Ia transformation occupe Ia troisieme, particulierement pour Ia consommation de combustible dans Ia production de l electricite (4,73% des emissions du secteur en 2012).La figure 5 represente I evolution des GES dans ie secteur de i t:nergie entre 2007 et 2014.', 'Le sous-secteur de Ia transformation occupe Ia troisieme, particulierement pour Ia consommation de combustible dans Ia production de l electricite (4,73% des emissions du secteur en 2012).La figure 5 represente I evolution des GES dans ie secteur de i t:nergie entre 2007 et 2014. Figure 4 : Repartition des emissions de C02 Figure 5 : Evolution des GES dans le secteur de par sous-secteur de I Energie en 2012. I Energie entre 2007 et 2014 Entre 2007 et 2014 les emissions de GES dues a Ia production eta Ia consommation d energie ont evolue de 3 434 kTeq C02 a 5 268 kTeq C02; soit un accroissement moyen annuel de 6,44 %.', 'I Energie entre 2007 et 2014 Entre 2007 et 2014 les emissions de GES dues a Ia production eta Ia consommation d energie ont evolue de 3 434 kTeq C02 a 5 268 kTeq C02; soit un accroissement moyen annuel de 6,44 %. Au regard de ce qui precede, les politiques d attenuation d emissions de GES dans le secteur de I energie, doivent beau coup s orienter vers le residentiel, les transports et les industries energetiques. L application de l efficacite energetique associant ! utilisation rationnelle de l energie, l economie d energie et Ia maltrise de l energie devrait permettre une decroissance significative des emissions de GES a ! horizon 2030. L association de I ensemble de ces mesures permet de construire les scenarios de base et d attenuation.3.1.2.', 'L association de I ensemble de ces mesures permet de construire les scenarios de base et d attenuation.3.1.2. Emissions dans le secteur de I Agriculture Selon Ia methodologie du GIEC utilisee pour le calcul des emissions de GES, le secteur de ! Agriculture regroupe les sous-secteurs suivants : I Eievage ou Ia production du methane (CH4) se produit par : (i) Ia fermentation enterique resultant du processus digestif des animaux; (ii) le mode de gestion du fumier pouvant provoquer sa decomposition dans des conditions anaerobies; Ia Riziculture : Ia decomposition anaerobie des matieres organiques dans les rizieres inondees produit du CH4 qui est rejete dans !', 'Agriculture regroupe les sous-secteurs suivants : I Eievage ou Ia production du methane (CH4) se produit par : (i) Ia fermentation enterique resultant du processus digestif des animaux; (ii) le mode de gestion du fumier pouvant provoquer sa decomposition dans des conditions anaerobies; Ia Riziculture : Ia decomposition anaerobie des matieres organiques dans les rizieres inondees produit du CH4 qui est rejete dans ! atmosphere principalement par l intermediaire des pieds de riz pendant Ia saison de croissance; le brulage des savanes et des residus agricoles sur place : le brulage dans ce secteur produit principalement du monoxyde de carbone; dans I ensemble de ce sous-secteur, il y a des emissions instantanees de dioxyde de carbone (C02) dont le bilan est nul car le C02 emis est rejete dans !', 'atmosphere principalement par l intermediaire des pieds de riz pendant Ia saison de croissance; le brulage des savanes et des residus agricoles sur place : le brulage dans ce secteur produit principalement du monoxyde de carbone; dans I ensemble de ce sous-secteur, il y a des emissions instantanees de dioxyde de carbone (C02) dont le bilan est nul car le C02 emis est rejete dans ! atmosphere et reabsorbe au cours de chaque nouvelle periode de vegetation. les sols agricoles et Ia gestion des engrais: ce sous-secteur produit du N20 dont : (i) les emissions directes par les sols cultives (incluant les systemes de culture et les effets des animaux en paturage) et par le sol issues de Ia production animale; (ii) les emissions indirectes issues de !', 'les sols agricoles et Ia gestion des engrais: ce sous-secteur produit du N20 dont : (i) les emissions directes par les sols cultives (incluant les systemes de culture et les effets des animaux en paturage) et par le sol issues de Ia production animale; (ii) les emissions indirectes issues de ! azote utilisee en agriculture. Les emissions de GES en TE-C02 du secteur de I Agriculture pour Ia periode 2007-2014 sont rapportees dans le tableau et les figures ci-dessous. Le sous-secteur du brulage des savanes et des residus agricoles emet uniquement du CO dont le pouvoir de rechauffement par rapport au C02 n est pas defini. De ce fait, il n est pas pris en compte dans ce tableau.', 'De ce fait, il n est pas pris en compte dans ce tableau. Tableau 4 : Synthese des emissions en TE-C02 Annees Elevage Engrais Riziculture TOTALFigure 6 : Repartition sous sectorielle des emissions La synthese des emissions du secteur montre que les principaux sous-secteurs d emission de GES du secteur de ! agriculture sont ceux des engrais chimiques (74%), de l elevage (22%) et de Ia riziculture irriguee (4%). Les mesures d attenuation des emissions de GES dans le secteur de ! Agriculture porteront sur ces sous-secteurs. 3.1.3 Emissions dans le secteur de Ia Foresterie et des Changements d Affectation des Terres La zone forestiere prise en compte par le secteur comprend les espaces boises et les savanes. Les principales donnees utilisees pour !', 'Les principales donnees utilisees pour ! evaluation des gaz sont Ia superficie des zones forestieres, Ia superficie des plantations forestieres, Ia quantite de bois exploitee, et Ia superficie des sols mineraux. La plantation forestiere est une activite importante au Mali marquee par une forte progression des superficies reboisees. Entre 2007 et 2014, les superficies plantees ont passe de 9 079 hectares a 80 387 hectares, soit une multiplication par 9. l ~ ~ Q) , c m 15. Q) ·a E Q) 0 :::> en Annees Figure 7 : Evolution de Ia superficie des plantations forestieres realisees au Mali entre 2007 et 2014. Dans le secteur de Ia Foresterie et des Changements d Affectation des Terres Ia sequestration de GES, d une valeur moyenne de 781 473 Kilo Tonnes de C02 par an, est assuree uniquement par Ia zone forestiere.', 'Dans le secteur de Ia Foresterie et des Changements d Affectation des Terres Ia sequestration de GES, d une valeur moyenne de 781 473 Kilo Tonnes de C02 par an, est assuree uniquement par Ia zone forestiere. En revanche les emissions, d une valeur moyenne de 560 976 Kilo Tonnes de C02 par an, proviennent des sols mineraux, affectes aux systemes d agriculture et du sylvopastoralime, et des terres converties (prairies et surfaces defrichees). Tableau 5: Synthese des emissions de GES du secteur en KT C02 Annees Emission Sequestration Bilan net• Emission 400000 • Sequestration • Bilan net a.o c: Cl) c: \" ·e LU - 4QQQQQ Annees Figure 8: Bilan des emissions du secteur Fon~ts -changements d affectation des terres en KT C02 (Gg C02} 3.2. Previsions des emissions pour Ia periode 2015-2030 3.2.1.', 'Previsions des emissions pour Ia periode 2015-2030 3.2.1. Emissions de GES dans Je secteur de I Energie •!• Politiques, plans et programmes sur lesquels s appuie Ia prospective La faible performance du bilan energetique et les potentialites significatives energetiques du Mali ant motive I elaboration et Ia mise en ceuvre a court et moyen termes de politique, de programmes et de plans dans le sens d une efficacite energetique associant ! utilisation rationnelle de l energie, l economie d energie et Ia maitrise de l energie. Ces actions concernent taus les aspects du secteur de I Energie, de Ia production a Ia consommation.', 'Ces actions concernent taus les aspects du secteur de I Energie, de Ia production a Ia consommation. Les scenarios des emissions de GES dans le secteur de I Energie ant ete developpes sur Ia base de Ia Politique nationale de l energie et des strategies afferentes ainsi que des actions qui en decoulent.', 'Les scenarios des emissions de GES dans le secteur de I Energie ant ete developpes sur Ia base de Ia Politique nationale de l energie et des strategies afferentes ainsi que des actions qui en decoulent. Les principales actions concernees sont : • le programme de valorisation a grande echelle des energies renouvelables (SREP} pour 258 millions de $US ; • Le projet Manantali II qui sera realise entre 2016 et 2021 et coutera 150 millions de dollars US ; • Le projet d electrification villageoise par systeme d energies renouvelables qui sera realise entre 2015 et 2020 et coutera 7,2 millions de $US; • Le projet de Ia centrale hydroelectrique de Kenie qui sera realise entre 2015 et 2020 et coutera 165 millions de $US.•!• Prevision des emissions de GES dans le secteur de I Energie Les programmes et projets ci-dessus permettent d obtenir les reductions de GES synthetisees dans Ia figure suivante : N u :::.', 'Les principales actions concernees sont : • le programme de valorisation a grande echelle des energies renouvelables (SREP} pour 258 millions de $US ; • Le projet Manantali II qui sera realise entre 2016 et 2021 et coutera 150 millions de dollars US ; • Le projet d electrification villageoise par systeme d energies renouvelables qui sera realise entre 2015 et 2020 et coutera 7,2 millions de $US; • Le projet de Ia centrale hydroelectrique de Kenie qui sera realise entre 2015 et 2020 et coutera 165 millions de $US.•!• Prevision des emissions de GES dans le secteur de I Energie Les programmes et projets ci-dessus permettent d obtenir les reductions de GES synthetisees dans Ia figure suivante : N u :::. ::: VI ! : \"iii VI ·e w - scenario base -scenario conditionnel - scenario inconditionnel [.,.', ': \"iii VI ·e w - scenario base -scenario conditionnel - scenario inconditionnel [.,. ~ ::::::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .,__ - ---~ -- i I ;:igure 9: Courbes des emissions des scenarios de ba! )e, d a i.i.enuation conditionne:le et d attenuation inconditionnelle pour Ia periode 2015-2030 Le scenario de base montre que les emissions de GES vont croitre de 3 400 kTeq C02 en 2015 a 4 750 kTeq C02 en 2020 pour atteindre 9 269 kTeq C02 en 2030. Cela donne un accroissement moyen annuel de 6,91% entre 2015 et 2030. •!• Cout des mesures d attenuation Les ambitions de reduction des emissions du scenario d attenuation sont de 1 486 kTeq C02 en 2025, soit une reduction de 22A%, et 2 933 kTeq C02 en 2030, soit une reduction de 31,6%.', '•!• Cout des mesures d attenuation Les ambitions de reduction des emissions du scenario d attenuation sont de 1 486 kTeq C02 en 2025, soit une reduction de 22A%, et 2 933 kTeq C02 en 2030, soit une reduction de 31,6%. Le coOt correspondant est de 580 millions de $US sur cinq ans, soit 1,16 milliard de $US sur les dix ans pour le scenario conditionnel d attenuation et de 174 millions de $US pour le scenario inconditionnel.', 'Le coOt correspondant est de 580 millions de $US sur cinq ans, soit 1,16 milliard de $US sur les dix ans pour le scenario conditionnel d attenuation et de 174 millions de $US pour le scenario inconditionnel. 3.2.2 Emissions de GES dans le secteur de I Agriculture •!• Politiques, plans et programmes sur lesquels s appuie Ia prospective Les politiques, plans et programmes sur lesquels s appuie cette prospective sont: La Politique Nation ale de I Agriculture; Le Cadre strategique d investissement pour Ia gestion durable des terres; Le Programme pilate de developpement d une agriculture intelligente et resiliente aux changements climatiques ; Le Programme national d amenagement pastoral resilient aux Changements Climatiques; Le Programme de captage et stockage des eaux de pluie;Les principales actions concernees qui en decoulent sont : • • • le systeme de riziculture intensive {SRI) ; Ia micro-dose ; La production de Ia fumure organique .', '3.2.2 Emissions de GES dans le secteur de I Agriculture •!• Politiques, plans et programmes sur lesquels s appuie Ia prospective Les politiques, plans et programmes sur lesquels s appuie cette prospective sont: La Politique Nation ale de I Agriculture; Le Cadre strategique d investissement pour Ia gestion durable des terres; Le Programme pilate de developpement d une agriculture intelligente et resiliente aux changements climatiques ; Le Programme national d amenagement pastoral resilient aux Changements Climatiques; Le Programme de captage et stockage des eaux de pluie;Les principales actions concernees qui en decoulent sont : • • • le systeme de riziculture intensive {SRI) ; Ia micro-dose ; La production de Ia fumure organique . •!• Prevision des emissions de GES dans le secteur de / Agriculture Les programmes et projets ci-dessus permettent d obtenir les reductions de GES synthetisees dans Ia figure suivante : N u -scenario base - scenario conditionnel -scenario inconditionnel - ~ ,_ ~ - __.', '•!• Prevision des emissions de GES dans le secteur de / Agriculture Les programmes et projets ci-dessus permettent d obtenir les reductions de GES synthetisees dans Ia figure suivante : N u -scenario base - scenario conditionnel -scenario inconditionnel - ~ ,_ ~ - __. ,. ~ ~ --- -- ,. ,.,. ~ . ~ - - .,.,. !\"\"\" I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Figure 10: Courbes des emissions des scenarios de base, d attenuation conditionnelle et d attenuation inconditionnelle pour Ia periode 2015-2030 •!• Coiit des mesures d attenuation Les ambitions de reduction des emissions sont de 9 759 kTeq C02 en 2025 et 25 400 kTeq C02 en 2030. Le coOt de ce scenario d attenuation conditionnel s eleve a 20,6 milliards de $US.', 'Le coOt de ce scenario d attenuation conditionnel s eleve a 20,6 milliards de $US. Dans le secteur de I agriculture, les mesures d attenuation des emissions de GES, les plus appropriees concernent trois sous-secteurs qui: sont : Ia riziculture irriguee, I elevage et Ia gestion des engrais. r Pour le sous-secteur de Ia rizicultilire irriguee, ! attenuation sera focalisee sur Ia gestion de l eau par ! irrigation intermittente afin d evi~er l inondation permanente des terres rizicoles, source d emission par fermentation. j I - . Pour les sous-secteurs de l elevage et des engrais chimiques, Ia mesure d attenuation sera axee sur Ia substitution de l uree a forte tene~r en azote par Ia fumure organique dont Ia production permettra de reduire les emissions des fumures liees a Ia decomposition anaerobie. !', 'Pour les sous-secteurs de l elevage et des engrais chimiques, Ia mesure d attenuation sera axee sur Ia substitution de l uree a forte tene~r en azote par Ia fumure organique dont Ia production permettra de reduire les emissions des fumures liees a Ia decomposition anaerobie. ! I , Le coOt lie a ces emissions de GES dans le secteur de ! agriculture s eleve a 20,6 milliards de $US pour le scenario d attenuation conditionnel et a 3,09 milliards de $US pour ·le scenario d attenuation inconditionnel.I \\\\ \\\\ 3.2.3.', 'agriculture s eleve a 20,6 milliards de $US pour le scenario d attenuation conditionnel et a 3,09 milliards de $US pour ·le scenario d attenuation inconditionnel.I \\\\ \\\\ 3.2.3. Emissions de GES dans le secteur de Ia Foresterie et des Changements d Affectation des Terres ·:· Politiques, plans et programmes sur lesquels s appuie Ia prospective Les politiques, plans et programmes sur lesquels s appuie cette prospective sont: Ia Politique Nationale de Protection de I Environnement ; Ia Politique Nationale Forestiere ; Ia Politique Nationale des Changements Climatiques, sa strategie et son plan d action; Les Plans quinquennaux de reboisement. La Strategie Nationale de Ia diversite biologique; La Strategie Nationale de gestion des aires protegees ; Ia Grande Muraille Verte; le Mecanisme de Developpement Propre.', 'La Strategie Nationale de Ia diversite biologique; La Strategie Nationale de gestion des aires protegees ; Ia Grande Muraille Verte; le Mecanisme de Developpement Propre. Ces politiques et strategies sont mises en ceuvre par des projets dont ceux presentes ci-dessous : Projet Actions Pro jet Alliance Globale sur le lnventaires forestiers regionaux Changement Climatique Systeme informatique de gestion des donnees forestieres Reboisement et regeneration des fon!', 'Ces politiques et strategies sont mises en ceuvre par des projets dont ceux presentes ci-dessous : Projet Actions Pro jet Alliance Globale sur le lnventaires forestiers regionaux Changement Climatique Systeme informatique de gestion des donnees forestieres Reboisement et regeneration des fon! !ts Programme Gestion Plans d amenagement et de gestion de massifs forestiers Decentralisee des Forets Exploitation rationnelle du bois energie dans ces massifs Programme de Developpement Plans d amenagement et de gestion des Forets Classees Durable dans le Delta du Niger Plantations de Bosquets villageois et d arbres fruitiers Pro jet de Lutte Contre Fixation de dunes I Ensablement du Fleuve Niger Plantations forestieres de bois de service Pro jet d Extension et de Gestion d aires protegees Renforcement du Systeme des Creation de couloirs de migration de Ia faune Aires Protegees Formation de villageois Foyers ameliores (MDP) Vulgarisation de foyers economes en bois de chauffe Valorisation energie (MDP) Production de briquettes a travers les sous-produits agricoles.', '!ts Programme Gestion Plans d amenagement et de gestion de massifs forestiers Decentralisee des Forets Exploitation rationnelle du bois energie dans ces massifs Programme de Developpement Plans d amenagement et de gestion des Forets Classees Durable dans le Delta du Niger Plantations de Bosquets villageois et d arbres fruitiers Pro jet de Lutte Contre Fixation de dunes I Ensablement du Fleuve Niger Plantations forestieres de bois de service Pro jet d Extension et de Gestion d aires protegees Renforcement du Systeme des Creation de couloirs de migration de Ia faune Aires Protegees Formation de villageois Foyers ameliores (MDP) Vulgarisation de foyers economes en bois de chauffe Valorisation energie (MDP) Production de briquettes a travers les sous-produits agricoles. Reboisement et production de Plantation de Pourghere pour I electrification rurale biocarburant (MDP) Plantation de Jatropha dans les systemes agraires Boisement (MDP) Plantation d Acacia Senegal.', 'Reboisement et production de Plantation de Pourghere pour I electrification rurale biocarburant (MDP) Plantation de Jatropha dans les systemes agraires Boisement (MDP) Plantation d Acacia Senegal. •:• Prevision des emissions de GES dans le secteur de Ia Foresterie Les programmes et projets ci-dessus permettent d obtenir les reductions de GES synthetisees dans Ia figure suivante :Figure 11 : Courbes des bilans nets (sequestration} des scenarios de base, scenarios d attenuation conditionnel et d attenuation inconditionnel pour Ia periode 2015-2030 •!• Coiit des mesures dJ attenuation Le scenario de base est mis en reuvre par des plantations forestieres pour un cout total entre 2015 et Le scenario d attenuation conditionnel est mis en reuvre par les mesures suivantes : Plantations forestieres pour un cout de 10 719 millions $US; Regeneration naturelle assistee pour un cout de 1531 millions $US; Gestion des fon?ts classees et des aires protegees pour un cout de 670 millions $US ; Le cout total du scenario d attenuation conditionnel est de 12 920 millions $US.', '•:• Prevision des emissions de GES dans le secteur de Ia Foresterie Les programmes et projets ci-dessus permettent d obtenir les reductions de GES synthetisees dans Ia figure suivante :Figure 11 : Courbes des bilans nets (sequestration} des scenarios de base, scenarios d attenuation conditionnel et d attenuation inconditionnel pour Ia periode 2015-2030 •!• Coiit des mesures dJ attenuation Le scenario de base est mis en reuvre par des plantations forestieres pour un cout total entre 2015 et Le scenario d attenuation conditionnel est mis en reuvre par les mesures suivantes : Plantations forestieres pour un cout de 10 719 millions $US; Regeneration naturelle assistee pour un cout de 1531 millions $US; Gestion des fon?ts classees et des aires protegees pour un cout de 670 millions $US ; Le cout total du scenario d attenuation conditionnel est de 12 920 millions $US. • Le secteur Foresterie et 4angement d affectation des terres du Mali demeure un puits de carbone qui sequestrera ~n 2030 : 126 588 KT equivalent C02 selon le scenario de base et coi selon le scenario d attenuation conditionnel ; I .', '• Le secteur Foresterie et 4angement d affectation des terres du Mali demeure un puits de carbone qui sequestrera ~n 2030 : 126 588 KT equivalent C02 selon le scenario de base et coi selon le scenario d attenuation conditionnel ; I . • En 2030 le scenario d attel luation sequestre 21% plus de C02 que le scenario de b~se; • L.e . gain cumule pendant Ia periode 2020-2030 entre le scenario de base et le scenario • Le cout total du scenario drattenuation conditionnel est de 12,92 milliards de dollars US; f • Le cout total du scenario d(attenuation inconditionnel est de 2,69 milliards de dollars US.3.2.4. Synthese des emissions de ·Ja periode 2015-2030 pour / ensemble des secteurs Les secteurs de l energie, de !', 'Synthese des emissions de ·Ja periode 2015-2030 pour / ensemble des secteurs Les secteurs de l energie, de ! agriculture, de Ia foresterie et du changement d affectation des terres sont les principaux secteurs emetteurs en GES. Le secteur de Ia foresterie et du changement d affectation des terres emet et sequestre mais son bilan net est en sequestration. La synthese des emissions de GES des trois secteurs energie, agriculture et foresterie et changements d affectation des terres est donnee dans le tableau 6 ci-dessous pour le scenario de base et pour les scenarios d attenuation (versions conditionnelle et inconditionnelle}. Tableau 6: Bilan net des previsions d emissions et sequestration en KTeq C02 Annees N z VI VI LU Scenario de base Scenario d attenuation Scenario d attenuation conditionnel inconditionnel - scenario de base -scenario d attenuation conditionnelle - scenario d attenuation inconditionnel I I ~ ! : ~ I - !', 'Tableau 6: Bilan net des previsions d emissions et sequestration en KTeq C02 Annees N z VI VI LU Scenario de base Scenario d attenuation Scenario d attenuation conditionnel inconditionnel - scenario de base -scenario d attenuation conditionnelle - scenario d attenuation inconditionnel I I ~ ! : ~ I - ! ~-- ! ! .,. ~ _,.- - ! Figure 12 : Evolution des emissions du scenario de base, du scenario d attenuation conditionnel et du scenario d attenuation inconditionnel pour I ensemble des secteurs de 2015 a 2030 Le Mali reste un puits de gaz a ettJt de serre jusqu en 2030 pour tousles scenarios. - I II ressort du scenario de base qud le bilan net de sequestration de ! ensemble des secteurs diminue de fa<;:on signifi- cative au fil des anqees.', 'ensemble des secteurs diminue de fa<;:on signifi- cative au fil des anqees. - I Les gains en termes d attenuatio!n de GES du scenario d attenuation conditionnel par rapport au scenario de base permettent d a~eliorer cette situation entre 2020 et 2030. Ces gains sont de 31% pour le secteur de l energie, 29% pour le secteur ! agriculture et de 21% pour le secteur de Ia I - foresterie et des changements d ~ffectation des terres, soit une moyenne de 27% pour ! ensemble des secteurs. 1 Le coOt global du scenario d attJnuation conditionnel s eleve a 34 680 000 000 $US, et le coOt du scenario d attenuation inconditioJnel a 5 202 000 000 $US.', '1 Le coOt global du scenario d attJnuation conditionnel s eleve a 34 680 000 000 $US, et le coOt du scenario d attenuation inconditioJnel a 5 202 000 000 $US. ---~-- ------~--~--------------------------~--~-~~--~I QUATRIEME PARTIE :ADAPTATION AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES •:• Politiques et strategies nationa/es - Processus de planification Le climat du Mali, de type sahelien, est caracterise par une variabilite inter et intra annuelle des parametres climatiques et par ! intensification des secheresses depuis 1970. Cette situation est exacerbee par Ia fragilite des ecosystemes et des systemes de production (agriculture, elevage, peche, foresterie . }, par les besoins de Ia croissance demographique et par les contraintes socio- economiques, rend ant ainsi le pays tres vulnerable et affaiblissant ses capacites d adaptation.', 'Cette situation est exacerbee par Ia fragilite des ecosystemes et des systemes de production (agriculture, elevage, peche, foresterie . }, par les besoins de Ia croissance demographique et par les contraintes socio- economiques, rend ant ainsi le pays tres vulnerable et affaiblissant ses capacites d adaptation. Afin d assurer un developpement durable, des mesures d adaptation aux changements climatiques s imposent dans tous les secteurs du developpement. C est dans ce contexte que le l\\\\t1ali a developpe plusieurs politiques, strategies et plans d action (tableau ci-dessous) integrant les orientations nationales en matiere d adaptation en reference au Cadre Strategique pour Ia Croissance et Ia Reduction de Ia Pauvrete (CSCRP). Ces programmes sont en cours de revision afin de developper le Plan National d Adaptation (PNA) du Mali aux changements climatiques a !', 'Ces programmes sont en cours de revision afin de developper le Plan National d Adaptation (PNA) du Mali aux changements climatiques a ! horizon 2030 pour mieux orienter et coordonner les actions. Politique ou Strategie Objectif Politique Nationale de Protection de Assurer un environnement sain et un developpement I Environnement durable, combattre Ia desertificatron, assurer ia securite alimentaire, prevenir et combattre Ia pollution et reduire Ia pauvrete. Politique Nationale des changements Cadre de reference et de pilotage pour tous les projets et climatiques, completee par sa strategie programmes mis en ceuvre au Mali relatifs a Ia lutte et son plan d action centre les changements climatiques.', 'Politique Nationale des changements Cadre de reference et de pilotage pour tous les projets et climatiques, completee par sa strategie programmes mis en ceuvre au Mali relatifs a Ia lutte et son plan d action centre les changements climatiques. Politique Nationale Forestiere Assurer une gestion integree et durable des ressources naturelles renouvelables : les forets, Ia faune terrestre et aquatique, les ressources en terres et Ia biodiversite. Politique Nationale de I Energie Contribuer au developpement durable du pays, a travers Ia fourniture des services energetiques accessibles au plus grand nombre de Ia population au moindre cout et favorisant Ia promotion des activites socioeconomiques. Politique Nationale d Agriculture Promouvoir une agriculture durable, moderne et competitive reposant prioritairement sur les exploitations familiales.', 'Politique Nationale d Agriculture Promouvoir une agriculture durable, moderne et competitive reposant prioritairement sur les exploitations familiales. Politique Nationale de I Eau Contribuer a Ia lutte centre Ia pauvrete et au developpement durable en apportant des solutions appropriees aux problemes lies a l eau. Politique Nation ale d Assainissement Structurer I ensemble du secteur de l assainissement auteur d un projet de developpement realiste. Politique Nationale d Amenagement du Conferer a Ia planification du developpement economique une territoire dimension territoriale, dans le cadre d une organisation de l espace prenant en compte Ia decentralisation. Politique Nationale de Ia Decentralisation Renforcer le processus de democratisation de Ia societe et adapter les missions et !', 'Politique Nationale de Ia Decentralisation Renforcer le processus de democratisation de Ia societe et adapter les missions et ! organisation de I Etat a l exigence de promotion des initiatives locales.Cadre strategique d investissement pour Ia lnverser les tendances a Ia degradation des terres pour assurer Gestion Durable des Terres Ia securite alimentaire, reduire Ia pauvrete et Ia vulnerabilite. Strategie nationale d adaptation du Anticiper les impacts potentiels des changements secteur de Ia foresterie du Mali aux climatiques sur le secteur de Ia foresterie au Mali et impacts des changements climatiques analyser les vulnerabilites. Strategie de Developpement des Promouvoir une large utilisation des technologies et Energies renouvelables equipements d Energie Renouvelable. Strategie nationale pour le Accroitre Ia production locale d energie a moindre coOt. developpement des biocarburants par le developpement des biocarburants.', 'developpement des biocarburants par le developpement des biocarburants. Politique Nationale de Ia population Maitriser et gerer I evolution de Ia population du Mali. Politique Nationale du Genre Amelioration de ! implication des femmes dans le processus de gestion du pays. Politique nationale des transports Ameliorer les systemes de transport au Mali pour assurer un desenclavement adequat du pays . / Previsions et besoins en adaptation pour Ia periode 2015-2020 La vision du Mali est de faire de l economie verte et resiliente aux changements climatiques une priorite mais aussi une realite. Les actions d adaptation restent tres importantes et cruciales pour les annees a venir dans Ia lutte contre les changements climatiques.', 'Les actions d adaptation restent tres importantes et cruciales pour les annees a venir dans Ia lutte contre les changements climatiques. La mise en ceuvre des politiques, strategies, plans et programmes en matiere d adaptation au Mali s effectue a travers des programmes et projets suivants: :» Les programmes prioritaires contenus dans les annonces du Mali au Sammet mondial sur le climat en septembre 2014 a New York. II s agit: / de l amenagement forestier pour Ia restauration des ecosystemes degrades visant a reboiser 325 000 hectares, promouvoir Ia regeneration naturelle assistee et Ia lutte centre l ensablement et renforcer Ia protection des aires protegees sur 9 millions d hectares .', 'II s agit: / de l amenagement forestier pour Ia restauration des ecosystemes degrades visant a reboiser 325 000 hectares, promouvoir Ia regeneration naturelle assistee et Ia lutte centre l ensablement et renforcer Ia protection des aires protegees sur 9 millions d hectares . / du developpement d une agriculture intelligente et resiliente aux changements climatiques, pour l amenagement hydro-agricole de 92 000 ha dans le contexte d une gestion durable des terres avec I engagement de I Etat a consacrer 15% du Budget national a !', '/ du developpement d une agriculture intelligente et resiliente aux changements climatiques, pour l amenagement hydro-agricole de 92 000 ha dans le contexte d une gestion durable des terres avec I engagement de I Etat a consacrer 15% du Budget national a ! agriculture; / de l amenagement pastoral resilient aux changements climatiques visant Ia materialisation de 3 300 km d axes de transhumance afin de reduire les conflits entre agriculteurs et eleveurs, Ia realisation de 21 peri metres et aires pastorales d une superficie totale de 400 000 ha; / du captage et du stockage des eaux de pluie afin de contribuer a l acces universe!', 'agriculture; / de l amenagement pastoral resilient aux changements climatiques visant Ia materialisation de 3 300 km d axes de transhumance afin de reduire les conflits entre agriculteurs et eleveurs, Ia realisation de 21 peri metres et aires pastorales d une superficie totale de 400 000 ha; / du captage et du stockage des eaux de pluie afin de contribuer a l acces universe! a l eau potable eta l acces a l eau pour les autres usages, par Ia creation de 20 systemes d adduction d eau potable et 200 ouvrages de captage d eau de surface et de plans d eau de surface au profit de 75 000 menages ruraux (homme et femmes); / du developpement des energies renouvelables et de I Efficacite Energetique, visant a installer plus de 100 MW d energie renouvelables (objectif: atteindre Ia cible de 10% du mix energet ique a !', 'a l eau potable eta l acces a l eau pour les autres usages, par Ia creation de 20 systemes d adduction d eau potable et 200 ouvrages de captage d eau de surface et de plans d eau de surface au profit de 75 000 menages ruraux (homme et femmes); / du developpement des energies renouvelables et de I Efficacite Energetique, visant a installer plus de 100 MW d energie renouvelables (objectif: atteindre Ia cible de 10% du mix energet ique a ! horizon 2020, en developpant l energie photovoltai\"que, eolienne, Ia petite hydro-electricite et Ia biomasse energie).>- Les projets relevant du Programme d Action National d Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA) : ./ le developpement et Ia vulgarisation des varietes des cultures; de types d animaux et des cultures fourrageres ameliorees et adaptees; ./ Ia promotion des banques de cereales; ./ les Activites Generatrices de Revenus {AGR); ./ les amenagements agricoles a petite echelle et Ia conservation des terres ; ./ I utilisation des produits et informations meteorologiques et le renforcement des capacites.', 'horizon 2020, en developpant l energie photovoltai\"que, eolienne, Ia petite hydro-electricite et Ia biomasse energie).>- Les projets relevant du Programme d Action National d Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA) : ./ le developpement et Ia vulgarisation des varietes des cultures; de types d animaux et des cultures fourrageres ameliorees et adaptees; ./ Ia promotion des banques de cereales; ./ les Activites Generatrices de Revenus {AGR); ./ les amenagements agricoles a petite echelle et Ia conservation des terres ; ./ I utilisation des produits et informations meteorologiques et le renforcement des capacites. >- Les autres programmes et projets en cours d ici 2020 avec l appui des partenaires techniques et financiers et des Fonds relatifs au climat (au niveau national et international) pour un montant de 67 millions de $US et concernant principalement : ./ l appui a I adaptation aux changements climatiques dans des communes vulnerables; ./ !', '>- Les autres programmes et projets en cours d ici 2020 avec l appui des partenaires techniques et financiers et des Fonds relatifs au climat (au niveau national et international) pour un montant de 67 millions de $US et concernant principalement : ./ l appui a I adaptation aux changements climatiques dans des communes vulnerables; ./ ! intensification de Ia resilience aux changements climatiques par une gestion agricole et pastorale; ./ I alimentation en eau potable par energie solaire des communautes agro-pastorales; ./ le renforcement de Ia resilience des groupes de femmes productrices et des communautes vulnerables aux changements climatiques; ./ Ia Recherche-Developpement sur ! adaptation de ! agriculture et de l elevage aux rh;mgPmPnt~ rlim;:Jtiques: ./ Ia gestion des ressources naturelles dans un contexte de changements climatiques.', 'agriculture et de l elevage aux rh;mgPmPnt~ rlim;:Jtiques: ./ Ia gestion des ressources naturelles dans un contexte de changements climatiques. Le coOt des besoins d adaptation a rechercher pour Ia periode 2015-2020 sont ceux relatifs au sommet mondial sur le climat de 2014. II s eleve a 1,062 Milliards de $US.', 'II s eleve a 1,062 Milliards de $US. •!• Previsions et besoins en adaptation pour Ia periode 2020-2030 Ces besoins sont bases sur les objectifs de developpement a travers Ia mise en place d un Plan National de Developpement et des abjectifs de developpement durable : ./ Mise en ceuvre du Plan d action technologique pour I adaptation et I attenuation pour plus de 2,5 Millards de $US; ./ Replication des 5 programmes annonces au sommet pour plus d actions notamment le reboisement, le pastoralisme, les energies renouvelables et I Agricultu re intelligente afin de renforcer Ia resilience aux changements climatiques et assurer Ia securite alimentaire sur I ensemble du pays, soit environ 2,124 Milliards de $US; ./ gestion de l ensablement des cours d eau afin de developper les systemes de production agricoles, aquacoles et le transport fluvial pour 1,5 Milliards de $US; ./ Epuration des eaux usees et leurs reutilisation pour des besoins notamment pour !', '•!• Previsions et besoins en adaptation pour Ia periode 2020-2030 Ces besoins sont bases sur les objectifs de developpement a travers Ia mise en place d un Plan National de Developpement et des abjectifs de developpement durable : ./ Mise en ceuvre du Plan d action technologique pour I adaptation et I attenuation pour plus de 2,5 Millards de $US; ./ Replication des 5 programmes annonces au sommet pour plus d actions notamment le reboisement, le pastoralisme, les energies renouvelables et I Agricultu re intelligente afin de renforcer Ia resilience aux changements climatiques et assurer Ia securite alimentaire sur I ensemble du pays, soit environ 2,124 Milliards de $US; ./ gestion de l ensablement des cours d eau afin de developper les systemes de production agricoles, aquacoles et le transport fluvial pour 1,5 Milliards de $US; ./ Epuration des eaux usees et leurs reutilisation pour des besoins notamment pour ! irrigation pour 0,5milliards de$US; ./ Reconversion de !', 'irrigation pour 0,5milliards de$US; ./ Reconversion de ! irrigation de surface et par aspersion a ! irrigation localisee sur des superficies importantes pour I agriculture et le maraichage pour 2,0 Milliards de $US; ./ Reboisement et plantation de milliers d hectares d arb re s fruitiers afin de reconstituer le couvert vegetal et proteger les espaces agricoles de I erosion hydrique et eolienne pourun rout de 1,5 Milliards de$US ;./ Amenagement du territoire et des ressources naturelles, notamment des milliers d hectares de bassins versants pour une gestion rationnelle des ressources en eau pour l ,OMilliards de $US; ./ renforcement des capacites face aux changements climatiques de taus les acteurs du secteur public et prive, y compris le genre et les jeunes pour environ 1,5 Milliards de $US.', 'irrigation localisee sur des superficies importantes pour I agriculture et le maraichage pour 2,0 Milliards de $US; ./ Reboisement et plantation de milliers d hectares d arb re s fruitiers afin de reconstituer le couvert vegetal et proteger les espaces agricoles de I erosion hydrique et eolienne pourun rout de 1,5 Milliards de$US ;./ Amenagement du territoire et des ressources naturelles, notamment des milliers d hectares de bassins versants pour une gestion rationnelle des ressources en eau pour l ,OMilliards de $US; ./ renforcement des capacites face aux changements climatiques de taus les acteurs du secteur public et prive, y compris le genre et les jeunes pour environ 1,5 Milliards de $US. Le cout des actions d adaptation a ! horizon 2030 s eleve a 12,624 M illiards de $US.', 'horizon 2030 s eleve a 12,624 M illiards de $US. I CINQUIEME PARTIE : MOYENS DE MISE EN OEUVRE ~ Transfert de technologies Le Mali dispose d un Plan National de transfert de technologies d adaptation et d attenuation. Pour ! adaptation les technologies concernent Ia pratique des cultures fourrageres, l amenagement des terres de culture, les techniques agro-meteorologiques, les varietes des cultures ameliorees et adaptees aux changements climatiques. Pour ! attenuation, elles concernent les forages, les petits barrages de retenue d eau, le surcreusement des mares et les puits modernes (puits a grand diametre). ~ Mecanisme demarche Le Mali dispose egalement d un portefeuille de plus de 40 projets pour le Mecanisme de DevelnppPment Prnrrp (MOP) rermPtt~nt une reduction potentielle des emissions d au mains 15 millions de Teq C02 par an.', '~ Mecanisme demarche Le Mali dispose egalement d un portefeuille de plus de 40 projets pour le Mecanisme de DevelnppPment Prnrrp (MOP) rermPtt~nt une reduction potentielle des emissions d au mains 15 millions de Teq C02 par an. ~ Renforcement des capacites Afin de limiter les impacts des changements climatiques, et de renforcer Ia resilience des communautes vulnerables et des moyens de subsistance, il s avere necessaire de renforcer les capacites a taus les niveaux.', '~ Renforcement des capacites Afin de limiter les impacts des changements climatiques, et de renforcer Ia resilience des communautes vulnerables et des moyens de subsistance, il s avere necessaire de renforcer les capacites a taus les niveaux. Au niveau institutionnel et legal: les insuffisances se situent au niveau des conflits de competence, du cloisonnement des differentes institutions et a Ia mauvaise et/ou non application des textes legislatifs et reglementaires; Au niveau des decideurs politiques, administratifs et coutumiers : les insuffisances sont surtout liees au manque et/ou Ia faiblesse d information sur les enjeux des questions de changements climatiques; Aux niveaux scientifique et technique, il faut noter l insuffisance de I expertise liee a Ia fa iblesse en ressources humaines qualifiees, de laboratoires de recherches specialises dans le domaine des changements climatiques, de systeme national d acquisition, de traitement et d archivages de donnees suffisantes et fiables ; Au niveau de Ia formation academique il faut noter l insuffisance de structures nationales de formation et de laboratoires de recherche appropries dans le domaine des changements climatiques.', 'Au niveau institutionnel et legal: les insuffisances se situent au niveau des conflits de competence, du cloisonnement des differentes institutions et a Ia mauvaise et/ou non application des textes legislatifs et reglementaires; Au niveau des decideurs politiques, administratifs et coutumiers : les insuffisances sont surtout liees au manque et/ou Ia faiblesse d information sur les enjeux des questions de changements climatiques; Aux niveaux scientifique et technique, il faut noter l insuffisance de I expertise liee a Ia fa iblesse en ressources humaines qualifiees, de laboratoires de recherches specialises dans le domaine des changements climatiques, de systeme national d acquisition, de traitement et d archivages de donnees suffisantes et fiables ; Au niveau de Ia formation academique il faut noter l insuffisance de structures nationales de formation et de laboratoires de recherche appropries dans le domaine des changements climatiques. Au niveau des communautes et des collectivites territoriales le manque d information sur les impacts et les mesures a prendre en vue de renforcer leur resilience aux changements climatiques ainsi que le manque de formation et d equipements adaptes pour Ia mise en ceuvre de ces mesures sont reels ;Au niveau du grand public on note une insuffisance d information et de sensibilisation; L insuffisance d information et d expertise des medias et leur faible implication pour Ia communication en matiere de changements climatiques est aussi une realite.', 'Au niveau des communautes et des collectivites territoriales le manque d information sur les impacts et les mesures a prendre en vue de renforcer leur resilience aux changements climatiques ainsi que le manque de formation et d equipements adaptes pour Ia mise en ceuvre de ces mesures sont reels ;Au niveau du grand public on note une insuffisance d information et de sensibilisation; L insuffisance d information et d expertise des medias et leur faible implication pour Ia communication en matiere de changements climatiques est aussi une realite. ~ Financement Le financement des actions de lut~e contre les changements climatiques reste aujourd hui ! element central des negociations sur le climat.', 'element central des negociations sur le climat. Le Mali est en train de concevoir et de mettre en reuvre une strategie de financement durable de l environnement et des changements climatiques qui devrait concilier l unicite des procedures, Ia transparence des informations, I~ souplesse de gestion et Ia perennite des financements dans les operations cles. Cette strategie jouera un role impprtant pour Ia mobilisation des Fonds prevues par le Mali pour les changements climatiques et l economie verte, notamment ceux pour Ia mise en reuvre des actions d attenuation, d adaptation et de transferts de technologie presentes dans Ia CON. En ce qui concerne les changements climatiques cette strategie s appuiera notamment sur: le Fonds Climat Mali (Fonds national et multipartenaires); le Fonds vert climat; le Fonds d adaptation; d autres fonds intervenant.en matiere de changements climatiques.', 'En ce qui concerne les changements climatiques cette strategie s appuiera notamment sur: le Fonds Climat Mali (Fonds national et multipartenaires); le Fonds vert climat; le Fonds d adaptation; d autres fonds intervenant.en matiere de changements climatiques. ~ Autres activites : Elimination de HCFC et reconversic;>n des Het: un calendrier d elimination totale des hydro-chloro- fluro-carbone (HCFC) a ! horizon 2~30, soit une reduction d environ 17, 279 Teq C02.CONCLUSION I Face aux defis climatiques, le Gou~ernement du Mali est resolu a assumer ses responsabilites par une I demarche participative, de maniere ambitieuse, en construisant un nouveau paradigme integrant pleinement Ia dimension humainelen complement des dimensions economiques et ecologiques. I I Le Mali attend de ses partenaires qu ils assument egalement leurs propres responsabilites dans le I cadre de Ia Convention Cadre d~s Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques.', 'I I Le Mali attend de ses partenaires qu ils assument egalement leurs propres responsabilites dans le I cadre de Ia Convention Cadre d~s Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques. Un signal fort serait certainement une contribut~on significative et ambitieuse au Fonds Vert Climat. I La mise en ceuvre des projets/prJgrammes prioritaires identifies dans Ia CON, dont Ia mobilisation des ressources constitue une con~itionnalite, sont conformes aux orientations du Cadre Strategique pour Ia Croissance et Ia Reduction de Ia Pauvrete (CSCRP) et a Ia Politique Nationale sur les I Changements Climatiques (PNCC)., i C est dans ce contexte que le Mali amerce une trajectoire de developpement economique sobre en carbone et resilient aux changements climatiques, contribuant de plus aux efforts mondiaux de I . stabilisation des gaz a effet de serrle, au titre de Ia responsabilite commune mais differenciee. 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I"},"income_group":{"kind":"string","value":"High-income"},"region":{"kind":"string","value":"Europe"},"eu27":{"kind":"string","value":"EU27"},"ghg_total":{"kind":"number","value":1.0436021781876,"string":"1.043602"},"ghg_transport":{"kind":"number","value":0.34694393182,"string":"0.346944"},"mena":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"valid":{"kind":"bool","value":true,"string":"true"},"document_path":{"kind":"string","value":"../data/downloaded_documents/0b0122eb02a90a2e0bfaaf27b346f4adb82933bd4bbf3b45e95c42a7a065906d.pdf"},"para_list":{"kind":"string","value":"['Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Contents Foreword - Minister for the Environment, Climate Change and Planning 6 List of Abbreviations 9 Executive Summary 14 1. Overview And Process For Developing Strategies 19 1.2. Legal and policy context 22 1.3. Public consultation and stakeholder engagement 23 2. Abatement Of Greenhouse Gases 26 2.1. Total GHG Emission reductions and enhancement of removals by sinks 27 2.2. Overarching themes for the Strategy 32 2.3. Overview of key policy initiatives 33 2.4.1. Assumptions for the estimated energy consumption by 2050 34 2.4.2. Total estimated energy required out to 2050 36 2.6.7. Agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) 66 3.1. Adaptation priorities 72 3.2. Challenges, Gaps and Barriers to adaptation 80 3.3. Adaptation measures 81Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy 4.1.', 'Adaptation measures 81Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy 4.1. Estimates of investment needed 93 4.2. Mitigating the financial burdens on low to middle income families 95 4.3. Sources of Funding 96 4.3.1. European financing instruments 96 4.3.2. National financing instruments 98 4.4. Policies and measures for related research, development and innovation 98 5. Environmental And Socio-Economic Impacts 102 6.1. Stakeholder Consultation List 112 6.2. Details on modelling 113Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyForeword - Minister for the Environment, Climate Change and PlanningMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy As we come to grips with the COVID-19 pandemic and move towards a post pandemic context, we cannot lose the opportunity to look back at the lessons learned from the pandemic.', 'Details on modelling 113Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyForeword - Minister for the Environment, Climate Change and PlanningMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy As we come to grips with the COVID-19 pandemic and move towards a post pandemic context, we cannot lose the opportunity to look back at the lessons learned from the pandemic. We need to ensure that as we strive to revitalize our lives we don’t just work to build back to our old ways of doing things but we must focus on building back better. We are still facing what can be called a global climate crisis - accelerating climate change and unprecedented loss of natural resources and biodiversity.', 'We are still facing what can be called a global climate crisis - accelerating climate change and unprecedented loss of natural resources and biodiversity. The situation is exacerbated by anthropogenic activities and lifestyles that continue to fuel GHG emissions and cause extreme ripple effects on the world’s livelihoods. Our transport systems, infrastructure, energy use, construction, manufacturing, and agriculture sectors are starting to suffer and endure the manifestations of climate change. Whilst Malta has already been seeing a reduction in carbon emissions, further efforts are required to reduce emissions levels that push our small island state towards a safer operational balance within this context. As the economy progresses to a new normal in a post-COVID scenario, consumption and energy demand are expected to progress accordingly.', 'As the economy progresses to a new normal in a post-COVID scenario, consumption and energy demand are expected to progress accordingly. Hence, instilling behavioural changes towards more climate friendly and sustainable practices is paramount in driving Malta towards a carbon-neutral and resilient island in the face of increasing climate change pressures. Government has already taken a stance on this by making carbon neutrality a strong pillar for economic growth and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic – it is already striving towards a more proactive Malta that brings a real change, as evidenced by recently announced initiatives as ClimateOn, Seedgreen, Ecobuild, and Saving our Blue campaign.', 'Government has already taken a stance on this by making carbon neutrality a strong pillar for economic growth and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic – it is already striving towards a more proactive Malta that brings a real change, as evidenced by recently announced initiatives as ClimateOn, Seedgreen, Ecobuild, and Saving our Blue campaign. With this Low Carbon Development Strategy, Government wants to continue gaining ground and set a strategic direction for the next 30 years, with a set of measures where economic growth is decoupled from natural resource use and environmental pressures.', 'With this Low Carbon Development Strategy, Government wants to continue gaining ground and set a strategic direction for the next 30 years, with a set of measures where economic growth is decoupled from natural resource use and environmental pressures. The strategy, in combination with other national strategies and plans such as the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), the Long Term Renovation Strategy (LTRS), and the Long Term Waste Management Plan, will ensure carbon emissions reductions across the main sectors of the Maltese economy, in line with the EU climate neutrality ambition set by the European Green Deal and in line with our Paris Agreement goals.', 'The strategy, in combination with other national strategies and plans such as the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), the Long Term Renovation Strategy (LTRS), and the Long Term Waste Management Plan, will ensure carbon emissions reductions across the main sectors of the Maltese economy, in line with the EU climate neutrality ambition set by the European Green Deal and in line with our Paris Agreement goals. Conserving energy and reducing emissions from transport, buildings, industry, waste disposal, water generation, and the sector of agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) represents a winning conflict resolution to climate change mitigation - decreasing the demand for energy generation and unsustainable resources and methods will pay end-consumers and beneficiaries, whilst also resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions.', 'Conserving energy and reducing emissions from transport, buildings, industry, waste disposal, water generation, and the sector of agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) represents a winning conflict resolution to climate change mitigation - decreasing the demand for energy generation and unsustainable resources and methods will pay end-consumers and beneficiaries, whilst also resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions. This strategy, indeed, addresses Malta’s decarbonisation journey by prioritising the most cost-effective measures to improve energy efficiency and promoting renewable energy sources, whilst taking into account their socio-economic impacts. It aims at promoting green investment over 30 years, whilst improving the quality of our building stock, the way we work, our mobility patterns, our health and lifestyles.', 'It aims at promoting green investment over 30 years, whilst improving the quality of our building stock, the way we work, our mobility patterns, our health and lifestyles. Unbeknownst to the majority of us, climate change is also revealing itself on our shores through higherMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy temperatures, change in precipitation patterns, sea level rise, and ocean acidification and warming. This strategy addresses the impacts of these risks and consequences through measures that teach us how we can adapt to these phenomena – ranging from a cross-sectoral level, to a micro approach that considers water resources, infrastructure and transport, land use and buildings, natural ecosystems, agriculture and fisheries, health and civil protection, and tourism sectors.', 'This strategy addresses the impacts of these risks and consequences through measures that teach us how we can adapt to these phenomena – ranging from a cross-sectoral level, to a micro approach that considers water resources, infrastructure and transport, land use and buildings, natural ecosystems, agriculture and fisheries, health and civil protection, and tourism sectors. This is the framework and anatomy within which the Maltese Government will be operating and applying to the Maltese economy over a 30-year period leading up to 2050. It is purposely designed to address the pathways for Malta to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 across all sectors.', 'It is purposely designed to address the pathways for Malta to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 across all sectors. The policy mix on both mitigation and adaptation fronts focuses on different levers to ensure public spending and leverage for private investment - information, incentives, regulation, enforcement, and working with stakeholders to overcome financial and technical barriers. With the United Nation’s Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) on the horizon (in November 2021), Government is committed to rise to the challenge of honouring the Paris Agreement and its goals. The transition to a greener and carbon neutral economy for Malta will pump new life into our future, where government will invest substantially in the process to ensure all are and remain onboard.', 'The transition to a greener and carbon neutral economy for Malta will pump new life into our future, where government will invest substantially in the process to ensure all are and remain onboard. Together we can reverse the impending calamities of climate change and environmental degradation. We can do that by building back better, by changing our production and consumption patterns to ones that respect life. Let’s take control. Let us build back better.', 'Let us build back better. Aaron Farrugia Minister for the Environment, Climate Change and PlanningMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy List of AbbreviationsMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy AD Anaerobic Digestor Bln Billion CC Climate Change CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbines CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons CO Carbon Dioxide CO eq Carbon Dioxide Equivalent CPD Civil Protection Department DR Discount Rate EC European Commission EE Energy Efficiency/ Efficient EfW Energy-from-Waste ERA Environment and Resource Authority ETS Emission Trading Schemes EU European Union EV Electric Vehicle EWA Energy and Water Agency FDI Foreign Direct Investment GHG Greenhouse Gas GHGE Greenhouse Gas Emission GwH Gigawatt Hour HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons ICE Internal Combustion Engine IM Infrastructure Malta Kt Kiloton Ktoe Kilotonnes of Oil Equivalent kWh Kilowatt-hourMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy LCDS Low Carbon Development Strategy LCDV Low Carbon Development Vision (2017) LED Light-emitting diode LTRS Long Term Renovation Strategy LULUCF Agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry MACC Marginal Abatement Cost Curve MCST Malta Council for Science and Technology MECP Ministry for Environment, Climate Change and Planning (previously Ministry for the Environment, Sustainable Development and Climate Change) MFF The EU’s Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027 MFH Ministry for Health Mln Million MS Member States MT Million Tons MTIP Ministry for Transport, Infrastructure and Capital Projects MW Megawatts MW(e) Megawatt electrical, a unit of electric power MWh Megawatt hour NECP National Energy and Climate Plan(s) NFRP National Flood Relief Project Nm Nautical Miles NPV Net Present Value NREAP National Renewable Energy Action Plan NSO National Statistics Office OFW Offshore floating wind turbines OFSPV Offshore floating solar PVs OHS Occupational Health and SafetyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy OHSA Occupational Health & Safety Authority pa Per annum PV Photovoltaic R&D Research & Development R&I Research and Innovation RDD Rural Development Department, Ministry for Agriculture, Fisheries, Food and Animal Rights RDI Research, Development & Innovation RE/ RES Renewable Energy/ RE sources REWS Regulator for Energy and Water Services SDG Sustainable Development Goal SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SWH Solar Water Heaters SWHP Solar Water Heat Pumps TM Transport Malta ton A short ton, equal to 2,000 U.S. pounds tonne A metric ton, equal to 1,000 kilograms (2,204.6 pounds) UM University of Malta UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US United States W Watts WCMP 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan WMP Waste Management Plan for the Maltese Islands Wp Watt PeakTemporary spacer page Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyExecutive SummaryMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Climate Change (CC) is a global phenomenon which is posing enormous and growing threats and challenges on a daily basis, especially on small island states like Malta1.', 'Aaron Farrugia Minister for the Environment, Climate Change and PlanningMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy List of AbbreviationsMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy AD Anaerobic Digestor Bln Billion CC Climate Change CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbines CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons CO Carbon Dioxide CO eq Carbon Dioxide Equivalent CPD Civil Protection Department DR Discount Rate EC European Commission EE Energy Efficiency/ Efficient EfW Energy-from-Waste ERA Environment and Resource Authority ETS Emission Trading Schemes EU European Union EV Electric Vehicle EWA Energy and Water Agency FDI Foreign Direct Investment GHG Greenhouse Gas GHGE Greenhouse Gas Emission GwH Gigawatt Hour HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons ICE Internal Combustion Engine IM Infrastructure Malta Kt Kiloton Ktoe Kilotonnes of Oil Equivalent kWh Kilowatt-hourMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy LCDS Low Carbon Development Strategy LCDV Low Carbon Development Vision (2017) LED Light-emitting diode LTRS Long Term Renovation Strategy LULUCF Agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry MACC Marginal Abatement Cost Curve MCST Malta Council for Science and Technology MECP Ministry for Environment, Climate Change and Planning (previously Ministry for the Environment, Sustainable Development and Climate Change) MFF The EU’s Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027 MFH Ministry for Health Mln Million MS Member States MT Million Tons MTIP Ministry for Transport, Infrastructure and Capital Projects MW Megawatts MW(e) Megawatt electrical, a unit of electric power MWh Megawatt hour NECP National Energy and Climate Plan(s) NFRP National Flood Relief Project Nm Nautical Miles NPV Net Present Value NREAP National Renewable Energy Action Plan NSO National Statistics Office OFW Offshore floating wind turbines OFSPV Offshore floating solar PVs OHS Occupational Health and SafetyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy OHSA Occupational Health & Safety Authority pa Per annum PV Photovoltaic R&D Research & Development R&I Research and Innovation RDD Rural Development Department, Ministry for Agriculture, Fisheries, Food and Animal Rights RDI Research, Development & Innovation RE/ RES Renewable Energy/ RE sources REWS Regulator for Energy and Water Services SDG Sustainable Development Goal SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SWH Solar Water Heaters SWHP Solar Water Heat Pumps TM Transport Malta ton A short ton, equal to 2,000 U.S. pounds tonne A metric ton, equal to 1,000 kilograms (2,204.6 pounds) UM University of Malta UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US United States W Watts WCMP 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan WMP Waste Management Plan for the Maltese Islands Wp Watt PeakTemporary spacer page Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyExecutive SummaryMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Climate Change (CC) is a global phenomenon which is posing enormous and growing threats and challenges on a daily basis, especially on small island states like Malta1. It is no longer a matter of ‘if’ CC will happen, but rather of ‘when’, ‘at which intensity’ and ‘where it will hit worst’.', 'It is no longer a matter of ‘if’ CC will happen, but rather of ‘when’, ‘at which intensity’ and ‘where it will hit worst’. It is therefore with utmost urgency that countries need to accelerate the implementation of mitigation measures, to reduce carbon emissions and curb the destructive CC patterns which are developing globally. This primarily entails dealing with greenhouse gases (GHGs) that trap heat and make the planet warmer (this does not include all air pollutants2), and which largely emanate from carbon dioxide (CO ), but also methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), and other industrial (fluorinated) gases as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF ). In the meantime, all countries need to ensure resilience and adaptation by preparing for the inevitable CC.', 'In the meantime, all countries need to ensure resilience and adaptation by preparing for the inevitable CC. Driven by evidence that calls for immediate action and a number of international obligations, the Maltese Government has embarked on the development of a Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS or “Strategy”) that maps out the country’s decarbonisation journey up to 2050, following the publication of a Low Carbon Development Vision (LCDV) in 2017. The LCDS is being spearheaded by the Ministry for the Environment, Climate Change and Planning (MECP), with considerable inter-ministerial collaboration involved, including input from the Ministry for Energy and Sustainable Development, and the Ministry for Transport, Infrastructure and Capital Projects.', 'The LCDS is being spearheaded by the Ministry for the Environment, Climate Change and Planning (MECP), with considerable inter-ministerial collaboration involved, including input from the Ministry for Energy and Sustainable Development, and the Ministry for Transport, Infrastructure and Capital Projects. CC ubiquitously impacts all sectors of an economy and hence collaboration from all parties, including private individuals and households, civil society and the private sector, will be required to make sure that both mitigation and adaptation measures are adopted effectively. This Strategy is the result of a three-year process initiated by MECP, whereby mitigation measures have been researched and short-listed, possible abatement levels quantified through Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) modelling (i.e.', 'This Strategy is the result of a three-year process initiated by MECP, whereby mitigation measures have been researched and short-listed, possible abatement levels quantified through Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) modelling (i.e. ratio of abatement potential against incremental cost of measure), and stakeholders consulted, leading to a list of realistic and cost-effective measures which are to be implemented in the years to come. The use of MACC modelling allows government to predict the likely economic impacts and benefits of reducing GHG emissions, including overall economic investment costs and operational cost/ savings over the baseline (i.e. a situation without LCDS measures).', 'a situation without LCDS measures). The social and environmental effects and the cost to society from taking such measures are considered in specific assessments and thus allow policy to be designed in a way that is beneficial to society in economic and environmental terms. This three-year process was initiated in 2018 and its output and considerations have been inevitably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic which hit Malta as from March 2020. 1 World Health Organisation (2018). Climate Change increasingly affects small countries. Retrieved from: 2 Air pollutants relate to those pollutants which can harm the environment and health, can cause property damage, but do not necessarily cause an increase in global temperatures.', 'Retrieved from: 2 Air pollutants relate to those pollutants which can harm the environment and health, can cause property damage, but do not necessarily cause an increase in global temperatures. Key primary air pollutants include particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC), sulphur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX) (which includes both nitrogen monoxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO ), ammonia (NH ), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH ), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), including benzene (C H ), and certain metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). This Strategy focuses on GHGs, i.e.', 'This Strategy focuses on GHGs, i.e. carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), and other industrial (fluorinated) gases as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF ).Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Malta is already subject to GHG mitigation commitments under the EU climate action regulation. Under this set of regulations, the EU has set efforts to reduce its overall 1990 emission levels by 20% up to the year 2020, by 55%3 by 2030 and be climate neutral4 by the year 2050.', 'Under this set of regulations, the EU has set efforts to reduce its overall 1990 emission levels by 20% up to the year 2020, by 55%3 by 2030 and be climate neutral4 by the year 2050. More specifically, Malta also has its own targets in terms of the Effort Sharing Decision (Decision No 406/2009/EC of 23 April 2009; ESD), committing to control GHG emission growth to no more than 5% of 2005 levels by 2020, and the Effort Sharing Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the 30 May 2018; ESR). This Strategy will help in reaching the latter target and fulfilling our obligations in terms of the EU and Paris Agreement.', 'This Strategy will help in reaching the latter target and fulfilling our obligations in terms of the EU and Paris Agreement. A Climate Action Act was also enacted in local law in 20155, setting the national governance framework for Climate Action and covering both Adaptation and Mitigation. Government has already committed to becoming carbon neutral by 2050, as part of its pillars of economic growth and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, Malta understands that its effort will only contribute a very small (in absolute terms) part to the required global effort, with larger and more developed countries having to carry large reductions to their footprint.', 'At the same time, Malta understands that its effort will only contribute a very small (in absolute terms) part to the required global effort, with larger and more developed countries having to carry large reductions to their footprint. In this regard, Malta can still take a key role in the global war against CC – by assisting in the piloting of carbon efforts and new technologies (carbontech). Figure 1: Historic Net Territorial GHGEs by Inventory Sector (Source: Malta Resources Authority (2020), National Inventory) 3 Updated from -40% through EU Council Conclusions in December 2020 ( 4 Carbon neutrality refers to the state of achieving net zero carbon emissions (i.e.', 'Figure 1: Historic Net Territorial GHGEs by Inventory Sector (Source: Malta Resources Authority (2020), National Inventory) 3 Updated from -40% through EU Council Conclusions in December 2020 ( 4 Carbon neutrality refers to the state of achieving net zero carbon emissions (i.e. all carbon emissions are offset by carbon removal technologies and/ or renewable energy); carbon negative is a state where offsetting exceeds carbon emissions; net zero refers to zero carbon dioxide emissions. 5 The Climate Action Act was published as Chapter 543 of the Laws of Malta in 2015 and is Malta’s main law on climate change.', '5 The Climate Action Act was published as Chapter 543 of the Laws of Malta in 2015 and is Malta’s main law on climate change. This enabling Act specifies that it aims to contribute to the mitigation of CC by limiting anthropogenic emissions of GHGs and to protect and enhance greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy The recent public announcements that the island of Gozo can become carbon neutral before Malta’s 2050 target confirm government’s commitment. Government also welcomes the local private sector’s efforts to follow in these steps, with various local companies having already announced plans towards carbon neutrality.', 'Government also welcomes the local private sector’s efforts to follow in these steps, with various local companies having already announced plans towards carbon neutrality. Over the past years, Malta has already been seeing a reduction in carbon emissions, especially due to the shift of power generation using gas rather than heavy fuel oil (Figure 1). This trajectory is still not enough for Malta to reach its 2030 targets under the ESR and will not be conducive to the EU’s new goal of climate neutrality by 2050.', 'This trajectory is still not enough for Malta to reach its 2030 targets under the ESR and will not be conducive to the EU’s new goal of climate neutrality by 2050. For this reason, this LCDS outlines a feasible set of measures in seven different sectors, namely: Energy, Transport, Buildings, Industry, Waste, Water and Agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), aimed to achieve target reductions in GHG emissions by 2050 and also enabling Malta to reach its ESR targets by 2030, as indicated in Figure 2 and Figure 3. The measures leading to such abatement have been short-listed from a long list of possible measures derived through research and stakeholder discussions.', 'The measures leading to such abatement have been short-listed from a long list of possible measures derived through research and stakeholder discussions. The LCDS operates on a four-year policy cycle as mandated in the amended Climate Action Act – which will provide further opportunities to update such measures as new information becomes available, and as technologies (and their costs) develop. This Strategy also assesses the social and economic impacts of each measure (a separate Strategic Environmental Assessment has also been commissioned by the Ministry). The impact assessment outlines the potential effects of the individual and sectoral measures on different players in the economy, to make sure that any negative effects are managed, and positive impacts materialise.', 'The impact assessment outlines the potential effects of the individual and sectoral measures on different players in the economy, to make sure that any negative effects are managed, and positive impacts materialise. Additionally, this Strategy also includes adaptation measures, proposing initiatives which will help the country be resilient in the face of CC impacts which are already hitting our islands. The adaptation measures aim to address the specific risks and vulnerabilities which Malta faces given its nature as a small island state and given its Mediterranean climate.', 'The adaptation measures aim to address the specific risks and vulnerabilities which Malta faces given its nature as a small island state and given its Mediterranean climate. This LCDS therefore brings together Malta’s efforts in combatting CC and its effects, both through mitigation measures which will decrease the future emissions of our activities, as well as through adaptation measures, which will prepare our islands to be resilient in the face of increased risks and effects.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Figure 2: Total GHG Emission Reductions Figure 3: GHG Emission Reductions – Contribution under ESR vs Target / Proposed TargetsOverview And Process For Developing StrategiesMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Climate change (CC) is real and happening globally.', 'This LCDS therefore brings together Malta’s efforts in combatting CC and its effects, both through mitigation measures which will decrease the future emissions of our activities, as well as through adaptation measures, which will prepare our islands to be resilient in the face of increased risks and effects.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Figure 2: Total GHG Emission Reductions Figure 3: GHG Emission Reductions – Contribution under ESR vs Target / Proposed TargetsOverview And Process For Developing StrategiesMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Climate change (CC) is real and happening globally. Mitigation through lower carbon emissions is a must for the world if we are to stall this intense destructive pattern; however, the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will not happen organically.', 'Mitigation through lower carbon emissions is a must for the world if we are to stall this intense destructive pattern; however, the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will not happen organically. These climate forcers are pressuring planetary boundaries through the seven main GHG as outlined in the Kyoto Protocol6, namely: carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), and other industrial (fluorinated) gases as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF ). Also, as GHG emissions lead to higher temperature intensity, some increased air pollution results via increased smog, rise in mold, and more pollen (which are intensified via rising global temperatures). Hence, though this Strategy focuses only on GHG emissions, their reduction might have benefits for reduction of other air pollutants7.', 'Hence, though this Strategy focuses only on GHG emissions, their reduction might have benefits for reduction of other air pollutants7. Carbon emissions need to be reduced and eventually netted, via extensive globally committed and concerted actions that are put together and translated into realistic and implementable plans, whilst still allowing for economic development to be maintained, and countries and citizens to continue thriving. Malta is no exception in terms of actions that needs to be taken and is hereby presenting its Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS or “Strategy”) which sets a direction for the years to come, mapping a trajectory of how the country aims to reduce its GHG emissions and contribute to CC mitigation.', 'Malta is no exception in terms of actions that needs to be taken and is hereby presenting its Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS or “Strategy”) which sets a direction for the years to come, mapping a trajectory of how the country aims to reduce its GHG emissions and contribute to CC mitigation. The LCDS is being spearheaded by the Ministry for the Environment, Climate Change and Planning (MECP) and is the result of a three-year process initiated by Government and the MECP, whereby mitigation measures have been researched and short- listed, possible abatement levels quantified through Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) modelling (i.e.', 'The LCDS is being spearheaded by the Ministry for the Environment, Climate Change and Planning (MECP) and is the result of a three-year process initiated by Government and the MECP, whereby mitigation measures have been researched and short- listed, possible abatement levels quantified through Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) modelling (i.e. the ratio of abatement potential against incremental cost of measure), and stakeholders consulted, leading to a list of realistic and cost-effective measures which are to be implemented in the years to come. The Strategy aims to move towards climate neutrality by 2050 in line with Malta’s contribution to EU-wide goals. Carbon neutrality is also one of Malta’s pillars for economic growth and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.', 'Carbon neutrality is also one of Malta’s pillars for economic growth and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This three-year process was initiated in 2018 and its output and considerations have been inevitably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic which hit Malta as from March 2020. Within this context, this Strategy seeks to align economic development with measures that reduce and offset GHG emissions through interim targets for 2030. Longer-term targets can only be achieved as smaller interim goals are obtained. It acts as a direct response to several international and national legal vehicles which require different nation states, including Malta, to act and be ambitious on CC, decrease carbon emissions and address vulnerabilities.', 'It acts as a direct response to several international and national legal vehicles which require different nation states, including Malta, to act and be ambitious on CC, decrease carbon emissions and address vulnerabilities. This Strategy lays out a number of proposed measures, spanning over seven sectors, namely: Energy, Transport, Buildings, Industry, Waste, Water and Agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry 6 United Nations (1998). Kyoto Protocol, Annex A 7 The European Environment Agency (2020) Air quality in Europe Report refers to the following air pollutants: particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC), sulphur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX), ammonia (NH3), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and certain metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).', 'Kyoto Protocol, Annex A 7 The European Environment Agency (2020) Air quality in Europe Report refers to the following air pollutants: particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC), sulphur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX), ammonia (NH3), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and certain metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This LCDS focuses on GHG emissions only, while the Malta Environmental & Resources Authority’s (ERA) National Air Pollution Control Programme (2019) covers NOx, sulphur dioxide (SO2), NMVOCs, NH3, and fine PM (PM2.5).Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy (LULUCF). These measures represent steps that must be taken in order to achieve the necessary goals, in the said timeframes.', 'These measures represent steps that must be taken in order to achieve the necessary goals, in the said timeframes. The measures chosen have been primarily analysed using MACC modelling, to ensure cost effectiveness and a balance between carbon abatement and economic cost. Social and environmental impact assessments of these measures have also been carried out. The Strategy will not be implemented in a vacuum, and is underprinned by the geophysical and economic context of the Maltese islands. This in itself makes it very unique when compared to any other LCDS, since some of the characteristics of the islands limit the type of measures which can be recommended in order to reduce carbon emissions.', 'This in itself makes it very unique when compared to any other LCDS, since some of the characteristics of the islands limit the type of measures which can be recommended in order to reduce carbon emissions. \\x84 Firstly, Malta is physically separated from mainland Europe; this insularity means that connections with Europe are only possible via air or sea. While both aviation and marine emissions fall outside the scope of the LCDS (due to their international footprint), domestic navigation emissions fall within the scope of the targets addressed in this LCDS However, transport measures linked to other countries are not included in the Strategy, unlike for other countries who target emissions resulting from trains, buses or private vehicles moving across borders.', 'While both aviation and marine emissions fall outside the scope of the LCDS (due to their international footprint), domestic navigation emissions fall within the scope of the targets addressed in this LCDS However, transport measures linked to other countries are not included in the Strategy, unlike for other countries who target emissions resulting from trains, buses or private vehicles moving across borders. \\x84 Secondly, due to Malta’s small size and related economies of scale issues, as well as its very limited natural resources, it is greatly dependent on imports, whose emissions are accounted for in the country of origin (in line with the methodology used to account for GHG inventories).', '\\x84 Secondly, due to Malta’s small size and related economies of scale issues, as well as its very limited natural resources, it is greatly dependent on imports, whose emissions are accounted for in the country of origin (in line with the methodology used to account for GHG inventories). Small size also leads to cost diseconomies, as certain technologies require a high-level minimum efficient scale which a country like Malta might not be able to attain. These cost considerations also affect the adoption of new technologies at an early stage; however, Malta remains best placed to act as a test bed for new technologies, in partnership with larger countries/ private partners, and emerging carbon technologies (carbontech) are one such opportunity for Malta.', 'These cost considerations also affect the adoption of new technologies at an early stage; however, Malta remains best placed to act as a test bed for new technologies, in partnership with larger countries/ private partners, and emerging carbon technologies (carbontech) are one such opportunity for Malta. \\x84 Thirdly, our limited land availability limits the possibility of woodlands which could be used for natural carbon sequestration, whilst also limiting certain mitigation measures such as the deployment of large renewable energy batteries or extensive onshore renewable ‘farms’ which would require large land areas.', '\\x84 Thirdly, our limited land availability limits the possibility of woodlands which could be used for natural carbon sequestration, whilst also limiting certain mitigation measures such as the deployment of large renewable energy batteries or extensive onshore renewable ‘farms’ which would require large land areas. \\x84 Fourthly, Malta is also characterised by very hot summers and mild winters, hence heating is only used for relatively short periods in Maltese buildings, meaning that lower emission reductions can be obtained from this sector compared to other colder countries. The key economic areas are mostly service oriented or low carbon intense manufacturing, which also limit the carbon reductions possibilities from this end.', 'The key economic areas are mostly service oriented or low carbon intense manufacturing, which also limit the carbon reductions possibilities from this end. These characteristics make Malta one of the lowest emitters of GHGs per capita and per unit GDP in Europe but also points towards the fact that many of the low lying fruits which can easily be tapped into by other larger, more carbon intense countries, are not present in Malta. These limitations mean that benefits and carbon savings from the measures hereby proposed might take longer than other measures implemented in other counterpart countries, or are marginally costlier.', 'These limitations mean that benefits and carbon savings from the measures hereby proposed might take longer than other measures implemented in other counterpart countries, or are marginally costlier. Moreover, Malta’s size does not allow it to be a technology enabler but rather an adopter, such that any carbon saving technologies might take longer to be adopted locally. Malta understands that its effort will only contribute a very small (in absolute terms) part toMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy the required global effort, with all other countries having to carry reductions to their footprint according to their common but differentiated responsabilities and respective capabilities. Malta could act as a test bed to pilot carbon efforts and new technologies (carbontech).', 'Malta could act as a test bed to pilot carbon efforts and new technologies (carbontech). The recent public announcements that the island of Gozo can become carbon neutral before Malta’s 2050 target confirm government’s vision in this area. Government also welcomes the local private sector’s efforts to follow in these steps, with various local companies having already announced plans towards carbon neutrality, and more to follow in the coming months. CC is already happening, and any measures taken now will only reduce and/ or postpone future negative impacts, but are unlikely to completely eliminate them given the global damage done to date. Negative impacts and risks are already occurring and impacting our daily lives and environment.', 'Negative impacts and risks are already occurring and impacting our daily lives and environment. For this reason, it is important that countries also adopt adaptive measures to reduce these impacts. Malta is thus presenting a set of adaptation measures as part of this LCDS, to make sure that the country remains responsive and resilient in the face of environmental changes brought about by CC. 1.2. Legal and policy context As a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, Malta has international commitments towards action on CC, and as a Member State of the European Union, Malta contributes to the EU’s Nationally Determined Contribution. In order to fulfil this Malta is bound by EU legally binding targets.', 'In order to fulfil this Malta is bound by EU legally binding targets. Malta also adopted its Climate Action Act (2015) and a Climate Emergency Resolution (2019) which provide nationally binding legal obligations for coherent and coordinated governance to deal with the climate crisis. The Paris Agreement is the first-ever universal, legally binding global CC agreement. It sets out a global framework to avoid dangerous CC by limiting global heating to well below 2°C and to actively pursue the ambition to limit the increase to below 1.5 degrees Celsius. It does this by planning for low carbon development, increasing resilience and ability to adapt, improving ability to live with the adverse impacts of CC, and by making financial flows consistent with resilient and low carbon development trajectories.', 'It does this by planning for low carbon development, increasing resilience and ability to adapt, improving ability to live with the adverse impacts of CC, and by making financial flows consistent with resilient and low carbon development trajectories. A requirement of the Paris Agreement is that all parties to the Agreement must prepare and communicate their Nationally Determined Contributions to the global effort to reduce GHG emissions. In line with this, the EU has a long-term strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, under which each Member State is required to plan and communicate an LCDS up to 2050.', 'In line with this, the EU has a long-term strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, under which each Member State is required to plan and communicate an LCDS up to 2050. This document is Malta’s LCDS, and has been prepared in line with the process outlined in the Regulation on the governance of the energy union and climate action (EU/2018/1999)8. Aligning with the EU’s long-term strategy, the LCDS is consistent with Malta’s National Energy & Climate Plan (NECP - 2020), which aims to ensure the achievement of the 8 Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy EU’s 2030 objectives and targets in line with the Paris Agreement commitments.', 'Aligning with the EU’s long-term strategy, the LCDS is consistent with Malta’s National Energy & Climate Plan (NECP - 2020), which aims to ensure the achievement of the 8 Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy EU’s 2030 objectives and targets in line with the Paris Agreement commitments. The LCDS and Long Term Renovation Strategy (LTRS - 2021) are also aligned; the LTRS supports the renovation of the national building stock into a highly energy efficient and decarbonised building stock by 2050 and is in line with the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive.', 'The LCDS and Long Term Renovation Strategy (LTRS - 2021) are also aligned; the LTRS supports the renovation of the national building stock into a highly energy efficient and decarbonised building stock by 2050 and is in line with the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. The LCDS is also aligned with other strategies or policies in place or which are currently being finalised, including: the Green Public Procurement Action Plan, the National Strategy for the Environment, the National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan to 2030, the National Post-Pandemic Strategy, and Malta’s Economic Vision for 2021-2031.', 'The LCDS is also aligned with other strategies or policies in place or which are currently being finalised, including: the Green Public Procurement Action Plan, the National Strategy for the Environment, the National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan to 2030, the National Post-Pandemic Strategy, and Malta’s Economic Vision for 2021-2031. In particular, the National Biodiversity Action Plan to 2030 contains targets and measures on the management and protection of ecosystems and biodiversity, which in turn would lead to the achievement of long-term strategic goals for carbon neutrality and climate adaptation and mitigation through the protection of natural carbon sinks, the restoration of habitats, the implementation of nature-based solutions and green infrastructure, amongst others.', 'In particular, the National Biodiversity Action Plan to 2030 contains targets and measures on the management and protection of ecosystems and biodiversity, which in turn would lead to the achievement of long-term strategic goals for carbon neutrality and climate adaptation and mitigation through the protection of natural carbon sinks, the restoration of habitats, the implementation of nature-based solutions and green infrastructure, amongst others. Recently, the EU has further reaffirmed its commitment to decarbonisation with the launch of the European Green Deal - a new growth strategy for the EU that commits to no net emissions of GHG by 2050, endorsing the Commission’s ambition to make Europe the first climate neutral continent by 2050.', 'Recently, the EU has further reaffirmed its commitment to decarbonisation with the launch of the European Green Deal - a new growth strategy for the EU that commits to no net emissions of GHG by 2050, endorsing the Commission’s ambition to make Europe the first climate neutral continent by 2050. The Green Deal aims to set a pathway to net neutrality and to establish legislation and funding that provides the confidence that business, investors, workers and consumers require for strategic long-term change. Within the EU, the headline target (previously set at -40%) has been increased to a 55% reduction by 2030 (over 1990 levels), while the long-term objective of climate neutrality by 2050 has also been adopted.', 'Within the EU, the headline target (previously set at -40%) has been increased to a 55% reduction by 2030 (over 1990 levels), while the long-term objective of climate neutrality by 2050 has also been adopted. EU negotiations in 2018 resulted in legislation relating to the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) that has led to Malta’s bespoke targets. The ESR targets relate to emissions not covered by the scope of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) emissions. For Malta, the target is to achieve a 19% reduction in net territorial non-ETS GHGEs (relative to 2005) by 2030.', 'For Malta, the target is to achieve a 19% reduction in net territorial non-ETS GHGEs (relative to 2005) by 2030. In 2021, the European commission issued the Fit for 55 Package which is linked with the European Green Deal and outlines a list of proposals that aim to achieve the EU’s target in terms of climate action by 2030 including those referring to energy efficiency and renewables. Malta has recently taken a further step in strengthening its commitment to a sustainable, low-carbon future, with government’s announcement that carbon neutrality will be one of the main pillars of government economic policy.', 'Malta has recently taken a further step in strengthening its commitment to a sustainable, low-carbon future, with government’s announcement that carbon neutrality will be one of the main pillars of government economic policy. As mentioned above, Malta’s Climate Act enshrines the above international requirements into national law, and alongside other key planning and policy documents, this LCDS plays a key part in delivering on these requirements. 1.3. Public consultation and stakeholder engagement Given the cross-cutting nature of the Strategy both in terms of mitigation and adaptation measures, an extensive stakeholder engagement exercise was undertaken throughout the LCDS process. This consultation process was important on various grounds.', 'This consultation process was important on various grounds. Firstly, it enabled the input of professionals working in their specific field, therefore ensuring that any measures put forward were realistic and feasible from a sectoral perspective. Secondly, it enabled the collection of data which might not have been publicly available, hence allowing for better quantification. Finally, the inclusion of various stakeholders, including experts and entities/ agencies, ensures that the Strategy is developed through a bottom-up approach. This should help inMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy securing a high degree of ownership across the community and implementation buy-in. The consultation process was made up of the following steps: Initial Consultation Targeted Communication Secondary Consultation Follow Up Discussions MECP Consultation Feedback Window Public Consultation Feedback Window Upon inception of the project, a number of ‘key’ stakeholders were identified for a first wave of consultation.', 'The consultation process was made up of the following steps: Initial Consultation Targeted Communication Secondary Consultation Follow Up Discussions MECP Consultation Feedback Window Public Consultation Feedback Window Upon inception of the project, a number of ‘key’ stakeholders were identified for a first wave of consultation. Initial stakeholders involved in the phase of identification and quantification of the measures included Ministries, government entities, agencies and authorities. A list of stakeholders consulted is presented in Annex 6.1 to this report. These meetings were set up to discuss a long list of mitigation measures relevant to each entity. The meetings were carried out between August 2018 and January 2019, with stakeholders provided preliminary feedback as well as additional data when available. Most of the initial consultations were carried out through face-to-face meetings, with feedback and other follow ups carried out lasting up to June 2019.', 'Most of the initial consultations were carried out through face-to-face meetings, with feedback and other follow ups carried out lasting up to June 2019. In the period between February and August 2019, a fresh consultation process was carried out to collect further insights from other stakeholders. Starting from August 2019, a number of consultation sessions were carried out on adaptation measures. This process allowed for the selection of the most viable, feasible and cost-effective measures to be chosen at that point in time, thus moving from a long list to a more concentrated short list. Following the collection of feedback from these two rounds of consultation, the measures started being modelled and the LCDS drafted.', 'Following the collection of feedback from these two rounds of consultation, the measures started being modelled and the LCDS drafted. During January and February 2020, the Ministry undertook further consultations with stakeholders, allowing for further feedback and discussions to be included in the draft. During May 2020, the preliminary mitigation and adaptation measures were presented to the Climate Action Board. The finalised short-list of measures was then presented to a number of stakeholder groups, so as to have their preliminary views prior to this public consultation process. These included separate meetings with representatives of the regional committees and local councils, a selection of academics, business representatives from the Chamber of Commerce and from the Chamber of SMEs (transport section), as well as various members of civil society.', 'These included separate meetings with representatives of the regional committees and local councils, a selection of academics, business representatives from the Chamber of Commerce and from the Chamber of SMEs (transport section), as well as various members of civil society. A public consultation document was then shared in June 2021 to allow all interested stakeholders and the general public to provide feedback on its contents. Feedback was submitted till August 2021, followed by an analysis of such feedback and the finalisation of this LCDS.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Transitioning to a low carbon (and eventually carbon neutral) economy and society will require effort and a change in behaviour from all – government, employers, employees, civil society and citizens.', 'Feedback was submitted till August 2021, followed by an analysis of such feedback and the finalisation of this LCDS.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Transitioning to a low carbon (and eventually carbon neutral) economy and society will require effort and a change in behaviour from all – government, employers, employees, civil society and citizens. It is only through a collective effort that we can aim to achieve these ambitions. 1.4. Other Considerations The Strategy has been developed based on the information available at the time of undertaking the analysis. The Strategy will inevitably be impacted by a range of future policy decisions taken across the EU and government - information on these potential future changes is necessarily incomplete.', 'The Strategy will inevitably be impacted by a range of future policy decisions taken across the EU and government - information on these potential future changes is necessarily incomplete. This includes European policy as well as decisions being developed within each of the sectors considered within the analysis. As far as possible, impacts are considered for Malta, but data was not always available for the specific Maltese situation (i.e. measures not having been previously considered and researched locally; measure being looked into, but considered too early in the stage to use for policy setting). As a result, the analysis behind some of the measures is based on data from a range of other (mostly European) countries.', 'As a result, the analysis behind some of the measures is based on data from a range of other (mostly European) countries. Work is currently ongoing in many areas to increase local knowledge. Information on the performance of future technologies is also incomplete - it is highly challenging to consider how technology will evolve over a future 30-year period. Nonetheless, it is to be underlined that the Strategy is to be updated on a four-year cycle as per the Climate Action Act, and hence technological evolutions will be taken in consideration with each update. Another key consideration is that the LCDS is a complex and lengthy process that was initiated in 2018, with various stakeholder consultations and modelling done over 2018-2019.', 'Another key consideration is that the LCDS is a complex and lengthy process that was initiated in 2018, with various stakeholder consultations and modelling done over 2018-2019. In this regard, the baseline and measures are based on a pre-COVID scenario. Emission reduction targets set by the EU are also based on pre-COVID years. There is considerable uncertainty on the possible medium-to-long term repercussions of the COVID pandemic, including on baseline changes, impact on measures and impact on the country’s fiscal flexibility. The MACC modelling is also a complex scientific-based process, in that one needs to build a model that provides an approximation of real life. In this regard, with all the uncertainties and unknowns, such approximation is subject to various assumptions.', 'In this regard, with all the uncertainties and unknowns, such approximation is subject to various assumptions. Additionally, feedback loops, tipping points and ecosystem impacts could not be considered in this first version of a local MACC model. Finally, a number of assumptions are inherent in the modelling underlying this LCDS, given the very nature of long-term projections being considered here (i.e. till 2050). Various other developments in the coming years could impact (negatively or positively) the achievement of this LCDS.', 'Various other developments in the coming years could impact (negatively or positively) the achievement of this LCDS. In this regard, as noted, the LCDS operates on a four-year policy cycle which will provide further opportunities to update with additional data as it becomes available in some of the faster moving areas, and as new situations emerge, including in a post- pandemic world.Abatement Of Greenhouse GasesMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy This section presents the mitigation measures, as short listed through the discussions with stakeholders and as modelled through the MACC approach. This section first provides context on Malta’s GHG emissions baseline, explains the overarching themes for this Strategy, and presents the key policy initiatives.', 'This section first provides context on Malta’s GHG emissions baseline, explains the overarching themes for this Strategy, and presents the key policy initiatives. Given its key role, energy demand (including consumption), energy requirements, and the role of renewable energy are presented, before delving into the LCDS sectors. These include the energy system (with some of the initiatives already explained in the sub-section on energy demand), transport, buildings, industry, waste, water and LULUCF. 2.1. Total GHG Emission reductions and enhancement of removals by sinks The recent focus of energy and climate policy in Malta has been to move away from reliance on high carbon fuel oil electricity generation and to increase the efficiency in power generation.', 'Total GHG Emission reductions and enhancement of removals by sinks The recent focus of energy and climate policy in Malta has been to move away from reliance on high carbon fuel oil electricity generation and to increase the efficiency in power generation. This has had a positive impact on territorial emissions, with overall emissions reducing significantly from 2014. Historic GHG emissions by inventory sector are shown below in Figure 4. Figure 4: Historic Net Territorial GHGEs by Inventory Sector (Source: Malta Resources Authority (2020), National Inventory) GHG emissions per capita and GHG emissions per unit of GDP (the latter showing the carbon intensity of an economy) have also been decreasing in the local context, as shown below in Figure 5.', 'Figure 4: Historic Net Territorial GHGEs by Inventory Sector (Source: Malta Resources Authority (2020), National Inventory) GHG emissions per capita and GHG emissions per unit of GDP (the latter showing the carbon intensity of an economy) have also been decreasing in the local context, as shown below in Figure 5. Malta also stands below the EU average in terms of GHG emissions per capita.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Figure 5: GHG emissions per capita and GHG intensity – MT vs EU (Source: Eurostat) However, further GHG reductions are necessary to not only meet the 2030 targets under the ESR, but also to align Malta’s de-carbonisation trajectory with that adopted by the EU – that is, climate neutrality by 2050.', 'Malta also stands below the EU average in terms of GHG emissions per capita.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Figure 5: GHG emissions per capita and GHG intensity – MT vs EU (Source: Eurostat) However, further GHG reductions are necessary to not only meet the 2030 targets under the ESR, but also to align Malta’s de-carbonisation trajectory with that adopted by the EU – that is, climate neutrality by 2050. Some of the challenges of Malta achieving such a trajectory are set out below in Section 2.2. Nevertheless, this LCDS clearly sets out a feasible and attainable set of measures, designed with Malta’s specificities in mind, that achieve significant reductions in GHG emissions by 2050, as well as meeting the current ESR target in 2030.', 'Nevertheless, this LCDS clearly sets out a feasible and attainable set of measures, designed with Malta’s specificities in mind, that achieve significant reductions in GHG emissions by 2050, as well as meeting the current ESR target in 2030. The anticipated GHG emission reductions from the LCDS are presented in Figure 6 and Figure 7 below.', 'The anticipated GHG emission reductions from the LCDS are presented in Figure 6 and Figure 7 below. 2020 emissions have been modelled on the basis of the 2018 level, whilst being projected to decrease significantly out to 2050.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Figure 6: Total GHG Emission Reductions Figure 7: GHG Emission Reductions – Contribution under ESR vs Target / Proposed TargetsMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy The national target under the ESR in 2030 is currently set at 826,687 tonnes CO e (reflecting a 19% reduction in emissions over 2005 levels), and the measures and set of initiatives have been designed to meet this target. Indicative milestones in 2040 and 2050 reflect 60% and 80% reductions over 1990 levels respectively.', 'Indicative milestones in 2040 and 2050 reflect 60% and 80% reductions over 1990 levels respectively. The breakdown of the emissions by sector are shown below in Figure 8. Note that this represents the breakdown by sector where the emissions are generated, and not where the upstream actions may occur. Hence, for instance, electrical efficiency measures (e.g. buildings, industry and water) are accounted for under the energy sector where emissions from electricity supply are accounted for. Figure 8: Share of Abatement Potential in 2050Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy The sectoral breakdown is further detailed through the Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACCs) that were developed to support the assessment of measures under the LCDS. These MACC figures are shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10.', 'These MACC figures are shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10. In 2030 the energy efficiency (EE) related measures feature more prominently as the carbon intensity of the grid is still predominantly based upon gas. However, by 2050, when the carbon intensity is minimised, GHG savings from electrical EE measures are significantly reduced. Figure 9: Marginal Abatement Cost Curve in 2030 Figure 10: Marginal Abatement Cost Curve in 2050Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Therefore, the number of key measures falls, and so the overall emissions savings are narrowed to either those in the transport sector or those which provide alternative low carbon sources of electricity. Carbon sinks or removals are currently very limited in Malta.', 'Carbon sinks or removals are currently very limited in Malta. The potential for afforestation is low due to the limited land size, the nature of the climate and topography, and pressure on land use vis-à-vis farming and other uses. However, this does not limit the value that such efforts do provide in terms of adaptation. See Section 2.6.7.1 for more details. 2.2. Overarching themes for the Strategy The ambition of the policies and measures set out in this LCDS are targeted at meeting our EU 2030 and 2050 targets and align with those already set out in the NECP. The challenges that Malta faces in reducing its CC emissions outlined in its NECP remain present and relevant for this LCDS.', 'The challenges that Malta faces in reducing its CC emissions outlined in its NECP remain present and relevant for this LCDS. These include: \\x84 the specific characteristics of Malta’s energy system and market, such as its small nature, the existence of a single electricity distributor/supplier, the absence of natural gas and district heating and cooling networks, and the small size and number of suppliers and market players – which, taken together, limit the range of measures available to meet energy savings obligations; \\x84 marked growth in pre-Covid population and GDP, which at the time made it difficult to restrain energy consumption.', 'These include: \\x84 the specific characteristics of Malta’s energy system and market, such as its small nature, the existence of a single electricity distributor/supplier, the absence of natural gas and district heating and cooling networks, and the small size and number of suppliers and market players – which, taken together, limit the range of measures available to meet energy savings obligations; \\x84 marked growth in pre-Covid population and GDP, which at the time made it difficult to restrain energy consumption. Similar to the LCDS, analysis undertaken on the NECP was mostly undertaken pre- COVID; \\x84 its specific geographic, environmental and spatial constraints (limited land area and high population density) together with its rich but fragile natural environment and climatic conditions, which lead it to not having an array of options for modal shifts to reduce carbon emissions, whilst diseconomies of scale also hinder resorting to alternative technologies; \\x84 its limited mitigation potential, arising from Malta’s service-based economy, specifically in the transport and agricultural sectors as well as the legacy effect in solid waste disposal, have resultant high mitigation costs coupled with significant socio-economic considerations.', 'Similar to the LCDS, analysis undertaken on the NECP was mostly undertaken pre- COVID; \\x84 its specific geographic, environmental and spatial constraints (limited land area and high population density) together with its rich but fragile natural environment and climatic conditions, which lead it to not having an array of options for modal shifts to reduce carbon emissions, whilst diseconomies of scale also hinder resorting to alternative technologies; \\x84 its limited mitigation potential, arising from Malta’s service-based economy, specifically in the transport and agricultural sectors as well as the legacy effect in solid waste disposal, have resultant high mitigation costs coupled with significant socio-economic considerations. A thriving economy that would have partially decoupled GDP from emissions would still have residual level-off coupling, which in turn drives up emissions.', 'A thriving economy that would have partially decoupled GDP from emissions would still have residual level-off coupling, which in turn drives up emissions. In addition, Malta has only just developed its LNG power plant which will continue to run throughout the duration of the NECP, and which will make the achievement of the deeper level of emissions reductions required for the latter part of the LCDS more challenging to deliver (due to lack of potential to reduce even further).', 'In addition, Malta has only just developed its LNG power plant which will continue to run throughout the duration of the NECP, and which will make the achievement of the deeper level of emissions reductions required for the latter part of the LCDS more challenging to deliver (due to lack of potential to reduce even further). Alongside this, the NECP notes that “temperate climatic conditions and lack of energy-intensive industries mean that Malta has the second lowest final energy consumption per capita across all EU Member States.” At the same time, technological advances may result in additional opportunities for Malta to reduce its emissions becoming available in the period 2031-2050, which are not explored in the NECP.', 'Alongside this, the NECP notes that “temperate climatic conditions and lack of energy-intensive industries mean that Malta has the second lowest final energy consumption per capita across all EU Member States.” At the same time, technological advances may result in additional opportunities for Malta to reduce its emissions becoming available in the period 2031-2050, which are not explored in the NECP. The sectoral policies set out in subsequent chapters will exist within a framework of European policy whichMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy is similarly aimed at reducing carbon emissions. This includes the EU-ETS – phase 4 of which will continue through the duration of the NECP.', 'This includes the EU-ETS – phase 4 of which will continue through the duration of the NECP. Beyond this, the future of the ETS and the general structure of the policy framework is under review and therefore, the LCDS builds upon the NECP adopted by Malta in 2019, thus using this policy scenario as a baseline for additional measures that further enhance decarbonisation. 2.3. Overview of key policy initiatives The timeline below summarises the key policy initiatives of the LCDS. It is broken down by each 10-year period out to 2050, and those initiatives that are a higher priority – with regards to the potential for abating GHG emissions – are positioned towards the top of the diagram, with the lower priority ones towards the bottom.', 'It is broken down by each 10-year period out to 2050, and those initiatives that are a higher priority – with regards to the potential for abating GHG emissions – are positioned towards the top of the diagram, with the lower priority ones towards the bottom. These key policy initiatives are described further in Section 2.6. The positions on the timeline broadly reflect when the first concerted efforts relating to the initiative are expected. For many initiatives, sustained effort and action will be required over much of the period out to 2050 to ensure they are implemented effectively, and the necessary outcomes are achieved over the timeframe. The initiatives that are highlighted in green are those that primarily help meet the targets under the ESR (i.e.', 'The initiatives that are highlighted in green are those that primarily help meet the targets under the ESR (i.e. non-ETS related emissions). The proposed projects may be reviewed in terms of capacity, nature and timelines following more detailed studies carried out by the competent Ministry. Additionally, plans for the power sector will ensure that, apart from guaranteeing security of supply and affordable prices, they fulfil the planned reduction in GHG emissions outlined in the LCDS. Furthermore, the LCDS is a long-term strategy that will extend up to 2050.', 'Furthermore, the LCDS is a long-term strategy that will extend up to 2050. Whilst modelling has been based on existing technologies and studies, the LCDS operates on a five-year review cycle which means it will be updated to reflect new technologies, and hence updated/ new measures as these become cost-effective tools to further reduce emissions on a national level.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy HIGHER PRIORITY LOWER PRIORITY = Non-ETS emissions related measures Teleworking & Remote Working Teleworking & Remote Working Incineration Pre-sorting of Plastics Biowaste & Biogas upgrade / Waste Prevention Measures Aquaponics Methane Inhibiting Vaccines Solar Water Heaters Industrial Energy Efficiency Building Efficiency Related Measures Water Related Measures Buildings – Long Term Renovation Strategy Active Transport Solar PVs Start of Electrification (vehicles, infrastructure) Extending Free Public Transport Further Improvements in Public Transport Majority of Vehicles Electrified Significant Increases in Teleworking & remote working Significant Increases in Active Transport Additional Interconnector Offshore Floating Renewables (Wind) All Power Generation Zero Carbon (Renewables, Interconnector, hydrogen) Offshore Floating Renewables (Wind / Solar) Figure 11: Overview of key policy initiatives 2.4.', 'Whilst modelling has been based on existing technologies and studies, the LCDS operates on a five-year review cycle which means it will be updated to reflect new technologies, and hence updated/ new measures as these become cost-effective tools to further reduce emissions on a national level.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy HIGHER PRIORITY LOWER PRIORITY = Non-ETS emissions related measures Teleworking & Remote Working Teleworking & Remote Working Incineration Pre-sorting of Plastics Biowaste & Biogas upgrade / Waste Prevention Measures Aquaponics Methane Inhibiting Vaccines Solar Water Heaters Industrial Energy Efficiency Building Efficiency Related Measures Water Related Measures Buildings – Long Term Renovation Strategy Active Transport Solar PVs Start of Electrification (vehicles, infrastructure) Extending Free Public Transport Further Improvements in Public Transport Majority of Vehicles Electrified Significant Increases in Teleworking & remote working Significant Increases in Active Transport Additional Interconnector Offshore Floating Renewables (Wind) All Power Generation Zero Carbon (Renewables, Interconnector, hydrogen) Offshore Floating Renewables (Wind / Solar) Figure 11: Overview of key policy initiatives 2.4. Energy demand For MACC modelling purposes, a key consideration is the energy model (demand and supply) to be utilised in the baseline, and to be amended through NECP/LCDS initiatives.', 'Energy demand For MACC modelling purposes, a key consideration is the energy model (demand and supply) to be utilised in the baseline, and to be amended through NECP/LCDS initiatives. The estimated energy demand and supply for Malta was estimated for the period up to 2050 9. The approach taken for the LCDS MACC model was based on the baseline energy demand figures reported under the NECP for Malta (see Annex 6.2 for further information on the MACC methodology)10. 2.4.1. Assumptions for the estimated energy consumption by 2050 Energy consumption has been based on a number of principles. The narrative below makes reference to various measures which are either explained in the NECP and/ or will be explained in this Strategy document, Section 2.6 onwards.', 'The narrative below makes reference to various measures which are either explained in the NECP and/ or will be explained in this Strategy document, Section 2.6 onwards. \\x84 An increase in renewables from 2021 to 2030 is attributed to the increase in PVs (which are expected to reach maximum capacity by 2030 due to local roof space limitations) as well as solar water heaters. 9 The estimations are based on modelling and assumptions and do not consider the matching of demand and supply in the period.', '9 The estimations are based on modelling and assumptions and do not consider the matching of demand and supply in the period. 10 Since the NECP baseline projects were out to 2040 only, it was conservatively assumed that the energy demand in 2050 in the baseline was the same as the 2040 figures.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Further growth would be attributable to repowering using more efficient panels. The supply of electricity from renewables increases steadily over time, as first the roll out of solar PV continues to 2030, together with the installation of Offshore Floating Wind (OFW) turbines when feasible. \\x84 Gas consumption increases slightly in the short term as overall electricity demand increases, in part driven by the switch to electric vehicles (EVs).', '\\x84 Gas consumption increases slightly in the short term as overall electricity demand increases, in part driven by the switch to electric vehicles (EVs). However, a new electricity interconnector is planned to be constructed, heavily reducing the further use of gas for electricity generation. In practice, the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plants might be utilised for grid balancing or backup in case of constraints on the use of the interconnectors. \\x84 Oil products are mainly associated with vehicle fuels and heating. The use of these fuels decreases over time, particularly from 2030 to 2050, when there is a wholesale shift away from internal combustion engines. Some fuels may be required for some vehicles that are more challenging to switch to EVs e.g. construction, farming.', 'Some fuels may be required for some vehicles that are more challenging to switch to EVs e.g. construction, farming. \\x84 Continued utilisation of the existing electricity interconnector, with a new interconnector being built in the near future. This would offset the reduction in gas usage by the CCGTs. \\x84 Some energy is supplied through the energy from the waste plant; however, this is lower than in the baseline, as the removal of fossil-based plastics prior to incineration will not only reduce GHG emissions from the plant but also reduce the amount of energy supplied.', '\\x84 Some energy is supplied through the energy from the waste plant; however, this is lower than in the baseline, as the removal of fossil-based plastics prior to incineration will not only reduce GHG emissions from the plant but also reduce the amount of energy supplied. \\x84 Overall, as energy efficiency (demand reduction) measures are implemented, and the supply of energy moves to more efficient and lower carbon forms, the overall supply of energy decreases out to 2050. However, the overall supply in the form of electricity increases, again primarily because of the shift to EVs.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy 2.4.2.', 'However, the overall supply in the form of electricity increases, again primarily because of the shift to EVs.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy 2.4.2. Total estimated energy required out to 2050 The estimated energy required is based on the following considerations: \\x84 Around one third of the required energy is associated with transportation. Total demand falls out to 2050 as the supply of energy switches from oil-based vehicle fuels to electricity. \\x84 Most of the remaining energy required relates to demand from buildings, of which the majority is from commercial enterprises, hospitality and the public sector. Despite some EE measures being implemented, energy demand continues to grow out to 2040, due to increased economic activity and the development of new buildings; following this, it remains stable until 2050.', 'Despite some EE measures being implemented, energy demand continues to grow out to 2040, due to increased economic activity and the development of new buildings; following this, it remains stable until 2050. \\x84 A fraction of the energy demand derives from agriculture, fisheries and forestry. \\x84 In terms of the demand for electricity, by 2050 a further ~3,000 GWh of electricity is required to meet the requirement for powering EVS - making this the highest sectoral demand. Significant demands are still required from industry, with reduced demand from residential buildings due to household EE measures being implemented. Slight reductions in electricity demand from water efficiency measures are also likely to be realised. 2.5.', 'Slight reductions in electricity demand from water efficiency measures are also likely to be realised. 2.5. Renewable Energy Renewable Energy (RE) affects final energy consumption and electricity generation emissions and is hence a component in the LCDS MACC modelling. Policy-wise, it is governed by a specific national RE strategy which is aligned with the NECP and LCDS. The LCDS review process (and other structures in place within other governance frameworks) will ensure that the developments in Malta’s RE strategy are fully aligned with LCDS objectives. 2.6.1. Energy system This sub-section provides an overview of the LCDS measures for Malta’s energy system. The main measures falling under this sector, include the following: \\x84 Before 2030, continued uptake of solar PVs, together with initiatives related to offshore PVs.', 'The main measures falling under this sector, include the following: \\x84 Before 2030, continued uptake of solar PVs, together with initiatives related to offshore PVs. \\x84 Continued update of Solar Water Heaters (SWHs) and other renewable heating technologies, before and after 2030 (also included as part of the EE measures within the building sector). \\x84 Continued use of the existing interconnector, and additional use of interconnectors in the future. Installation of offshore floating wind (OFW) turbines or solar when feasible. \\x84 Use of hydrogen fuel to operate CCGT power plants. 2.6.1.1. Intended or likely future emissions trajectory It is expected that emissions from the CCGT plants will grow from 2020 to 2030 as plant utilisation increases.', 'Intended or likely future emissions trajectory It is expected that emissions from the CCGT plants will grow from 2020 to 2030 as plant utilisation increases. In this LCDS, in line with government announcements, the development of an additional electricity interconnector to Italy is being considered. The current estimation is that this would be sized at around 200 MW. This would enable the generation of electricity to be switched away from the CCGT and lead to a significant reduction of territorial emissions associated with the generation of electricity.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Some fossil fuels may still need to be supplied to Malta for heating purposes in industrial plants, manufacturing processes and welding, amongst others.', 'This would enable the generation of electricity to be switched away from the CCGT and lead to a significant reduction of territorial emissions associated with the generation of electricity.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Some fossil fuels may still need to be supplied to Malta for heating purposes in industrial plants, manufacturing processes and welding, amongst others. These are not expected to be a significant proportion of the total emissions from the sector or for the country. No specific figures were modelled in the MACC model for these other fuels. In terms of the abatement potential from the energy related measures, this is set out in Table 1.', 'In terms of the abatement potential from the energy related measures, this is set out in Table 1. The package of measures also includes “Blended Zero Carbon Generation” which brings together the three methods for delivering low carbon energy for Malta by 2050, these being offshore floating wind, a third interconnector, and hydrogen power. The measure reflects the amount of remaining low carbon energy required to ensure the Maltese grid achieves zero carbon. Measures Abatement Potential, tonnes CO e / year Table 1: Energy Measures Abatement Potential Based on the outlined assumptions, by 2030, the most significant contributor to GHG emissions abatement is the interconnector. In addition, further installation of Solar PV and SWHs - and other renewable heating technologies - contribute to further abatement potential.', 'In addition, further installation of Solar PV and SWHs - and other renewable heating technologies - contribute to further abatement potential. As previously explained, this scenario foresees the addition of another electricity interconnector. Based on the projected price developments of the Italian electricity market, it is expected that a larger share of electricity demand is met by electricity imports over the interconnectors. This is complimented by additional RE sources such as OFWs and an expected lower loading of CCGT plants. The reduced use of the CCGT plants leads to significant reductions in GHG emissions. The modelled scenario projects ~4,000 GWh of electricity imports from the interconnector and a contribution of over 1,000 GWh electricity from renewables by 2050.', 'The modelled scenario projects ~4,000 GWh of electricity imports from the interconnector and a contribution of over 1,000 GWh electricity from renewables by 2050. To achieve RE source targets, a combined approach of grants, technology breakthroughs (in offshore marine renewables) and a solid regulatory framework, including in spatial planning, will be required. Whilst some overall savings are projected from further installation of solar PV and SWHs, the majority of the savings are expected to arise from from the use of additional interconnectors in the long term versus CCGT. While net cost savings materialise over the long-term horizon, investment is required at the beginning of the LCDS time horizon. 2.6.1.2.', 'While net cost savings materialise over the long-term horizon, investment is required at the beginning of the LCDS time horizon. 2.6.1.2. General description of main drivers for energy efficiency, demand-side flexibility and energy consumption and their evolution from 2021 and beyond EE and attaining EE is a key policy across the EU and globally. The transition towards greener, more sustainable and low carbon technologies will play a critical role in addressing the CC crisis. The production and consumption of energy is a key source of global emissions and thus a central target of national, regional and international policy in this regard. Putting in place targeted actions to improve the efficiency of the production and use of energy is therefore critical.', 'Putting in place targeted actions to improve the efficiency of the production and use of energy is therefore critical. Understanding, however, the energy profiles of various sectors (and thus the potential for implementing efficiencies in these sectors) will improve the efficacy of any actions. To this end, the main sectors where EE is most relevant are buildings and industry. While accounting for a small proportion of energy demand, the LCDS also takes the water sector into account.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Whilst the fuel efficiency of vehicles is also of importance, this is not straightforward for Malta to address as all vehicles are imported. It is considered that EE of vehicles would change according to wider European regulations, norms and market forces within the automotive sector.', 'It is considered that EE of vehicles would change according to wider European regulations, norms and market forces within the automotive sector. Where buildings are concerned, there are several key drivers for EE. Firstly, the increasing population and number of buildings will drive up energy demand, making EE measures important to ensure the minimum generating capacity required is installed. Secondly, cost savings to households and businesses are important. Also, for industry, one of the main drivers for efficiency will be cost savings. If costs can be reduced, the financial standing of the company could be increased, and/or competitiveness could be improved through producing products at a lower price.', 'If costs can be reduced, the financial standing of the company could be increased, and/or competitiveness could be improved through producing products at a lower price. Finally, the key driver for efficiency in the water sector is the constraints on the supply of fresh water in Malta, as de-salination plants need to be used to produce a large amount of local water needs. This efficiency is driven also through tariff mechanisms which are aimed at encouraging users to remain within the lower ‘efficient water use’ tariff band. Fresh water supply and aquifer management remain challenging. Any increases in the efficiency of supplying water would benefit the sector as well as reducing energy requirements, and as a result contribute to GHG emission reduction.', 'Any increases in the efficiency of supplying water would benefit the sector as well as reducing energy requirements, and as a result contribute to GHG emission reduction. From a carbon abatement perspective, the most important timeframe for implementation and effect for EE initiatives is the period during which the majority of electricity is still being supplied locally using the CCGT plants (as these are powered through gas, a fossil fuel). This mode of generation makes the most significant contribution to total generation until a new interconnector is built, and further renewables (e.g. OFW) are installed. Beyond this, the carbon abatement of EE measures reduces significantly as the grid decarbonises.', 'Beyond this, the carbon abatement of EE measures reduces significantly as the grid decarbonises. However, such measures are still important to ensure that the scale of necessary infrastructure is kept to the minimum necessary to meet demand. Therefore, EE measures are of particular importance in the period up to 2030. Such EE measures have been considered as a package under the Buildings sector, as described in Section 2.6.3. Further detail on the proposed strategy and related policies for these key sectors is set out below in the respective sections. 2.6.1.3. General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation As mentioned above, recent energy and climate policy has focused on reducing the use of fuel oil for the generation of electricity.', 'General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation As mentioned above, recent energy and climate policy has focused on reducing the use of fuel oil for the generation of electricity. With the building of modern CCGT plants, GHG emissions from electricity supply in Malta have reduced significantly (see Figure 4). However, to contribute to the EU’s objective of climate neutrality by 2050, all Member States will need to shift their existing fossil fuel-based energy supplies to other forms. The below explanation will firstly set out the existing policies in the NECP (which covers till 2030), and then consideration is given to the longer-term period out to 2050.', 'The below explanation will firstly set out the existing policies in the NECP (which covers till 2030), and then consideration is given to the longer-term period out to 2050. Policy developed - National Energy and Climate Plan Solar PV (terrestrial)Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 According to the NECP, the technical limitation on the roll out of solar PV will be reached by 2030 – c. 9,127 new PV systems by 2030 will enable Malta to reach the 11.5% target share of RES in gross final energy consumption (by 2030) . The NECP also points out that this technical limitation should be reviewed on a 5 yearly basis to assess further potential expansion of solar PV as technologies and/or understanding of the technical limitations evolve.', 'The NECP also points out that this technical limitation should be reviewed on a 5 yearly basis to assess further potential expansion of solar PV as technologies and/or understanding of the technical limitations evolve. Renewable Water Heating Technologies \\x84 Regarding renewable water heating, the grant schemes outlined in the NECP should be fully implemented and the roll out of SWHs and Solar Water Heat Pumps (SWHPs) should be monitored to ensure the market is changing as needed for the trajectory towards 2030. A more ambitious uptake is required beyond that in the NECP by 2030 and beyond to move towards climate neutrality. Besides economic and financial challenges in this pathway, there are also technical challenges as a number of such technologies require roof space in Malta.', 'Besides economic and financial challenges in this pathway, there are also technical challenges as a number of such technologies require roof space in Malta. There is therefore “competition” for space between solar PV and SWH/ SWHPs, as well as other possible measures regarding building energy performance such as rooftop solar reflectors. These technologies are further mentioned in the report section on EE measures within the building sector. Offshore floating renewables (wind/solar/wave) The physical constraints of Malta’s territory and potential barriers to standard renewable technologies were fully reviewed during the NECP assessment. Furthermore, novel technologies were considered in the LCDS given its 2050 timeframe. These include technologies where pilot-scale installations have been developed and where the market is expected to develop in an accelerated manner by 2030 and beyond.', 'These include technologies where pilot-scale installations have been developed and where the market is expected to develop in an accelerated manner by 2030 and beyond. In addition to some additional capacity of land-based solar PV – on buildings where SWHs have not been installed – consideration was given to offshore floating technologies (offshore floating wind (OFW) and offshore floating solar PV (OFSPV)). Moving offshore for renewable power generation has many advantages, but there are also challenges to ensure that such is not detrimental to the marine environment. Indeed, Malta’s marine Natura 2000 network encompasses 18 sites and covers over 4100 km², equivalent to more than 35% of Malta’s Fisheries Management Zone.', 'Indeed, Malta’s marine Natura 2000 network encompasses 18 sites and covers over 4100 km², equivalent to more than 35% of Malta’s Fisheries Management Zone. Such areas are designated for the protection of marine habitats and species pursuant to the EU Nature Directive. Moreover, there are also expected additional costs to arise from the need to stabilise platforms and bring grid connections onshore. Indeed, with technology breakthrough in offshore marine renewables (coupled with other instruments and measures), Malta could aim to target higher RE shares beyond 2030. During the LCDS process, the various geological, depth, navigational and environmental constraints for offshore generation were plotted and some potentially feasible areas in Malta’s territorial waters were identified.', 'During the LCDS process, the various geological, depth, navigational and environmental constraints for offshore generation were plotted and some potentially feasible areas in Malta’s territorial waters were identified. While certain assumptions were made in the LCDS in order to establish some possible parameters for offshore generation sites, further scientific assessments of the impacts, including on wildlife (e.g. endangered, migratory bird species), would be required to provide greater certainty of the potential maximum area of the installations. For the purposes of estimating abatement potential from the measures, a limited area to the south of Malta of around 15 square nautical miles (~25% of the total identified) was considered viable for siting OFWs.', 'For the purposes of estimating abatement potential from the measures, a limited area to the south of Malta of around 15 square nautical miles (~25% of the total identified) was considered viable for siting OFWs. OFSPVs could be co-located in between the turbines to maximise efficiency of use ofMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy shore power connectors and mooring infrastructure; however, as this is at an earlier stage of research and development than OFW, no offshore solar generating capacity was actually included under the scenario. In addition, government will be committing to closely monitor technological developments in the RE sector that could possibly make it cost effective to install further RE systems at sea (i.e. deep sea wind/solar farms, wave technology).', 'deep sea wind/solar farms, wave technology). Backup for intermittent renewables/ battery storage Both Solar and Wind energy are intermittent in nature, hence some backup supply is required. Backup possibilities are that the existing interconnector (or an additional one) could be used, the existing CCGT plants could have their operating lifetimes extended if their capacity factors are reduced, and/or battery storage technology could be used. Regarding the latter, the storage period is still not particularly long and so currently would be better suited for daily / weekly fluctuations in solar resource, rather than monthly or seasonal fluctuations in wind resource. However, battery technologies are improving consistently and at a fast pace, and so longer storage times that may suit the specific RE systems could be implemented in future.', 'However, battery technologies are improving consistently and at a fast pace, and so longer storage times that may suit the specific RE systems could be implemented in future. Although achievement of a 100% RE mix is not possible for Malta at this point in time, technologies will evolve significantly by 2050, giving a plausible low-cost renewable solution to help Malta meet its power supply requirements along with significantly reducing carbon emissions. As indicated above, the existing support for battery storage technology is unlikely to yield large-scale roll-out of battery storage systems, and Malta shall be seeking EU funds to bridge the gap.', 'As indicated above, the existing support for battery storage technology is unlikely to yield large-scale roll-out of battery storage systems, and Malta shall be seeking EU funds to bridge the gap. Additional electricity interconnector Given the assumed increase in energy demand over time, for the energy grid to decarbonise by gradually moving away from the use of gas, the proposed scenario considers the installation of additional interconnectors as an alternative source of supply. Separate measures consider the installation of up to two additional interconnectors. These are envisaged to be installed to cater for electricity generation, as the energy grid decarbonises by moving away from the use of gas over time.', 'These are envisaged to be installed to cater for electricity generation, as the energy grid decarbonises by moving away from the use of gas over time. Grid decarbonisation is achieved because the emissions associated with power generation take place outside of the territory of Malta, so are not counted in the national emissions inventory; nonetheless the cost of emissions is included in the cost of the purchased electricity. In addition, the source countries have greater potential to obtain a higher RES percentage in their supply. Under the modelling of emissions for the LCDS, added installation was assumed to provide the required electricity on top of the additional renewable generation from the technologies outlined above.', 'Under the modelling of emissions for the LCDS, added installation was assumed to provide the required electricity on top of the additional renewable generation from the technologies outlined above. The trajectory of emissions reductions - for 2030 and 2040 - is highly dependent on how much of the interconnector capacity is used on an annual basis. This, in turn, is linked to the rate of the decline in the use of existing CCGTs, which, in turn, is likely to be dependent on relative pricing.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Energy security and balance Additional interconnections will need to have sufficient on-shore backup power generation facilities, to guarantee security of supply for Malta. Risks are associated with physical damage to infrastructure and subsequent power outages.', 'Risks are associated with physical damage to infrastructure and subsequent power outages. Subsea damage is often difficult and complex to repair. The increased development of renewable sources of electricity could reduce reliance on thermal generation and/or the interconnector, thereby maximising security of supply, and potentially reducing costs as the price of renewable technology falls in the future. Grid balancing methods are likely to be beneficial and required as Malta transitions to a low carbon economy with greater use of renewables and the interconnector. The use of CCGT plants for grid balancing is one method, but in addition to this, smart grid technologies may eventually be considered to improve the utilisation efficiency of the power system by detecting and reacting to local changes in usage.', 'The use of CCGT plants for grid balancing is one method, but in addition to this, smart grid technologies may eventually be considered to improve the utilisation efficiency of the power system by detecting and reacting to local changes in usage. Use of Green Hydrogen in the Energy mix In addition, contingent upon a suitable supply from mainland Europe (e.g. a European supply network included in the EU’s hydrogen strategy 2020 11), a potential future source of energy - both electricity and fuel - could be hydrogen.', 'a European supply network included in the EU’s hydrogen strategy 2020 11), a potential future source of energy - both electricity and fuel - could be hydrogen. In theory, Malta could build a supply pipeline to the mainland, akin to the proposed pipeline for natural gas, to power hydrogen power stations on the island – or, indeed, as is currently being proposed by government, the proposed gas pipeline would be built hydrogen-ready, to enable the switch from gas to hydrogen at the time any EU supply network is commissioned. The hydrogen power station could be based upon retrofit of the current CCGT power stations. This would provide a carbon neutral source of power for Malta as long as it runs on 100% green hydrogen.', 'This would provide a carbon neutral source of power for Malta as long as it runs on 100% green hydrogen. However, the supply of hydrogen would still be contingent upon import from other countries, thereby potentially posing a risk to security or to cost of supply. Alongside this, any hydrogen power station could also act as a back-up to intermittent renewables if battery storage were not in place, or able to store charge over longer periods of time to smooth supply from wind resources. Furthermore, the use of alternative fuels such as biofuels and synthetic fuels will be looked into as a potential source of energy supply beyond 2030. Timing of measures The proposed timing of the energy and EE measures is shown in Figure 12.', 'Timing of measures The proposed timing of the energy and EE measures is shown in Figure 12. Whilst this LCDS scenario is proposing this specific timeline, government will continue performing more detailed studies which will determine whether specific projects are developed earlier then indicated herein.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy HIGHER PRIORITY LOWER PRIORITY Solar Water Heaters Industrial Energy Efficiency = including in SME s Single measures for EE EE in public buildings Deep renovation scheme Buildings – Long Term Renovation Strategy Solar PVs Additional Interconnector Offshore Floating Renewables (Wind) All Power Generation Zero Carbon (Renewables, Interconnector, Hydrogen) Offshore Floating Renewables (Wind/Solar) Figure 12: Implementation timeline for energy measures Pollution stands out among the main environmental impacts of transport. In particular, road transport is the main source of PM and noise, and represents important shares in the emissions of a number of other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O ), sulphur dioxide (SO ), metallic compounds and benzene (C H ).', 'In particular, road transport is the main source of PM and noise, and represents important shares in the emissions of a number of other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O ), sulphur dioxide (SO ), metallic compounds and benzene (C H ). These effects are especially severe in Malta due to the high car dependency and relatively old car fleet. Additionally, the transport sector is responsible for 21.1% of GHG emissions generated in Malta, becoming the biggest single sector surpassing electricity generation in 2019. 2.6.2.1. Estimated emission reductions Under the LCDS, a package of measures is assumed to be put in place to support a more significant shift away from private car use in Malta, alongside further measures to support a faster transition to electric vehicles (EVs).', 'Estimated emission reductions Under the LCDS, a package of measures is assumed to be put in place to support a more significant shift away from private car use in Malta, alongside further measures to support a faster transition to electric vehicles (EVs). The LCDS, in line with the NECP and transport strategies currently in place, considers the following measures: \\x84 Support for the electrification transition: this is further supported by strengthening the grant scheme currently in place to incentivise the purchase of EVs and plug-in hybrid vehicles \\x84 The installation of an extended network of EV charging points \\x84 Electrification of government fleet, with government leading by example\\x84 Electrification of scheduled public transport buses \\x84 Support to drive a significant further increase in public transport usage: this is assumed to arise from a suite of measures, including the extension of free public transport services, and improvements in public transport services \\x84 Support for active transport: sustained investment taking place throughout the strategy period in infrastructure to support cycling (e.g.', 'The LCDS, in line with the NECP and transport strategies currently in place, considers the following measures: \\x84 Support for the electrification transition: this is further supported by strengthening the grant scheme currently in place to incentivise the purchase of EVs and plug-in hybrid vehicles \\x84 The installation of an extended network of EV charging points \\x84 Electrification of government fleet, with government leading by example\\x84 Electrification of scheduled public transport buses \\x84 Support to drive a significant further increase in public transport usage: this is assumed to arise from a suite of measures, including the extension of free public transport services, and improvements in public transport services \\x84 Support for active transport: sustained investment taking place throughout the strategy period in infrastructure to support cycling (e.g. bikes, e-bikes, pedelecs) and walking.', 'bikes, e-bikes, pedelecs) and walking. \\x84 Encouraging teleworking, and remote working and further promotion of Government online services to reduce and avoid the need to travel, especially to and from specific ‘traffic hotspots’, and especially during peak hours. Table 2 sets out the abatement potential calculated to arise as a result of putting in place the package of measures in the LCDS. Implementation of this package of measures results in a net cost saving over the long-term LCDS time horizon. This is a result of the avoided costs from car use and road maintenance outweighing the investment in infrastructure for active travel and support for public transport, as well as the savings from transitioning to EVs.', 'This is a result of the avoided costs from car use and road maintenance outweighing the investment in infrastructure for active travel and support for public transport, as well as the savings from transitioning to EVs. While net cost savings materialise over the long-term horizon, investment is required to start in the immediate. Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Abatement Potential, tonnes CO2e / year Table 2: Transport Measures Abatement Potential There is further scope for emissions reductions through considering the potential for reducing the impacts associated with marine/ maritime transport, on a domestic level. Malta’s emissions inventory suggests impacts of 69 thousand tonnes CO2 associated with domestic marine navigation, equating to a 12% of the transport total (and 3% of total emissions for Malta).', 'Malta’s emissions inventory suggests impacts of 69 thousand tonnes CO2 associated with domestic marine navigation, equating to a 12% of the transport total (and 3% of total emissions for Malta). This includes both ferries and some fuel use by fishing vessels. In this area, the NECP also indicates a plan to develop a tunnel between Malta and Gozo which is assumed to reduce the requirement for gasoil used in internal navigation by around 50%. 2.6.2.2.', 'In this area, the NECP also indicates a plan to develop a tunnel between Malta and Gozo which is assumed to reduce the requirement for gasoil used in internal navigation by around 50%. 2.6.2.2. General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation Policy developed - National Energy and Climate Plan Under a business-as-usual scenario, it is anticipated that transport in Malta will continue to be dominated by private car use in the absence of alternatives such as mass transit as well as coupled to the travel patterns and needs of the population. In this regard, the LCDS is aimed to build on the NECP and existing transport strategies, to bring about a more significant shift away from private car use.', 'In this regard, the LCDS is aimed to build on the NECP and existing transport strategies, to bring about a more significant shift away from private car use. Additional abatement from these activities is not included within the results, but is anticipated to help offset some of the cost of transitioning to EVs as outlined above. Further anticipated economic savings resulting from improvements in public health (from the increased activity levels) and a reduction in congestion have not been included in these cost calculations. Electrification - Supporting instruments A number of European countries have already announced bans on Internal Combustion Engines (ICE).', 'Electrification - Supporting instruments A number of European countries have already announced bans on Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). Malta has also announced an intention to impose a full ICE ban/ ICE cut-off date, with a Clean Vehicles Commission being set up to advise on the nature and timing of such a decision. For this strategy, an ICE cut-off date for beyond 2030 is being considered. In addition to a ban on petrol and diesel cars, the implementation of measures that ensure attitude changes favourably towards EVs are needed for the required level of uptake to be achieved. This can be done through grants and other instruments that bridge the cost differential between technologies as well as ensuring infrastructure is adapted to the uptake of EVs.', 'This can be done through grants and other instruments that bridge the cost differential between technologies as well as ensuring infrastructure is adapted to the uptake of EVs. In this respect, a draft national strategy for EV charging infrastructure has been launched which looks at the installation of charging facilities at multiple venues - publically, at home, en route and at the final destination. Education and information on the technology and its use (e.g.', 'Education and information on the technology and its use (e.g. on battery lifetime and battery-end-of-life disposal/replacement), as well as incentive schemes (forMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy purchase of EVs, purchase of equipment by large fleet operators to repair EVs, and electricity charging tariffs), will be essential to further ensure the targeted uptake is met - ad hoc policy initiatives may subsequently be applied in this regard. Furthermore, upskilling the workforce and collaborations/ partnerships with educational institutions and automotive companies are being looked into to push further this electrification transition in our local markets (e.g. readiness to repair and maintain EVs). Malta aspires to have introduced c. 65,000 EVs, including plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEV), by 2030.', 'Malta aspires to have introduced c. 65,000 EVs, including plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEV), by 2030. The main limitations for uptake especially in the pre-ICE ban phase include the price convergence between EVs and ICE vehicles, the availability of vehicles and infrastructure (charging infrastructure), and perception of the quality of the vehicle. It is assumed that the availability of c. 6,500 charging points introduced by 2030 will be adequately supporting the infrastructure needed to support the uptake of EVs on a national scale. This transition towards electrification of ICE vehicles across the nation will impact all stakeholders, from government to industry and the private sector, civil society and citizens.', 'This transition towards electrification of ICE vehicles across the nation will impact all stakeholders, from government to industry and the private sector, civil society and citizens. At the time of writing, in the local context it is recognised further that there could be supply issues for right- hand drive vehicles, and efforts with international producers will need to be undertaken to secure supply in the near future. Electrification of government fleet In addition to bans on ICE vehicles of private and commercial use, government will be leading by example and committing to the electrification of the government fleet. This would entail the replacement of c. 1,800 government ICE vehicles (c. 1,400 M1 vehicles, c. 400 N1 vehicles) by 2030.', 'This would entail the replacement of c. 1,800 government ICE vehicles (c. 1,400 M1 vehicles, c. 400 N1 vehicles) by 2030. Such exercise would also be complemented by the installation of charging points at respective Ministries/ government departments. Public transport Further efforts on decarbonisation relate to measures to increase public transport uptake. The LCDS measures take into account further improvements to the overall public transport service through the introduction of more bus services, dedicated bus lanes and the introduction of traffic priority measures as well as further leveraging of technology designed to improve journey times and service reliability (e.g. app- driven services). In addition to this improved logistical framework, the extension of free public transport services would provide a further incentive to increase take-up.', 'In addition to this improved logistical framework, the extension of free public transport services would provide a further incentive to increase take-up. At the same time, research shows that some form of disincentive needs to be put in place in order to lead to a sufficiently high change in behaviour. At the time of writing, Transport Malta is undertaking a National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). This will provide vital information on current travel patterns and behaviour, as well as changes in transport trends that have emerged over the last 30 years. The NHTS is also designed to quantify public opinion and views on any new potential transport policies and measures being explored by government.', 'The NHTS is also designed to quantify public opinion and views on any new potential transport policies and measures being explored by government. This survey data would guide Transport Malta in finding the optimal policy mix to achieve improved mobility through modal shift towards greener and more sustainable means of transport. The collected data will later be used to update Malta’s National Transport Model (four-stage macro model) for a more detailed technical assessment ofMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy future policies and measures and their impacts on traffic congestion and any related externalities, as well as future update cycles of this LCDS.', 'The collected data will later be used to update Malta’s National Transport Model (four-stage macro model) for a more detailed technical assessment ofMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy future policies and measures and their impacts on traffic congestion and any related externalities, as well as future update cycles of this LCDS. In order to further support the national electrification drive and reduce national emissions, the electrification of the current public transport bus fleet (a total of 370 buses) to electric ones is assumed to occur by 2030. Similar to the exercise involving the electrification of private EVs and the government fleet, this exercise would be complemented by the installation of the necessary charging infrastructure.', 'Similar to the exercise involving the electrification of private EVs and the government fleet, this exercise would be complemented by the installation of the necessary charging infrastructure. Active transport Evidence from other countries (such as Denmark) confirms that the provision of support to both active transport and public transport is likely to result in a larger shift from car use than supporting only one of these areas. Cycling in Malta is assumed to increase as a result of sustained investment in active travel infrastructure taking place over the next 30 years, alongside a large increase in the use of e-bikes and pedelecs (which are deemed key in such a measure given Malta’s hilly topography and warm climate).', 'Cycling in Malta is assumed to increase as a result of sustained investment in active travel infrastructure taking place over the next 30 years, alongside a large increase in the use of e-bikes and pedelecs (which are deemed key in such a measure given Malta’s hilly topography and warm climate). Infrastructure includes cycle tracks and lanes, bike parking facilities, bike charging points, footpaths, pedestrianised areas, widened sidewalks and investment in traffic management systems (and associated signage) to give bikes/pedestrians priority - where practicable - on existing roads.', 'Infrastructure includes cycle tracks and lanes, bike parking facilities, bike charging points, footpaths, pedestrianised areas, widened sidewalks and investment in traffic management systems (and associated signage) to give bikes/pedestrians priority - where practicable - on existing roads. In addition, the promotion of active modes of transport will also be incentivised through the use of marketing tools and the launch of further specific programmes, incentives/grants or schemes12 (including with and for industry) to sustain a cultural and social shift that would spur citizens away from private car use. These efforts will build on some Government’s recent efforts, including the use of smaller vehicles for urban mobility, such as pedelecs and category L vehicles (e.g. mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles and quadricycles), aimed at a lower environmental impact from transport.', 'mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles and quadricycles), aimed at a lower environmental impact from transport. Active commuting such as walking will also be incentivised, such as implementation of safe routes for students. Electrification of Heavy Goods Vehicles The decarbonisation of road freight was assumed to take place through the electrification of heavy goods vehicles. Teleworking and remote working Additional to modes of active transport (that shift movement to a less carbon intensive mode of transport), government will continue to consider initiatives that avoid altogether the need to move. One of the few positive outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic is that it forced employers, including government, to implement infrastructure that supports teleworking/ remote working, thus decoupling the need to commute from the ability to produce.', 'One of the few positive outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic is that it forced employers, including government, to implement infrastructure that supports teleworking/ remote working, thus decoupling the need to commute from the ability to produce. During COVID-19, it is estimated that around 33% of the local workforce worked 12 A scheme for the purchase of Pedelecs and Category L Vehicles (e.g. Mopeds, Motorcycles, Tricycles and Quadricycles) is already in place, with the aim of promote the use of small vehicles for urban mobility, with a special focus on EVs, in order to reduce congestion and emissions.remotely, and it is expected that post-COVID-19, half of the time worked will continue be carried out in this way.', 'Mopeds, Motorcycles, Tricycles and Quadricycles) is already in place, with the aim of promote the use of small vehicles for urban mobility, with a special focus on EVs, in order to reduce congestion and emissions.remotely, and it is expected that post-COVID-19, half of the time worked will continue be carried out in this way. Studies covering foreign countries show an enormous appetite for remote working from the part of both employers and employees. Government policy has been underlining the need to ensure the possibility of teleworking as a family- friendly measure for decades. This strategy considers the teleworking/remote working possibility as a GHG reduction measure, addressing the dependency of productivity and transport.', 'This strategy considers the teleworking/remote working possibility as a GHG reduction measure, addressing the dependency of productivity and transport. In order to support this further, government will be looking into: (i) promoting and incentivising further remote working amongst the workforce, including through remote workspaces for public officials across Malta and Gozo; and (ii) improved provision of online services. Mass Transport system The development of a Mass Transport System is currently being considered by government. Having completed the preliminary study phase and conceptual design, government is now proceeding with the second phase of the study which will also include a more detailed economic and financial business case and which will also take into consideration the impacts of COVID 19 era.', 'Having completed the preliminary study phase and conceptual design, government is now proceeding with the second phase of the study which will also include a more detailed economic and financial business case and which will also take into consideration the impacts of COVID 19 era. This phase will also include the confirmation of the proposed network through other studies that need to be carried out. At this stage of the LCDS, no data required to compile its MAC is readily available and the impact of this measure has not yet been modelled. In future LCDS cycles - as new and detailed information becomes available – the performance of such a measure will be analysed further.', 'In future LCDS cycles - as new and detailed information becomes available – the performance of such a measure will be analysed further. Furthermore, other non-conventional solutions to global warming and curbing emissions from transport, such as hydrogen fuel cells, biofuels, and synthetic fuels, ammonia, and sustainable aviation fuel need be further studied and looked into, including on an international level, before being adopted and modelled for the local scenario. Similarly, retrofitting transport systems are still being studied. Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy The timing of measures As previously mentioned, the intention to impose a full ICE ban/ ICE cut-off date has been proposed by government, which has set up a special Clean Vehicles Commission to advise on such matters.', 'Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy The timing of measures As previously mentioned, the intention to impose a full ICE ban/ ICE cut-off date has been proposed by government, which has set up a special Clean Vehicles Commission to advise on such matters. The ICE cut- off date has not been determined yet; however, studies carried out so far indicate a date beyond 2030. In this regard, and in line with th NECP, Malta aspires to have more than 65,000 electric vehicles (including PHEV) by 2030.', 'In this regard, and in line with th NECP, Malta aspires to have more than 65,000 electric vehicles (including PHEV) by 2030. The LCDS considered three scenarios: \\x84 an optimistic scenario where the ICE cut-off is set to 2030; \\x84 a pessimistic scenario where the cut-off date is set to 2034; \\x84 and a central scenario which is an average of these two outputs. Data suggests cars in Malta have a long lifetime, and hence there will be a time lag between putting the policy in place and seeing the change. Even if the ICE cut-off date is set at 2030, the full impact of this policy is likely to be seen in later years.', 'Even if the ICE cut-off date is set at 2030, the full impact of this policy is likely to be seen in later years. Within this measure, there could be different variants, such as the application of the ICE cut off initially to specific types of vehicles (e.g. company cars, which typically have a shorter lifespan). The shift to active travel is anticipated to require consistent investment in infrastructure and behaviour change occurring over many years. These policies will therefore not bring about change in a short enough time frame to assist in significant emissions reductions. This might therefore require some of the investment in public transport to be brought forward.', 'This might therefore require some of the investment in public transport to be brought forward. The extension of free public transport schemes is, for instance, envisaged to bring a modal shift between 2026 and 2030, whilst the electrification of the same fleet is expected to take place before 2030. HIGHER PRIORITY LOWER PRIORITY = Non-ETS emissions related measures Active Transport Start of Electrification (vehicles, infrastructure) Extending Free Public Transport Further Improvements in Public Transport Majority of Vehicles Electrified Significant Increases in Active Transport Teleworking & Remote Working Figure 13: Implementation timeline for transport measuresMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy The LCDS measures on buildings are in line with Malta’s Long Term Renovation Strategy (LTRS), which is was also launched in 2021. The implementation of the LTRS will be driving the actions planned under this sector.', 'The implementation of the LTRS will be driving the actions planned under this sector. Buildings in Malta generally utilise electricity for lighting, space heating and cooling, water heating, and for powering appliances and equipment. Unlike other European states, in Malta there is no gas supply network passing through towns and villages. Additionally, the design of a building affects the levels of heating and cooling that are required to be produced through different appliances. Modelling energy demand from building design changes, achieved either via retrofit or by marginal changes to future building stock, was not carried out under this study but referred to through work undertaken for the LTRS 13.', 'Modelling energy demand from building design changes, achieved either via retrofit or by marginal changes to future building stock, was not carried out under this study but referred to through work undertaken for the LTRS 13. In line with the LTRS, a range of measures were chosen that related to the main energy using equipment in a building, to be representative of the types of changes in energy demand that might be seen from improving EE in Malta’s building stock. It is important to note that there are several technologies that require roof space in Malta, and therefore are “competing” for the same space resource. Different technologies are suitable depending on the requirement of the building, and hence cannot be predicted at this stage14.', 'Different technologies are suitable depending on the requirement of the building, and hence cannot be predicted at this stage14. The modelling has sought to ensure that the maximum roof space available is not exceeded. Assumptions regarding roof space are presented in Table 3. The MACC approach looked into an estimated number of households and offices, and the floorspace of single and multi-family housing, and offices, under a baseline scenario, from 2020 to 2050. Table 3: Baseline projected number, and floorspace (m²) of household buildings office buildings The figures suggest that the building stock will increase by approximately 20% by 2050. Whilst equipment is 13 It should also be noted that there are significant challenges associated with Malta’s built environment data.', 'Whilst equipment is 13 It should also be noted that there are significant challenges associated with Malta’s built environment data. There is therefore a requirement to use data from other countries or use expert assumptions in some instances. 14 Through subsequent cycles of the LCDS and LTRS, government will undertake more detailed study into building types to provide more granularity on the building type and likelihood of which type of technology is most suitable.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy easier to replace, changes to fixed infrastructure – such as insulation or shading – is more costly, and those costs increase when changes are made through retrofits rather than designed into new buildings.', '14 Through subsequent cycles of the LCDS and LTRS, government will undertake more detailed study into building types to provide more granularity on the building type and likelihood of which type of technology is most suitable.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy easier to replace, changes to fixed infrastructure – such as insulation or shading – is more costly, and those costs increase when changes are made through retrofits rather than designed into new buildings. Therefore, the LCDS assumes new buildings are targeted so that further costs are not burdened on future generations.', 'Therefore, the LCDS assumes new buildings are targeted so that further costs are not burdened on future generations. Figure 14: Average energy consumption per dwelling (adjusted to EU climate) in 2016, toe/dw (Source: Malta NECP 2030) Finally, a key consideration regarding the degree to which measures can be implemented in the residential buildings sector is that Malta’s average energy consumption per dwelling is the lowest among all EU Member States (see Figure 14). This is likely to be a combination of the warmer climate compared to other EU countries, reducing the need for space heating, as well as Malta’s development path towards EU GDP per capita convergence.', 'This is likely to be a combination of the warmer climate compared to other EU countries, reducing the need for space heating, as well as Malta’s development path towards EU GDP per capita convergence. Thus, whilst the buildings sector has a key part to play in Malta’s LCDS, the relative magnitude of savings from the sector will be lower than other countries across the EU, as there is relatively less to save. 2.6.3.1.', 'Thus, whilst the buildings sector has a key part to play in Malta’s LCDS, the relative magnitude of savings from the sector will be lower than other countries across the EU, as there is relatively less to save. 2.6.3.1. Estimated emission reductions and energy demands The policy initiatives being considered, in line with the LTRS, include: \\x84 EE single measures and retrofitting to achieve Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) level \\x84 Measures, supported by schemes, for deep renovation \\x84 EE measures in buildingsThe above policy initiatives capture various measures, including EE domestic appliances, EE office equipment, installation of light sensors, roof and wall insulation, and LED lighting uptake, amongst others. Table 4 presents the anticipated abatement potential for measures relating to buildings.', 'Table 4 presents the anticipated abatement potential for measures relating to buildings. The most significant level of abatement from the measures modelled in 2030 is expected to come from ensuring domestic appliances have a high energy performance rating and are therefore very energy efficient. In addition, the use of EE office equipment and the installation of light sensors (mainly in non-residential buildings) to optimise lighting usage would be expected to generate further abatement.', 'In addition, the use of EE office equipment and the installation of light sensors (mainly in non-residential buildings) to optimise lighting usage would be expected to generate further abatement. Some additional abatement could be achieved through greater usage of roof and wall insulation to ensure buildings stay cool and air-conditioning use is minimised during summer months, as well as maximising any heating required during winter months; this was not specifically modelled but would represent some additional abatement - as the grid decarbonises this becomes less impactful in emission terms.', 'Some additional abatement could be achieved through greater usage of roof and wall insulation to ensure buildings stay cool and air-conditioning use is minimised during summer months, as well as maximising any heating required during winter months; this was not specifically modelled but would represent some additional abatement - as the grid decarbonises this becomes less impactful in emission terms. Measures to drive a full switch to LED lighting could provide some additional abatement; however, the levels are not significant as other types of EE bulbs are highly pervasive in the market by 2030, and the savings from a switch of such bulbs to LEDs are not as significant as they would be where the switch is made from incandescent bulbs.', 'Measures to drive a full switch to LED lighting could provide some additional abatement; however, the levels are not significant as other types of EE bulbs are highly pervasive in the market by 2030, and the savings from a switch of such bulbs to LEDs are not as significant as they would be where the switch is made from incandescent bulbs. Other changes to building design – as well as the building’s integral energy-using equipment - will also contribute to abatement over and above the measures listed. Abatement Potential, tonnes CO2e / year Table 4: Buildings Measures Abatement Potential 2.6.3.2.', 'Abatement Potential, tonnes CO2e / year Table 4: Buildings Measures Abatement Potential 2.6.3.2. General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation Policy developed - National Energy and Climate Plan In line with the policy initiatives referred to earlier, the following is a list of measures that are being proposed to support the abatement of GHG emissions from the buildings sector in Malta (split between residential and non-residential buildings), which fall under the three packages of EE and renovation measures outlined above: \\x84 Residential: o Improved EE appliances o Installing roof insulation o Increased use of LED lighting \\x84 Non-residential (offices, government buildings, other non-residential): o Installing roof insulation Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy o Increased use of LED lighting o Increased use of automated lighting o Increased EE office/ IT equipment The nature of the changes required under these measures are mostly captured, to varying extents, by the policy initiatives set out in the NECP and the LTRS.', 'General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation Policy developed - National Energy and Climate Plan In line with the policy initiatives referred to earlier, the following is a list of measures that are being proposed to support the abatement of GHG emissions from the buildings sector in Malta (split between residential and non-residential buildings), which fall under the three packages of EE and renovation measures outlined above: \\x84 Residential: o Improved EE appliances o Installing roof insulation o Increased use of LED lighting \\x84 Non-residential (offices, government buildings, other non-residential): o Installing roof insulation Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy o Increased use of LED lighting o Increased use of automated lighting o Increased EE office/ IT equipment The nature of the changes required under these measures are mostly captured, to varying extents, by the policy initiatives set out in the NECP and the LTRS. The update of these measures, and hence the ambition, can be increased further by increasing the scope of the specific policy instruments - for example, by increasing the overall grant allocation available in a given year or by adjusting the threshold to cover a larger number of consumers.', 'The update of these measures, and hence the ambition, can be increased further by increasing the scope of the specific policy instruments - for example, by increasing the overall grant allocation available in a given year or by adjusting the threshold to cover a larger number of consumers. The effects of the various policies should be monitored closely out to 2030 and policy parameters changed as required. EE measures improperly implemented may give rise to energy poverty in circumstances where lower income bands of society are locked out of EE technology, thus driven to be higher consumers to meet basic needs.', 'EE measures improperly implemented may give rise to energy poverty in circumstances where lower income bands of society are locked out of EE technology, thus driven to be higher consumers to meet basic needs. Government will be tackling this vicious circle that widens the difference between higher and lower income households, and will ensure that vulnerable classes of society are well taken care off so they can reap the benefit of higher efficiency, lower consumption and hence lower cost. Policy initiatives relating to residential buildings \\x84 Energy efficiency of household appliances In terms of improving the EE of household appliances, NECP initiatives to provide support to vulnerable and energy poor households to replace old appliances with new efficient units should be fully rolled out as early as 2030.', 'Policy initiatives relating to residential buildings \\x84 Energy efficiency of household appliances In terms of improving the EE of household appliances, NECP initiatives to provide support to vulnerable and energy poor households to replace old appliances with new efficient units should be fully rolled out as early as 2030. Grant funding should be capped on an annual basis and increased over time as necessary to ensure the maximum switch possible by 2030. Alternatively, grants could be implemented using discount vouchers for EE appliances until these achieve parity with the inefficient appliances.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 Insulation and double glazing Under this measure, government will consider providing small installation cost grants for different types of residential property.', 'Alternatively, grants could be implemented using discount vouchers for EE appliances until these achieve parity with the inefficient appliances.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 Insulation and double glazing Under this measure, government will consider providing small installation cost grants for different types of residential property. Maximum grant levels can be set and increased over time if further uptake is required. \\x84 Lighting Efficiency As there are easy and cost-effective replacements available on the market, scope for added policy initiatives will be assessed if deemed necessary. The aim is to achieve a wholesale shift to LEDs by 2030. This would equally apply to bulbs used in residential and non-residential buildings.', 'This would equally apply to bulbs used in residential and non-residential buildings. \\x84 Air conditioning Air conditioners account for a good proportion of electricity usage in buildings; these are assumed to be gradually replaced through private household and/or business decisions. This could, however, also be captured in policies that cover a wider range of approaches e.g. energy audits, grants. \\x84 Deep renovation of buildings Through schemes for deep renovation (e.g. ‘Irrestawra Darek’ scheme), buildings of a historical value and privately-owned buildings located in urban conservation areas and/or scheduled as grade 1 or grade 2 can benefit from sustainable renovation and restoration works. Besides preserving the aesthetic and historical value of such buildings, this policy initiative could feature retrofitted green initiatives, enhancing EE (e.g.', 'Besides preserving the aesthetic and historical value of such buildings, this policy initiative could feature retrofitted green initiatives, enhancing EE (e.g. installation of double glazing on existing original façade timber fixtures or roof insulation). The LTRS assumes that with such a measure, 12,000 units of building stock can be renovated by 2030. \\x84 EE single measures and retrofitting to achieve NZEB level Several of these single EE and retrofitting initiatives, together with initiatives mentioned under the section on Energy systems, can be collated into one package of measures that are aimed at achieving NZEB levels. These measures include roof and wall insulation (LTRS assumes 14,000 units by 2030); SWHs and heat pumps (LTRS assumes 24,000 units by 2030); and window double glazing.', 'These measures include roof and wall insulation (LTRS assumes 14,000 units by 2030); SWHs and heat pumps (LTRS assumes 24,000 units by 2030); and window double glazing. The inclusion of sustainable building materials is also being recommended within such package. It is deemed difficult to achieve the targeted uptake without regulatory measures complimenting such package. \\x84 Design – existing and new buildings In terms of the design of residential buildings for energy efficiency, as mentioned above, there are different considerations regarding existing buildings compared to new buildings that have not yet been constructed. For new buildings, government will consider implementing EE standards to drive up performance in household buildings (for both electricity and heat).', 'For new buildings, government will consider implementing EE standards to drive up performance in household buildings (for both electricity and heat). Government, as a follow up to the LTRS and LCDS, will undertake detailed feasibility work to set out the scope and ambition of the standards, and how these will affect both the likely abatement of GHG emissions and the balance between potential increased upfront costs – from higher house prices – and the savings householders would eventually realise over time from reduced energy bills. If necessary, subsidies could be provided to lower- and middle-incomeMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy houses e.g. in the form of reduced property taxes (e.g. stamp duty, sales tax), or help-to-buy housing schemes.', 'stamp duty, sales tax), or help-to-buy housing schemes. \\x84 Education and awareness In addition to the technology specific initiatives outlined above, broader policies regarding education and awareness-raising of energy usage in household will be supported, building on similar examples such as the roll out of smart meters across the country, or the provision of energy saving bulbs. For example, awareness raising campaigns and voluntary energy audits will be supported. Policy initiatives relating to non-residential buildings \\x84 The set of measures outlined above will also be incentivised by the policy initiatives set out in the NECP.', 'Policy initiatives relating to non-residential buildings \\x84 The set of measures outlined above will also be incentivised by the policy initiatives set out in the NECP. For example: o Providing greater access to financial support schemes for those disclosing verified energy savings; o A requirement that non-SMEs with an annual consumption exceeding 800 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) to implement an ISO certified management system; o Regulation 10 of LN 196 of 2014 makes it mandatory for, and the responsibility of, non-SMEs registered and doing business in Malta to carry out energy audits to the established quality level and frequency; o Financial support for business clusters on EE; o Grants to help SMEs carry out energy audits of their premises/ processes/ plants/ transport fleet; and o Regular training sessions and seminars.', 'For example: o Providing greater access to financial support schemes for those disclosing verified energy savings; o A requirement that non-SMEs with an annual consumption exceeding 800 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) to implement an ISO certified management system; o Regulation 10 of LN 196 of 2014 makes it mandatory for, and the responsibility of, non-SMEs registered and doing business in Malta to carry out energy audits to the established quality level and frequency; o Financial support for business clusters on EE; o Grants to help SMEs carry out energy audits of their premises/ processes/ plants/ transport fleet; and o Regular training sessions and seminars. \\x84 The private sector is already actively participating in the country’s move towards decarbonisation, but further effort is still needed.', '\\x84 The private sector is already actively participating in the country’s move towards decarbonisation, but further effort is still needed. The Government intends to continue promoting investment towards further uptake of energy efficiency measures in buildings and equipment used for industrial and services operations in Malta. \\x84 Policy measures such as EE certificates for some categories of buildings (e.g. offices and hotels) will be further assessed, to further improve their energy performance. The use of ambitious criteria within these certificates is particularly important where the construction of new buildings is concerned, given the relatively high cost of retrofitting EE measures.', 'The use of ambitious criteria within these certificates is particularly important where the construction of new buildings is concerned, given the relatively high cost of retrofitting EE measures. In relation to hospitality, government is aware of the current hardships caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and is therefore aware of the need to carefully assess the impact of such measures. \\x84 As also indicated in the NECP and LTRS, government and public bodies are aware of their key role in promoting EE. In this regard, central government will continue to lead by example through its continued commitments towards the ongoing programme of implementing EE and renovation measures in public buildings.', 'In this regard, central government will continue to lead by example through its continued commitments towards the ongoing programme of implementing EE and renovation measures in public buildings. Government will continue looking into measures such as: EE lighting systems, use of LEDs; smart meter installations & energy management systems; replacement of ACs to inverter integratedMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy ACs; sustainable procurement of appliances and equipment; and roof and wall insulation/double glazing or glass tinting. Measures to instil behavioural changes will also be considered. The timing of measures As discussed in Section 2.6.1.2, the most important period for the implementation of EE measures from an emissions abatement perspective, is whilst electricity is still being supplied locally.', 'The timing of measures As discussed in Section 2.6.1.2, the most important period for the implementation of EE measures from an emissions abatement perspective, is whilst electricity is still being supplied locally. A particular focus should be on those measures relating to EE standards for the construction of new buildings. This will help to ensure that expensive renovation is not required from 2030 to 2050. Whilst it may hold true that the carbon abatement effect of EE measures diminishes as the grid decarbonises, the ability of higher EE in buildings would still ensure more affordable energy use for basic households needs (e.g. heating and cooking).', 'Whilst it may hold true that the carbon abatement effect of EE measures diminishes as the grid decarbonises, the ability of higher EE in buildings would still ensure more affordable energy use for basic households needs (e.g. heating and cooking). This ensures that the proportion of household income spent on energy in the dwelling is reduced, allowing a lower income band to move away from the risk of (energy) poverty. Malta is characteristically lacking carbon intensive industries such as metal production or pulp and paper production. In reality, direct industrial emissions make up only a minimal part of the GHG portfolio.', 'In reality, direct industrial emissions make up only a minimal part of the GHG portfolio. There are a number of industrial facilities across Malta, ranging in scale – some operated by local SMEs, and others by large enterprises, including some owned by FDI companies. Some facilities sit alone whilst some are situated near each other on industrial parks. Most are primarily concerned with manufacturing – including plastic products, medicines, electronics, and food and beverages. Such manufacturing operations mostly consume energy in the form of electricity15, thus generating emissions indirectly from energy consumption. According to the NECP, this consumption amounted to around 10% of the island’s total energy consumption in 2015. Opportunities for improving industrial EE are therefore of interest in the pursuit of territorial GHGEs reductions.', 'Opportunities for improving industrial EE are therefore of interest in the pursuit of territorial GHGEs reductions. In Malta, the main energy-consuming industrial processes are: \\x84 refrigeration / cooling for machinery; \\x84 injection / blow moulding; \\x84 compressed air; \\x84 motors and drives; and \\x84 water heaters/ boilers. 15 Interviews with a selection of local industry confirmed that the vast majority of energy consumption for the industrial processes was in the form of electricity, including water heating. Consumption of other fuels does occur but is negligible in the context of this measure.', 'Consumption of other fuels does occur but is negligible in the context of this measure. Fuel consumption for the transport needs of these facilities is out of scope.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Overall, the industrial sector in Malta already has a fair understanding of available efficiency measures and has made efforts to implement some of them. This is helped by the fact that many of the larger manufacturing sites are Maltese subsidiaries of large international companies and are therefore required to comply with company-wide environmental management systems and policies. Nonetheless, a large number of SMEs, due to their small size, find it not cost-effective to invest in such technologies (including EE measures) or may find difficulties with the initial funding outlay required.', 'Nonetheless, a large number of SMEs, due to their small size, find it not cost-effective to invest in such technologies (including EE measures) or may find difficulties with the initial funding outlay required. Within this sector, examples of positive efficiency actions include: \\x84 implementing switch-off routines for machinery; \\x84 replacing moulds with state-of-the-art designs; \\x84 introducing variable speed drives on motors; \\x84 utilising waste heat from air compression processes; and \\x84 use of LED lighting. The available technology for each of these processes is improving every year. For example, the base load consumption of electric injection equipment is a fraction of that of the hydraulic alternative, providing significant overall energy savings16. In addition to these technological improvements, some site-specific ideas arose during consultation with local industry.', 'In addition to these technological improvements, some site-specific ideas arose during consultation with local industry. This included an idea for providing an industrial park with a shared seawater cooling facility which would cut the energy needs for all facilities in the park. Government, through entities such as Malta Enterprise and Indis Malta, are committed to work with industry to find decarbonisation solutions. 2.6.4.1. Estimated emission reductions and energy demands The EE measure related to industrial processes in Malta modelled for the LCDS encompasses a variety of possible technologies, as described above. This measure also allows for some conservative consideration of future technological improvements that are, as yet, unknown. The greatest level of abatement will be achieved in the period when electricity is mostly being generated locally.', 'The greatest level of abatement will be achieved in the period when electricity is mostly being generated locally. As imports or alternative sources of energy supplies come into effect, the territorial emissions saved from further reductions in electricity consumption are limited. However, the measures are anticipated to make an economic saving over the 30 -year period due to reduced electricity usage outweighing the investment in new, more energy efficient equipment. However, it is pertinent to note that investment is required in the immediate, while savings will materialise over the long-term LCDS horizon. In addition, electricity supply can be reduced by ~232 GWh in 2030, rising to ~345 GWh by 2050.', 'In addition, electricity supply can be reduced by ~232 GWh in 2030, rising to ~345 GWh by 2050. Whilst the GHG emission reductions are lower in the longer term, these savings can ensure that the scale of any additional infrastructure needed to 16 An Energy Saving Guide for Plastic Injection Moulding Machines, Mobil. Accessed 3rd May 2019 from: www.mobil.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy meet electricity demand (as explained in the sub-section on Energy) can be limited, which saves costs and, in the case of offshore renewables, the amount of area needing to be taken up by related infrastructure. The abatement potential of measures that are aimed at tackling emissions from the industrial sector is shown inTable 5.', 'The abatement potential of measures that are aimed at tackling emissions from the industrial sector is shown inTable 5. As with the other energy efficiency measures, the impact is greatest in the earlier years, when the carbon emissions from electricity generation are higher. Abatement Potential, tonnes CO2e / year Table 5: Industry Measures Abatement Potential 2.6.4.2. General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation The NECP (which includes measures up to 2030) refers to various policies and plans: \\x84 Energy Management Systems backed up through ISO standards; \\x84 Supporting energy audits - planned to continue into the future as issues and solutions change over time; and \\x84 Information dissemination programmes.', 'General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation The NECP (which includes measures up to 2030) refers to various policies and plans: \\x84 Energy Management Systems backed up through ISO standards; \\x84 Supporting energy audits - planned to continue into the future as issues and solutions change over time; and \\x84 Information dissemination programmes. Malta Enterprise has recently announced a support scheme for SMEs, aimed at helping such enterprises to purchase and invest in EE equipment. Government will evaluate the uptake of such a scheme, and consider extending/ strengthening such a scheme to ensure that small enterprises are assisted in reducing their energy consumption. The engagement with local industrial stakeholders during this LCDS process confirms this scope for further efficiency gains in Malta’s industrial operations.', 'The engagement with local industrial stakeholders during this LCDS process confirms this scope for further efficiency gains in Malta’s industrial operations. The majority of stakeholders interviewed mentioned ideas of efficiency improvements as well as giving examples of barriers they faced in implementing them. Such barriers included access to capital, long payback times, and access to information. Apart from the initiatives in the NECP, government will also consider further initiatives such as green bonds, revolving loan funds and loan guarantees. As financial savings are expected, policies will focus on adequate access to capital for the necessary investments to be made.', 'As financial savings are expected, policies will focus on adequate access to capital for the necessary investments to be made. The timing of measures Given that many of the industrial EE measures are expected to result in financial savings over time from reduced electricity payments, the LCDS assumes a prioritisation of this measure before 2030 (see Figure 12). 2.6.4.3. Refrigerants (F-gases) Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants are mainly fluorine containing synthetic substances, generallyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy found as gases although some are liquid at room temperature. The main uses are in refrigeration and air conditioning in stationary and mobile applications, including domestic, commercial and industrial use.', 'The main uses are in refrigeration and air conditioning in stationary and mobile applications, including domestic, commercial and industrial use. Some special uses include the use of specific gases such as Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in insulation of high voltage switchgear and the use of specific application in the semiconductor industry. Most F-gases in use are replacing the previously used chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). In fact, the NECP confirms that HFC emissions started to increase significantly in Malta from 1999, largely as a result of the shift away from the use of CFCs in equipment for refrigeration and cooling. European legislation resulted in the phasing out of the use of CFCs as these were having a detrimental effect on the ozone layer.', 'European legislation resulted in the phasing out of the use of CFCs as these were having a detrimental effect on the ozone layer. However, an increase in CC emissions has occurred as a result of the shift towards HFCs. All emissions of these gases fall within the sector ‘Industrial Processes and Product Use’ (IPPU). The NECP notes that emissions of HFCs in 2017 accounted for around 99% of total IPPU emissions. Subsequent European legislation has been implemented which aims to tackle HFC emissions. This includes the current F-gas Regulation which is focused on17: \\x84 Limiting the amount of the most important F-gases that can be sold in equipment; \\x84 Banning the use of F-gases where less harmful alternatives exist; \\x84 Preventing emissions of F-gases from existing equipment.', 'This includes the current F-gas Regulation which is focused on17: \\x84 Limiting the amount of the most important F-gases that can be sold in equipment; \\x84 Banning the use of F-gases where less harmful alternatives exist; \\x84 Preventing emissions of F-gases from existing equipment. The aim of the legislation is to cut emissions of HFCs by two-thirds from 2014 levels by 2030. These emissions should therefore be tackled through Malta’s implementation of this legislation. Stringent implementation of this regulation should in part, if not completely, achieve the set targets for this sector.', 'Stringent implementation of this regulation should in part, if not completely, achieve the set targets for this sector. Noting also that, climatically speaking, Malta requires a level of use of refrigerants, and as already highlighted Malta is a technology adopter, further reduction of GHGs from this sector will only come through a wider approach at a European level. 2.6.5.1. Estimated emission reductions Waste disposal in landfills contributes to CC by releasing methane into the atmosphere. Methane is a harmful GHG which is 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide in terms of ‘Global Warming Potential’. The waste management sector accounts for less than 10% of GHGEs in Malta.', 'The waste management sector accounts for less than 10% of GHGEs in Malta. Under the LCDS, and in line with the Waste Management Plan (WMP) for the Maltese Islands (2021 to 2030; mandated under the EU Waste Framework Directive Article 9(1) as provided for in the revised Waste Framework Directive (2018/851)), a package of measures is being put in place, especially in the areas of recycling and waste prevention. The LCDS covers the following measures: 17 Details of the legislation can be found at: Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 High biowaste capture: this measure assumes that 80% of municipal biowaste is captured for recycling, which takes place via an anaerobic digestion (AD) facility.', 'The LCDS covers the following measures: 17 Details of the legislation can be found at: Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 High biowaste capture: this measure assumes that 80% of municipal biowaste is captured for recycling, which takes place via an anaerobic digestion (AD) facility. Since locally there is little in the way of garden waste, the captured material consists largely of food waste – assumed to be collected from both households and commercial facilities. \\x84 Incineration pre-sorting: this measure assumes that additional sorting equipment is put in place to ensure the efficient removal of a wide range of recyclables from residual waste, thereby further improving the municipal recycling rate.', '\\x84 Incineration pre-sorting: this measure assumes that additional sorting equipment is put in place to ensure the efficient removal of a wide range of recyclables from residual waste, thereby further improving the municipal recycling rate. In this way, the recycling rate for plastic film – which makes a reasonably significant contribution to the impacts of incinerating residual waste – is improved substantially. This will also indirectly allow for a more streamlined collection system on a national scale. \\x84 Waste prevention: measures will continue to be put in place to support waste reduction, in particular reducing food waste, junk mail, and support a switch to reusable nappies.', '\\x84 Waste prevention: measures will continue to be put in place to support waste reduction, in particular reducing food waste, junk mail, and support a switch to reusable nappies. Though still important, the table below confirms that waste measures make a relatively modest contribution to abatement potential compared to other sectors such as transport and buildings. The most significant contributor is the measure to improve the sorting of waste prior to it being sent to the incinerator. Abatement Potential, tonnes CO2e / year Table 6: Waste Measure Abatement Potential Investment costs for the new infrastructure are anticipated to be offset to a significant extent by the financial benefits arising from the waste prevention measures.', 'Abatement Potential, tonnes CO2e / year Table 6: Waste Measure Abatement Potential Investment costs for the new infrastructure are anticipated to be offset to a significant extent by the financial benefits arising from the waste prevention measures. There is a net cost across all three waste sector measures by 2050, which represents a net cost over the long-term LCDS horizon; any capital investment would still need to be incurred upfront. In addition, as will be discussed in Section 4, a significant proportion of the financial cost of these measures is potentially available through the use of European funding. In this regard, the above waste measures are part of government’s wider waste management investment plans through the ECOHIVE Project.', 'In this regard, the above waste measures are part of government’s wider waste management investment plans through the ECOHIVE Project. Investment includes a waste-to-energy plant (EfW) which will in itself significantly limit Malta’s landfilling volumes, a new plant for the management of dry recyclables, a plant to treat organic waste to extract energy and produce compost for use in agriculture, as well as the replacement of the clinical and abattoir waste incinerator. 2.6.5.2. General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation The policies proposed here build on those measures and actions already included in the NECP, which include a waste-to-energy facility to be commissioned in 2024 to enable increased diversion of residual waste from landfill to further lead to compliance with European legislation.', 'General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation The policies proposed here build on those measures and actions already included in the NECP, which include a waste-to-energy facility to be commissioned in 2024 to enable increased diversion of residual waste from landfill to further lead to compliance with European legislation. The policies mentioned below are also aligned with the WMP. Many actions will take place in the period 2021-2030, leading to relatively early emissions reductions, including the commissioning of new infrastructure.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Increased biowaste capture sent to anaerobic digestion Over the period 2011-2018, Malta has seen an overall increasing trend in food waste generation. Households in Malta generate approximately 135kg of food waste per capita each year.', 'Households in Malta generate approximately 135kg of food waste per capita each year. The majority of the food waste generated over this period in Malta was landfilled, while the organic waste collected from households following the nationwide rollout of separate organic waste collection was processed via AD into RE. In light of this, efforts to achieve further reduction of the emissions arising from the treatment of food waste (that would otherwise occur via the residual waste stream) consider the need to capture more separately collected food waste which would be treated in the new infrastructure and its biogas captured for RE production. This can be done in parallel with the application of circular economy principles that can minimise food waste in the first place.', 'This can be done in parallel with the application of circular economy principles that can minimise food waste in the first place. Waste prevention The WMP sets out a series of waste prevention measures which aim to facilitate the prevention of waste and the reuse of materials by industry, government, citizens and tourists. The objectives of these measures are to: \\x84 Foster a culture of resource efficiency by encouraging alternative choices that contribute towards sustainable consumption, changing attitudes towards preventing unnecessary use, and encouraging the repair and reuse of items rather than discarding them early in their economic lifetime \\x84 Create new business opportunities for greener products, repair services and secondary markets \\x84 Provide economic incentives to support society in transitioning towards voluntary prevention and reuse initiatives.', 'The objectives of these measures are to: \\x84 Foster a culture of resource efficiency by encouraging alternative choices that contribute towards sustainable consumption, changing attitudes towards preventing unnecessary use, and encouraging the repair and reuse of items rather than discarding them early in their economic lifetime \\x84 Create new business opportunities for greener products, repair services and secondary markets \\x84 Provide economic incentives to support society in transitioning towards voluntary prevention and reuse initiatives. A Waste Prevention Programme is set out, seeking the enactment of measures which prevent the generation of waste. This Programme promotes the minimisation of waste generated through the adoption of various measures which incentivise greener business processes, and prompt societal change towards smarter consumption patterns.', 'This Programme promotes the minimisation of waste generated through the adoption of various measures which incentivise greener business processes, and prompt societal change towards smarter consumption patterns. The target waste streams will be tackled through measures that include awareness-raising campaigns, implementing economic incentives, new legislation to support waste minimisation initiatives and various other tools to incentivise waste prevention. Key measures considered in the WMP include: \\x84 Establishing re-use and repair centres. \\x84 Economic incentives to promote repair and reuse activities. \\x84 Setting up a waste prevention budget line to incentivise waste prevention initiatives. \\x84 Digitising office procedures.', '\\x84 Setting up a waste prevention budget line to incentivise waste prevention initiatives. \\x84 Digitising office procedures. \\x84 Encouraging retailers to promote initiatives for customers who bring their own containers.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 Providing economic incentives to support packaging-free initiatives and products with less packaging. \\x84 Exploring economic incentives targeting recycled materials in construction. \\x84 Establishing a set of waste prevention guidelines for all Government events. \\x84 Developing legislation for the diversion of food waste from landfill. \\x84 Limiting retail and distribution outlets from discarding unsold food. \\x84 Overcoming barriers imposed by current legislation restricting the redistribution of food. \\x84 Developing a regulatory framework to enable people to unsubscribe from unsolicited mail.', '\\x84 Developing a regulatory framework to enable people to unsubscribe from unsolicited mail. \\x84 Supporting the creation of an online alternative to unaddressed mail. \\x84 Introducing legislation to prohibit the use of single-use plastics in public events. This measure can be introduced for single-use plastic items that are not already banned under the Single-Use Plastics Directive. \\x84 Piloting a smoking ban on several local beaches. \\x84 Amending the Building Regulations to mandate a minimum of 15% recycled materials in buildings. \\x84 Removing barriers to the export of reconstituted stone products or powdered stone from construction and demolition waste where feasible Mandatory pre-sorting of plastics at Waste to Energy Facility The NECP notes the intention to consider pre-treatment for the proposed waste-to-energy facility.', '\\x84 Removing barriers to the export of reconstituted stone products or powdered stone from construction and demolition waste where feasible Mandatory pre-sorting of plastics at Waste to Energy Facility The NECP notes the intention to consider pre-treatment for the proposed waste-to-energy facility. Under the LCDS, pre-sorting of plastics in the input waste stream would be mandatory.', 'Under the LCDS, pre-sorting of plastics in the input waste stream would be mandatory. Implementation of this measure therefore requires the plant specification to be developed such that it ensures the facility is able to efficiently sort (for recycling) all plastics, including plastic film.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy The timing of measures Although waste is anticipated to make a relatively small contribution to overall abatement achievements (compared to other sectors), emission reductions start to be made earlier than in the case for some other sector measures due to the investment in infrastructure which is likely to occur prior to 2030 (see Figure 15). HIGHER PRIORITY LOWER PRIORITY = Non-ETS emissions related measures Teleworking & Remote Working Waste Prevention Incineration Pre- Sorting of Plastics High Biowaste Capture and Biogas Upgrade Figure 15: Implementation timeline for waste measures 2.6.6.1.', 'HIGHER PRIORITY LOWER PRIORITY = Non-ETS emissions related measures Teleworking & Remote Working Waste Prevention Incineration Pre- Sorting of Plastics High Biowaste Capture and Biogas Upgrade Figure 15: Implementation timeline for waste measures 2.6.6.1. Estimated emission reductions and energy demands Under the LCDS, four measures targeting the water use of different sectors are implemented. These measures seek to either reduce the demand for water or move away from extraction of groundwater. These are: \\x84 the storage and use of rainwater on Malta’s industrial parks; \\x84 the treatment and re-use of greywaters in hotels; \\x84 a reduction in water use through a behaviour change campaign; and \\x84 investment in technology to improve irrigation efficiency. Table 7 details the abatement potential calculated to arise as a result of putting in place the package of measures under the LCDS.', 'Table 7 details the abatement potential calculated to arise as a result of putting in place the package of measures under the LCDS. The data shows that the potential abatement is very modest compared to other sectors. Nevertheless, implementation of this package of measures results in a net cost saving in 2050.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Abatement Potential, tonnes CO2e / year Table 7: Water Measures Abatement Potential 2.6.6.2. General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation Policy developed - National Energy and Climate Plan Reduction in water use from behaviour change The 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan (WCMP), which covers the period from 2015 – 202118, includes an educational project measure involving the development of a long-term national water conservation campaign.', 'General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation Policy developed - National Energy and Climate Plan Reduction in water use from behaviour change The 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan (WCMP), which covers the period from 2015 – 202118, includes an educational project measure involving the development of a long-term national water conservation campaign. This campaign aims for a reduction of 5% of municipal demand, equal to a water saving of 1 million m³19. The plan also includes a supporting measure involving a specific campaign targeting education activities at schools. In September 2019, EWA launched this national water conservation campaign titled Water – Be the Change20.', 'In September 2019, EWA launched this national water conservation campaign titled Water – Be the Change20. The proposed measure out to 2030 and beyond represents a long-term extension of this campaign beyond 2022, involving: 18 Sustainable Energy and Water Conservation Unit (2015) The 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan for the Malta Water Catchment District 2015 - 2021, 2015 19 Sustainable Energy and Water Conservation Unit (2015) The 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan for the Malta Water Catchment District 2015 - 2021, 2015 20 About us | Water - Be The ChangeMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 frequent messaging; \\x84 targeted and, where possible, personalised, messaging for specific customer cohorts including high- consumers and those mostly likely to change behaviour; \\x84 use of behavioural science insights to help ‘nudge’ large numbers of consumers towards behaviour change; \\x84 consideration given to the credibility of the information source, the narrative style of the message, and the information channel in designing messaging; and \\x84 a long-term focus in an effort to avoid the rebounding increases in demand following initial messaging typical of water-saving campaigns.', 'The proposed measure out to 2030 and beyond represents a long-term extension of this campaign beyond 2022, involving: 18 Sustainable Energy and Water Conservation Unit (2015) The 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan for the Malta Water Catchment District 2015 - 2021, 2015 19 Sustainable Energy and Water Conservation Unit (2015) The 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan for the Malta Water Catchment District 2015 - 2021, 2015 20 About us | Water - Be The ChangeMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 frequent messaging; \\x84 targeted and, where possible, personalised, messaging for specific customer cohorts including high- consumers and those mostly likely to change behaviour; \\x84 use of behavioural science insights to help ‘nudge’ large numbers of consumers towards behaviour change; \\x84 consideration given to the credibility of the information source, the narrative style of the message, and the information channel in designing messaging; and \\x84 a long-term focus in an effort to avoid the rebounding increases in demand following initial messaging typical of water-saving campaigns. A recent review of international efforts to promote water conservation concluded that efforts to increase public awareness such as through media campaigns could result in reductions in municipal demand of between 2 and 20%21.', 'A recent review of international efforts to promote water conservation concluded that efforts to increase public awareness such as through media campaigns could result in reductions in municipal demand of between 2 and 20%21. GGiven that the proposed campaign would have a long-term focus, and taking into account the range of impact of previous campaigns, the awareness raising campaigns are expected to remain of value. Storage and use of rainwater in industrial sector The 2nd WCMP includes a demand management measure involving support schemes for the development of rainwater runoff harvesting facilities in the agricultural and other commercial sectors, and forecasts that this could result in an increase in harvested rainwater of 25,000 m³ per year. Within this measure, passive low-methods for rainwater collection can also be considered.', 'Within this measure, passive low-methods for rainwater collection can also be considered. Treatment and re-use of greywaters in the hotel sector In March 2014 the EU Life+ Investing in Water project recommended that the 2nd WCMP includes measures to support the uptake of greywater recycling systems in the hotel sector only, acknowledging that Malta has no other particularly large water-consuming industries22. The Malta Tourism Authority administers the Eco- Certification scheme for hotels in Malta, made up of 51 mandatory criteria and 38 voluntary criteria. To be certified, hotels must satisfy all mandatory criteria and 50% of the voluntary criteria. One such voluntary criteria is that a wastewater treatment plant is installed and operational and treated grey water is re-used.', 'One such voluntary criteria is that a wastewater treatment plant is installed and operational and treated grey water is re-used. Further incentives, including through the Eco-certification scheme, could be explored by the government to ensure more energy-efficient water use in this important industry. 21 Moglia, M., Cook, S., and Tapsuwan, S. (2018) Promoting Water Conservation: Where to from here?, Water, Vol.10, 22 Malta Business Bureau (2014) Recommendations – National Water Management Plan - EU LIFE+ Investing in Water ProjectMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy The 2nd WCMP includes a supplementary measure involving support mechanisms for research initiatives on greywater recycling systems for the domestic and commercial sectors.', '21 Moglia, M., Cook, S., and Tapsuwan, S. (2018) Promoting Water Conservation: Where to from here?, Water, Vol.10, 22 Malta Business Bureau (2014) Recommendations – National Water Management Plan - EU LIFE+ Investing in Water ProjectMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy The 2nd WCMP includes a supplementary measure involving support mechanisms for research initiatives on greywater recycling systems for the domestic and commercial sectors. Investment in technology to improve irrigation efficiency The National Agricultural Policy for the Maltese Islands 2018-2028 noted that there is already wide use of efficient irrigation systems, including drip irrigation. Indeed, the most recent estimate available is that 52% of holdings apply drip irrigation, with 29% applying sprinkler irrigation and 19% using surface irrigation23.', 'Indeed, the most recent estimate available is that 52% of holdings apply drip irrigation, with 29% applying sprinkler irrigation and 19% using surface irrigation23. The data available to date indicates that there is still significant scope for investment in water efficiency in the agricultural sector. Hence, government is committed to further support farmers in transitioning to more efficient means of irrigation, in line with the Agricultural Policy measure to ‘promote the development and financing of smart irrigation systems’. Additionally, the Agricultural Policy identifies “sustaining water & key resources” as a strategic policy objective for the agricultural sector24.', 'Additionally, the Agricultural Policy identifies “sustaining water & key resources” as a strategic policy objective for the agricultural sector24. The policy defines the following measures which would support the LCDS referred to above: \\x84 Consult, train, educate and inform farmers on a set of instruments aimed at improving crop selection, water use and its conservation and non-conventional sources of water; \\x84 Promote the development and financing of smart irrigation system; and \\x84 Conduct an economic and financial feasibility study on the introduction of irrigation systems that minimise evaporation and collect dew moisture through deficit irrigation strategies It should be noted that, as Malta’s grid carbon intensity decreases over time, the GHG emission abatement benefit of this measure associated with reduced energy demand for electric-powered pumps and new water production diminishes.', 'The policy defines the following measures which would support the LCDS referred to above: \\x84 Consult, train, educate and inform farmers on a set of instruments aimed at improving crop selection, water use and its conservation and non-conventional sources of water; \\x84 Promote the development and financing of smart irrigation system; and \\x84 Conduct an economic and financial feasibility study on the introduction of irrigation systems that minimise evaporation and collect dew moisture through deficit irrigation strategies It should be noted that, as Malta’s grid carbon intensity decreases over time, the GHG emission abatement benefit of this measure associated with reduced energy demand for electric-powered pumps and new water production diminishes. However, the benefit of the investment in efficient irrigation in terms of resilience to water scarcity will remain relevant.', 'However, the benefit of the investment in efficient irrigation in terms of resilience to water scarcity will remain relevant. Regarding the timing of these measures it is assumed that all can be implemented before 2030. 23 Eurostat (2010) Share of holdings applying different irrigation methods 2010, accessed 22 May 2019, ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Share_of_holdings_applying_different_irrigation_ 24 Atriga Consult (2018) National Agricultural Policy for the Maltese Islands 2018 - 2028Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy HIGHER PRIORITY LOWER PRIORITY Water Demand Behaviour Change Improved Agricultural Irrigation Hotel Greywater Storage industrial Rainwater Storage Figure 16: Implementation timeline for water measures 2.6.7. Agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) 2.6.7.1.', 'Agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) 2.6.7.1. Land use, land-use change and forestry The LULUCF Regulation includes the removal and emissions of GHG from land use, land use change and forestry, requiring Malta to ensure that emissions from certain land uses are offset by at least an equivalent removal of CO2. This is known as the ‘no debit’ rule. Malta’s specific circumstances create a challenging backdrop to the removal of emissions in the LULUCF sector. High population density and limited land availability, combined with low rainfall, limit the potential of sequestration in new vegetation. The National Forestry Accounting Plan 2019 reported on Malta’s planned levels of afforestation as well as the likely levels of sequestration achieved by these new forests as well as existing, still-growing forests25.', 'The National Forestry Accounting Plan 2019 reported on Malta’s planned levels of afforestation as well as the likely levels of sequestration achieved by these new forests as well as existing, still-growing forests25. The total sequestration potential was in the order of 10 ktCO2e/yr, which is an immaterial amount when considering the total territorial emissions orders of c. 1,000 ktCO2e/yr. Given the competition for land use in the Maltese archipelago, additional land on the required scale is deemed unrealistic, and therefore no such mitigation/ offsetting measure was included in this LCDS. This does not, however, take away from the value that such efforts do provide in terms of ecological and adaptation value, as ecosystem restoration will be important in bolstering and strengthening the islands’ ecology.', 'This does not, however, take away from the value that such efforts do provide in terms of ecological and adaptation value, as ecosystem restoration will be important in bolstering and strengthening the islands’ ecology. 25 Malta Resources Authority (2019) National Forestry Accounting Plan Containing Malta’s Forest Reference Level, Report for Ministry for Environment, Sustainable Development and Climate Change, 2019Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy 2.6.7.2. Agriculture - Estimated emissions reductions and Implementation timeline Data indicates that the potential abatement in this sector is small compared to other sectors. Nevertheless, two measures were still considered in this LCDS. The potential future use of a vaccine which targets methane- producing microorganisms in the rumen of livestock is considered as a long term measure.', 'The potential future use of a vaccine which targets methane- producing microorganisms in the rumen of livestock is considered as a long term measure. In addition, a diversification measure involving the commercial scale use of aquaponics-based food production in place of conventional agricultural production of 36% of fruit and vegetable produced in Malta. Table 8 details the abatement potential calculated to arise as a result of putting in place the package of measures being proposed. The data shows that the potential abatement is modest compared with other sectors. Implementation of this package of measures will come at a net cost in 2050, that is, over the long- term time horizon of the LCDS.', 'Implementation of this package of measures will come at a net cost in 2050, that is, over the long- term time horizon of the LCDS. Investment costs would also need to be incurred at the start of the measures’ implementation. Abatement Potential, tonnes CO2e / year Table 8: Agriculture Measures Abatement Potential 2.6.7.3. Agriculture - General overview of policies, existing plans and measures for decarbonisation Policy developed - National Energy and Climate Plan Modification of ruminant diets There are other additional measures which could be considered beyond 2030 to further reduce emissions from enteric fermentation. One such measure is the modification of ruminant diets in the dairy and beef sectors, including through: \\x84 improving the digestibility of forage; \\x84 using high-fat diets; and \\x84 using nitrate as a feed additive.', 'One such measure is the modification of ruminant diets in the dairy and beef sectors, including through: \\x84 improving the digestibility of forage; \\x84 using high-fat diets; and \\x84 using nitrate as a feed additive. Of these three approaches, the use of a nitrate feed additive is anticipated to have the greatest potential impact upon enteric fermentation emissions. This measure involves the dosing of nitrate into the rumen of livestock which can then act as a sink for excess hydrogen, through conversion to ammonia, which would otherwise be available for production of methane. Nitrate is administered as a feed additive in the form of calcium nitrate.', 'Nitrate is administered as a feed additive in the form of calcium nitrate. Thorough mixing with the rest of the feed intake is required, and so this measure is onlyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy suitable for livestock fed a total mixed ration26, 27 ,28. Implementation might involve the creation of minimum standards for animal feed in terms of the nitrate content. Improving the digestibility of forage and higher-fat diets should also be considered. There are already some efforts underway locally by the sole supplier of dairy cattle feed in Malta to optimise the fat content of cattle diets, considering the impact that fat content has on the milk produced29.', 'There are already some efforts underway locally by the sole supplier of dairy cattle feed in Malta to optimise the fat content of cattle diets, considering the impact that fat content has on the milk produced29. In addition, progressive farms are exploring opportunities to improve the quality of forage in order to improve cows’ average daily gain and reduce enteric methane emissions. Government will continue to monitor the progress of these efforts and facilitate knowledge sharing between farmers and feed producers to increase uptake of these measures. Methane-inhibiting vaccines Beyond the modification of ruminant diets, a potential future option which may be implementable after 2040 is the use of a methane-inhibiting vaccine which targets methane-producing microorganisms in the rumen of livestock (methanogens).', 'Methane-inhibiting vaccines Beyond the modification of ruminant diets, a potential future option which may be implementable after 2040 is the use of a methane-inhibiting vaccine which targets methane-producing microorganisms in the rumen of livestock (methanogens). Such vaccines are currently in the early stages of development, and a fully developed vaccine is not expected before 203030, 31. However, it should be noted that the emergence of such a technology is, however, not guaranteed. If a vaccine is to be developed and obtain the necessary regulatory approval, it will need to overcome practical challenges such as ensuring the vaccine has no unintended adverse effects (e.g. reduced productivity, different product taste, compromised food safety).', 'reduced productivity, different product taste, compromised food safety). Additionally, in the EU, the European Medicines Agency regulates the use of veterinary vaccines, reviewing applications for market authorisation approval. Any prospective vaccine would need to clear this authorisation process. Regarding implementation, the cost to farmers is expected to be low - given that farmers already vaccinate livestock to prevent disease, adding another vaccine would be simple and cheap to administer. Manure and slurry management In terms of emissions arisings from manure and slurry, the Maltese Agency for the Governance of Agricultural Bio-Resources is updating and further developing its Agricultural Waste Management Strategy, to better manage livestock farms that generate slurry.', 'Manure and slurry management In terms of emissions arisings from manure and slurry, the Maltese Agency for the Governance of Agricultural Bio-Resources is updating and further developing its Agricultural Waste Management Strategy, to better manage livestock farms that generate slurry. A treatment option is to dewater the slurries and process the resulting liquid fraction and the solid fraction separately. The main emission reduction resulting from this measure will be through the stabilisation of the solid fraction while the liquid fraction will undergo further 26 Veneman, J.B., Saetnan, E.R., Clare, A.J., and Newbold, C.J.', 'The main emission reduction resulting from this measure will be through the stabilisation of the solid fraction while the liquid fraction will undergo further 26 Veneman, J.B., Saetnan, E.R., Clare, A.J., and Newbold, C.J. (2016) MitiGate; an online meta-analysis database for quantification of mitigation strategies for enteric methane emissions, Science of The Total Environment, Vol.572, 27 van Zijderveld, S.M., Gerrits, W.J.J., Apajalahti, J.A., Newbold, J.R., Dijkstra, J., Leng, R.A., and Perdok, H.B. (2010) Nitrate and sulfate: Effective alternative hydrogen sinks for mitigation of ruminal methane production in sheep, 28 Eory et al (2015) Review and Update of the UK Agriculture Marginal Abatement Cost Curves 29 Personal communication with KPH Feed Mill 30 Subharat, S., Shu, D., Zheng, T., Buddle, B.M., Janssen, P.H., Luo, D., and Wedlock, D.N.', '(2010) Nitrate and sulfate: Effective alternative hydrogen sinks for mitigation of ruminal methane production in sheep, 28 Eory et al (2015) Review and Update of the UK Agriculture Marginal Abatement Cost Curves 29 Personal communication with KPH Feed Mill 30 Subharat, S., Shu, D., Zheng, T., Buddle, B.M., Janssen, P.H., Luo, D., and Wedlock, D.N. (2015) Vaccination of cattle with a methanogen protein produces specific antibodies in the saliva which are stable in the rumen, Veterinary 31 New Zealand Productivity Commission(2018) Low-emissions EconomyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy treatment technologies. Aquaponics There are opportunities for Malta’s agricultural sector to reduce its emissions through diversification of food production methods, shifting towards forms of agricultural production which require reduced inputs including fertilisers, water resources and energy relative to conventional agriculture.', 'Aquaponics There are opportunities for Malta’s agricultural sector to reduce its emissions through diversification of food production methods, shifting towards forms of agricultural production which require reduced inputs including fertilisers, water resources and energy relative to conventional agriculture. One such method is the use of aquaponics, a portmanteau of aquaculture and hydroponics, which combines these two agricultural techniques. An aquaponic agricultural system involves the recirculation of water from fish tanks through filtration units and into soil-less hydroponic beds in which crops are grown. Locally, the current aquaculture activity will be leveraged in order to feed into aquaponics activities.', 'Locally, the current aquaculture activity will be leveraged in order to feed into aquaponics activities. Features of aquaponics which lead to lower GHG impact per unit yield of fruit and vegetable include: \\x84 no soil loss which might lead to emissions through loss of soil-organic carbon; \\x84 heavily reduced synthetic fertiliser input; and \\x84 reduced water use. One area where aquaponics is more energy intensive than conventional agriculture is in the use of electricity due to lighting, aeration and pumping requirements. However, it should be noted that as Malta’s grid carbon intensity decreases over time, the impact of this difference will be negated. At present, the Maltese Diversification and Competitiveness Directorate is participating in an EU PRIMA Project called Self-sufficient Integrated Multi-Trophic AquaPonics (SIMTAP).', 'At present, the Maltese Diversification and Competitiveness Directorate is participating in an EU PRIMA Project called Self-sufficient Integrated Multi-Trophic AquaPonics (SIMTAP). The main goal of the project is to define, design, set up and test aquaponics systems that reduce fish feed inputs and other resource consumption including water and energy. The project intends to undertake a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to quantify the environmental impacts with greater certainty. Once a system has been defined which can operate successfully in Malta, and with confirmed emissions abatement benefits, then government will provide support.', 'Once a system has been defined which can operate successfully in Malta, and with confirmed emissions abatement benefits, then government will provide support. The Diversification and Competitiveness Directorate might consider seeking funding to provide grants or loans for equipment and training programmes for those in horticultural and aqua cultural sectors to upskill so as to consider the use of aquaponics. The timing of measures Methane-inhibiting vaccines are currently in the early stages of development and so it is not anticipated that they would be implemented beyond 2030.', 'The timing of measures Methane-inhibiting vaccines are currently in the early stages of development and so it is not anticipated that they would be implemented beyond 2030. It is also assumed that aquaponics systems would take some time to set up and for farmers to retrain, and so production is expected beyond 2030.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy HIGHER PRIORITY LOWER PRIORITY = Non-ETS emissions related measures Aquaponics Methane Inhibiting Vaccines Figure 17: Implementation timelines for agriculture and LULUCF measuresAdaptationMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy This section of the LCDS presents the adaptation measures for Malta, plotting out adaptation action needed in line with vulnerabilities identified. CC is being witnessed globally and is posing new threats and challenges to all countries, especially small island states like Malta32.', 'CC is being witnessed globally and is posing new threats and challenges to all countries, especially small island states like Malta32. It is no longer a matter of ‘if’ or ‘when’ CC will happen, but rather ‘at which intensity’ and ‘where it will hit worst’. In addition to the mitigation measures aimed at reducing carbon emissions discussed in previous sections of this LCDS, adequate adaptation measures to limit the effects and impacts of CC need to be strengthened and built upon. Even if GHG emissions had to be hypothetically stopped today, CC will continue for several years ahead, and its effects, on various sectors of the economy, will be further exacerbated.', 'Even if GHG emissions had to be hypothetically stopped today, CC will continue for several years ahead, and its effects, on various sectors of the economy, will be further exacerbated. Adapting to such changes in weather and climate as a result of CC (such as change in temperatures, precipitation, and wind forces) have thus become indispensable if we are to sustain a good quality of life. Assessments have been carried out which explore the vulnerability of the Mediterranean region to CC, including one carried out by the Mediterranean Experts on Climate and Environmental Change (MedEC), and another which was published in the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. The MECP is also currently carrying out a climate risk and vulnerability assessment for Malta.', 'The MECP is also currently carrying out a climate risk and vulnerability assessment for Malta. The Climate Action Act enacted as part of the Maltese legislation in 2015 also puts forward the obligation on the country to adopt, and update periodically (at least every 4 years), a national adaptation strategy. Malta published a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in 2012, putting forward various measures. The strategy summarised the impacts of CC on specific areas and presented a set of actions. It covered risks and financial impacts; identifying the requisite legal framework; sustainability; water, agriculture; human health; tourism; communication and education. A review of the strategy’s measures has been undertaken by MECP as part of this LCDS process, to take stock of progress, lessons learnt, and updates needed.', 'A review of the strategy’s measures has been undertaken by MECP as part of this LCDS process, to take stock of progress, lessons learnt, and updates needed. 3.1. Adaptation priorities Scientific evidence points towards a changing climatic scene33, on a global, regional (including the Mediterranean region), as well as local level. In line with global and regional forecasting models and trends of CC, various studies point towards four major general effects on countries, including our islands: \\x84 Higher temperatures; \\x84 Change in precipitation patterns; \\x84 Sea level rise; and \\x84 Ocean acidification and warming. Based on a vulnerability assessment referred to in the latest national communication of Malta under the 32 World Health Organisation (2018). Climate Change increasingly affects small countries. Retrieved from: 33 Stocker, T. et al. (2013).', 'Retrieved from: 33 Stocker, T. et al. (2013). Technical Summary. Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. s.l. Cambridge University PressMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy UNFCCC (i.e. the Seventh National Communication of Malta prepared in 2017), a number of sectors were identified as being of priority in terms of the current status of resources and activities. These sectors, shown below, were deemed as requiring the most attention when devising adaptation measures due to their current vulnerability and likely proneness to suffer from the effects from CC: A.', 'These sectors, shown below, were deemed as requiring the most attention when devising adaptation measures due to their current vulnerability and likely proneness to suffer from the effects from CC: A. Water Resources B. Infrastructure and Transport C. Land Use and Buildings D. Natural Ecosystems, Agriculture and Fisheries E. Health issues and Civil Protection F. Tourism Based on research and stakeholder discussions, the major risks and vulnerabilities have been identified, for each sector, through an impact-likelihood matrix. The use of an impact-likelihood matrix allowed for the assessment of the importance of CC risks based on the gravity of their impact and the likelihood of them happening. This enabled the identification of the risks which should be addressed first, in terms of priorities. Such adaptation priorities per sector are hereby outlined. A.', 'Such adaptation priorities per sector are hereby outlined. A. Water resources The Maltese islands, with their semi-arid Mediterranean climate, suffer from a general lack of rainfall in summer and a lack of exploitable surface waters. Groundwater is the only natural freshwater source which is available all year round, and this has increasingly suffered from a degradation in quality due to nitrate pollution and sea water intrusion. Since the 1980s, Malta has had to utilise desalination of sea water to supplement its supply of potable water. Due to water scarcity, CC effects on water resources are a big concern for the country. CC can impact the hydrological cycle35.', 'CC can impact the hydrological cycle35. Specifically, as extreme storm events increase, and flash floods become more common, the ground will become saturated more quickly, reducing the time for water to percolate to the water table. This lack of absorption, unless properly managed, could also inevitably lead to greater run-off, leading to floods (and damage to infrastructure and property). Changing rainfall patterns resulting in flooding, decrease in aquifer recharge and increase in rainwater runoff 34 This additional category was added to account for risks/vulnerabilities and measures which would have a cross- cutting nature amongst different sectors. 35 Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs (2010).', '35 Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs (2010). The Second National Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy B. Infrastructure and Transport More intense and frequent extreme weather events, such as storms, high winds, and choppier waters, could disrupt air and sea transport activities. Being a small island with no land connections with other countries, Malta is entirely reliant on supplies – including food - being transported by air and sea from its trading partners.', 'Being a small island with no land connections with other countries, Malta is entirely reliant on supplies – including food - being transported by air and sea from its trading partners. The effects of CC on this aspect are likely to lead to: increased maintenance to aircraft, airport systems and air navigation systems and landside areas; greater downtime for cargo ships and operations, port operations, cruise liners, and smaller vessels; and increased energy cooling costs for aircraft and airport transfer vehicles. Intense rains and floods are likely to cause transport re-routing and congestions. In addition, increased temperatures might make transportation (including active modes of transportation) uncomfortable, whilst also leading to increasing costs of cooling for passenger and commercial vehicles delivering goods.', 'In addition, increased temperatures might make transportation (including active modes of transportation) uncomfortable, whilst also leading to increasing costs of cooling for passenger and commercial vehicles delivering goods. CC is also likely to lead to damages to road and maritime infrastructure due to torrential rains, floods, wind velocity, sea level rise and extreme heat. This could lead to increased maintenance and replacement costs, increased inconvenience, and road safety hazards to the public (e.g. power cuts, increased accidents, road closures and reduced mobility as well as increased pressure on alternative roads, deformation of bridges as well as damage to marina pontoons and buoys, amongst others). Current adaptive infrastructure might be insufficient or inadequate as intense storms become more frequent.', 'Current adaptive infrastructure might be insufficient or inadequate as intense storms become more frequent. Disruption to air and sea transport and maritime activities Damaged infrastructure Discomfort during road transportation Upgrades to current infrastructure C. Land Use and Buildings Coastal erosion, leading to more hazardous rocky coastal zones, is a key CC effect. Malta’s land area is extremely limited – a situation which is worsened by the island’s very high population density. The natural processes of erosion will be quickened due to CC, making the coastal zones more dangerous as rocks will loosen (with the risk of falling and injuring the public). Another risk is that of the loss of sandy beaches.', 'Another risk is that of the loss of sandy beaches. Mean sea level rise, other adverse weather conditions and the fact that the island is tilted to the east, all contribute to the fact that low-lying zones will be adversely hit and that sandy beaches might end up being (partly) lost. A third risk is that low-lying coastal areas will be affected by sea level rise and storm surges impacting man-made structures (e.g. recreational establishments, tourist attractions, domestic residences, promenades etc.). Increase in temperatures, drought, salinization of soil and the loss of soil (due to increased run-offs due toflash floods or wind) will all lead to inevitable changes in land use patterns.', 'Increase in temperatures, drought, salinization of soil and the loss of soil (due to increased run-offs due toflash floods or wind) will all lead to inevitable changes in land use patterns. Fields could become smaller and fertile land could decrease, reducing its ability to absorb rainwater. Finally, the possibility of increased discomfort in homes due to climatic conditions will increase. Such discomforts could include excessive heat; easier and more frequent flooding of underground and ground floor levels; risk of damp walls and increased mould; and humidity, amongst others.', 'Such discomforts could include excessive heat; easier and more frequent flooding of underground and ground floor levels; risk of damp walls and increased mould; and humidity, amongst others. Coastal erosion leading to more hazardous rocky coastal zones Loss of sandy beaches Changes in land use patterns Changes in land use patterns Increased discomfort in homes due to climatic conditions D. Natural Ecosystems, Agriculture and Fisheries CC will lead to a number of risks related to agriculture and ecosystems. As witnessed by recent extreme weather events in Malta (e.g. February 2019), CC can cause significant damages to production resources such as farming equipment, glasshouses, and buildings, impacting operations and livelihoods of workers in the industry.', 'February 2019), CC can cause significant damages to production resources such as farming equipment, glasshouses, and buildings, impacting operations and livelihoods of workers in the industry. As sea levels rise, low-lying coastal areas are increasingly being inundated with saltwater, gradually increasing soil salinisation and impacting negatively most soil parameters (e.g. reduced nutrient level, reduced soil organic matter, soil potassium (fertility), soil biodiversity, soil moisture). This affects production in crops, pastures and trees, interfering with nitrogen uptake, reducing growth, and stopping plant reproduction. CC can lead to soil erosion, reducing carbon stocks or carbon sequestration in soil. Previous sections of the LCDS already highlighted that Malta has inherent limitations in its offsetting potential, and CC further exacerbates this situation.', 'Previous sections of the LCDS already highlighted that Malta has inherent limitations in its offsetting potential, and CC further exacerbates this situation. Soil erosion reduces the effectiveness of soil to capture carbon and provide a solution for long-term storage of atmospheric CO . Deterioration and loss of biodiversity, native species, ecosystem, and habitats can also be magnified by the introduction of new invasive species, lack of rainfall, increased temperature and drought, increased wind, and extreme weather events. Therefore, while CC will exacerbate the natural loss in land area due to natural factors, in the case of natural ecosystems, CC will worsen negative effects of anthropogenic origin.', 'Therefore, while CC will exacerbate the natural loss in land area due to natural factors, in the case of natural ecosystems, CC will worsen negative effects of anthropogenic origin. Extreme heat could also lead to thermal stress of livestock, whereby animals are unable to maintain an ideal Malta Low Carbon Development Strategybody temperature due to ambient temperatures, leading to illnesses and/ or death. This will decrease yields for farmers or lead to higher financial costs needed to keep livestock refreshed. Such changes in weather could also impact the post-production and post-harvest processes such as drying, storing, and transporting of produce (especially of perishable items, which also impacts the profitability of the system).', 'Such changes in weather could also impact the post-production and post-harvest processes such as drying, storing, and transporting of produce (especially of perishable items, which also impacts the profitability of the system). This is because higher ambient temperatures make it harder to keep produce at the required safe temperatures whilst they are prepared, stored and transported. Farming will also be made more difficult due to difficulties in pollination, because of early germination/ budding and a longer growing period. The warming of the earth’s climate causes plants to bloom earlier, which results in some plants not getting pollinated. Decreased pollination will also lead to decreased flora.', 'Decreased pollination will also lead to decreased flora. Considering the limited water resources, higher temperatures and longer periods of drought will inevitably lead to greater demand for water and hence, will lead to increased competition for water use and greater pressures on the water supply. Harsher weather conditions might lead to more farmers abandoning their land since profitable farming becomes more arduous and less attainable. The above-mentioned complications to the farming industry might not make it worthwhile for farmers to continue to work their land.', 'The above-mentioned complications to the farming industry might not make it worthwhile for farmers to continue to work their land. Damage to production resources caused by hail, storm or lightening Deterioration /loss of biodiversity native species, ecosystem and habits Increase in abandoned land by farmers Increased soil salinization and negative impact on most parameters Thermal stress for livestock Projected difficulties in pollination Soil erosion leading to reduced carbon stocks/ carbon sequestration in soil Impacts on post-production and post-harvest processes and profitability Increased water use for agriculture Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy E. Health and Civil Protection CC is also bound to have an impact on health; the negative effects of CC on human change are well- documented36, 37, 38. Illnesses are bound to increase.', 'Illnesses are bound to increase. These could be physical ailments such as respiratory diseases, increased risk of developing cancer and direct diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, mental health illnesses (e.g. trauma from extreme weather events) as well as infectious and vector-borne diseases (increasing due to warmer climates). As temperatures rise and the frequency of heatwaves increase, the risk of dehydration, especially in elderly, infants and young children is likely to rise. The increase in water demand and greater stressors on water resources might lead to price pressures. CC might lead to increased morbidities and mortalities, more hospital admissions, and greater pressure on emergency services, especially amongst vulnerable individuals, increasing pressures both on patients and their families.', 'CC might lead to increased morbidities and mortalities, more hospital admissions, and greater pressure on emergency services, especially amongst vulnerable individuals, increasing pressures both on patients and their families. The adverse effects of CC on morbidity and mortality can be both direct, and indirect. Financial and human resource pressures will also increase in terms of health public services (e.g. hospitals) and emergency operators (e.g. Civil Protection Department (CPD)). CC will also lead to worsened air quality due to increased air pollution from less rain/ increased humidity and longer pollen seasons. This will impact people suffering from allergies and other respiratory diseases, whilst also decreasing productivity.', 'This will impact people suffering from allergies and other respiratory diseases, whilst also decreasing productivity. Increase in physical and mental illnesses as well as infectious and vector-borne diseases and expansion of their habitats Dehydration especially in elderly, infants and young children Increased risk of morbidity and death, more hospital admissions, and greater pressure on emergency services Worsening air quality due to increased air pollution due to less rain/ increased humidity/ longer pollen season 36 Scientific American (2017): Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health, accessed 6 January 2021, 37 The Guardian (2019): Australian Medical Association declares climate change a health emergency, accessed declares-climate-change-a-health-emergency 38 The New York Times (2016): Global Warming Linked to Public Health Risks, White House Says, accessed 6 JanuaryF.', 'Increase in physical and mental illnesses as well as infectious and vector-borne diseases and expansion of their habitats Dehydration especially in elderly, infants and young children Increased risk of morbidity and death, more hospital admissions, and greater pressure on emergency services Worsening air quality due to increased air pollution due to less rain/ increased humidity/ longer pollen season 36 Scientific American (2017): Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health, accessed 6 January 2021, 37 The Guardian (2019): Australian Medical Association declares climate change a health emergency, accessed declares-climate-change-a-health-emergency 38 The New York Times (2016): Global Warming Linked to Public Health Risks, White House Says, accessed 6 JanuaryF. Tourism The increased temperatures, increased probability of heat waves, and the possible accompanying drought during the summer months (June-August), could lead to a shift of tourists northbound of Malta during the summer months and the lengthening of shoulder months.', 'Tourism The increased temperatures, increased probability of heat waves, and the possible accompanying drought during the summer months (June-August), could lead to a shift of tourists northbound of Malta during the summer months and the lengthening of shoulder months. Additionally, hardship for individuals working in the industry will increase due to greater exposure to higher temperatures. Individuals working outdoors such as drivers, tour guides and ferry operators will be faced with harsher weather conditions, impinging on their productivity and health. CC will also change tourists’ behaviour during their stay. They might start to demand more indoor and/or night-time activities, leading to businesses to have to adapt their products and services accordingly.', 'They might start to demand more indoor and/or night-time activities, leading to businesses to have to adapt their products and services accordingly. Shift of tourists northbound during the summer months and lengthening of shoulder months Hardship for individuals working in the industry (e.g due to greater exposure to higher temperatures) Change in tourists behaviour during their stay G. Cross sectoral CC is likely to lead to increased regulations and related costs to counteract its effects, for both the public and private sector. Increase in regulations and costs to counteract CC effects In summary, the following are the risks which should be prioritised when looking at the relevant adaptation measures to be implemented.', 'Increase in regulations and costs to counteract CC effects In summary, the following are the risks which should be prioritised when looking at the relevant adaptation measures to be implemented. Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyWater Resources \\x84 Changing rainfall patterns resulting in flooding, decrease in aquifer recharge and increase in rainwater runoff Infrastructure and transport \\x84 Disruption to air and sea transport and maritime activities \\x84 Damaged infrastructure \\x84 Discomfort during road transportation \\x84 Inadequate current infrastructure Land use and buildings \\x84 Coastal erosion leading to more hazardous rocky coastal zones \\x84 Loss of sandy beaches \\x84 Low-lying coastal areas affected by sea level rise and storm surges \\x84 Changes in land use patterns \\x84 Increased discomfort in homes due to climatic conditions Natural Ecosystems, Agriculture and Fisheries \\x84 Damage to production resources such as farming equipment, glasshouses and buildings \\x84 Increased soil salinisation, and negative impact on most soil parameters \\x84 Soil erosion leading to reduced carbon stocks or carbon sequestration in soil \\x84 Deterioration/loss of biodiversity, native species, ecosystem and habitats \\x84 Thermal stress for livestock \\x84 Impacts on post-production and post-harvest processes and profitability \\x84 Increase in abandoned land by farmers as higher temperatures makes farming unattractive \\x84 Difficulties in pollination \\x84 Increased water use for agriculture Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Health and Civil Protection \\x84 Increase in illnesses (including mental health illnesses) / infectious and vector-borne diseases and expansion of their habitats \\x84 Increase in physical ailments such as respiratory diseases, increased risk of developing cancer and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases \\x84 Dehydration risks, especially in elderly, infants and young children \\x84 Increased risk of morbidity and death, more hospital admissions, and greater pressure on emergency services \\x84 Worsening air quality due to increased air pollution from less rain/ increased humidity/ longer pollen season Tourism \\x84 Shift of tourists northbound during the summer months and lengthening of shoulder months \\x84 Hardship for individuals working in the industry due to greater exposure to higher temperatures \\x84 Changes in tourists’ behaviour during their stay Cross Sectoral \\x84 Increase in regulations and related costs to counteract CC effects Table 9: High priority risks and vulnerabilities The above risks and priorities outline the most pressing issues which are already present and/or will materialise through CC.', 'Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyWater Resources \\x84 Changing rainfall patterns resulting in flooding, decrease in aquifer recharge and increase in rainwater runoff Infrastructure and transport \\x84 Disruption to air and sea transport and maritime activities \\x84 Damaged infrastructure \\x84 Discomfort during road transportation \\x84 Inadequate current infrastructure Land use and buildings \\x84 Coastal erosion leading to more hazardous rocky coastal zones \\x84 Loss of sandy beaches \\x84 Low-lying coastal areas affected by sea level rise and storm surges \\x84 Changes in land use patterns \\x84 Increased discomfort in homes due to climatic conditions Natural Ecosystems, Agriculture and Fisheries \\x84 Damage to production resources such as farming equipment, glasshouses and buildings \\x84 Increased soil salinisation, and negative impact on most soil parameters \\x84 Soil erosion leading to reduced carbon stocks or carbon sequestration in soil \\x84 Deterioration/loss of biodiversity, native species, ecosystem and habitats \\x84 Thermal stress for livestock \\x84 Impacts on post-production and post-harvest processes and profitability \\x84 Increase in abandoned land by farmers as higher temperatures makes farming unattractive \\x84 Difficulties in pollination \\x84 Increased water use for agriculture Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Health and Civil Protection \\x84 Increase in illnesses (including mental health illnesses) / infectious and vector-borne diseases and expansion of their habitats \\x84 Increase in physical ailments such as respiratory diseases, increased risk of developing cancer and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases \\x84 Dehydration risks, especially in elderly, infants and young children \\x84 Increased risk of morbidity and death, more hospital admissions, and greater pressure on emergency services \\x84 Worsening air quality due to increased air pollution from less rain/ increased humidity/ longer pollen season Tourism \\x84 Shift of tourists northbound during the summer months and lengthening of shoulder months \\x84 Hardship for individuals working in the industry due to greater exposure to higher temperatures \\x84 Changes in tourists’ behaviour during their stay Cross Sectoral \\x84 Increase in regulations and related costs to counteract CC effects Table 9: High priority risks and vulnerabilities The above risks and priorities outline the most pressing issues which are already present and/or will materialise through CC. The adaptation measures being proposed in this LCDS are measures which seek to directly address such issues.', 'The adaptation measures being proposed in this LCDS are measures which seek to directly address such issues. 3.2. Challenges, Gaps and Barriers to adaptation Before delving into the actual adaptation measures being proposed, it is worth nothing that there are a number of challenges and barriers which act as limitations when designing and implementing adaptation strategies. Some of these limitations are common globally, whilst others are more specific to Malta. One of the major challenges when it comes to designing adaptation strategies is the uncertainty and insufficient knowledge in terms of the spatial (where) and temporal (when) patterns of CC impacts. Not knowing where and when the impacts will materialise often limits the accurate design of effective adaptationmeasures.', 'Not knowing where and when the impacts will materialise often limits the accurate design of effective adaptationmeasures. MECP has commissioned a vulnerability and risk assessment to identify the climate vulnerabilities of the country and sectors, filling the gaps of knowledge in spatial and temporal patterns and their effect on society and economic activities. The lack of reliable CC forecasts is exacerbated in the case of Malta. This is because the European and South Mediterranean forecasts available are too high level to be able to extrapolate relevant data for such a small island state. Moreover, this research area remains highly understudied locally, exposing a lacuna in data and information required for effective policy making.', 'Moreover, this research area remains highly understudied locally, exposing a lacuna in data and information required for effective policy making. Adaptation measures are not to be implemented in a vacuum, but rather in a dynamic and ever- changing community. Hence, uncertainties with regards to future socio-economic trends as well as policy responses will inevitably lead to a difficulty in drawing up effective adaptation measures. This means that once the strategy is drawn up, constant monitoring and updating will be needed in line with the changes in the socio- economic state of the country. Moreover, the benefits of measures are dependent on their actual implementation and uptake.', 'Moreover, the benefits of measures are dependent on their actual implementation and uptake. Not knowing the policy response makes it difficult to outline future benefits vis-à-vis the costs of a measure, metrics which are usually indispensable when proposing a policy. Adaptation measures are often characterised by immediate costs of implementation, while benefits only materialise in the long run. This means that adaptation measures cannot be approached through a short- term view or a short legislative time period. Rather, a long-term approach is being considered. Government will work with scientists and academics to ensure such a long-term approach is adopted. At the same time, short-term responses will also be needed given the immediate CC impacts already being felt.', 'At the same time, short-term responses will also be needed given the immediate CC impacts already being felt. Measures will also have to be implemented across various sectors, since CC will impact a variety of economic activities. However, different sectors might have conflicting agendas in terms of which policies should be implemented and in which order. Government will look at mainstreaming CC adaptation measures across all governmental policies, in order to benefit from synergies. 3.3. Adaptation measures Within the context of the aforementioned risks and challenges, setting an adaptation strategy is vital to ensure that CC impacts do not impinge on the quality of life of Malta’s citizens.', 'Adaptation measures Within the context of the aforementioned risks and challenges, setting an adaptation strategy is vital to ensure that CC impacts do not impinge on the quality of life of Malta’s citizens. Moreover, the cost of inaction will be much higher than preventive action today; therefore, it becomes imperative to outline a number of necessary adaptation measures. In order to make sure that adaptation measures are relevant for Malta, a review of past and current policy documents was carried out. The subsequent bottom-up stakeholder consultation process with Line Ministries and other relevant stakeholders has informed this Strategy with realistic measures which are already being Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy implemented or can be considered for future implementation39.', 'The subsequent bottom-up stakeholder consultation process with Line Ministries and other relevant stakeholders has informed this Strategy with realistic measures which are already being Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy implemented or can be considered for future implementation39. Adaptation measures were chosen on the basis of their benefits/impacts, implementation processes and financial considerations. The final measures being proposed range from studies and awareness campaigns to infrastructural investment. This approach will ensure that the knowledge gap in terms of CC is bridged, whilst at the same time undertaking direct and more immediate measures to minimise the negative CC effects on our islands. The next tables describe the adaptation measures proposed to address the aforementioned prioritised risks.', 'The next tables describe the adaptation measures proposed to address the aforementioned prioritised risks. Some of these measures are already being undertaken as they fall under other sectoral strategies and action plans that are in their implementation phase. A. Water Resources Title of Measure Description Surveying and managing existing rainwater harvesting infrastructure Surveys of the status of existing relevant infrastructure (e.g. public reservoirs, wells), including the identification of the potential users of such rainwater. Monitoring of borehole water usage Continue monitoring of boreholes and water abstraction.', 'Monitoring of borehole water usage Continue monitoring of boreholes and water abstraction. Further enforcement of legislation mandating rainwater capture reservoirs or wells Ensure that all new developments are provided with a water reservoir which is to be connected to a pump to connect to second class distribution system, enabling each dwelling to store and re-use its rainwater run-off from its own built-up area. Extend the Domestic Cisterns Restoration Scheme This scheme, originally put in place in 2013, is to be further extended. Government will also consider support to cover for costs of households who hold a cistern but need to redirect the water for use. Incentive schemes to construct/ rehabilitate existing reservoirs to capture rainwater for re-use (irrigation and other appropriate uses) Increasing incentives to help farmers and landowners to increase the presence and use of reservoirs.', 'Incentive schemes to construct/ rehabilitate existing reservoirs to capture rainwater for re-use (irrigation and other appropriate uses) Increasing incentives to help farmers and landowners to increase the presence and use of reservoirs. A comprehensive study of the current hydrological cycle monitoring capacity and new hydrological data modelling and management Study to better understand the hydrological cycle (e.g. rainfall, run-off, evaporation) and review whether gaps in data collection exist.', 'rainfall, run-off, evaporation) and review whether gaps in data collection exist. 39 A list of such stakeholder consultations is provided within Annex 6.1 - 1.4 Adaptation Assessment.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Studies to identify new areas for water catchment infrastructure Studies to identify new areas where reservoirs and retention systems can be developed (preferably located within the urban context and within existing committed road network infrastructure) to increase the local water storage capacity, collect water run-off and decrease flooding, whilst creating an additional water supply. These studies will possibly include the identification of the best- suited sustainable urban drainage systems for the Maltese Islands, more specifically infrastructure developments that employ design techniques to reduce water run-off as much as possible.', 'These studies will possibly include the identification of the best- suited sustainable urban drainage systems for the Maltese Islands, more specifically infrastructure developments that employ design techniques to reduce water run-off as much as possible. Table 10: Adaptation measures – water resources B. Infrastructure and Transport Title of Measure Description Energy Efficiency Standards (infrastructure) Support EE standards for infrastructure, through both legislation and economic incentives. EE measures relate to both mitigation and adaptation.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Study on green infrastructure in Malta A study to identify a list of different possible green features (e.g.', 'EE measures relate to both mitigation and adaptation.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Study on green infrastructure in Malta A study to identify a list of different possible green features (e.g. added trees on the sidewalk to provide shade, parks, community gardens, green benches, and green roofs on bus- stops) as well as integration of green infrastructure (including at ports) and further introduction of green urbanisation (projects and areas) 40, their cost (capital cost as well as ongoing costs, including maintenance) and the potential benefits for each. Scenarios where such green features, and integration of green infrastructure were considered a success, would also be included.', 'Scenarios where such green features, and integration of green infrastructure were considered a success, would also be included. This will tally with the work of the Intelligent Planning Consultative Forum, a platform wherein stakeholders in the development, planning and environment areas are brought together to identify proposals for key areas which necessitate action in terms of intelligent planning. The Forum has recently prepared a study on green walls and green roofs, which indicated that these could be of benefit to Malta. Review of Storm Water Master Plan; including updated list of areas prone to flooding Reviewing and updating of current measures in 2008 Masterplan, including lists of vulnerable areas to link up with list being drawn up by EWA in terms of flood prone zones.', 'Review of Storm Water Master Plan; including updated list of areas prone to flooding Reviewing and updating of current measures in 2008 Masterplan, including lists of vulnerable areas to link up with list being drawn up by EWA in terms of flood prone zones. The update should also seek to evaluate the impact of infrastructure on future scenarios, such as population growth and increased construction. Ongoing assessment to optimise flooding pathways and “emergency water ways” Updated assessment and studies to identify new flooding pathways and water ways and integrate reservoirs into the road landscaping to act as a water catchment area which would cushion and avoid urban flooding, whilst allowing for more seepage into the aquifer.', 'Ongoing assessment to optimise flooding pathways and “emergency water ways” Updated assessment and studies to identify new flooding pathways and water ways and integrate reservoirs into the road landscaping to act as a water catchment area which would cushion and avoid urban flooding, whilst allowing for more seepage into the aquifer. Modify standards for road materials to be able to cope with higher temperatures and extreme precipitation events Amend standards on materials used for roads, including those used for pavements and embankments, to ensure that these endure high temperatures whilst also being able to increasingly soak in more precipitation. Modify technical standards for capacity of flood infrastructure Explore new ways of expanding the capacity of current flood-relief infrastructure, such as higher flood barriers as well as wider flood relief tunnels or additional tunnels.', 'Modify technical standards for capacity of flood infrastructure Explore new ways of expanding the capacity of current flood-relief infrastructure, such as higher flood barriers as well as wider flood relief tunnels or additional tunnels. 40 Recently, government has pushed on soft urbanisation (greening of roundabouts), and is moving towards green urbanisation projects such as the carbon-neutral park at Kalkara’s Rinella Garden, and a green open space for families at Mosta (previously scheduled for development).Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Identify and screen critical risks and concerns for i) the aviation sector and airports; ii) maritime sector and ports Identify and screen major critical risks and concerns for the aviation sector and airports (e.g. surface access to airports) as well as the maritime sector.', 'surface access to airports) as well as the maritime sector. Introduce maritime weather stations in ports to record trends of major parameters Develop port weather stations and data collection buoys to collect information in relation to the major sea climate parameters, such as sea temperature, sea level rise and wave strength. Improvement of Harbour Wave Climate Harbour Wave Climate refers to wave parameters (e.g. height, strength) over a period, within a harbour. Such climate can be improved through measures such as breakwaters (new and upgrades) and installing rip rap breakwaters, amongst others, to make operation of ports more viable.', 'Such climate can be improved through measures such as breakwaters (new and upgrades) and installing rip rap breakwaters, amongst others, to make operation of ports more viable. Table 11: Adaptation measures – Infrastructure and Transport C. Land use and buildings Title of Measure Description Joint MSWU, PA and TM initiatives Entities such as the Planning Authority (PA), Transport Malta (TM), Infrastructure Malta (IM) and the Marine, Storm Water and Valley Management Unit (MSWU) to continue coordinating operations, especially in the design of new roads and new developments. Identify high risk/vulnerability areas in Malta and apply appropriate treatment Project to identify major vulnerable areas with regards to the most important CC indicators (e.g. sea level rise, floods, coastal erosion).', 'sea level rise, floods, coastal erosion). Integrated policy framework for coastal zones and beaches A national policy framework to address the coastal quality, ecology, access, beach activities and beach replenishments will be undertaken as one integrated plan. Raise awareness to reduce trampling and compaction of land Carrying out an awareness program to reduce the trampling and compaction of vegetation, soil and wetlands locally. Research examining the climate status of public buildings Identify climate proofing retrofitting measures for public buildings.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Study on green buildings in Malta The study should highlight various features of green buildings such as materials to be used (e.g. permeable and insulating surfaces), techniques and designs. It will also highlight the benefits derived from such new ways of building.', 'It will also highlight the benefits derived from such new ways of building. Update building regulations and codes to ensure climate proof buildings Following a consideration of cost-effectiveness, update building codes and regulations to ensure that new developments have enough cushion for CC and extreme events such as heat waves, storms and/or floods, thus guiding developers to follow minimum building standards to ensure CC adaptation. Create incentives to incorporate green features and measures in buildings Incentives to ensure that green features are included in both existing and new buildings such as fiscal incentives to incentivise green roofs and rooftop gardens, controlled ventilation, grey water usage and rainwater catchment, amongst others – without replacing existing soft landscaping, such as front gardens, in the urban environment.', 'Create incentives to incorporate green features and measures in buildings Incentives to ensure that green features are included in both existing and new buildings such as fiscal incentives to incentivise green roofs and rooftop gardens, controlled ventilation, grey water usage and rainwater catchment, amongst others – without replacing existing soft landscaping, such as front gardens, in the urban environment. Quality Seal (Considerate Construction Scheme) for building contractors ‘Considerate Construction Scheme’ represents a quality seal to encourage construction processes that are considerate of the surrounding households and environment and that they are acknowledged for this (e.g. adequate site hoarding; emission prevention techniques). Land use management to be adapted to the changing climate Any land use management plan should take into account the need for agricultural areas, as well as bare land to soak in water from floods.', 'Land use management to be adapted to the changing climate Any land use management plan should take into account the need for agricultural areas, as well as bare land to soak in water from floods. Table 12: Adaptation measures – Land use and Buildings D. Natural Ecosystems, Agriculture and Fisheries Title of Measure Description Strengthened ties between the ERA, RDD, AM and UM’s Institute of Earth Systems The RDD, together with ERA and AM, shall continue building upon the current institutional links with the UM Institute of Earth Systems to spur further research on how CC affects Maltese agriculture and how agriculture can suitably adapt to and mitigate these effects.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Encourage the use of EU funds for adoption of technologies Encouraging the use of EU funds, especially those under the RDP, as a complement to national and private funding and initiatives, for the adoption of innovative technologies (e.g.', 'Table 12: Adaptation measures – Land use and Buildings D. Natural Ecosystems, Agriculture and Fisheries Title of Measure Description Strengthened ties between the ERA, RDD, AM and UM’s Institute of Earth Systems The RDD, together with ERA and AM, shall continue building upon the current institutional links with the UM Institute of Earth Systems to spur further research on how CC affects Maltese agriculture and how agriculture can suitably adapt to and mitigate these effects.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Encourage the use of EU funds for adoption of technologies Encouraging the use of EU funds, especially those under the RDP, as a complement to national and private funding and initiatives, for the adoption of innovative technologies (e.g. hydroponics) and greater R&I that can increase farm competitiveness (and at the same time responding to CC).', 'hydroponics) and greater R&I that can increase farm competitiveness (and at the same time responding to CC). Study and implementation of maintaining Maltese agro-ecosystems through the management of agricultural landscapes Undertake further research into Maltese agro- ecosystems, whilst investing further into the maintenance of current ones – by transforming current unsustainable practices into ones carried out with an ecosystem approach to lower GHG emissions and enhance the health of the surrounding biodiversity, while obtaining better produce. This involves managing agricultural landscapes, for instance, by preserving ecological integrity and the scenic value of landscapes.', 'This involves managing agricultural landscapes, for instance, by preserving ecological integrity and the scenic value of landscapes. Following the completion of the National Agricultural Policy 2018-2028, devise more detailed action plans for each high- level CC-related measure To further ease the implementation of those measures that could have a CC element, government will ensure that coherent action plans addressing these measures are implemented.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Implement good sustainable farming practices (e.g. wind curbing, soil conservation techniques, cultivation methods) Implementation (through research and experimentation) of wind curbing and soil conservation techniques (e.g. rubble walls) that are suitable for local climatic conditions, including the protection of green water. Also, carry out research and experimentation on new crops that require less water and fertilizer requirements, and which have a higher economic return.', 'Also, carry out research and experimentation on new crops that require less water and fertilizer requirements, and which have a higher economic return. Study (and support) the introduction of innovative) cultivation methods and facilities to avoid heat damage. Implementation of the National Strategy on Invasive Alien Species and promotion of complementing, sector-specific Codes of Best Practice Adopt and implement the national strategy and appropriate contingency plans, as well as Codes of Best Practice, to deal with the threat posed by alien and invasive species, which could also have significant health and economic implications – primarily in avoiding the introduction of invasive alien species in order to protect and conserve local biodiversity, habitats and ecosystems.', 'Implementation of the National Strategy on Invasive Alien Species and promotion of complementing, sector-specific Codes of Best Practice Adopt and implement the national strategy and appropriate contingency plans, as well as Codes of Best Practice, to deal with the threat posed by alien and invasive species, which could also have significant health and economic implications – primarily in avoiding the introduction of invasive alien species in order to protect and conserve local biodiversity, habitats and ecosystems. Table 13: Adaptation measures – Natural Ecosystems, Agriculture and Fisheries E. Health and Civil Protection Title of Measure Description Strengthen the continuous and rigorous surveillance of infectious diseases, including through additional expertise To continue to assess and identify measures required to strengthen the ongoing rigorous surveillance of infectious diseases and their vectors, so as to prevent any possible outbreaks of CC related vector-borne diseases, by identifying early risk signs.', 'Table 13: Adaptation measures – Natural Ecosystems, Agriculture and Fisheries E. Health and Civil Protection Title of Measure Description Strengthen the continuous and rigorous surveillance of infectious diseases, including through additional expertise To continue to assess and identify measures required to strengthen the ongoing rigorous surveillance of infectious diseases and their vectors, so as to prevent any possible outbreaks of CC related vector-borne diseases, by identifying early risk signs. Such measure will also help to identify early-control systems and contingency plans, as well as additional expertise required. Maintain and strengthen education programmes relating to food safety and the climate scenario The MFH Food Safety Commission and the Environment Health Directorate will continue to maintain and, where appropriate, strengthen programmes directed at reducing potential risks on food safety.', 'Maintain and strengthen education programmes relating to food safety and the climate scenario The MFH Food Safety Commission and the Environment Health Directorate will continue to maintain and, where appropriate, strengthen programmes directed at reducing potential risks on food safety. This is especially relevant given that the projected climatic scenario for the Maltese islands shows a potential adverse effect on food safety, with the subsequent risk of food-borne illness.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Allow additional breaks for people working outdoors For people working outdoors, such as those in the construction industry, the MFH, in collaboration with the OHSA, can raise awareness/ promote (and potentially enforce regulations on) the need for appropriate attire/ protection and possibly additional breaks for people working outdoors.', 'This is especially relevant given that the projected climatic scenario for the Maltese islands shows a potential adverse effect on food safety, with the subsequent risk of food-borne illness.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Allow additional breaks for people working outdoors For people working outdoors, such as those in the construction industry, the MFH, in collaboration with the OHSA, can raise awareness/ promote (and potentially enforce regulations on) the need for appropriate attire/ protection and possibly additional breaks for people working outdoors. As heatwaves increase, this measure will have positive impacts by reducing health issues such as dehydration, skin diseases, and heat strokes, while contributing to increasing productivity of employees in the remaining working hours.', 'As heatwaves increase, this measure will have positive impacts by reducing health issues such as dehydration, skin diseases, and heat strokes, while contributing to increasing productivity of employees in the remaining working hours. Improve health information and knowledge for the development of environmental health information systems This measure relates to the augmentation of the already existing ‘local health information system’, collecting information and data such as urban air pollution, reactions during heat waves, and onset of flower pollen distribution which might lead to allergies. This could assist relevant authorities to come up with, for instance, guidelines of how to keep the home cooler (e.g. increase external shading, electric fan, mobile evaporation coolers), recommendations for public health response to heatwaves, as well as how to anticipate health issues such as allergies and asthma.', 'increase external shading, electric fan, mobile evaporation coolers), recommendations for public health response to heatwaves, as well as how to anticipate health issues such as allergies and asthma. Strengthen the entire public health infrastructure to prevent illnesses and health issues Public health infrastructure to continue to be strengthened to make sure that the overall public sector is able to decrease illnesses and health issues derived from CC (including mental issues e.g. climate anxiety), whilst decreasing hospital admissions, and pressure on emergency systems – whilst also having potential knock- on effects on worker productivity.', 'climate anxiety), whilst decreasing hospital admissions, and pressure on emergency systems – whilst also having potential knock- on effects on worker productivity. This can be done by: (i) upholding standards in homes and residences for older persons (ii) enable the possibility of residents to enjoy living in their family home for as long as possible through more community services Develop a National Contingency Plan which outlines processes and best practices of what will occur when extreme weather events hit the islands A national plan, drafted with the help of emergency units such as the CPD, and guided by results of studies that identify hotspots and best emergency routes, will outline the plans and courses of action that will need to be followed in case an emergency, such as heatwave of extreme floods, occurs.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Drinking water fountains This measure refers to the distribution of drinking water fountains in public areas, including touristic areas.', 'This can be done by: (i) upholding standards in homes and residences for older persons (ii) enable the possibility of residents to enjoy living in their family home for as long as possible through more community services Develop a National Contingency Plan which outlines processes and best practices of what will occur when extreme weather events hit the islands A national plan, drafted with the help of emergency units such as the CPD, and guided by results of studies that identify hotspots and best emergency routes, will outline the plans and courses of action that will need to be followed in case an emergency, such as heatwave of extreme floods, occurs.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Drinking water fountains This measure refers to the distribution of drinking water fountains in public areas, including touristic areas. Vaccinations for new CC-related diseases According to the WHO, vaccine hesitancy, and CC, are amongst the top 10 threats to global health in 201941.', 'Vaccinations for new CC-related diseases According to the WHO, vaccine hesitancy, and CC, are amongst the top 10 threats to global health in 201941. In this regard, the MFH will always be open to the possibility of eventually providing vaccinations related to any new CC-related diseases. Table 14: Adaptation measures – Health and Civil Protection F. Tourism Title of Measure Description Increase awareness of CC effects within the hospitality industry Carry out a tailored awareness program, directed specifically at informing industry operators, on the potential CC effects on operations and solutions to the problem (e.g. sustainable/ eco-tourism practices). Through this knowledge sharing, the market will be better equipped to respond to such changes.', 'Through this knowledge sharing, the market will be better equipped to respond to such changes. Table 15: Adaptation measures – Tourism G. Cross sectoral Title of Measure Description Update policies with CC considerations Any new strategies/ policies/ updates to existing government documents will reflect CC considerations, where applicable. Promote self-sufficiency skills to increase resilience against CC Programs to help individuals develop self-sufficiency skills and be more resilient and autonomous (e.g. growing one’s own crops, learning how to bike, getting off the grid). 41 Winsor, M. (2019). Vaccine hesitancy, climate change, Ebola among top 10 threats to global health this year, WHO says.', 'Vaccine hesitancy, climate change, Ebola among top 10 threats to global health this year, WHO says. Retrieved from: Low Carbon Development Strategy Survey to gauge level of CC understanding in Malta Study to understand the current CC knowledge and awareness amongst the local population, including willingness to accept adaptation measures. Joint initiatives between MCST and MECP Joint initiatives to assist RDI initiatives focused on CC adaptation measures. Create an ‘online community’ where entities can share their knowledge on CC as well as possible adaptation measures Setting up/ expanding the current digital workspace whereby any government entity can join an online community to contribute and share knowledge with regards to CC adaptation measures best practices.', 'Create an ‘online community’ where entities can share their knowledge on CC as well as possible adaptation measures Setting up/ expanding the current digital workspace whereby any government entity can join an online community to contribute and share knowledge with regards to CC adaptation measures best practices. Ensure that maintenance regimes in different sectors consider CC Any maintenance carried out on any vulnerable assets (including infrastructure such as roads and bridges as well as machinery) which are possibly impacted by CC should consider maintenance agreements/ arrangements that take into account such CC impacts. Improve weather forecast and early warning systems for extreme weather events New technologies and assistance to improve forecasts and early identification of extreme weather events. New warning systems to allow for easier and quicker dissemination of alert signs to the public will be considered.', 'New warning systems to allow for easier and quicker dissemination of alert signs to the public will be considered. Carry out vulnerability assessments to identify where the greatest efforts should be made in terms of adaptation Vulnerability assessments to identify the most vulnerable areas and economic sectors which will be impacted, to focus adaptation efforts right where they are needed. Awareness campaigns regarding CC and changing risk situations, supporting climate-conscious choices Continue to raise awareness amongst the population with regards to CC and how this impacts our daily lives, through initiatives such as social media campaigns, radio- tv adverts and other means of communication. Citizens and businesses also need to be supported to make climate- conscious choices through capacity building, certification, education, green marketing, behavioural nudging, etc.', 'Citizens and businesses also need to be supported to make climate- conscious choices through capacity building, certification, education, green marketing, behavioural nudging, etc. Table 16: Adaptation measures – cross-sectoralFinancingMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy This section provides an overview of the estimates of investment needed, as calculated through the MACC modelling and discussions with various government stakeholders, as well as providing an overview of potential sources of funding, mitigating approaches aimed at low to middle income families, and policies and measures for related research, development and innovation (RDI), to ensure a just transition which leaves nobody behind.', 'Table 16: Adaptation measures – cross-sectoralFinancingMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy This section provides an overview of the estimates of investment needed, as calculated through the MACC modelling and discussions with various government stakeholders, as well as providing an overview of potential sources of funding, mitigating approaches aimed at low to middle income families, and policies and measures for related research, development and innovation (RDI), to ensure a just transition which leaves nobody behind. The section also explores how EU funding, including the 2021-2027 Multi-annual Financial Framework, the Next Generation EU and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, amongst others, will be key sources of decarbonisation funding for the economy. Such EU funding will also be completed by local funding.', 'Such EU funding will also be completed by local funding. In terms of RDI funding, the section highlights how Malta Enterprise and MCST are amongst the agencies offering/ who will offer funding schemes on CC. While this section provides a general overview, government will continue to monitor potential support schemes on an individual measure basis once project details and funding regulations become available. 4.1. Estimates of investment needed Table 17 below sets out the estimated investment needs for the LCDS, taken from the point of view of the whole economy (i.e. private and public sector). The split between private and public funding would be analysed in more detail in action plans implementing such a Strategy.', 'The split between private and public funding would be analysed in more detail in action plans implementing such a Strategy. The figures are presented as net present values (NPV) over the period 2020 to 2050. The Total Net marginal investment m EUR provides the total marginal investment needed (I.e. total for both private and public sectors), for each measure in million Euros42. NPV Total capital investment of measures, m EUR/ NPV Net total capital investment, m EUR Measure Primary Type Sectors Total Net Marginal investment m EVs - Charging Infrastructure ESR Transport 3,700.43 EVs - Personal Vehicles ESR Transport 2,406.91 Floating Offshore Wind ETS Energy 1,026.55 42 The MACC model also provides (a) the NPV of Total capital investment of measures, i.e.', 'NPV Total capital investment of measures, m EUR/ NPV Net total capital investment, m EUR Measure Primary Type Sectors Total Net Marginal investment m EVs - Charging Infrastructure ESR Transport 3,700.43 EVs - Personal Vehicles ESR Transport 2,406.91 Floating Offshore Wind ETS Energy 1,026.55 42 The MACC model also provides (a) the NPV of Total capital investment of measures, i.e. the total new investment needed for each measure in million Euros, so each figure is net positive – i.e. a cost; (b) the NPV Net of total capital investment which provides the net capital investment position. In this case, the capital investment includes what would be saved from avoiding infrastructure or equipment that would have been installed in the baseline.', 'In this case, the capital investment includes what would be saved from avoiding infrastructure or equipment that would have been installed in the baseline. For example, for some of the transport measures the switch away from personal vehicles to public transport and active transport reduces the road development and maintenance costs more than the additional costs of the new vehicles, so the net position is negative – i.e. a saving (c) the NPV of Net total annualised cost, which reflects the net total annualised costs – including both annualised capital and the annual operating costs.', 'a saving (c) the NPV of Net total annualised cost, which reflects the net total annualised costs – including both annualised capital and the annual operating costs. There are several measures, particularly those relating to energy efficiency, that will deliver overall cost savings despite capital investment being required – in other words, the savings in operational costs outweigh the payback in capital investment over time.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy EVs - Commercial Vehicles ESR Transport 2,781.42 Additional Interconnector ETS Energy 807.63 Domestic Non-solar AWHPs ETS Buildings 882.55 Energy-efficient Domestic Refrigeration ETS Buildings 591.13 Solar Water Heaters ETS Energy 809.76 Energy-efficient Domestic Dishwashing ETS Buildings 240.65 Energy-efficient Office Appliances ETS Buildings 29.92 Single-family Building ASHP ETS Buildings 370.97 Industrial Energy Efficiency ETS Industry 547.21 Multi-family Building ASHP ETS Buildings 234.93 Active Transport (high) ESR Transport 477.42 Domestic Rainwater Storage ETS Water 196.54 Solar PV ETS Energy 292.87 Public Transport (Free, LEZ, Parking Toll, Upgraded) ESR Transport - 332.54 Single-family Building Roof Insulation ETS Buildings 99.35 Office Building ASHP ETS Buildings 65.97 High Biowaste Capture and Biogas Upgrade ESR Waste 15.12 Domestic LEDs ETS Buildings 14.85 Improved Agricultural Irrigation ETS Water 36.10 Incineration Pre-sorting ESR Waste 7.20 Non-residential Light Sensors ETS Buildings 16.84 Hotel Greywater Storage ETS Water 12.70 Industrial Rainwater Storage ETS Water 7.91 Multi-family Building Roof Insulation ETS Buildings 4.71 Office Building Roof Insulation ETS Buildings 1.35 Table 17: Estimated investment needs for the LCDSMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy 4.2.', 'There are several measures, particularly those relating to energy efficiency, that will deliver overall cost savings despite capital investment being required – in other words, the savings in operational costs outweigh the payback in capital investment over time.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy EVs - Commercial Vehicles ESR Transport 2,781.42 Additional Interconnector ETS Energy 807.63 Domestic Non-solar AWHPs ETS Buildings 882.55 Energy-efficient Domestic Refrigeration ETS Buildings 591.13 Solar Water Heaters ETS Energy 809.76 Energy-efficient Domestic Dishwashing ETS Buildings 240.65 Energy-efficient Office Appliances ETS Buildings 29.92 Single-family Building ASHP ETS Buildings 370.97 Industrial Energy Efficiency ETS Industry 547.21 Multi-family Building ASHP ETS Buildings 234.93 Active Transport (high) ESR Transport 477.42 Domestic Rainwater Storage ETS Water 196.54 Solar PV ETS Energy 292.87 Public Transport (Free, LEZ, Parking Toll, Upgraded) ESR Transport - 332.54 Single-family Building Roof Insulation ETS Buildings 99.35 Office Building ASHP ETS Buildings 65.97 High Biowaste Capture and Biogas Upgrade ESR Waste 15.12 Domestic LEDs ETS Buildings 14.85 Improved Agricultural Irrigation ETS Water 36.10 Incineration Pre-sorting ESR Waste 7.20 Non-residential Light Sensors ETS Buildings 16.84 Hotel Greywater Storage ETS Water 12.70 Industrial Rainwater Storage ETS Water 7.91 Multi-family Building Roof Insulation ETS Buildings 4.71 Office Building Roof Insulation ETS Buildings 1.35 Table 17: Estimated investment needs for the LCDSMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy 4.2. Mitigating the financial burdens on low to middle income families Keeping in mind the financial outlay required, Table 18 below provides a short summary of mitigation approaches government will consider to minimise the financial burden of some of the key abatement measures on low to middle income families.', 'Mitigating the financial burdens on low to middle income families Keeping in mind the financial outlay required, Table 18 below provides a short summary of mitigation approaches government will consider to minimise the financial burden of some of the key abatement measures on low to middle income families. In terms of the burden on families from measures related to transport – namely due to the cost of purchasing EVs (and to a lesser extent ebikes) – these will be mitigated through methods including grants, exemptions based on income and subsidies. The burden from measures connected with EE for residential buildings and the use of RE devices will be also be mitigated through grants and subsidies.', 'The burden from measures connected with EE for residential buildings and the use of RE devices will be also be mitigated through grants and subsidies. Measure Burden mitigation Public Transport Extending free public transport itself mitigates impact Electric Vehicles Staggered/ delayed cut-off date for households / exemptions based on income Extension and strengthening of current EV grant schemes. EV prices expected to continue to decrease/ converge as more manufacturers enter the market Capital funded at national Government level. The active transport (mainly cycling) infrastructure (which carries a small cost) has already been considered in Government’s €700mln roads upgrade programme, initiated in 2019. Extension of current subsidies for purchasing bikes, electric bikes. Active Transport Capital funded at national Government level.', 'Active Transport Capital funded at national Government level. The active transport (mainly cycling) infrastructure (which carries a small cost) has already been considered in Government’s €700mln roads upgrade programme, initiated in 2019. Extension of current subsidies for purchasing bikes, electric bikes Capital funded at national Government level. Incineration Pre-sorting Capital funded at national Government level High Biowaste Capture and Biogas Upgrade Capital funded at national Government level Waste Prevention Campaigns funded at national Government Level. Consumers will also save from changes in behaviour Residential buildings - energy efficiency Grants / subsidies based upon household income brackets Solar water heaters / solar PV / heat pumps Grants / subsidies based upon household income brackets Table 18: Financial burden mitigation for selected measuresMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy 4.3.', 'Consumers will also save from changes in behaviour Residential buildings - energy efficiency Grants / subsidies based upon household income brackets Solar water heaters / solar PV / heat pumps Grants / subsidies based upon household income brackets Table 18: Financial burden mitigation for selected measuresMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy 4.3. Sources of Funding As with any national strategy, funding is crucial to achieve successful implementation and uptake. This is especially the case in the current situation where countries grapple with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Funding takes an even more central role for the country to achieve its decarbonisation goals, given the starting point and ambition involved.', 'Funding takes an even more central role for the country to achieve its decarbonisation goals, given the starting point and ambition involved. To this end, it is necessary to ensure that climate policy is financed in a sustainable manner and that it is implemented efficiently, equitably and in line with the country’s long-term objectives, avoiding financing investments that are not in line with these objectives. It is therefore important to foster the development of a favourable environment for sustainable financing and greater involvement of the financial system, ensuring that climate policy is financed fairly and in a way that leaves no one behind. The LCDS requires funding in terms of capital expenditure (initial and replacement) and recurring expenditure.', 'The LCDS requires funding in terms of capital expenditure (initial and replacement) and recurring expenditure. The latter could be partly offset through savings (i.e. baseline expenditure being more costly than the expenditure required for the proposed new process/ measure), such that these measures would still require an initial outlay in terms of capital expenditure but would pay off during their lifetime as savings are reaped. Funding sources can be split into two categories: \\x84 Public funding, which can itself take various forms, including local and EU/ international funding, and comprise of various implementing mechanisms (e.g. grants, loans and green bonds, loan guarantees, (tax) credits) \\x84 Private funding, which can also take various forms, from use of own funds to equity investment, mezzanine and debt funding (e.g.', 'grants, loans and green bonds, loan guarantees, (tax) credits) \\x84 Private funding, which can also take various forms, from use of own funds to equity investment, mezzanine and debt funding (e.g. bank loans; bonds issued through capital markets). It is worth noting that there are limited sources of private funding in Malta, due to the small size of the market (which leads to diseconomies of scale) as well as the high opportunity costs. This challenge can be partially mitigated through the creation of hybrid mechanisms and blended financial instruments which bring private and public funding sources together, with public funding crowding-in private initiative. The following sub-sections explore funding instruments relevant to the specific themes within the LCDS, on a regional and national level.', 'The following sub-sections explore funding instruments relevant to the specific themes within the LCDS, on a regional and national level. These instruments can apply to both mitigation and adaptation measures, keeping in mind that primarily mitigation costs outweigh those related to adaptation. 4.3.1. European financing instruments The financing of climate policy is supported by several European Community funds, which comes to no surprise given the EC’s commitment to decarbonisation goals and climate neutrality by 2050. The EU has taken the steps to secure these financial means. The European Parliament and Member States, including Malta, reached an agreement on an improved EU budget for 2021-2027 and on an extraordinary recovery instrument, NextGenerationEU.', 'The European Parliament and Member States, including Malta, reached an agreement on an improved EU budget for 2021-2027 and on an extraordinary recovery instrument, NextGenerationEU. This package of more than €1.8 trillion will enable the EU to tackle both today’s crisis and tomorrow’s challenges. Thirty per cent of all EU funds, and 37 per cent of the €672.5 billion of new grants and loans from NextGenerationEU’s Recovery and Resilience Facility, will be dedicated to fighting CC. The “twin transitions” (green and digital) will also be at the heart of NextGenerationEU.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy These funds will allow Member States including Malta to invest in green jobs and sustainable economic growth.', 'The “twin transitions” (green and digital) will also be at the heart of NextGenerationEU.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy These funds will allow Member States including Malta to invest in green jobs and sustainable economic growth. These funds will finance clean technologies, boost the share of renewables in the energy mix, improve the EE of buildings (supporting the EU’s Renovation Wave), and accelerate the rollout of sustainable green transport and infrastructure. The Just Transition Mechanism will also mobilise over €100 billion of public and private investment to support those regions most vulnerable to potential negative socio-economic impacts of the transition. In more detail: \\x84 The 2021-2027 Multi-annual Financial Framework (MFF) will be one of the main sources of financing for the decarbonisation of the economy in the next decade.', 'In more detail: \\x84 The 2021-2027 Multi-annual Financial Framework (MFF) will be one of the main sources of financing for the decarbonisation of the economy in the next decade. As proposed by the EC, 25% of the overall expenditure budget will be devoted to climate action, which could mean an allocation to this area of around EUR 320 billion in the period in question. Out of the €2.25 billion in EU funding negotiated for Malta, €1.9 billion was allocated to the MFF.', 'Out of the €2.25 billion in EU funding negotiated for Malta, €1.9 billion was allocated to the MFF. \\x84 The EU budget will provide €503 billion to the European Green Deal Investment Plan, which incorporates the Just Transition Fund (to help carbon intensive countries, including Malta, to make the fossil-fuel shift - although it must be noted that the funds available under this funding component are not sufficient to fulfil the investment needs of the LCDS); InvestEU (EU instrument for mobilising public and private financing for strategic investments towards sustainable investment) as well public sector loan facilities.', '\\x84 The EU budget will provide €503 billion to the European Green Deal Investment Plan, which incorporates the Just Transition Fund (to help carbon intensive countries, including Malta, to make the fossil-fuel shift - although it must be noted that the funds available under this funding component are not sufficient to fulfil the investment needs of the LCDS); InvestEU (EU instrument for mobilising public and private financing for strategic investments towards sustainable investment) as well public sector loan facilities. \\x84 The new Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), the key recovery instrument at the heart of NextGenerationEU, will provide large-scale financial support (grants, top-ups via loans) to reforms and investments of a long-term nature, with the aims of mitigating the economic and social impact of the coronavirus pandemic and of making the EU economies more sustainable, resilient and better prepared for the challenges posed by the green and digital transitions.', '\\x84 The new Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), the key recovery instrument at the heart of NextGenerationEU, will provide large-scale financial support (grants, top-ups via loans) to reforms and investments of a long-term nature, with the aims of mitigating the economic and social impact of the coronavirus pandemic and of making the EU economies more sustainable, resilient and better prepared for the challenges posed by the green and digital transitions. From the latest EU budget, Malta was allocated €327 million from the grants within RFF (excluding loan amounts).Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 ReactEU will target shorter-term crisis repair actions related to various thematic including essential investments for the green and digital transitions, and for which Malta has been allocated €50 million.', 'From the latest EU budget, Malta was allocated €327 million from the grants within RFF (excluding loan amounts).Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy \\x84 ReactEU will target shorter-term crisis repair actions related to various thematic including essential investments for the green and digital transitions, and for which Malta has been allocated €50 million. \\x84 In relation to supporting R&I in the digital industry area and for innovative low carbon technology demonstration projects, there are several programs covering the next decade at a European level.', '\\x84 In relation to supporting R&I in the digital industry area and for innovative low carbon technology demonstration projects, there are several programs covering the next decade at a European level. These include the Horizon Europe Program (€100 billion Research and Innovation Framework Programme), the LIFE Program - Program for the Environment and Climate Action, and the Innovation Fund - NER 450 (c. €10 billion, financed from the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, to support innovation in: energy intensive industries; renewables; energy storage; carbon capture, use and storage).', 'These include the Horizon Europe Program (€100 billion Research and Innovation Framework Programme), the LIFE Program - Program for the Environment and Climate Action, and the Innovation Fund - NER 450 (c. €10 billion, financed from the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, to support innovation in: energy intensive industries; renewables; energy storage; carbon capture, use and storage). \\x84 The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), an EU body created to strengthen Europe’s ability to innovate, and part of the EU’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, will invest EUR 500 million in knowledge and innovation communities across Europe, driving European innovation in the areas of climate.', '\\x84 The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), an EU body created to strengthen Europe’s ability to innovate, and part of the EU’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, will invest EUR 500 million in knowledge and innovation communities across Europe, driving European innovation in the areas of climate. \\x84 Another EU funding instrument is the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), which will enable the funding of energy, transport and digital infrastructure projects, of which 40% will contribute.', '\\x84 Another EU funding instrument is the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), which will enable the funding of energy, transport and digital infrastructure projects, of which 40% will contribute. The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) within the MFF shall invest between 30% to 50% in innovation- related projects, and at least 30% in projects that combat CC and contribute to the circular economy (some of the measures envisaged in this LCDS also contribute to this goal), and between 6% to 10% shall be allocated to the area of sustainable urban development. 4.3.2.', 'The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) within the MFF shall invest between 30% to 50% in innovation- related projects, and at least 30% in projects that combat CC and contribute to the circular economy (some of the measures envisaged in this LCDS also contribute to this goal), and between 6% to 10% shall be allocated to the area of sustainable urban development. 4.3.2. National financing instruments Both recent and the current Government Budget put specific emphasis on CC as a key government priority, and as previously mentioned, government has recently announced carbon neutrality as one of its main pillars for economic development and recovery. Additionally, the Paris Agreement (article 2(1)c) talks about making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low GHGE and climate-resilient development.', 'Additionally, the Paris Agreement (article 2(1)c) talks about making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low GHGE and climate-resilient development. Government shall, through various means, enable the raising of funds to implement these LCDS measures. Such funds can be raised through existing or innovative funding solutions and through various mechanisms. As stated in the 2017 Low Carbon Development Vision, Government will be investing directly in a decarbonisation infrastructure to facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy, while at the same time also influencing private investment through its policy and regulation, and incentives designed to support such a vision. Additionally, the LCDV envisions the adoption of new financial instruments (e.g.', 'Additionally, the LCDV envisions the adoption of new financial instruments (e.g. green bonds, referred to in the 2021 Budget) aimed at facilitating the transition to a low carbon economy. The Malta Stock Exchange has also recently launched a Green Market. 4.4. Policies and measures for related research, development and innovation Research, development and innovation (RDI) are key to the process of defining sound policies for mitigation and adapting to CC. This sub-section delves into RDI-specific funding, and policies and measures. Policy framework on RDI In the context of an RDI policy framework that can enable Malta’s pathway towards becoming a low carbonMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy economy, Government has already put in place national strategy and policy documents that tackle the subject.', 'Policy framework on RDI In the context of an RDI policy framework that can enable Malta’s pathway towards becoming a low carbonMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy economy, Government has already put in place national strategy and policy documents that tackle the subject. The importance of RDI in the Maltese economy, as well as measures that push forward such RDI, as outlined in Malta’s main RDI strategy and policy documents, are presented in the table below: Policy Document Salient points/ measures arising from Policy document MCST, Public consultation document: Towards a smart specialisation strategy This document provides an outline of the potential RDI areas for 2021-2027. Malta has identified 5 potential smart specialisation areas for the period 2021-2027.', 'Malta has identified 5 potential smart specialisation areas for the period 2021-2027. One of them is “Sustainable Use of Resources for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation”, which focuses on four sub-categories namely; i) towards Zero Carbon Buildings, ii) Renewable Energy Generation and Energy Storage Solutions, iii) Resource Efficiency in Industry, and iv) Turning Waste into Resource. MCST, National R&I Strategy 2014-2020, This R&I Strategy (updated by the 2021-2027 Strategy referred to above) is aimed at embedding R&I at the heart of the Maltese economy to spur knowledge-driven and value-added growth and to sustain improvements in the quality of life. The mission of the strategy revolves around the goals of comprehensive R&I support ecosystem; Investing in a stronger knowledge base; and smart, flexible specialisation.', 'The mission of the strategy revolves around the goals of comprehensive R&I support ecosystem; Investing in a stronger knowledge base; and smart, flexible specialisation. This strategy tackles CC by addressing the need for capacity building in the field, especially in relation to CC adaptation, to be able to guide policy and business decisions. MCST, National Research and Innovation This document acts as the implementing arm of the National R&I Strategy and refers to various projects being implemented across the 3 pillars or goals of the Strategy mentioned above. For instance, projects related to investment in buildings and equipment for research (research infrastructures or cluster structures as centers of excellence in different disciplines, including some which could have a CC impact) in the public sector are highlighted.', 'For instance, projects related to investment in buildings and equipment for research (research infrastructures or cluster structures as centers of excellence in different disciplines, including some which could have a CC impact) in the public sector are highlighted. Capacity building for excellence in CC adaptation is also mentioned as one of the actions.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy MCST, National European Research Area Malta’s National ERA Roadmap is a complementary document to the National R&I Strategy and Action Plan referred to above, with reference to priorities that have been translated into action. This document reiterates Malta’s commitment to the achievement of a well- functioning European Research Area.', 'This document reiterates Malta’s commitment to the achievement of a well- functioning European Research Area. Priorities are linked to international cooperation in science, technology, and regional initiatives such as PRIMA (previously mentioned; tackles food systems and water resources, touching on health, CC, energy, biodiversity, coastal sea management and agriculture). National Strategy for Research and Innovation in Energy and Water for The strategy identifies a number of priority areas with potential to contribute to the decarbonisation of water supply and use, including; \\x84 water use efficiency; \\x84 desalination processes; and \\x84 water and wastewater treatment and reclamation.', 'National Strategy for Research and Innovation in Energy and Water for The strategy identifies a number of priority areas with potential to contribute to the decarbonisation of water supply and use, including; \\x84 water use efficiency; \\x84 desalination processes; and \\x84 water and wastewater treatment and reclamation. Table 19: Main RDI policy documents With respect to local sources of RDI funding, a number of programmes and schemes have been made available through local government agencies: \\x84 Malta Enterprise: Malta’s investment promotion agency, tasked with attracting new foreign direct investment (FDI) as well as facilitating the growth of existing operations including through the provision of supporting measures. FDI related to RDI is one key area of focus.', 'FDI related to RDI is one key area of focus. Malta Enterprise also administers schemes related to measures that could support SMEs in their contribution towards lower emissions, including EE measures. This is also being done with a view to assisting local firms recover and regenerate after the pandemic. \\x84 MCST: the governmental body responsible for Research and Innovation (R&I), space, science and technology manages national funds for R&I. The environment, and CC, are areas of focus, as seen in the RDI strategies referred to above. For instance, the table above makes reference to “Sustainable Use of Resources for Climate Change Mitigation” as one of 5 key smart specialisation areas identified.', 'For instance, the table above makes reference to “Sustainable Use of Resources for Climate Change Mitigation” as one of 5 key smart specialisation areas identified. The University of Malta is also embarking on two infrastructural projects that could have impacts on CC research. These include: \\x84 Sustainable Living Complex, whose primary objective is to achieve a model resource-efficient building, labelled as a “live laboratory” to monitor a range of resource-efficient technologies in a real-life context. This project will:Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy o provide a basis for policymaking on sustainable development issues; o create an infrastructure for indigenous innovation in the construction industry; and o provide a best-practice model.', 'This project will:Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy o provide a basis for policymaking on sustainable development issues; o create an infrastructure for indigenous innovation in the construction industry; and o provide a best-practice model. \\x84 Transdisciplinary Research and Knowledge Exchange (TRAKE) project, which: o seeks to create a modern research facility aimed at enabling and supporting technology transfer, entrepreneurship and knowledge exchange with industry, including EE and CC; o focuses on the valorisation of ongoing research Various entities, including the MCST and the University of Malta, also participate in cross-border RDI-related funding programmes.', '\\x84 Transdisciplinary Research and Knowledge Exchange (TRAKE) project, which: o seeks to create a modern research facility aimed at enabling and supporting technology transfer, entrepreneurship and knowledge exchange with industry, including EE and CC; o focuses on the valorisation of ongoing research Various entities, including the MCST and the University of Malta, also participate in cross-border RDI-related funding programmes. Examples of such programmes include: \\x84 Blue Bioeconomy ERA-NET Co-fund: A joint call (ending in 2023) supported by 16 countries, including Malta (through MCST), funding projects that explore innovative, sustainable and climate-friendly utilisation of aquaculture production systems; \\x84 Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) programmes: launched in 2018 and supported by Horizon 2020, it provides a €220 million fund running over a span of ten years.', 'Examples of such programmes include: \\x84 Blue Bioeconomy ERA-NET Co-fund: A joint call (ending in 2023) supported by 16 countries, including Malta (through MCST), funding projects that explore innovative, sustainable and climate-friendly utilisation of aquaculture production systems; \\x84 Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) programmes: launched in 2018 and supported by Horizon 2020, it provides a €220 million fund running over a span of ten years. Malta will be contributing €5 million over the ten-year period, allocating €500,000 per annum to fund research and innovation actions dealing with the thematic areas of sustainable water management, sustainable and effective farming systems and agro-food value chains in the Mediterranean.', 'Malta will be contributing €5 million over the ten-year period, allocating €500,000 per annum to fund research and innovation actions dealing with the thematic areas of sustainable water management, sustainable and effective farming systems and agro-food value chains in the Mediterranean. In addition, whilst the fight against CC focuses mostly on carbon emissions reduction, carbon capture and carbon capture technologies (carbon tech) are making their way to the market as a way to reverse CC. Carbontech represents a new economic niche area which feeds into the policy framework on RDI in the context of CC. A new category of companies is indeed coming to market, whereby such players are using technological innovation to turn excess CO into useful, marketable products. Examples include concrete, fuels, plastics, and textiles, amongst others.', 'Examples include concrete, fuels, plastics, and textiles, amongst others. The process utilized to turn carbon into value includes electrochemical, photochemical, thermochemical, bio-catalysed, and photosynthetic technology. According to a market report published by the Circular Carbon Network (CCN)43, the pace of activity in this sphere picked up dramatically in the past decade, with around 330 innovators working on carbon removal or turning carbon into value, 107 of which are already generating revenue. As previously mentioned, Malta can play a role as a test bed for such new technologies, in partnership with larger countries/ private partners. 43 Circular Carbon Network (2020). CIRCULAR CARBON MARKET REPORT.', '43 Circular Carbon Network (2020). CIRCULAR CARBON MARKET REPORT. Available at market-report/Environmental And Socio-Economic ImpactsThe LCDS measures being proposed will be implemented in a developed economy with a thriving society – both are, however, coming to grips with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Government will support areas, groups and individuals who may face socio-economic challenges in providing their contribution to the implementation of these measures, to ensure a fair transition to a carbon neutral economy in a way that no one is left behind. The targeted reduction in GHG emissions, as well as the adaptation measures, are intended to provide overall benefits to all members of society. However, the Strategy will also impact different stakeholders to varying degrees and at different timeframes.', 'However, the Strategy will also impact different stakeholders to varying degrees and at different timeframes. This section provides an overview of the potential non-GHG effects of these mitigation measures. The LCDS will be employed in a system bounded by financial constraints. Certain measures might impact the markets for goods and services, the labour market and how they operate. They might entail additional financial and administration burden on both the private and public sector and also impact international trade (to a lesser extent given the size of the local economy). The measures will also impact the individuals and the social aspects of the country. Measures might impact the inclusion/exclusion of vulnerable groups, the aesthetics of cultural buildings and the personal and family life, amongst others.', 'Measures might impact the inclusion/exclusion of vulnerable groups, the aesthetics of cultural buildings and the personal and family life, amongst others. In general, social and economic consequences of the implementation of the measures will be positive, including on both public health and general living conditions. A key effect on vulnerable sections of society could relate to initial capital costs of certain measures, as consumers. Government plans to support these vulnerable groups through ad-hoc support. Hence, whilst acknowledging the LCDS’s great potential in decreasing emissions and enabling Malta to reach its GHGE reduction targets for 2030 and 2050, government is aware of the positive and negative side effects of such LCDS measures. This necessitates steps to be taken in order to maximise benefits whilst minimising the negative impacts.', 'This necessitates steps to be taken in order to maximise benefits whilst minimising the negative impacts. This section focuses on these socio-economic impacts of the Strategy, based on the EC’s Impact Assessment guidelines (which provides both social and economic impact categories). The Strategy will also have effects in terms of the environment, over and above the reduction of GHG emissions, such as on ecosystems or air pollution. These other environmental impacts were tackled specifically in a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) commissioned by government. The following sub-sections provides an overview of the main social and economic impacts envisaged under the identified sector-related measures.', 'The following sub-sections provides an overview of the main social and economic impacts envisaged under the identified sector-related measures. Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Commercial scale Aquaponics- based food production \\x84 Methane inhibiting vaccines Social \\x84 New entrepreneurship/ employment opportunities \\x84 Potential for exports \\x84 Improved public health Economic \\x84 Niche area of economic growth through innovation (aquaponics) \\x84 Increased product offering in the market (aquaponics) \\x84 Lower dependency on imports \\x84 FDI opportunities Social \\x84 Food safety issues (including impact on health of animals/ humans) \\x84 Change to farming practices \\x84 Increased regulation by public authorities \\x84 Need to tackle the negative perception of produce quality Economic \\x84 Import flows \\x84 High capital and operating costs (aquaponics) \\x84 Affordability issues if any increase in costs is passed onto consumers Table 20: Impact Assessment for the Agricultural sectorMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 EE single measures and retrofitting to achieve NZEB level \\x84 Measures, supported by schemes, for deep renovation \\x84 EE measures in public buildings The above policy initiatives will lead to the following measures/ technologies: \\x84 LED lighting, in the residential and non- residential building sector \\x84 Automated lighting in non- residential buildings \\x84 EE water heating/ heat pumps \\x84 EE appliances \\x84 EE office/ IT equipment \\x84 Wall/roof insulation and double-glazing Social \\x84 Convenience to family life (EE appliances) \\x84 Better indoor room temperatures/living conditions (wall/roof insulation) \\x84 Improved employee productivity (automation; better conditions) \\x84 Positive impact on safety issues and prevention of accidents (LEDs compared to halogen bulbs; automation) \\x84 Improved public health \\x84 Public participation from installations in public buildings/ provision of grants or subsidy schemes \\x84 Contribution to SDG 11 – sustainable cities and communities Economic \\x84 Improved business competitiveness and household purchasing power \\x84 Increased sales for EE equipment/ services \\x84 Lower maintenance/ replacement costs Social \\x84 Exclusion of vulnerable individuals/ households who cannot afford higher spend - government to provide support \\x84 OHS concerns for installation of external condenser unit on roofs \\x84 Disruption to family life/ business operations during installations \\x84 Aesthetical value of installations close-by heritage sites (roof insulation) Economic \\x84 Administration burden for applicants and administrators of grant/ subsidy schemes \\x84 Administrative burden Table 21: Impact Assessment for the Building sectorMeasures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Solar PV installations \\x84 Installation of SWHs/ SWHPs \\x84 Additional electricity interconnector(s) \\x84 Offshore floating wind turbines Social \\x84 Increased labour opportunities in maintenance and installation \\x84 Self-sufficiency of consumers \\x84 Participation of civil society \\x84 Improved health \\x84 Measures that address several SDGs Economic \\x84 Greater innovation and research \\x84 With RES, less dependence on foreign energy sources Social \\x84 Affordability issues \\x84 Potential financial gap for operator \\x84 Risks during installations/ maintenance \\x84 Reduced available roof space \\x84 Limited access to RES installed on roofs for apartment holders \\x84 Negative visual impacts on cultural sites Economic \\x84 Increased imports \\x84 Increased dependence on foreign energy sources for non-RES (interconnector) \\x84 Administrative burden on public authorities (e.g.', 'Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Commercial scale Aquaponics- based food production \\x84 Methane inhibiting vaccines Social \\x84 New entrepreneurship/ employment opportunities \\x84 Potential for exports \\x84 Improved public health Economic \\x84 Niche area of economic growth through innovation (aquaponics) \\x84 Increased product offering in the market (aquaponics) \\x84 Lower dependency on imports \\x84 FDI opportunities Social \\x84 Food safety issues (including impact on health of animals/ humans) \\x84 Change to farming practices \\x84 Increased regulation by public authorities \\x84 Need to tackle the negative perception of produce quality Economic \\x84 Import flows \\x84 High capital and operating costs (aquaponics) \\x84 Affordability issues if any increase in costs is passed onto consumers Table 20: Impact Assessment for the Agricultural sectorMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 EE single measures and retrofitting to achieve NZEB level \\x84 Measures, supported by schemes, for deep renovation \\x84 EE measures in public buildings The above policy initiatives will lead to the following measures/ technologies: \\x84 LED lighting, in the residential and non- residential building sector \\x84 Automated lighting in non- residential buildings \\x84 EE water heating/ heat pumps \\x84 EE appliances \\x84 EE office/ IT equipment \\x84 Wall/roof insulation and double-glazing Social \\x84 Convenience to family life (EE appliances) \\x84 Better indoor room temperatures/living conditions (wall/roof insulation) \\x84 Improved employee productivity (automation; better conditions) \\x84 Positive impact on safety issues and prevention of accidents (LEDs compared to halogen bulbs; automation) \\x84 Improved public health \\x84 Public participation from installations in public buildings/ provision of grants or subsidy schemes \\x84 Contribution to SDG 11 – sustainable cities and communities Economic \\x84 Improved business competitiveness and household purchasing power \\x84 Increased sales for EE equipment/ services \\x84 Lower maintenance/ replacement costs Social \\x84 Exclusion of vulnerable individuals/ households who cannot afford higher spend - government to provide support \\x84 OHS concerns for installation of external condenser unit on roofs \\x84 Disruption to family life/ business operations during installations \\x84 Aesthetical value of installations close-by heritage sites (roof insulation) Economic \\x84 Administration burden for applicants and administrators of grant/ subsidy schemes \\x84 Administrative burden Table 21: Impact Assessment for the Building sectorMeasures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Solar PV installations \\x84 Installation of SWHs/ SWHPs \\x84 Additional electricity interconnector(s) \\x84 Offshore floating wind turbines Social \\x84 Increased labour opportunities in maintenance and installation \\x84 Self-sufficiency of consumers \\x84 Participation of civil society \\x84 Improved health \\x84 Measures that address several SDGs Economic \\x84 Greater innovation and research \\x84 With RES, less dependence on foreign energy sources Social \\x84 Affordability issues \\x84 Potential financial gap for operator \\x84 Risks during installations/ maintenance \\x84 Reduced available roof space \\x84 Limited access to RES installed on roofs for apartment holders \\x84 Negative visual impacts on cultural sites Economic \\x84 Increased imports \\x84 Increased dependence on foreign energy sources for non-RES (interconnector) \\x84 Administrative burden on public authorities (e.g. schemes administration; compliance and enforcement) \\x84 Initial capital outlay \\x84 Increased maintenance costs \\x84 Rooftop property right issues \\x84 Solar rights issues \\x84 Expropriated land Table 22: Impact Assessment for the Energy sector Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 EE industrial measures for large firms and SMEs Social \\x84 Greater efficiency and lower energy bills \\x84 Satisfying green consumers \\x84 Decoupling energy and industry, bringing more macro-economic stability \\x84 Improved air quality, public health and quality of life (residents and workers).', 'schemes administration; compliance and enforcement) \\x84 Initial capital outlay \\x84 Increased maintenance costs \\x84 Rooftop property right issues \\x84 Solar rights issues \\x84 Expropriated land Table 22: Impact Assessment for the Energy sector Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 EE industrial measures for large firms and SMEs Social \\x84 Greater efficiency and lower energy bills \\x84 Satisfying green consumers \\x84 Decoupling energy and industry, bringing more macro-economic stability \\x84 Improved air quality, public health and quality of life (residents and workers). \\x84 Measures addressing various SDGs Economic \\x84 Increased product offering through competition \\x84 Increased innovation and research Social \\x84 n/a Economic \\x84 Initial capital outlay \\x84 Shifting additional costs to customers via increased prices \\x84 Increased administration burden for public authorities Table 23: Impact Assessment for the IndustryMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Storage and use of rainwater in industrial parks \\x84 Treatment and re-use of greywaters in hotels \\x84 Reduction in water use through a consumer behaviour change campaign \\x84 Investment in technology to improve irrigation efficiency Social \\x84 More sustainable lifestyles and water consumption patterns \\x84 Greater water accessibility for vulnerable families \\x84 Satisfying green consumers \\x84 Improved public health \\x84 Measures tackling various SDGs \\x84 Improved quality of life for farmers and their families Economic \\x84 Empowerment by companies and individuals to reduce their demand for primary water \\x84 Increased offering in the provision of water through competition \\x84 Increased R&I \\x84 Improved competitiveness for businesses and purchasing power for consumers/ individuals \\x84 Decreased dependency of industry and households on primary water services \\x84 Increased revenues from higher and better crop yields \\x84 Lower dependency on imports for agricultural product Social \\x84 Health risk if greywater is not adequately treated \\x84 Negative visual impact on cultural sites Economic \\x84 Change in demand for water utilities operator \\x84 Initial capital outlay \\x84 Increased administration burden for public \\x84 Initial maintenance of efficient technologies \\x84 Property rights (e.g.', '\\x84 Measures addressing various SDGs Economic \\x84 Increased product offering through competition \\x84 Increased innovation and research Social \\x84 n/a Economic \\x84 Initial capital outlay \\x84 Shifting additional costs to customers via increased prices \\x84 Increased administration burden for public authorities Table 23: Impact Assessment for the IndustryMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Storage and use of rainwater in industrial parks \\x84 Treatment and re-use of greywaters in hotels \\x84 Reduction in water use through a consumer behaviour change campaign \\x84 Investment in technology to improve irrigation efficiency Social \\x84 More sustainable lifestyles and water consumption patterns \\x84 Greater water accessibility for vulnerable families \\x84 Satisfying green consumers \\x84 Improved public health \\x84 Measures tackling various SDGs \\x84 Improved quality of life for farmers and their families Economic \\x84 Empowerment by companies and individuals to reduce their demand for primary water \\x84 Increased offering in the provision of water through competition \\x84 Increased R&I \\x84 Improved competitiveness for businesses and purchasing power for consumers/ individuals \\x84 Decreased dependency of industry and households on primary water services \\x84 Increased revenues from higher and better crop yields \\x84 Lower dependency on imports for agricultural product Social \\x84 Health risk if greywater is not adequately treated \\x84 Negative visual impact on cultural sites Economic \\x84 Change in demand for water utilities operator \\x84 Initial capital outlay \\x84 Increased administration burden for public \\x84 Initial maintenance of efficient technologies \\x84 Property rights (e.g. ownership of wells and cisterns) Table 24: Impact Assessment for the Water sectorMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Sorting of Residual Waste at incinerators \\x84 80% Capture of Municipal Biowaste and Biogas Upgrade \\x84 Household waste prevention measures Social \\x84 Creation of additional green jobs \\x84 Increased public awareness on waste management issues and facilitated responsible participation.', 'ownership of wells and cisterns) Table 24: Impact Assessment for the Water sectorMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Sorting of Residual Waste at incinerators \\x84 80% Capture of Municipal Biowaste and Biogas Upgrade \\x84 Household waste prevention measures Social \\x84 Creation of additional green jobs \\x84 Increased public awareness on waste management issues and facilitated responsible participation. Increased awareness in homes enables food cost savings \\x84 Improved public health \\x84 Improved security for incinerator workers & neighborhoods \\x84 Better job conditions for EfW plant workers \\x84 Lower nuisance effects on individuals residing near the EfW facility Economic \\x84 Cost savings for commercial businesses and more customer profile insights for tailored offerings \\x84 Potential reduction in costs, capacity issues and adverse externalities experienced in the sector \\x84 Economic efficiency and resiliency gains from a more circular economy \\x84 Creation of additional raw material input into secondary economic markets \\x84 R&I in connection with change in biogas use and development of efficient waste sorting management processes \\x84 Indirect contribution to lowering food insecurity and malnutrition goals \\x84 Positive impacts on reaching national recycling targets Social \\x84 Change in household behavior requires more attention and effort, against time and space constraints \\x84 Potential disincentive for households to sort recyclable waste at source (from semi-mixed waste separation measure) Economic \\x84 Higher administrative burden on Local Councils \\x84 Higher cost of collection \\x84 Administrative burden \\x84 Change in demand for printing houses \\x84 Macroeconomic impacts from household behavior changes (e.g.', 'Increased awareness in homes enables food cost savings \\x84 Improved public health \\x84 Improved security for incinerator workers & neighborhoods \\x84 Better job conditions for EfW plant workers \\x84 Lower nuisance effects on individuals residing near the EfW facility Economic \\x84 Cost savings for commercial businesses and more customer profile insights for tailored offerings \\x84 Potential reduction in costs, capacity issues and adverse externalities experienced in the sector \\x84 Economic efficiency and resiliency gains from a more circular economy \\x84 Creation of additional raw material input into secondary economic markets \\x84 R&I in connection with change in biogas use and development of efficient waste sorting management processes \\x84 Indirect contribution to lowering food insecurity and malnutrition goals \\x84 Positive impacts on reaching national recycling targets Social \\x84 Change in household behavior requires more attention and effort, against time and space constraints \\x84 Potential disincentive for households to sort recyclable waste at source (from semi-mixed waste separation measure) Economic \\x84 Higher administrative burden on Local Councils \\x84 Higher cost of collection \\x84 Administrative burden \\x84 Change in demand for printing houses \\x84 Macroeconomic impacts from household behavior changes (e.g. purchases, savings) Table 25: Impact Assessment for the Waste sectorMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Electrification measures \\x84 Public Transport measures \\x84 Active Transport measures \\x84 Teleworking/ remote working Social \\x84 Health benefits from reduced air and noise pollution, potentially lower traffic accidents and more regular exercising \\x84 Increased flexibility for employees \\x84 Travel time reductions for individuals and businesses \\x84 Improved travel for non- vehicle owners, enabling social and economic participation \\x84 Enhancing the efficiency of local components of the TEN-T network \\x84 Facilitated access to cultural sites and improved preservation as a result of lower traffic emissions Economic \\x84 Incremental investment in the EV market \\x84 Reduced traffic congestion contributing to economic productivity and competitiveness, investment/ employment/ job attractiveness and facilitating trade logistics \\x84 New R&I spurred in connection with EV transition implementation and efficient/ safe active transport infrastructure \\x84 Facilitation of labour geographical mobility and labour market matching efficiency \\x84 Possible reduced costs of operating and managing offices Social \\x84 High upfront EV capital cost/ use might exclude some individuals from the personal vehicle ownership market \\x84 Risks for public safety in EV accidents \\x84 Waste management of EVs/ batteries \\x84 Security of supply issues for electricity and batteries (EVs) \\x84 Reduced social interaction (and linked mental/physical health effects and work engagement) resulting from TW/ RW \\x84 Higher costs for employees, and potential increased digital divide.', 'purchases, savings) Table 25: Impact Assessment for the Waste sectorMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts \\x84 Electrification measures \\x84 Public Transport measures \\x84 Active Transport measures \\x84 Teleworking/ remote working Social \\x84 Health benefits from reduced air and noise pollution, potentially lower traffic accidents and more regular exercising \\x84 Increased flexibility for employees \\x84 Travel time reductions for individuals and businesses \\x84 Improved travel for non- vehicle owners, enabling social and economic participation \\x84 Enhancing the efficiency of local components of the TEN-T network \\x84 Facilitated access to cultural sites and improved preservation as a result of lower traffic emissions Economic \\x84 Incremental investment in the EV market \\x84 Reduced traffic congestion contributing to economic productivity and competitiveness, investment/ employment/ job attractiveness and facilitating trade logistics \\x84 New R&I spurred in connection with EV transition implementation and efficient/ safe active transport infrastructure \\x84 Facilitation of labour geographical mobility and labour market matching efficiency \\x84 Possible reduced costs of operating and managing offices Social \\x84 High upfront EV capital cost/ use might exclude some individuals from the personal vehicle ownership market \\x84 Risks for public safety in EV accidents \\x84 Waste management of EVs/ batteries \\x84 Security of supply issues for electricity and batteries (EVs) \\x84 Reduced social interaction (and linked mental/physical health effects and work engagement) resulting from TW/ RW \\x84 Higher costs for employees, and potential increased digital divide. Economic \\x84 Business costs in connection with EV transition adjustments \\x84 Potentially lower market competition in EV market and competitive distortions from public transport subsidisation \\x84 Negative knock-on effects on economic activity and employment in traditional personal car travel sectors \\x84 Additional tax/ charges burden on businesses and individuals, which can result to be of a regressive nature \\x84 Administrative requirements for management of any mechanism to disincentivise undesirable usage \\x84 Free public transport may disincentivise innovation/ competition in this market \\x84 Negative/ displacement effects on commercial activity of any location-specific disincentive scheme Table 26: Impact Assessment for the Transport sectorAnnexesMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy 6.1.', 'Economic \\x84 Business costs in connection with EV transition adjustments \\x84 Potentially lower market competition in EV market and competitive distortions from public transport subsidisation \\x84 Negative knock-on effects on economic activity and employment in traditional personal car travel sectors \\x84 Additional tax/ charges burden on businesses and individuals, which can result to be of a regressive nature \\x84 Administrative requirements for management of any mechanism to disincentivise undesirable usage \\x84 Free public transport may disincentivise innovation/ competition in this market \\x84 Negative/ displacement effects on commercial activity of any location-specific disincentive scheme Table 26: Impact Assessment for the Transport sectorAnnexesMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy 6.1. Stakeholder Consultation List Initial Consultation Second round of consultations MECP Consultation Public Consultation \\x84 Planning Authority \\x84 Agriculture and Fisheries \\x84 ERA \\x84 Ministry for Energy and Water Management \\x84 EWA \\x84 Wasteserv \\x84 Building Industry Consultative Council (BICC) \\x84 Ministry for Transport, Infrastructure and Capital Projects (MTIP) \\x84 Transport Malta (TM) \\x84 MRA \\x84 Enemalta \\x84 Ministry for Finance \\x84 EWA \\x84 Agricultural Directorate \\x84 ERA \\x84 Planning Authority \\x84 Water Services Corporation \\x84 Marine and Storm Water Management Unit (MSWU) \\x84 Meteorological Office (MET) \\x84 Malta Tourism Authority \\x84 Ministry for Family, Children s Rights and Social Solidarity \\x84 Ministry for Gozo Other correspondence: \\x84 Fisheries Department \\x84 Regulator for Energy & Water Services (REWS) \\x84 Ambjent Malta \\x84 Plant Protection Directorate (PPD) \\x84 Agriculture Department \\x84 Veterinary Regulation Directorate (VRD) \\x84 MTIP/TM \\x84 BICC/ Building Regulations Office (BRO) \\x84 Climate Action Board \\x84 Kunsill Regjonali/ Local Council Association \\x84 The Malta Chamber \\x84 Academics \\x84 Civil society (including various constituted bodies, NGOs and other VOs and entities) \\x84 Malta Chamber for SMEsMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Initial Consultation Second round of consultations MECP Consultation Public Consultation Feedback received (apart from feedback provided directly during consultation meetings) \\x84 Ministry for Energy and Water/ Management \\x84 EWA \\x84 REWS \\x84 Ambjent Malta \\x84 Department of Fisheries \\x84 MSWU \\x84 ERA \\x84 PPD \\x84 VRD \\x84 Aviation Sector (TM), Transport and Marine Infrastructure, Infrastructure Malta (IM) \\x84 MSWU (WID/MTIP) \\x84 Economic and Policy Division \\x84 Ministry for Agriculture \\x84 Ministry for Economy \\x84 The Malta Chamber \\x84 Malta Chamber of SMEs \\x84 Various entities and individuals as part of public consultation process Table 27: Entities consulted throughout the LCDS stakeholder consultation process 6.2.', 'Stakeholder Consultation List Initial Consultation Second round of consultations MECP Consultation Public Consultation \\x84 Planning Authority \\x84 Agriculture and Fisheries \\x84 ERA \\x84 Ministry for Energy and Water Management \\x84 EWA \\x84 Wasteserv \\x84 Building Industry Consultative Council (BICC) \\x84 Ministry for Transport, Infrastructure and Capital Projects (MTIP) \\x84 Transport Malta (TM) \\x84 MRA \\x84 Enemalta \\x84 Ministry for Finance \\x84 EWA \\x84 Agricultural Directorate \\x84 ERA \\x84 Planning Authority \\x84 Water Services Corporation \\x84 Marine and Storm Water Management Unit (MSWU) \\x84 Meteorological Office (MET) \\x84 Malta Tourism Authority \\x84 Ministry for Family, Children s Rights and Social Solidarity \\x84 Ministry for Gozo Other correspondence: \\x84 Fisheries Department \\x84 Regulator for Energy & Water Services (REWS) \\x84 Ambjent Malta \\x84 Plant Protection Directorate (PPD) \\x84 Agriculture Department \\x84 Veterinary Regulation Directorate (VRD) \\x84 MTIP/TM \\x84 BICC/ Building Regulations Office (BRO) \\x84 Climate Action Board \\x84 Kunsill Regjonali/ Local Council Association \\x84 The Malta Chamber \\x84 Academics \\x84 Civil society (including various constituted bodies, NGOs and other VOs and entities) \\x84 Malta Chamber for SMEsMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Initial Consultation Second round of consultations MECP Consultation Public Consultation Feedback received (apart from feedback provided directly during consultation meetings) \\x84 Ministry for Energy and Water/ Management \\x84 EWA \\x84 REWS \\x84 Ambjent Malta \\x84 Department of Fisheries \\x84 MSWU \\x84 ERA \\x84 PPD \\x84 VRD \\x84 Aviation Sector (TM), Transport and Marine Infrastructure, Infrastructure Malta (IM) \\x84 MSWU (WID/MTIP) \\x84 Economic and Policy Division \\x84 Ministry for Agriculture \\x84 Ministry for Economy \\x84 The Malta Chamber \\x84 Malta Chamber of SMEs \\x84 Various entities and individuals as part of public consultation process Table 27: Entities consulted throughout the LCDS stakeholder consultation process 6.2. Details on modelling A Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) is a tool which allows a country to progress towards decarbonisation in a politically and economically efficient manner.', 'Details on modelling A Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) is a tool which allows a country to progress towards decarbonisation in a politically and economically efficient manner. This is achieved by ranking a range of GHG-abating measures in order of cost-effectiveness. A MACC model is intended to establish the possible routes to decarbonisation and is used alongside socio-economic assessments to assess the implications of these routes. Used together, a MACC and socio-economic impact assessments allow governments to strategically plan activities across all sectors of society, futureproofing for CC requirements and developing effective mitigation strategies. The metric of cost-effectiveness is called the marginal abatement cost (MAC). Each measure’s MAC is calculated from two other values: its economic and financial cost and its abatement potential.', 'Each measure’s MAC is calculated from two other values: its economic and financial cost and its abatement potential. The lower Cost (EUR/yr) Abatement Potential (tCO e/yr) Marginal Abatement Cost (EUR/tCO e)Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy the MAC, the more cost-effective the measure, and therefore the MACC itself is a visually intuitive way of displaying this information. The MACC developed for the LCDS is a detailed bottom-up MACC relying on the principle that each measure seeks to replace one process with another process. Often, this will involve the phasing out of a carbon- intensive process in favour of a low(er)-carbon process. A measure can be thought of as a combination of two processes – where the net difference describes the impact of the measure.', 'A measure can be thought of as a combination of two processes – where the net difference describes the impact of the measure. For the cost figures, this is described economically as the opportunity cost, but a similar logic applies to emissions and utility consumption calculations. For example, if 1 kWh of electricity generated by a combined cycle gas turbine plant (CCGT; a process) emits 400 gCO2e, but 1 kWh of electricity generated by solar photovoltaics (PV; another process) is zero-carbon, then the net impact of replacing CCGT with PV (a measure) is 400 gCO2e/kWh. In reality, the calculations are often more complicated than this example, mainly in order to more adequately account for inter-measure dynamics.', 'In reality, the calculations are often more complicated than this example, mainly in order to more adequately account for inter-measure dynamics. A MACC model includes various inputs/ outputs, with the following structure being followed for this LCDS: \\x84 Process consumption (electricity, water, gas, etc. ), \\x84 Process generation (electricity, water, gas, etc. ), \\x84 Process direct emissions (fossil, non-fossil), and \\x84 Process cost (allowing for technology learning over time). These values are recorded on a per unit basis; for energy this operational unit may be per GWh (electricity generated) or for transport it may be per Gt.km (transported).', 'These values are recorded on a per unit basis; for energy this operational unit may be per GWh (electricity generated) or for transport it may be per Gt.km (transported). In addition to these inputs, the MACC model records: \\x84 the (high-carbon) processes being replaced and the (low-carbon) processes that take their place: whether the process relates to supply or demand of the given operational unit; \\x84 the low-carbon processes: the maximum technical potential that the processes can achieve over time, accounting for technical constraints such as availability of space or demand levels. Again, this is recorded in terms of the given operational unit for that process. Optimistic, central, and pessimistic estimates of the technical potential are derived.', 'Optimistic, central, and pessimistic estimates of the technical potential are derived. Local considerations regarding acceptance and likely rates of market penetration are also considered in the technical potential. The MACC for Malta’s LCDS, for 2030 and 2050, were presented in Figure 9 and Figure 10 of this report, while the example shown below is based on mock data. However, it has been generated by the MACC model and serves as a useful illustration of the information presented on the chart.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy The x-axis represents cumulative abatement potential. The example above shows that, if each of these mock measures were implemented, 630 ktCO e could be saved each year. This would represent a cut of almost a third of Malta’s net territorial GHGEs in 2016.', 'This would represent a cut of almost a third of Malta’s net territorial GHGEs in 2016. A vertical line can be placed on this axis to represent the GHGE abatement required by EU targets. The y-axis represents marginal abatement costs (MACs). Measures with the lowest MACs are ranked first and so are found to the left. In this example, two measures generate negative economic costs (or savings to society) upon implementation. This is a relatively common finding in climate change MACCs; the reason why these measures are not already happening are unlikely to be strictly financial. They may instead relate to issues with imperfect or distorted markets such as lack of awareness or issues over conflicting agency44.', 'They may instead relate to issues with imperfect or distorted markets such as lack of awareness or issues over conflicting agency44. These broader issues were considered independently of the MACC model. 44 Kesicki, F., and Ekins, P. (2012) Marginal abatement cost curves: a call for caution, Climate Policy, Vol.12, No.2,Malta Low Carbon Development StrategyReferencesMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Attard, M., (2015). The impact of global environmental change on transport in Malta. Xjenza Online – Journal of The Malta Chamber of Scientists, 3(2), pp. 141-152. BBC News (2019, 14 January). Concerns over increase in toxic brine from desalination plants California Energy Commission (2009). 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Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in small island developing states WÄRTSILÄ (2021). Natural gas-fuelled ferry GLUTRA. Retrieved from: natural-gas-fuelled-ferry-glutra Winsor, M. (2019). Vaccine hesitancy, climate change, Ebola among top 10 threats to global health this year, WHO says. Retrieved from: World Health Organisation (2018). Climate change and health. Retrieved from: sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health World Health Organisation (2018). Climate Change increasingly affects small countries. Retrieved from: Http://www.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy']"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"en-US"}}},{"rowIdx":194,"cells":{"Unnamed: 0":{"kind":"number","value":194,"string":"194"},"country_code":{"kind":"string","value":"MHL"},"country":{"kind":"string","value":"Marshall Islands"},"type_of_document":{"kind":"string","value":"1st NDC"},"date":{"kind":"string","value":"2016-04-22 00:00:00"},"backend_status":{"kind":"null"},"current":{"kind":"null"},"version_number":{"kind":"string","value":"NDC 1.0"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/150721%20RMI%20INDC%20JULY%202015%20FINAL%20SUBMITTED.pdf"},"comment":{"kind":"null"},"annex_type":{"kind":"string","value":"Non-Annex I"},"income_group":{"kind":"string","value":"Middle-income"},"region":{"kind":"string","value":"Oceania"},"eu27":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"ghg_total":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"},"ghg_transport":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"},"mena":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"valid":{"kind":"bool","value":true,"string":"true"},"document_path":{"kind":"string","value":"../data/downloaded_documents/3106228e3bf6df1e95722b97863b3c8c475a1ffd788de886007db64adad221cc.pdf"},"para_list":{"kind":"string","value":"['Republic of the Marshall Islands Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the UNFCCC on 21 July 2015 Introduction The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is committed to the successful conclusion of negotiations under the Ad-Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) in order to adopt, at COP21, a new legally-binding agreement under the UNFCCC applicable to all Parties, which will come into effect and be implemented from 2020. In accordance with the relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, RMI hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention, and provides up-front information in tabular format to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of the INDC.', 'In accordance with the relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, RMI hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention, and provides up-front information in tabular format to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of the INDC. RMI is also pleased to provide additional accompanying information, including information relating to mitigation, adaptation planning and support for implementation. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) These targets progress beyond RMI’s Copenhagen pledge, and are based on the more rigorous data in RMI’s forthcoming Second National Communication. They put RMI on a trajectory to nearly halve GHG emissions between 2010 and 2030, with a view to achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050, or earlier if possible.', 'They put RMI on a trajectory to nearly halve GHG emissions between 2010 and 2030, with a view to achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050, or earlier if possible. This will require a significant improvement in energy efficiency and uptake of renewables, in particular solar and biofuels, as well as transformational technology, such as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). RMI commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) to 32% below 2010 levels by 2025.', 'RMI commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) to 32% below 2010 levels by 2025. RMI communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 45% below 2010 levels by 2030.INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING Parameter Information Timeframe and/or period for implementation Start year: 2020 End year: 2025 Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reduction target (excluding LULUCF) Reference point or base year 2010 base year (~185 Gg CO2 -e) Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions Commitment to reduce GHG emissions by 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 Indicative target to reduce GHG emissions by 45% below 2010 levels by 2030 Coverage % national emissions Sectors Energy - Electricity Generation - Transport (land and shipping) - Other (cooking and lighting) Waste [Note: emissions from sectors not listed are negligible] Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) [Note: emissions of GHGs not listed are negligible] Geographical boundaries Whole of country Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet target No Land sector accounting approach N/A Metrics and methodology Consistent with methodologies used in RMI’s forthcoming Second National Communication (1996 IPCC Guidelines).Parameter Information Planning process RMI’s INDC was developed through an all-inclusive process of engaging relevant stakeholders in and outside government, including the country’s first National Climate Change Dialogue and three rounds of stakeholder consultations.', 'RMI communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 45% below 2010 levels by 2030.INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING Parameter Information Timeframe and/or period for implementation Start year: 2020 End year: 2025 Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reduction target (excluding LULUCF) Reference point or base year 2010 base year (~185 Gg CO2 -e) Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions Commitment to reduce GHG emissions by 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 Indicative target to reduce GHG emissions by 45% below 2010 levels by 2030 Coverage % national emissions Sectors Energy - Electricity Generation - Transport (land and shipping) - Other (cooking and lighting) Waste [Note: emissions from sectors not listed are negligible] Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) [Note: emissions of GHGs not listed are negligible] Geographical boundaries Whole of country Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet target No Land sector accounting approach N/A Metrics and methodology Consistent with methodologies used in RMI’s forthcoming Second National Communication (1996 IPCC Guidelines).Parameter Information Planning process RMI’s INDC was developed through an all-inclusive process of engaging relevant stakeholders in and outside government, including the country’s first National Climate Change Dialogue and three rounds of stakeholder consultations. This process has produced genuine national ownership of the INDC and highlighted synergies with other UNFCCC-related processes, including National Communications, Biennial Update Reports, National Adaptation Planning, and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).', 'This process has produced genuine national ownership of the INDC and highlighted synergies with other UNFCCC-related processes, including National Communications, Biennial Update Reports, National Adaptation Planning, and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). Fair and ambitious RMI’s emissions are negligible in the global context (<0.00001% of global emissions). According to data reflected in RMI’s forthcoming Second National Communication, RMI’s emissions peaked around 2009 and have been trending downwards since, in line with the goals in the National Energy Plan and National Climate Change Policy, based on the ‘National Climate Change Roadmap’ (2008). Given its low GDP per capita (approx. USD3,6001), extreme vulnerability and dependence on external support, RMI’s proposed targets are ambitious compared to those proposed by other countries and measured against any objective indicators.', 'USD3,6001), extreme vulnerability and dependence on external support, RMI’s proposed targets are ambitious compared to those proposed by other countries and measured against any objective indicators. They put RMI on a trajectory to nearly halve GHG emissions between 2010 and 2030, with a view to achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050, or earlier if possible. RMI’s pursuit of an absolute, economy-wide emission reduction target is a far more ambitious approach than the contemplation in Decision 1/CP.20 that “LDCs and SIDS may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low GHG emission development…” (para.', 'RMI’s pursuit of an absolute, economy-wide emission reduction target is a far more ambitious approach than the contemplation in Decision 1/CP.20 that “LDCs and SIDS may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low GHG emission development…” (para. 11) 1 World Development Indicators (2013), World Bank.RMI’s historical GHG emissions from 2000 to 2010 (per the forthcoming Second National Communication) and the estimated emissions trajectory reflected in the new targets contained in the INDC are illustrated below:ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION ON RMI’S INDC General Information The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a Small Island Developing State and home to nearly 70,000 people, scattered across 24 low-lying coral atolls in the North Pacific. With an average elevation of 2 metres, RMI is uniquely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'With an average elevation of 2 metres, RMI is uniquely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Though RMI’s total greenhouse gas emissions are negligible on a global scale, the country takes its national motto, “Jepilpilin ke ejukaan\" (“Accomplishment through joint effort”), very much to heart. RMI recognizes that it has a role to play in the global effort to combat climate change, demonstrating that even with its limited means it will undertake the most ambitious action possible. Since its independence, RMI has been heavily reliant on external assistance, with grants averaging 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). International support will remain important as RMI fulfils its National Strategic Development Plan: Vision 20182 (NSP).', 'International support will remain important as RMI fulfils its National Strategic Development Plan: Vision 20182 (NSP). The NSP provides a general framework for sustainable development, and contains linkages to climate change and disaster risk management through its goal of environmental sustainability. It is a guide for development and progress in the medium term, through a three-year rolling plan, and will be updated continually for use in meeting longer-term objectives as RMI moves towards the scheduled completion of funding under “The Compact of Free Association, as Amended” in 20233. Mitigation Current Status The estimated sectoral mix of RMI’s anthropogenic GHG emissions (CO2 -e), as calculated for 2010 in the forthcoming Second National Communication, is as follows: electricity generation (~54%), land and sea transport (~12%),waste (~23%), and other sectors (~11%).', 'Mitigation Current Status The estimated sectoral mix of RMI’s anthropogenic GHG emissions (CO2 -e), as calculated for 2010 in the forthcoming Second National Communication, is as follows: electricity generation (~54%), land and sea transport (~12%),waste (~23%), and other sectors (~11%). Almost 90% of national energy needs are currently satisfied by imported petroleum products, although biomass remains important for cooking and crop drying on outer islands. emissions are the result of combustion of imported fossil fuels in five sectors: Electricity generation; Sea transport; Land transport; 3 RMI Decrement Management Plan, 2015-2023 Kerosene for lighting on outer islands; and LPG, butane and kerosene for cooking. Like other island nations in the Pacific, RMI suffers from high and volatile fuel prices, while lacking any known fossil fuel reserves of its own.', 'Like other island nations in the Pacific, RMI suffers from high and volatile fuel prices, while lacking any known fossil fuel reserves of its own. Following a major fuel price spike in July 2008, the RMI Government declared a state of economic emergency. This quickly drew national attention to the need to reduce the reliance on imported fossil fuels, and to scale-up renewable energy as a replacement. Prior to 2008, the emphasis had been mainly on small-scale solar for the households of the outer islands. However, since 2008, there has been a rapid expansion of solar investment to add renewable energy generation to the existing diesel-powered grids on the urban islands.', 'However, since 2008, there has been a rapid expansion of solar investment to add renewable energy generation to the existing diesel-powered grids on the urban islands. This, along with the introduction of supply-side efficiency measures by the Marshalls Energy Company (MEC) and demand-side load reductions, has led to a recent decline in fuel oil usage for electricity generation.', 'This, along with the introduction of supply-side efficiency measures by the Marshalls Energy Company (MEC) and demand-side load reductions, has led to a recent decline in fuel oil usage for electricity generation. The vision for the proposed 2014 National Energy Policy (NEP) is “an improved quality of life for the people of the Marshall Islands through clean, reliable, affordable, accessible, environmentally appropriate and sustainable energy services.” Reducing fossil fuel imports is the major goal, with the uptake of renewable energy and further energy efficiency improvements on both the demand and supply sides expected to replace more than one- third of fossil fuels for electricity and transport by 2030.', 'The vision for the proposed 2014 National Energy Policy (NEP) is “an improved quality of life for the people of the Marshall Islands through clean, reliable, affordable, accessible, environmentally appropriate and sustainable energy services.” Reducing fossil fuel imports is the major goal, with the uptake of renewable energy and further energy efficiency improvements on both the demand and supply sides expected to replace more than one- third of fossil fuels for electricity and transport by 2030. A monitoring plan has been developed as part of the National Energy Policy to tie the key strategies of the energy sub-sectors to the overall vision of the energy sector and the Vision 2018.', 'A monitoring plan has been developed as part of the National Energy Policy to tie the key strategies of the energy sub-sectors to the overall vision of the energy sector and the Vision 2018. The guiding principles for implementing this Policy are aligned with the principles adopted for national, sub-regional, regional and international initiatives, which include the Micronesian Energy Initiative, the Regional Framework for Action on Energy Security in the Pacific (FAESP), and the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative Goals. Planned Actions In preparing its INDC, RMI considered various scenarios for the potential contribution of renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives in the power generation and transport sectors, as well as the potential role of measures to reduce emissions from the waste, cooking and lighting sectors.', 'Planned Actions In preparing its INDC, RMI considered various scenarios for the potential contribution of renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives in the power generation and transport sectors, as well as the potential role of measures to reduce emissions from the waste, cooking and lighting sectors. As currently estimated, progress towards achieving RMI’s targets would entail reducing emissions from: the electricity generation sector by 55% in 2025, and 66% in 2030;transportation (including domestic shipping) by 16% in 2025 and 27% in 2030; waste by 20% by 2030; and 15% from other sectors (cooking and lighting) by 2030. Specific areas of action contemplated to make progress towards the INDC targets include: Ground and roof mounted solar with associated energy storage; Ongoing demand-side energy efficiency improvements (e.g.', 'Specific areas of action contemplated to make progress towards the INDC targets include: Ground and roof mounted solar with associated energy storage; Ongoing demand-side energy efficiency improvements (e.g. prepayment meters, end user efficiency improvements); Supply-side energy efficiency improvements (e.g.', 'prepayment meters, end user efficiency improvements); Supply-side energy efficiency improvements (e.g. new engines and system upgrades, heat recovery from engines) Small scale wind-powered electricity generation; Replanting and expansion of coconut oil production for use in electricity and transport sectors blended with diesel; Vehicle inspections and maintenance; Introduction of electric vehicles, and emission standards for current vehicles; Introduction of solar-charged electric lagoon transport; Reduction in methane production in landfills through pre-sorting of waste and entrapment of methane; Transition to electric and solar cook stoves from LPG cook stoves; Reduction of kerosene for lighting in outer atolls; and Additional GHG reductions may become possible through the use of new technologies allowing the extraction of ocean energy for power generation.', 'new engines and system upgrades, heat recovery from engines) Small scale wind-powered electricity generation; Replanting and expansion of coconut oil production for use in electricity and transport sectors blended with diesel; Vehicle inspections and maintenance; Introduction of electric vehicles, and emission standards for current vehicles; Introduction of solar-charged electric lagoon transport; Reduction in methane production in landfills through pre-sorting of waste and entrapment of methane; Transition to electric and solar cook stoves from LPG cook stoves; Reduction of kerosene for lighting in outer atolls; and Additional GHG reductions may become possible through the use of new technologies allowing the extraction of ocean energy for power generation. Many of these actions will depend on the availability of the necessary finance and technology support, as described in the section on “Support for Implementation.” Efforts to overachieve RMI will undertake the strongest possible efforts to achieve and, where possible, over- perform on the commitment in its INDC.', 'Many of these actions will depend on the availability of the necessary finance and technology support, as described in the section on “Support for Implementation.” Efforts to overachieve RMI will undertake the strongest possible efforts to achieve and, where possible, over- perform on the commitment in its INDC. For example, should potential plans and specific pathways for deployment of OTEC be clarified, and should practical, island-driven application be proven, this would have the potential to allow RMI to substantially over-perform on its present commitment. Further, should additional technological developments occur, and cost barriers be reduced, further progress could be possible in all relevant sectors, including energy generation and transportation.', 'Further, should additional technological developments occur, and cost barriers be reduced, further progress could be possible in all relevant sectors, including energy generation and transportation. RMI looks forward to the opportunity to consider the possible deepening of its emission reduction trajectory when it seeks to update its mitigation commitment in five years’ time.Adaptation While RMI considers that the focus of INDCs should primarily be mitigation, we note the invitation to Parties in Decision 1/CP.20, para. 12 to “consider communicating their undertakings in adaptation planning or consider including an adaptation component in their INDCs”. RMI’s people are among the most vulnerable in the world to the impacts of climate change.', 'RMI’s people are among the most vulnerable in the world to the impacts of climate change. Many of these impacts are already occurring, inflicting damage and imposing substantial costs on the Marshallese government and people – costs that will only increase in the coming years. RMI is committed to the strongest possible efforts in safeguarding security and human rights, as well as advancing development aspirations, in light of projected climate impacts and risks. RMI has no choice but to implement urgent measures to build resilience, improve disaster risk preparedness and response, and adapt to the increasingly serious adverse impacts of climate change.', 'RMI has no choice but to implement urgent measures to build resilience, improve disaster risk preparedness and response, and adapt to the increasingly serious adverse impacts of climate change. RMI commits to further developing and enhancing the existing adaptation framework to build upon integrated disaster risk management strategies, including through development and implement of a national adaptation plan (and further integration into strategic development planning tools), protecting traditional culture and ecosystem resources, ensuring climate-resilient public infrastructure and pursuing facilitative, stakeholder-driven methods to increase resiliency of privately-owned structures and resources. RMI seeks to consider, as appropriate, the legal and regulatory means to best support these approaches.', 'RMI seeks to consider, as appropriate, the legal and regulatory means to best support these approaches. RMI also considers that adaptation action will have mitigation co-benefits, with efforts such as mangrove and agriculture rehabilitation programs likely to enhance carbon sinks as well as assist with protection of water resources and the health of the RMI people. The RMI National Climate Change Policy Framework (NCCPF) sets out the Government of RMI’s commitments and responsibilities to address climate change.', 'The RMI National Climate Change Policy Framework (NCCPF) sets out the Government of RMI’s commitments and responsibilities to address climate change. This policy framework is intended to guide the development of adaptation and energy security measures that respond to RMI’s needs with an “All Islands Approach”, foster an environment in which the RMI can be better prepared to manage the current and future impacts of climate change while ensuring sustainable development, and provide a blueprint for building resilience in partnership with regional and global partners. In the NCCPF, RMI has identified a series of priority areas for urgent response.', 'In the NCCPF, RMI has identified a series of priority areas for urgent response. It is clear that RMI faces major impacts on its communities’ livelihoods and infrastructure from sea- level rise, sea surges, typhoons and rainfall intensity; water and food security issues fromchanging rainfall patterns and ocean acidification; health issues from rising temperatures and prolonged drought periods, as well as the potential for increasing peak wind speeds and changes to ocean circulation patterns. In addition to the NCCPF, RMI has also developed an innovative Joint National Action Plan (JNAP) for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management National Action Plan (DRM NAP) that sets out actions to adapt against the effects of natural disasters and climate change.', 'In addition to the NCCPF, RMI has also developed an innovative Joint National Action Plan (JNAP) for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management National Action Plan (DRM NAP) that sets out actions to adapt against the effects of natural disasters and climate change. The JNAP is an important and integral supportive element towards the achievement of RMI’s sustainable national development imperatives.', 'The JNAP is an important and integral supportive element towards the achievement of RMI’s sustainable national development imperatives. The JNAP’s strategic goals, which are a combination of those addressed in the DRM NAP and the National Climate Change Policy Framework (NCCPF), are as follows: Establish and support an enabling environment for improved coordination of disaster risk management /climate change adaptation in the Marshall Islands; Public education and awareness of effective CCA and DRM from the local to national level; Enhanced emergency preparedness and response at all levels; Improved energy security, working towards a low carbon emission future; Enhanced local livelihoods and community resilience for all Marshallese people; and Integrated approach to development planning, including consideration of climate change and disaster risks.', 'The JNAP’s strategic goals, which are a combination of those addressed in the DRM NAP and the National Climate Change Policy Framework (NCCPF), are as follows: Establish and support an enabling environment for improved coordination of disaster risk management /climate change adaptation in the Marshall Islands; Public education and awareness of effective CCA and DRM from the local to national level; Enhanced emergency preparedness and response at all levels; Improved energy security, working towards a low carbon emission future; Enhanced local livelihoods and community resilience for all Marshallese people; and Integrated approach to development planning, including consideration of climate change and disaster risks. RMI intends on regularly updating its climate vulnerability assessments and subsequently build on its existing policies to meet its ultimate goal of minimizing impacts and harm incurred by the Marshallese people.', 'RMI intends on regularly updating its climate vulnerability assessments and subsequently build on its existing policies to meet its ultimate goal of minimizing impacts and harm incurred by the Marshallese people. At all steps of the way, local stakeholders will be consulted to ensure community needs are best served. Support for implementation Climate change is a cross-cutting development issue that affects every aspect of the Marshallese way of life, and it is imperative for RMI to collectively build and strengthen its drive to a low-carbon economy and resilience to climate change impacts. RMI looks to regional and global cooperation for support in pursuit of these mitigation and adaptation- related development priorities.', 'RMI looks to regional and global cooperation for support in pursuit of these mitigation and adaptation- related development priorities. While RMI considers its INDC as a full national commitment to be undertaken without pre- conditions, the country is at present heavily reliant on external assistance for capacity andfinancial resources in key national sectors. As a small economy, minor perturbations can lead to substantial changes in energy needs and related emissions trajectories. If national circumstances change, RMI will to the best of its ability stay on course to achieve its emissions targets. While longer-term national projections are uncertain, and private sector growth is imperative, it is evident that external assistance will continue to be important in achieving many national development objectives.', 'While longer-term national projections are uncertain, and private sector growth is imperative, it is evident that external assistance will continue to be important in achieving many national development objectives. The rapid development of energy–intensive economic activities intensified RMI’s dependence on imported petroleum products, particularly in the period 2000 to 2010. The high cost of these products remains a fundamental obstacle to improving standards of living and business profitability in the country. The RMI Government is currently supported by donors and development partners to mitigate impacts of high oil prices at policy level, focused on increasing energy efficiency, minimizing the costs of imported fuels, and investing in renewable energy sources such as solar, biofuel and ocean energy.', 'The RMI Government is currently supported by donors and development partners to mitigate impacts of high oil prices at policy level, focused on increasing energy efficiency, minimizing the costs of imported fuels, and investing in renewable energy sources such as solar, biofuel and ocean energy. Specifically, international support is critical to enable RMI to implement the actions enshrined in its National Energy Policy, Climate Change Policy, Joint National Action Plan, National Strategic Plan and other sectoral policies and plans. It is also important to note that RMI has made substantial progress in implementing its 2009 National Energy Plan (up to 2020), but important gaps remain, particularly in the area of private investment.', 'It is also important to note that RMI has made substantial progress in implementing its 2009 National Energy Plan (up to 2020), but important gaps remain, particularly in the area of private investment. RMI will need international support for is efforts to transition towards a low-emissions energy sector through greater use of renewables such as solar, biofuels and wind, and potential use of transformational technology, such as OTEC. Finally, RMI will need substantial assistance to meet its adaptation objectives outlined in the prior section. As a highly vulnerable and low-lying island nation with no major points of elevation above 2 metres, RMI already experiences frequent and serious climate impacts, as well as natural hazard events.', 'As a highly vulnerable and low-lying island nation with no major points of elevation above 2 metres, RMI already experiences frequent and serious climate impacts, as well as natural hazard events. These impacts will continue to pose serious challenges across the full spectrum of RMI’s development prospects and priorities.']"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"en-US"}}},{"rowIdx":195,"cells":{"Unnamed: 0":{"kind":"number","value":195,"string":"195"},"country_code":{"kind":"string","value":"MHL"},"country":{"kind":"string","value":"Marshall Islands"},"type_of_document":{"kind":"string","value":"LTS"},"date":{"kind":"string","value":"2018-01-09 00:00:00"},"backend_status":{"kind":"null"},"current":{"kind":"string","value":"x"},"version_number":{"kind":"string","value":"LTS 1.0"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/20181122%20Marshall%20Islands%20NDC%20to%20UNFCCC%2022%20November%202018%20FINAL.pdf"},"comment":{"kind":"null"},"annex_type":{"kind":"string","value":"Non-Annex I"},"income_group":{"kind":"string","value":"Middle-income"},"region":{"kind":"string","value":"Oceania"},"eu27":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"ghg_total":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"},"ghg_transport":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"},"mena":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"valid":{"kind":"bool","value":true,"string":"true"},"document_path":{"kind":"string","value":"../data/downloaded_documents/6059fb1352ee97d91ccc03c64666bc4224b97793fc25861a6d386e63c8026038.pdf"},"para_list":{"kind":"string","value":"['The Republic of the Marshall Islands Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA).', 'The Republic of the Marshall Islands Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). RMI hereby communicates to the UNFCCC: • an update to its existing Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pursuant to Article 4.11 of the Paris Agreement that includes a revised and more ambitious binding 2025 target; and • a new NDC pursuant to Decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 23 that includes: o a new binding 2030 target; o a new indicative 2035 target; o a reaffirmation of its aspiration to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 at the latest; o up-front information in tabular format to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding; o a commitment to produce a National Adaptation Plan; and o a commitment to submit an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC.', 'RMI hereby communicates to the UNFCCC: • an update to its existing Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pursuant to Article 4.11 of the Paris Agreement that includes a revised and more ambitious binding 2025 target; and • a new NDC pursuant to Decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 23 that includes: o a new binding 2030 target; o a new indicative 2035 target; o a reaffirmation of its aspiration to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 at the latest; o up-front information in tabular format to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding; o a commitment to produce a National Adaptation Plan; and o a commitment to submit an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC. RMI reserves the right to conduct further domestic consultations with a view to improving this NDC in accordance with Article 4.11 of the Paris Agreement.', 'RMI reserves the right to conduct further domestic consultations with a view to improving this NDC in accordance with Article 4.11 of the Paris Agreement. The context and long-term vision for this NDC is set out in RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy, September 2018.', 'The context and long-term vision for this NDC is set out in RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy, September 2018. A copy of that strategy is annexed.Nationally Determined Contribution In the context of the necessary means of implementation being available, the Republic of the Marshall Islands: • commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 and to at • communicates an indicative target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least • reaffirms its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest; • commits to producing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by the end of 2019 at the latest that sets out short, medium and long-term milestones to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience, suggests implementation measures and includes a plan to generate the necessary financing; • commits to submitting an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest; • commits to a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all NDC- related planning, programming and implementation; and • commits to using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines in the future.Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Parameter Information Timeframe / periods for implementation Start year: 2020 End year: 2025 Start year: 2025 End year: 2030 Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reduction target (excluding LULUCF) Reference point or base year 2010 base year (~185 Gg CO2-e) Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions Commitment to reduce GHG emissions to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 and to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030 Indicative target to reduce GHG emissions by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035 and an aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest Coverage % National emissions Sectors • Energy - Electricity Generation - Domestic Transportation - Other (Cooking and Lighting) • Waste (Note: emissions from sectors not listed are negligible) Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) (Note: emissions of GHGs not listed are negligible) Geographical boundaries Whole of country Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet targets No Land sector accounting approach N/A Metrics and methodology Consistent with methodologies used in RMI’s Second National Communication (1996 IPCC Guidelines).Parameter Information Planning process RMI’s updated NDC was developed as part of the process to produce and adopt RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy, September 2018.', 'A copy of that strategy is annexed.Nationally Determined Contribution In the context of the necessary means of implementation being available, the Republic of the Marshall Islands: • commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 and to at • communicates an indicative target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least • reaffirms its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest; • commits to producing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by the end of 2019 at the latest that sets out short, medium and long-term milestones to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience, suggests implementation measures and includes a plan to generate the necessary financing; • commits to submitting an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest; • commits to a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all NDC- related planning, programming and implementation; and • commits to using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines in the future.Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Parameter Information Timeframe / periods for implementation Start year: 2020 End year: 2025 Start year: 2025 End year: 2030 Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reduction target (excluding LULUCF) Reference point or base year 2010 base year (~185 Gg CO2-e) Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions Commitment to reduce GHG emissions to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 and to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030 Indicative target to reduce GHG emissions by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035 and an aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest Coverage % National emissions Sectors • Energy - Electricity Generation - Domestic Transportation - Other (Cooking and Lighting) • Waste (Note: emissions from sectors not listed are negligible) Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) (Note: emissions of GHGs not listed are negligible) Geographical boundaries Whole of country Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet targets No Land sector accounting approach N/A Metrics and methodology Consistent with methodologies used in RMI’s Second National Communication (1996 IPCC Guidelines).Parameter Information Planning process RMI’s updated NDC was developed as part of the process to produce and adopt RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy, September 2018. Fair and ambitious RMI’s emissions are negligible in the global context (<0.00001% of global emissions).', 'Fair and ambitious RMI’s emissions are negligible in the global context (<0.00001% of global emissions). Given its extreme vulnerability and dependence on external support, RMI’s proposed targets are ambitious compared to those proposed by other countries.', 'Given its extreme vulnerability and dependence on external support, RMI’s proposed targets are ambitious compared to those proposed by other countries. RMI’s NDC is consistent with a trajectory to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest.1 RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy is annexed for information purposes only – it does not form part of this NDC.Tile Til Eo 2050 CLIMATE STRATEGY “Lighting the way” The Republic of the Marshall IslandsTable of Contents The Marshall Islands – a Context .6 Section 1 – Executive Summary 8 Key Recommendations 8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10 Adaptation & Climate Resilience . 14 Means of Implementation . 15 Transparency, Environmental & Social Information 16 Gender and Human Rights 16 Approach and Future Perspectives 17 Section 2 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 19 2a – Breakdown & Context 19 2b – Electricity . 21 2c – The Waste Sector . 30 2d – Domestic Transportation – Land based 34 2e – Domestic Transportation – Ocean based . 38 2f – Cooking & Lighting 40 Section 3 – Adaptation & Climate Resilience 43 Section 4 – Means of Implementation 52 Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information . 55 Section 6 – Gender & Human Rights 57 Section 7 – Health 61 Section 8 – Education, Training & Public Awareness 63 Section 9 – Approach & Future Perspectives 65 Section 10 – Background to the RMI 2050 Strategy . 68 Why Have a 2050 Strategy?', 'RMI’s NDC is consistent with a trajectory to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest.1 RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy is annexed for information purposes only – it does not form part of this NDC.Tile Til Eo 2050 CLIMATE STRATEGY “Lighting the way” The Republic of the Marshall IslandsTable of Contents The Marshall Islands – a Context .6 Section 1 – Executive Summary 8 Key Recommendations 8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10 Adaptation & Climate Resilience . 14 Means of Implementation . 15 Transparency, Environmental & Social Information 16 Gender and Human Rights 16 Approach and Future Perspectives 17 Section 2 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 19 2a – Breakdown & Context 19 2b – Electricity . 21 2c – The Waste Sector . 30 2d – Domestic Transportation – Land based 34 2e – Domestic Transportation – Ocean based . 38 2f – Cooking & Lighting 40 Section 3 – Adaptation & Climate Resilience 43 Section 4 – Means of Implementation 52 Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information . 55 Section 6 – Gender & Human Rights 57 Section 7 – Health 61 Section 8 – Education, Training & Public Awareness 63 Section 9 – Approach & Future Perspectives 65 Section 10 – Background to the RMI 2050 Strategy . 68 Why Have a 2050 Strategy? . 68 The Process that Led to This 2050 Strategy . 70 Section 11 – Methodologies, Baseline, Projections. 71 11a – Greenhouse Gas Emissions 71 11b – Adaptation, Environmental Information & Means of Implementation . 73 Section 12 – Acronyms . 74 Section 13 – Acknowledgments 76Dedication Ilo Ememej Minister Mattlan Zackhras ilo ettonak eo an nan eiki monakjen in jibadbad kein iumin Strategy 2050.', '. 68 The Process that Led to This 2050 Strategy . 70 Section 11 – Methodologies, Baseline, Projections. 71 11a – Greenhouse Gas Emissions 71 11b – Adaptation, Environmental Information & Means of Implementation . 73 Section 12 – Acronyms . 74 Section 13 – Acknowledgments 76Dedication Ilo Ememej Minister Mattlan Zackhras ilo ettonak eo an nan eiki monakjen in jibadbad kein iumin Strategy 2050. Dedicated to the memory of Minister Mattlan Zackhras and his vision to produce this 2050 Strategy.Foreword As seafaring people we know that a long journey requires careful navigation.', 'Dedicated to the memory of Minister Mattlan Zackhras and his vision to produce this 2050 Strategy.Foreword As seafaring people we know that a long journey requires careful navigation. In beginning to ask ourselves what kind of country we want to live in by the middle of this century, our 2050 Climate Strategy provides us with a compass that we can use to travel with confidence and along a steady course. And by ensuring that it is a dynamic, living document, we will improve the Strategy over time, allowing us to carry out our journey with increasing precision as we get closer to our destination.', 'And by ensuring that it is a dynamic, living document, we will improve the Strategy over time, allowing us to carry out our journey with increasing precision as we get closer to our destination. Under the Paris Agreement that my country was proud to have played a key role in helping secure, every country should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, and to do so by 2020. These “2050 Strategies” will be essential for each country to set a clear direction of travel and provide a domestic context in which to progressively raise ambition in a manner that is consistent with achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'These “2050 Strategies” will be essential for each country to set a clear direction of travel and provide a domestic context in which to progressively raise ambition in a manner that is consistent with achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. Quite simply, the five-year cycles of the Paris Agreement will only ever yield the necessary increases in climate ambition if coupled with each country setting a long-term vision that it works towards achieving. In producing our own 2050 Strategy, we wanted to set a clear framework for progressing towards net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, as well as transitioning to an economy and society that is resilient and can adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change.', 'In producing our own 2050 Strategy, we wanted to set a clear framework for progressing towards net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, as well as transitioning to an economy and society that is resilient and can adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change. But most importantly, we wanted to do this in a way that promotes sustainable development and the future well-being of the Marshallese people – women, men and youth. The process of producing our 2050 Strategy has of itself been a useful experience. In my experience long journeys require many partners.', 'In my experience long journeys require many partners. We therefore invite everyone to consider how they may be able to support the Marshall Islands in our own journey, but also ask those countries that have not yet produced their own 2050 Strategies to start that process and discover for themselves the possibilities and opportunities they can reveal. H.E. Dr. Hilda C. Heine President The Honorable David Paul Minister-in-Assistance to the President & Environment Minister Chair of the Tile Til Eo CommitteeThe Marshall Islands – a Context 1. The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is one of the world’s lowest-lying and climate vulnerable countries.', 'The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is one of the world’s lowest-lying and climate vulnerable countries. It is a coral atoll nation comprising 1,156 individual islands/islets and 29 different atolls with an average elevation of just six feet above sea level, dispersed across nearly two million square kilometers of the Pacific Ocean. The national population is almost 53,000 and the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is approximately US$180 million, driven overwhelmingly by external assistance from the Compact of Free Association relationship with the United States and remittances. National industry and agriculture, including fisheries and especially tuna, account for less than 15% of economic activity. 2. Gaining independence in 1986, after a long period of contestation and occupation, RMI is now a stable and peaceful democracy.', 'Gaining independence in 1986, after a long period of contestation and occupation, RMI is now a stable and peaceful democracy. However, the impacts of 67 different nuclear tests are still felt. These tests, conducted by the US in the period following World War II when RMI was a UN Trusteeship Territory, were roughly equivalent in energy terms to 1.6 Hiroshima detonations every day for 12 years. 3. While RMI may only contribute 0.00001% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the country has a proud history of prominent climate leadership, both at home and on the world stage. Following a global fuel price spike in 2008, RMI declared a National Economic Emergency and has since then rapidly embraced renewable energy technologies and taken huge strides in energy efficiency.', 'Following a global fuel price spike in 2008, RMI declared a National Economic Emergency and has since then rapidly embraced renewable energy technologies and taken huge strides in energy efficiency. For example, more than 90% of the country’s outer islands have now been completely solarized. The country is also embarking on a major solar project for Ebeye (one of two major urban centers) on Kwajalein Atoll, and four other atolls. Additional stability improvements in the electricity grid are still required to allow further penetration of renewable energy in urban areas. 4. On the international stage, RMI spearheaded the 2013 Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership, which sought to demonstrate the Pacific’s adoption of some of the world’s most ambitious GHG emissions reduction targets.', 'On the international stage, RMI spearheaded the 2013 Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership, which sought to demonstrate the Pacific’s adoption of some of the world’s most ambitious GHG emissions reduction targets. In 2015 it played a key role in securing the Paris Agreement on climate change, including as the founder of the High Ambition Coalition (HAC) which it continues to convene. RMI assumed Presidency of the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) in August 2018. 5. RMI is at the front of the front line in the battle against climate change, and its front line is its last line of defense.', 'RMI is at the front of the front line in the battle against climate change, and its front line is its last line of defense. As one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, adapting to climate impacts is an increasingly pressing national priority, including with respect to women, men and children in rural communities who have limited access to resources and services and so are particularly vulnerable. 6. The country is experiencing increasingly damaging effects from climate change and seeing more frequent and intense events, such as drought, floods and swells, and tropical cyclones and storms. RMI declared a State of Disaster in 2013 and 2016 as a result of prolonged and unseasonal droughts.', 'RMI declared a State of Disaster in 2013 and 2016 as a result of prolonged and unseasonal droughts. The Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) from the 2016 drought estimated the total economic losses to be approximately US$4.9 million, with agriculture being the single most affectedsector. In 2015, Typhoon Nangka cost RMI more than 3% of its GDP in a single night. As king tides become more frequent and intense, salt water is increasingly seeping into fresh water lenses, creating urgent challenges for the islands. Raising support to assist with adaptation efforts remains a significant challenge. 7. RMI has matched its international leadership in calling for greater ambition with equally ambitious domestic action.', 'RMI has matched its international leadership in calling for greater ambition with equally ambitious domestic action. In 2015 RMI became the first Small Island Developing State (SIDS) to table its post-2020 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). This committed the country to a 32% reduction of GHG emissions by 2025, based on 2010 levels. It also made an indicative commitment to reduce GHG emissions by 45% by 2030, based on 2010 levels, thereby setting a projected straight-line intended NDC trajectory to achieve RMI’s stated aspiration of net zero GHG emissions by 2050. The NDC was ground breaking in that it contained the first economy-wide absolute GHG emissions reduction target against a base year by a developing country. 8.', 'The NDC was ground breaking in that it contained the first economy-wide absolute GHG emissions reduction target against a base year by a developing country. 8. In 2016 RMI also committed, under the Marrakech Partnership, to achieving 100% renewable energy by 2050. RMI has reiterated its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050, including most recently through signing the Declaration of the Carbon Neutrality Coalition at the One Planet Summit in December 2017. 9.', 'RMI has reiterated its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050, including most recently through signing the Declaration of the Carbon Neutrality Coalition at the One Planet Summit in December 2017. 9. The purpose of this 2050 Climate Strategy – which is RMI’s long-term low greenhouse gas emission climate-resilient development strategy under the Paris Agreement - is to outline a long-term pathway for RMI to achieve its objectives for net zero emissions and 100% renewable energy, as well as to facilitate adaptation and climate resilience in a way that ensures the future protection and prosperity of the country and its women, men and youth.Section 1 – Executive Summary Key Recommendations In order to achieve its objectives for net zero emissions by 2050 and 100% renewable energy, as well as to adapt to the impacts of climate change and achieve resilience in a way that ensures future protection and prosperity of RMI, this 2050 Strategy makes the following recommendations: ¾ Submit, by 2020 at the latest, a new NDC in which, in the context of the necessary means of implementation being available, RMI: x revises its quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x communicates an indicative target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035; x reaffirms its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest, x commits to producing a National Adaptation Plan by the end of 2019 at the latest that sets out short, medium and long-term milestones to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience, suggests implementation measures and includes a plan to generate the necessary financing; x commits to submitting an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest; x commits to a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all NDC-related planning, programming and implementation; and x commits to using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines (currently 2006).', 'The purpose of this 2050 Climate Strategy – which is RMI’s long-term low greenhouse gas emission climate-resilient development strategy under the Paris Agreement - is to outline a long-term pathway for RMI to achieve its objectives for net zero emissions and 100% renewable energy, as well as to facilitate adaptation and climate resilience in a way that ensures the future protection and prosperity of the country and its women, men and youth.Section 1 – Executive Summary Key Recommendations In order to achieve its objectives for net zero emissions by 2050 and 100% renewable energy, as well as to adapt to the impacts of climate change and achieve resilience in a way that ensures future protection and prosperity of RMI, this 2050 Strategy makes the following recommendations: ¾ Submit, by 2020 at the latest, a new NDC in which, in the context of the necessary means of implementation being available, RMI: x revises its quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x communicates an indicative target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035; x reaffirms its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest, x commits to producing a National Adaptation Plan by the end of 2019 at the latest that sets out short, medium and long-term milestones to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience, suggests implementation measures and includes a plan to generate the necessary financing; x commits to submitting an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest; x commits to a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all NDC-related planning, programming and implementation; and x commits to using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines (currently 2006). ¾ Focus in the short and medium term on RMI’s electricity sector to implement GHG reductions consistent with achieving its NDC targets; ¾ Act to reduce RMI’s growing waste problem by minimizing organic material in collected waste and consider possibilities to generate energyfrom waste; ¾ Develop polices to encourage a greater use of public transport, cycling and walking, and the increased uptake of electric vehicles; ¾ Explore options to reduce GHG emissions from domestic ocean-based transport, including improved regulatory control; ¾ Continue efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting and strengthen existing institutional arrangements to reduce GHGs from cooking and lighting; ¾ Establish a long-term finance strategy to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; and identify and consider options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitor, related overseas aid and investment; ¾ Ensure due diligence is fulfilled before making significant investments to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Prioritize capacity building in all areas relevant for the implementation of this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Mainstream gender and human rights, including in relation to developing, adopting, reviewing and implementing laws, policies and projects related to climate change, and commission further analysis with a view to putting in place a strategy to improve related data collection, monitoring and evaluation; ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Include education, training & public awareness considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs; and ¾ Establish a domestic process to oversee reviews and updates to this 2050 Strategy, as well as to monitor its implementation.Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1.', '¾ Focus in the short and medium term on RMI’s electricity sector to implement GHG reductions consistent with achieving its NDC targets; ¾ Act to reduce RMI’s growing waste problem by minimizing organic material in collected waste and consider possibilities to generate energyfrom waste; ¾ Develop polices to encourage a greater use of public transport, cycling and walking, and the increased uptake of electric vehicles; ¾ Explore options to reduce GHG emissions from domestic ocean-based transport, including improved regulatory control; ¾ Continue efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting and strengthen existing institutional arrangements to reduce GHGs from cooking and lighting; ¾ Establish a long-term finance strategy to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; and identify and consider options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitor, related overseas aid and investment; ¾ Ensure due diligence is fulfilled before making significant investments to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Prioritize capacity building in all areas relevant for the implementation of this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Mainstream gender and human rights, including in relation to developing, adopting, reviewing and implementing laws, policies and projects related to climate change, and commission further analysis with a view to putting in place a strategy to improve related data collection, monitoring and evaluation; ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Include education, training & public awareness considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs; and ¾ Establish a domestic process to oversee reviews and updates to this 2050 Strategy, as well as to monitor its implementation.Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1. RMI’s GHG emissions – as presented in the Second National Communication1 (August 2015) – can be broken down into four key sectors: electricity; transportation (land and sea); waste; and cooking & lighting.', 'RMI’s GHG emissions – as presented in the Second National Communication1 (August 2015) – can be broken down into four key sectors: electricity; transportation (land and sea); waste; and cooking & lighting. 2. The following sections will outline illustrative decarbonization scenarios and pathways for each individual sector and, where appropriate, suggest specific considerations for RMI’s major population centers (Majuro, Ebeye, Wotje, Jaluit, and Kili) and the outer islands. 3. RMI produced its NDC in 2015.', 'RMI produced its NDC in 2015. The key GHG provisions of the NDC state that: x RMI commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x RMI communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x These targets put RMI on a trajectory to nearly halve GHG emissions between 2010 and 2030, with a view to achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050, or earlier if possible. 4. Essentially this represents a straight-line intended trajectory from the current 2025 target to zero GHG emissions in 2050 (see NDC trajectory in Figure 1 below). Figure 1: RMI Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions – NDC Trajectory and Scenarios5.', 'Figure 1: RMI Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions – NDC Trajectory and Scenarios5. RMI’s current NDC targets are highly ambitious and will require significant additional efforts, as well as additional means of implementation, to achieve. Nevertheless, this 2050 Strategy proposes targets for a new and more ambitious NDC consistent with the straight-line intended emissions reduction trajectory from the 2025 target to net zero in 2050 (see below). 6. RMI has been clear – as reflected in its 2015 NDC – that its GHG targets represent a floor, and not a ceiling, to ambition.', 'RMI has been clear – as reflected in its 2015 NDC – that its GHG targets represent a floor, and not a ceiling, to ambition. In that context, and in order to illustrate examples of how RMI might further raise ambition and to do so more quickly, this 2050 Strategy also includes three illustrative Scenarios for RMI’s GHG emissions: x a \"Moderate\" enhanced ambition Scenario, reflecting technically and economically feasible targets; x an intermediate \"Significant\" enhanced ambition Scenario, which is equivalent to the Lighthouse Scenario, but is delayed by 15 years due to presumed lack of funding; and x a \"Lighthouse\" enhanced ambition Scenario, which is technically feasible but more expensive. 7.', 'In that context, and in order to illustrate examples of how RMI might further raise ambition and to do so more quickly, this 2050 Strategy also includes three illustrative Scenarios for RMI’s GHG emissions: x a \"Moderate\" enhanced ambition Scenario, reflecting technically and economically feasible targets; x an intermediate \"Significant\" enhanced ambition Scenario, which is equivalent to the Lighthouse Scenario, but is delayed by 15 years due to presumed lack of funding; and x a \"Lighthouse\" enhanced ambition Scenario, which is technically feasible but more expensive. 7. Each of the illustrative Scenarios (see Figure 1) is defined in more detail in the Section 2 of this 2050 Strategy.', 'Each of the illustrative Scenarios (see Figure 1) is defined in more detail in the Section 2 of this 2050 Strategy. The purpose of these Scenarios is to: x provide illustrative examples of the range of options available, and the kind of measures that might need to be implemented to achieve them, as well as to suggest next steps; x provoke discussions as to what might be the best way forward for RMI to contribute to achieving the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement; x facilitate making progress towards achieving RMI’s aspiration of net zero GHG emissions by 2050. 8. This 2050 Strategy is intended to provide a framework under which more detailed implementation plans, strategies and projects can be developed.', 'This 2050 Strategy is intended to provide a framework under which more detailed implementation plans, strategies and projects can be developed. In that context it is important, when considering measures and next steps to implement this 2050 Strategy, that reference is also made to RMI’s forthcoming NDC Partnership Plan, and to keep in mind that for the electricity sector specific implementation measures will be set out in RMI’s forthcoming Electricity Roadmap. Main Points 9. Achieving RMI’s 2025 NDC target and indicative 2030 NDC target is possible under the assumptions outlined in this 2050 Strategy. In both the Lighthouse and the Significant Scenarios, RMI would essentially meet its indicative 2030 NDC goal.', 'In both the Lighthouse and the Significant Scenarios, RMI would essentially meet its indicative 2030 NDC goal. RMI could achieve up to an 87% reduction in GHG emissions in the Lighthouse Scenario by 2050, without using any offsets. A pathway to eliminate remaining emissions and achieve 100% reductions by 2050 is not clear due to currently unavoidable GHG emissions from waste. But in future planning efforts, RMI can evaluate additional new technology options, carbon sinks, or offsets.10.', 'But in future planning efforts, RMI can evaluate additional new technology options, carbon sinks, or offsets.10. On the basis of the current NDC, and consistent with the straight-line intended emissions reductions trajectory from the 2025 target to net zero in 2050, as well as the content and underpinning analysis of this 2050 Strategy, it is recommended that – in accordance with the legally binding requirement of the Paris Agreement – RMI submits by March 2020, at the latest, a new NDC in which it: x revises its quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by 2025 to be at least 32% below 2010 levels.', 'On the basis of the current NDC, and consistent with the straight-line intended emissions reductions trajectory from the 2025 target to net zero in 2050, as well as the content and underpinning analysis of this 2050 Strategy, it is recommended that – in accordance with the legally binding requirement of the Paris Agreement – RMI submits by March 2020, at the latest, a new NDC in which it: x revises its quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by 2025 to be at least 32% below 2010 levels. Changing its current 2025 target to an “at least” target is consistent with RMI’s wish to overachieve on its 2025 target, and to further raise ambition and do so more quickly, should the means of implementation to do so be available; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030.', 'Changing its current 2025 target to an “at least” target is consistent with RMI’s wish to overachieve on its 2025 target, and to further raise ambition and do so more quickly, should the means of implementation to do so be available; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030. In doing this, RMI will make trying to achieve its previously indicative 2030 target binding under the Paris Agreement; x communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035.', 'In doing this, RMI will make trying to achieve its previously indicative 2030 target binding under the Paris Agreement; x communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035. This indicative target would be consistent with RMI’s straight-line intended NDC emissions reduction trajectory from the 2025 target to net zero in 2050, and so represents consistent momentum in RMI’s GHG emissions reductions efforts. 11. By specifying that targets in its future NDC will be “at least” targets, RMI will send a clear signal of intent to try to overachieve against them, and that they are a floor for ambition, not a ceiling.', 'By specifying that targets in its future NDC will be “at least” targets, RMI will send a clear signal of intent to try to overachieve against them, and that they are a floor for ambition, not a ceiling. Nevertheless, it must be emphasized that achieving even RMI’s existing ambitious NDC targets will require the necessary means of implementation to be available. Going beyond these and overachieving against targets will clearly require the availability of further means of implementation. At the same time, the transition to renewable energy could present net future cost savings from reduced imports of fossil fuels and bring other co-benefits, for example. 12. It is worth pointing out that RMI has already undertaken significant steps to reduce its GHG emissions.', 'It is worth pointing out that RMI has already undertaken significant steps to reduce its GHG emissions. Its emissions peaked in 2009, and the National Energy Policy and Energy Action Plan identifies a comprehensive list of strategies to further reduce GHG emissions. To maintain this momentum, this 2050 Strategy recommends undertaking studies and pilot projects, which focus on the actions with the highest potential to transform RMI’s energy usage and accelerate the shift away from emissions-intensive practices, towards net zero emissions by 2050. 13. With strategic and adaptive management, RMI can achieve significant emissions reductions and solidify its climate leadership position. In its 2009 and 2016 National Energy Plans, RMI outlined national goals for energy use that move the country toward achievement of its 100% decarbonization vision by 2050.', 'In its 2009 and 2016 National Energy Plans, RMI outlined national goals for energy use that move the country toward achievement of its 100% decarbonization vision by 2050. The electricity sector has by far the greatest potential to rapidly reduce RMI’s GHG emissions in line with its 2025 and 2030 NDC targets. The pathway to asustainable green energy mix and to further decarbonizing the electricity generation sector will be set out in RMI’s forthcoming Electricity Roadmap. Further Detail 14. This 2050 Strategy shows that by 2050, RMI can nearly achieve its goal of reaching zero emissions. In order to achieve these results without the use of GHG offsets, significant changes to energy policy and in-use technologies are needed. 15.', 'In order to achieve these results without the use of GHG offsets, significant changes to energy policy and in-use technologies are needed. 15. A comparison of the NDC to the three illustrative Scenarios in 2030 and 2050 shows the following projection on 2010 levels: NDC 45% reduction 100% reduction Moderate Scenario 47% reduction 56% reduction Significant Scenario 54% reduction 70% reduction Lighthouse Scenario 60% reduction 87% reduction 16. Among the three Scenarios, the Lighthouse Scenario gets RMI closest to its stated aim of net zero GHG emissions by 2050 (see Figure 4). 17. After 2025, the three Scenarios diverge significantly in terms of achieved emissions reductions.', 'After 2025, the three Scenarios diverge significantly in terms of achieved emissions reductions. This means that if ambitious action is delayed, emissions reductions would need to be more aggressive in the future in order to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Internationally it is generally accepted that delayed action would ultimately incur greater overall costs – although this would need further analysis, taking into account the specific circumstances of RMI. 18. Decisions regarding how a Lighthouse ambition reduction strategy could be pursued will depend on a number of factors including: x current and projected future technology costs (e.g.', 'Decisions regarding how a Lighthouse ambition reduction strategy could be pursued will depend on a number of factors including: x current and projected future technology costs (e.g. energy storage); x the relatively higher costs of delaying action and still achieving net zero emissions reductions by 2050; x RMI’s international leadership on climate change; and x access to financing and other means of implementation. 19. In the Lighthouse Scenario, the addition of energy storage allows renewable penetration to reach 100% of electricity generation. Electric vehicles would tend to eliminate land transportation emissions, and electricity for cooking substitutions would tend to eliminate “other” emissions.20. While waste emissions can be reduced through recycling and landfill improvements, they cannot be eliminated entirely due to the limitations of current technologies and policy options.', 'While waste emissions can be reduced through recycling and landfill improvements, they cannot be eliminated entirely due to the limitations of current technologies and policy options. Therefore, even under a Lighthouse emissions reductions Scenario, reaching net zero emissions by 2050 is currently not feasible. Offsetting residual emissions from waste could be considered, and more sustainable technologies may, of course, emerge in the future. Adaptation & Climate Resilience 21. As one of the world’s most climate vulnerable nations, adaptation will be a constant requirement for RMI, even if the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global temperature increases to no more than 1.5°C is achieved.', 'As one of the world’s most climate vulnerable nations, adaptation will be a constant requirement for RMI, even if the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global temperature increases to no more than 1.5°C is achieved. It is difficult to predict exactly what adaptation needs there will be based on how high the temperature might rise and therefore it is important to apply the precautionary principle in planning. 22. RMI has historically developed adaptation policies based on immediate and foreseen requirements, hence there is an urgent need to review and consolidate policies and measures on adaptation and climate resilience. A systematic and integrated approach that combines climate and disaster risk considerations is needed to build resilience across the entire country and economy.', 'A systematic and integrated approach that combines climate and disaster risk considerations is needed to build resilience across the entire country and economy. This should happen around three pillars: x a clear sense of strategic principals and priorities; x an understanding of current and future climate change risks and impacts; x a phased and adaptive approach to action. 23. In that light, RMI should start, as soon as possible, the process to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and complete it by the end of 2019 at the latest. 24.', 'In that light, RMI should start, as soon as possible, the process to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and complete it by the end of 2019 at the latest. 24. The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate in detail immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next five years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; andx incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (JNAP).', 'The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate in detail immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next five years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; andx incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (JNAP). 25.', 'The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate in detail immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next five years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; andx incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (JNAP). 25. The NAP should set out in detail RMI’s policy for domestic planning purposes.', 'The NAP should set out in detail RMI’s policy for domestic planning purposes. On the international front, RMI should submit an Adaptation Communication, based on the NAP, to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest. That Communication should concisely set out RMI’s contribution towards meeting the adaptation goal set out in the Paris Agreement, and the required means of implementation to fully implement that contribution. 26. Both the commitment to produce the NAP and subsequent Adaptation Communication should be set out in RMI’s forthcoming NDC. 27. A significant barrier to implementing RMI’s current and future adaptation and resilience measures is long-term predictable and adequate financing.', 'A significant barrier to implementing RMI’s current and future adaptation and resilience measures is long-term predictable and adequate financing. Because private sector finance is particularly hard to secure in this area, public sector funding from the international climate donor and development sector must be the focus. Means of Implementation 28. In order to more effectively attract investment in relation to implementing RMI’s NDC, its future NAP as well other aspects of this 2050 Strategy, a long-term climate finance strategy needs to be put in place. That long-term finance strategy will need to help prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way, and it should be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives. 29.', 'That long-term finance strategy will need to help prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way, and it should be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives. 29. Unless more effective oversight and coordination is put in place, including establishing a clear mechanism to enable and improve the efficiency of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) coordination, RMI’s ability to attract necessary levels of future climate finance consistent with domestic priorities is likely to be significantly constrained. It is therefore recommended that the Government urgently considers how to deliver a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment. 30.', 'It is therefore recommended that the Government urgently considers how to deliver a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment. 30. At the same time, means of implementation for short term action in line with the priorities of this 2050 Strategy is also critical. Implementation of RMI’s NDC Partnership Plan, which identifies the immediate priorities for action and existing gaps, and coordinates support from partners to achieve these priorities, will be very important. This can and should be leveraged over time to enhance donor support toward implementation of future NDCs and this 2050 Strategy. 31. In general terms capacity and resource constraints are a significant factor restricting RMI’s ability to access international climate-related assistance.', 'In general terms capacity and resource constraints are a significant factor restricting RMI’s ability to access international climate-related assistance. This is an issue that needs to be urgently addressed and in-country capacity building and institutional strengthening should be prioritized in this area.Transparency, Environmental & Social Information 32. Good quality data and information management and monitoring systems are crucial for informed policy development and to measure progress towards achieving goals, and to enable results-oriented policy, investment and development planning. Lack of reliable, high quality and accessible data will, unless addressed, be a very significant barrier to RMI achieving its climate change objectives as set out in its NDC and this 2050 Strategy. This is a consistently recurring issue in relation to every aspect and sector addressed by this 2050 Strategy. 33.', 'This is a consistently recurring issue in relation to every aspect and sector addressed by this 2050 Strategy. 33. In that context it should be noted that some of the analysis and recommendations in this 2050 Strategy are based on RMI’s GHG inventory as set out in its Second National Communication. That inventory should be officially updated and set out in RMI’s future Third National Communication. The 2050 Strategy and its recommendations can be accordingly revised in future to reflect the updated emissions inventory. 34. Therefore, institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities for data collection, management, monitoring, analysis and dissemination should be reviewed and policies put in place to ensure that a more effective system is implemented. RMI should aspire to using the latest IPCC Guidelines where relevant. 35.', 'RMI should aspire to using the latest IPCC Guidelines where relevant. 35. Capacity building in this area should be a priority, and international funding and technical assistance already available or set aside for this purpose should be accessed, and further assistance sought as needed. 36. RMI should also prioritize producing and submitting its Biennial Update Report and its Third National Communication, and should aim to do so at the latest by the end of 2019. Gender and Human Rights 37. Social considerations — including the differentiated impacts of climate change and the response initiatives on women, men and youth — should be systematically integrated into all climate change policy, planning and implementation.', 'Social considerations — including the differentiated impacts of climate change and the response initiatives on women, men and youth — should be systematically integrated into all climate change policy, planning and implementation. Women are disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change due to their marginalized status in global society which limits their access, use and control over resources and services. 38. This 2050 Strategy finds there to be a need to mainstream gender considerations and a human rights-based approach in all aspects of RMI’s policy and legislative development, adoption and implementation in relation to climate change.', 'This 2050 Strategy finds there to be a need to mainstream gender considerations and a human rights-based approach in all aspects of RMI’s policy and legislative development, adoption and implementation in relation to climate change. An initial step is to increase gender-differentiated and disaggregated data collection to identify gaps, needs and opportunities for women, men, youth and marginalized and vulnerable groups to address gender and social inequities,particularly in rural remote communities. Further expert input should be sought to further improve these aspects – including in future revisions of this 2050 Strategy. A strategy should be developed to progressively ensure RMI’s full compliance with its human rights obligations. 39.', 'A strategy should be developed to progressively ensure RMI’s full compliance with its human rights obligations. 39. Women, men, and youth should be included and engaged as valuable stakeholders in identifying and addressing the climate change concerns of their communities and to share knowledge for responses to ensure their strengthened resilience. Further support should also be commissioned from gender organizations in RMI, as well as gender and human rights experts in advocacy, engagement and capacity building, and for enhancing sector-specific gender considerations. Approach and Future Perspectives 40. In producing this 2050 Strategy, stakeholders were of the view that existing RMI legislation, measures and policies should be built upon, and that inefficient duplication and replication should be avoided.', 'In producing this 2050 Strategy, stakeholders were of the view that existing RMI legislation, measures and policies should be built upon, and that inefficient duplication and replication should be avoided. Stakeholders also expressed a strong view that it should not be a one-off document but improved over time. 41. A key recommendation is that this 2050 Strategy is reviewed and updated, as necessary, every five years as a minimum, including to identify new and relevant technologies and policy options. More immediately, once the key outcomes and recommendations from the 2nd National Climate Dialogue and the Partnership Dialogue held in July 2018, have been identified, they should be collected and used in the implementation of this 2050 Strategy as well as to inform future updates.', 'More immediately, once the key outcomes and recommendations from the 2nd National Climate Dialogue and the Partnership Dialogue held in July 2018, have been identified, they should be collected and used in the implementation of this 2050 Strategy as well as to inform future updates. Additional comments received in the future from stakeholders of all levels should be similarly collected and used. In that sense the 2050 Strategy should be treated as a living document. As such, it will be critical that the key findings of this 2050 Strategy are disseminated and feedback sought from a range of stakeholders. 42.', 'As such, it will be critical that the key findings of this 2050 Strategy are disseminated and feedback sought from a range of stakeholders. 42. Furthermore, updates to the 2050 Strategy should recommend the targets for future RMI NDCs one year in advance of their submission to the UNFCCC in line with the requirements of the Paris Agreement. The recommendation process should include stakeholder consultation. 43. The Tile Til Eo Committee (TTE Committee) was established to facilitate the production of this 2050 Strategy and it has proved valuable outside of the 2050 Strategy remit as well.', 'The Tile Til Eo Committee (TTE Committee) was established to facilitate the production of this 2050 Strategy and it has proved valuable outside of the 2050 Strategy remit as well. The Committee and this 2050 Strategy were given the name Tile Til Eo, meaning lighting the way in Marshallese, to signify both the pathway to the country s zero emissions future and also the example which RMI hopes others can follow. 44. Consideration should be given to maintaining the TTE Committee.', 'Consideration should be given to maintaining the TTE Committee. In any event, the TTE Committee or another body should have a future role in: x monitoring the alignment and consistency of relevant legislation, policies and measures with the 2050 Strategy;x overseeing the update of the 2050 Strategy every five years – including the goals it contains; x monitoring progress towards achievement of RMI’s current NDC; and x recommending the targets and goals of future RMI NDCs. 45. It is strongly recommended that the TTE Committee or other body should be as independent of day-to-day Government decision-making as possible, so as to enhance the credibility of its functions and to maximize the possibility of considering and advising on politically sensitive issues in making future recommendations.', 'It is strongly recommended that the TTE Committee or other body should be as independent of day-to-day Government decision-making as possible, so as to enhance the credibility of its functions and to maximize the possibility of considering and advising on politically sensitive issues in making future recommendations. International policy and legislative frameworks such as the United Kingdom’s Climate Change Act and Climate Change Committee should be considered. Further thoughts are set out in Section 9.Section 2 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2a – Breakdown & Context 46.', 'Further thoughts are set out in Section 9.Section 2 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2a – Breakdown & Context 46. The following figures provide a breakdown and context for RMI’s GHG emissions: Figure 2: Moderate Scenario projection breakdown by sector Figure 3: Significant Scenario projection breakdown by sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Moderate Electricity Transport Waste Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Significant Electricity Transport Waste OtherFigure 4: Lighthouse Scenario projection breakdown by sector Figure 5: Snapshot comparisons of Scenarios by sector and year Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Lighthouse Electricity Transport Waste Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenarios Electricity Transport Waste Other NDC Lighthouse scenario Moderate scenario Significant scenario No current NDC targets after 20302b – Electricity Headline Recommendations ¾ Focus – particularly in the short and medium term – on the electricity sector to implement GHG emissions reductions targets; ¾ Complete and implement RMI’s Electricity Roadmap, which will provide further detail on least-cost technology pathways for how the electricity sector can be further decarbonized; ¾ Invest in electricity grid upgrades to improve grid stability, minimize system losses and accommodate more variable generation from renewable energy; ¾ Undertake a feasibility study to assess the potential for vehicle to grid electricity storage, which would provide dual benefits of reducing transportation emissions and providing stability to the grid.', 'The following figures provide a breakdown and context for RMI’s GHG emissions: Figure 2: Moderate Scenario projection breakdown by sector Figure 3: Significant Scenario projection breakdown by sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Moderate Electricity Transport Waste Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Significant Electricity Transport Waste OtherFigure 4: Lighthouse Scenario projection breakdown by sector Figure 5: Snapshot comparisons of Scenarios by sector and year Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Lighthouse Electricity Transport Waste Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenarios Electricity Transport Waste Other NDC Lighthouse scenario Moderate scenario Significant scenario No current NDC targets after 20302b – Electricity Headline Recommendations ¾ Focus – particularly in the short and medium term – on the electricity sector to implement GHG emissions reductions targets; ¾ Complete and implement RMI’s Electricity Roadmap, which will provide further detail on least-cost technology pathways for how the electricity sector can be further decarbonized; ¾ Invest in electricity grid upgrades to improve grid stability, minimize system losses and accommodate more variable generation from renewable energy; ¾ Undertake a feasibility study to assess the potential for vehicle to grid electricity storage, which would provide dual benefits of reducing transportation emissions and providing stability to the grid. RMI should also consider thermal storage options; ¾ Review the governance relationship between the RMI Government and the electric utilities, including to ensure national mandates are implemented by the electricity generating sector; and ¾ Consider passing an Energy Sector Management Act to clarify powers and responsibilities among Government agencies to streamline decarbonization policies across the energy sector.', 'RMI should also consider thermal storage options; ¾ Review the governance relationship between the RMI Government and the electric utilities, including to ensure national mandates are implemented by the electricity generating sector; and ¾ Consider passing an Energy Sector Management Act to clarify powers and responsibilities among Government agencies to streamline decarbonization policies across the energy sector. Summary 47. The electricity sector has by far the greatest potential to rapidly reduce RMI’s GHG emissions in line with its 2025 and 2030 NDC targets. As such RMI’s decarbonization pathway relies primarily on transitioning the electricity sector away from fossil fuels. It is estimated that at least 10% of RMI’s GDP is spent on importing fossil fuels for electricity generation alone. This represents a significant national cost.', 'This represents a significant national cost. Furthermore, the heavy reliance on fossil fuel imports represents a highly significant energy security risk. Being at the end of the supply chain due to its remote location, RMI is highly susceptible to changes in supply due to geopolitical shocks or fuel price spikes. 48. At present, electricity generation is almost exclusively reliant on diesel fuel. While a full-scale shift to renewable energy is imperative, in the short to medium-term, RMI must leverage a combination of demand and supply-side reductions to reduce GHG emissions and facilitate the long-term transition. 49. Current policies only look out to 2020 – and not to 2025 or 2030 – and therefore do not fully implement RMI’s NDC.', 'Current policies only look out to 2020 – and not to 2025 or 2030 – and therefore do not fully implement RMI’s NDC. Policies in the energy sector will need to bedeveloped – based on solid analysis – that look well beyond 2020. These will need to be accompanied by a solid and rigorous long-term financial plan. The forthcoming Electricity Roadmap will be a positive step towards addressing some of these concerns. 50. Majuro, home to RMI’s largest electricity grid, must undertake a combination of: x upgrading the electricity grid to reduce system losses; x pursuing demand-side energy efficiency upgrades; x replacing existing diesel generators with high speed engines; x increasing solar and wind penetration on the grid; and x installing storage capacity. 51.', 'Majuro, home to RMI’s largest electricity grid, must undertake a combination of: x upgrading the electricity grid to reduce system losses; x pursuing demand-side energy efficiency upgrades; x replacing existing diesel generators with high speed engines; x increasing solar and wind penetration on the grid; and x installing storage capacity. 51. Upgrading the grid could bring much needed supply-side efficiency improvements and also accommodate projected increases in demand from new industrial facilities (e.g. a proposed fish processing plant in Majuro) and potential electrification of land-based transportation. Upgrading the grid is also a necessary step to allow for more variable generation (e.g. wind and solar). 52.', 'Upgrading the grid is also a necessary step to allow for more variable generation (e.g. wind and solar). 52. It is estimated that there are up to 30% energy losses in the current grid – although there are a lot of uncertainties around this figure, which is based on comparing production and billing. These losses are made up of: • energy ‘lost’ to run the power station – estimated to be about 7%; • distribution network losses through transmission lines and transformers – estimated to be about 7%; and • energy theft – estimated to be around 15%. 53. It may be technically feasible to reduce losses to as little as 5%. As such, reducing grid losses could provide RMI with significant cost savings and GHG emissions reduction potential.', 'As such, reducing grid losses could provide RMI with significant cost savings and GHG emissions reduction potential. Policies should be urgently developed to address this. New electricity meters, for example, would facilitate a better understanding of energy losses by comparing what comes out of transformers to what is billed. 54. Demand-side efficiency improvements should also be considered, such as appliance standards for air conditioning units and building code reforms to reduce electricity demand for cooling. 55. RMI should consider novel and variable tariff structures for electricity consumers – to maximize social access to energy and lower costs for all citizens while dis- incentivizing overuse. The current policy of providing landowners with 1000KwH free per month should be reviewed for consistency with trying to curtail GHG emissions through reduced energy use.', 'The current policy of providing landowners with 1000KwH free per month should be reviewed for consistency with trying to curtail GHG emissions through reduced energy use. 56. Policies will also need to be developed in relation to independent producers of renewable energy, including in relation to possible feed-in tariffs. A lack of regulation in this area could be problematic in terms of developing grid capacity for renewable energy in a logical and planned way. The impact of independent renewable energy production on the Marshall Energy Company (MEC) will also need to be considered.57. Current diesel engines are manually controlled and incompatible with high penetration of renewable energy on the present grid system.', 'Current diesel engines are manually controlled and incompatible with high penetration of renewable energy on the present grid system. Installing high-speed diesel engines would be needed to address supply fluctuations from variable generation until adequate energy storage is added to the grid. As such, an upgrade to diesel generation would facilitate greater penetration of renewable energy. As the penetration of renewable energy increases, the use of diesel could be downscaled – provided that the right kind of diesel generators are chosen at the outset. In the future these engines could theoretically be run on biodiesel, although this would not reduce RMI’s GHG emissions unless procured from sustainable sources. 58.', 'In the future these engines could theoretically be run on biodiesel, although this would not reduce RMI’s GHG emissions unless procured from sustainable sources. 58. RMI also has extensive coconut oil production (copra), which can potentially be used as either a renewable fuel for transportation or for electricity generation. However, there is limited land area available and copra is a key source of foreign exchange and economic prosperity for RMI. As a starting point for national discussion, it has been assumed that 50% of the available crop could in future be devoted to electricity generation. For this to make economic sense, world copra prices need to be lower than diesel prices.', 'For this to make economic sense, world copra prices need to be lower than diesel prices. This use of copra can complement renewables, providing power during cloud cover, at night, and during low wind periods, allowing higher levels of renewable penetration. 59. An alternative would be to leapfrog diesel upgrading and move directly to greater renewables combined with storage – but this would require a considerable up- front investment in storage as well as grid infrastructure. In any event, any decision to invest in new diesel needs to be made in the context of, and balanced against, reducing battery costs in relation to renewable energy storage as a source of baseload. 60. There remain significant uncertainties over levels of fuel imports used for electricity generation.', 'There remain significant uncertainties over levels of fuel imports used for electricity generation. Policies should be put in place to improve data collection – including more granularity on how imported fuel is used once on island – as well as to improve access to such data (much of which lies in the hands of commercial organizations) by the RMI Government and relevant agencies. 61. A major constraint to solar penetration aside from electricity grid limitations is the lack of land area in RMI. There is about 7 megawatts (MW) worth of existing usable space on land and roofs. Majuro would need nearly 40 MW of solar capacity installed (with storage) to decarbonize its electricity grid based on current demand.', 'Majuro would need nearly 40 MW of solar capacity installed (with storage) to decarbonize its electricity grid based on current demand. Many buildings in Majuro lack the structural capacity to support rooftop solar. A lack of policy in this area poses a very real barrier to the roll out of renewable energy in the urbanized areas of RMI. As such, there is a need to urgently develop policy, such as: x the use of novel approaches to install solar (e.g. schools, basketball courts, hospitals, airport, etc. ); x the potential use of floating solar panels for the reservoir by the airport or options for using floating solar in the lagoon, including addressing related land rights issues.', '); x the potential use of floating solar panels for the reservoir by the airport or options for using floating solar in the lagoon, including addressing related land rights issues. Such options could be cheaper than land mounted solar; andx a consistent and comprehensive approach for negotiating relevant access contracts for placement of solar panels. 62. Ebeye – the second largest grid in RMI – could follow a similar path to electricity sector decarbonization as Majuro. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency’s (IRENA) 2015 Renewables Readiness Assessment, Ebeye’s grid losses are considerably smaller than Majuro’s due to its size and the density of its population. Grid upgrades may still be necessary to allow for increased solar penetration. 63.', 'Grid upgrades may still be necessary to allow for increased solar penetration. 63. For electricity storage, which is essential as renewable energy penetration for electricity generation increases, a mixture of stationary batteries, thermal storage, and electric vehicles (which can provide vehicle to grid storage), has been assumed in the Scenarios set out in this 2050 Strategy. 64. Electric vehicles could play a role in electricity storage in the two main population centers of Majuro and Ebeye. Vehicle to grid storage would allow RMI to simultaneously reduce transportation emissions and help stabilize the grid in response to the growing variability in electricity production introduced by the rising penetration of renewable energy. This may require infrastructure upgrades to facilitate bi-directional electricity flows to and from the grid.', 'This may require infrastructure upgrades to facilitate bi-directional electricity flows to and from the grid. As a first step, a feasibility study should be conducted. 65. The remaining major population centers (Jaluit, Wotje, and Kili) operate micro- grids powered by diesel. Demand in these micro-grids would not justify short-term investments in high-speed diesel engine upgrades. These micro-grids may therefore need to wait until they can be upgraded directly to a grid-connected solar system with energy storage. Off-grid solar can perhaps be pursued in the intervening period. In the outer atolls, the electricity sector is theoretically already decarbonized through off-grid stand-alone solar systems. However, the expansion of these systems and their long-term maintenance ought to be given further consideration. 66.', 'However, the expansion of these systems and their long-term maintenance ought to be given further consideration. 66. In all of the Scenarios considered, solar photovoltaics have been found to be the most viable renewable resource for RMI to achieve full decarbonization. While wind may also be a viable resource, it is still in its nascent stages in RMI. The lack of available land in RMI suggests that wind may need to play a significant role in the country’s future renewable energy mix. Feasibility studies in this area should be undertaken. 67. Whilst data collection and availability for the electricity sector is relatively well developed compared to other sectors, there still seem to be significant uncertainties. This is an area where improvement would assist in more accurate policy development and projections.', 'This is an area where improvement would assist in more accurate policy development and projections. Studies have, for example, tended to focus mainly on Majuro. 68. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) has been previously proposed as a moonshot technology that could significantly contribute to RMI’s decarbonization efforts and also make it an energy exporter. Feasibility studies for a proposed pilot project on Kwajalein have shown promise but two factors impede progress: lack of adequate demand; and absence of adequate financial capital. A power purchaseagreement (PPA) with the US Army to supply electricity to the military base on Kwajalein would be necessary to address concerns around adequate demand as RMI alone would not justify the investment in an OTEC plant.', 'A power purchaseagreement (PPA) with the US Army to supply electricity to the military base on Kwajalein would be necessary to address concerns around adequate demand as RMI alone would not justify the investment in an OTEC plant. Furthermore, raising financial capital is difficult as RMI is credit-constrained and would have to rely on private capital and grants to fund a pilot project. This can perhaps be overcome by stressing the economic co-benefits of OTEC as excess electricity can be used to produce hydrogen fuel, which can be employed domestically and sold on the international market. Additionally, OTEC can also be a freshwater resource and provide drought resilience for RMI. 69.', 'Additionally, OTEC can also be a freshwater resource and provide drought resilience for RMI. 69. As RMI looks towards full electricity decarbonization, the relationship between the Government and electric utilities will need to be reviewed to ensure that effective and efficient structures are in place to drive and oversee the transition to 100% renewable energy. For example, while the governance structure of the MEC and Kwajalein Atoll Joint Utility Resources (KAJUR) allow for limited Government influence, the extent of this influence is ambiguous – in particular from the external perspective of donors and development banks – and could usefully be clarified. 70. Another important governance question is the role of the Energy Planning Division (EPD) within the Ministry of Resources and Development (R&D).', 'Another important governance question is the role of the Energy Planning Division (EPD) within the Ministry of Resources and Development (R&D). While EPD is meant to be the “focal point for all energy-related activities and initiatives” it currently lacks the regulatory authority necessary to drive a comprehensive decarbonization policy. An Energy Sector Management Act has been proposed “to clarify powers and responsibilities within Government for energy” but has yet to be drafted and passed by the Nitijela. Addressing this should be a priority. Potential measures and next steps Area Sub-Area Measure Feasibility Assessments Pilot Actions Stationary Electricity Generation Diesel Generator Efficiency / Rapid Response Evaluate the best time to upgrade diesel engines to fast start technology and how to use this to expand renewable usage. Increase priority for this equipment.', 'Increase priority for this equipment. If coconut usage will be high over the long term, see comments below. Solar Evaluate the feasibility of increasing solar penetration on Majuro (which is likely possible if automated SCADA and dispatch best practices are implemented (see below). Pilot floating solar arrays in RMI, and collect solar insolation data near population centers of Majuro and Ebeye to reduce solar financing uncertainty. Wind To eliminate transmission costs, a wind plant will need to be located as close to the current MEC electricity plant as possible. Put up a wind tower to measure wind speedsStorage Energy Efficiency for a few years, to establish whether wind availability is high enough to warrant wind use; and verify that land (even slightly offshore if needed) near this location is available.', 'Put up a wind tower to measure wind speedsStorage Energy Efficiency for a few years, to establish whether wind availability is high enough to warrant wind use; and verify that land (even slightly offshore if needed) near this location is available. Coconut Oil Given RMI economics, and the export value of coconut oil, decide what proportion of the coconut crop it makes sense to eventually devote to electricity production; in addition, examine if crop yield/acreage can be expanded and/or what levels of oil usage make sense. With coconut oil viscosity higher than diesel, it should be feasible to use the waste heat from the current diesel engines to pre-heat the coconut oil to allow much higher blend rates. Continue current studies and see if this is feasible in a laboratory.', 'Continue current studies and see if this is feasible in a laboratory. It will be critical that fast-starting diesel technology be compatible with coconut oil blends. Automated SCADA/Dispatch/ Forecasting Examine best electric utility dispatch practices in the U.S. (whether automated, semi-automated, or manual), especially for low cost and at the RMI utility s size and implement automated dispatch at 15-minute intervals if possible. Vehicle to Grid Battery Storage Continue electric vehicles pilots, and form a partnership with vehicle to grid storage software/ hardware vendors, and pilot this aspect as well Battery Storage Vehicle to grid battery capacity appears to be the most economic, but other utility battery storage vendors are starting to offer products. Examine costs, land requirements, and maintenance / salt corrosion for utility scale battery storage, to determine whether/which non- vehicle to grid technology RMI should pilot. If attractive technology is found, partner with vendors as a test/pilot site. Thermal Storage Examine which thermal storage technologies are technically and economically feasible in RMI.', 'Thermal Storage Examine which thermal storage technologies are technically and economically feasible in RMI. Pilot these technologies, especially with regards to maintenance and salt/air corrosion. Replace all A/C with Wet Cooling Towers / Seawater ASHPs Assess Majuro s and Ebeye s air conditioning infrastructure, identifying the equipment s condition and type, to verify if shifting to seawater-source heat pumps, and/or water-cooling towers, is viable, and what efficiency gains are reasonable. (As was done for the infrastructure report, RMI may be able to recruit military base personnel to provide technical expertise.) Look for other tropical climate pilots as examples, and pilot these technologies on RMI. Improve Building Codes / Assess RMI s buildings insulation levels, and the potential for savings through improved building codes Launch a buildingEnforcement and/or building retrofits. (As above, military base personnel may be a resource, or energy efficiency code professionals from the U.S. or elsewhere.) insulation retrofit program, and/or improve building codes and enforcement.', '(As above, military base personnel may be a resource, or energy efficiency code professionals from the U.S. or elsewhere.) insulation retrofit program, and/or improve building codes and enforcement. Other Appliances Conduct a survey study, if not already done, to determine what types of equipment Majuro s electricity supplies, and what efficiency levels these pieces of equipment operate at. This will include water pumps (already described in the infrastructure report), air conditioning, lighting, other electric motors, etc. Examine maintenance levels as well, to assess potential for efficiency improvement and next steps (i.e. efficiency standards, improved maintenance regimes/enclosures, etc.). Figure 6: Electricity - potential measures and next steps Key Assumptions Electricity — Renewables 71. Assumption: the renewable potential in RMI involves a significant role for biomass (coconut oil), wind, and solar photovoltaics. 72.', 'Assumption: the renewable potential in RMI involves a significant role for biomass (coconut oil), wind, and solar photovoltaics. 72. Assumption: 50% of the current coconut oil crop can be used to generate electricity while the remaining 50% would be sold on the open market, either domestically or for export. Coconut oil would first be used for stationary energy rather than transportation or heating applications. As such, it could eventually replace approximately 12% of diesel used to generate electricity. 73. Wind power could make up several MW of RMI’s renewable generation, thanks to the improvement of technology and the availability of RMI’s atolls as pre-built offshore wind platforms. Current wind data appears indeed to be above economical thresholds in the US Midwest.', 'Current wind data appears indeed to be above economical thresholds in the US Midwest. Assumption: one to two 1.5-2.5 MW turbines can be used in Majuro, as wind s generation profile is complementary to solar. 74. Land is scarce in RMI, and non-government rooftops are not structurally capable of supporting PV arrays. Assumption: RMI will use floating photovoltaics arrays when it runs out of appropriate rooftop space. Electricity — Storage 75. At higher renewable levels, some form of energy storage is necessary. Assumption in the Moderate Scenario: no storage is developed, and renewable energy generation is therefore capped. Assumption in the Lighthouse Scenario: storage comes from a combination of thermal storage technologies and grid-to-electric vehicle storage.Electricity — Energy Efficiency 76.', 'Assumption in the Lighthouse Scenario: storage comes from a combination of thermal storage technologies and grid-to-electric vehicle storage.Electricity — Energy Efficiency 76. Assumption: Majuro electricity loss improvement efforts will reduce losses from 30% to 20% in 2025. 77. Assumption: 25% (Moderate) and 50% (Lighthouse) end use energy efficiency improvements by 2050. This will come from a combination of insulation improvements (retrofits, building codes), electrical grid loss reductions (from 30% losses to 20% by 2025), air conditioning improvements (seawater heat pumps and water-cooling towers appear to be able to achieve a 50% efficiency improvement), and other higher efficiency appliances (water pumps, motors, etc.). Sector Definitions 78. Emissions from current diesel generators that generate power for Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, an island with 28% of RMI’s population of 52,000. 79.', 'Emissions from current diesel generators that generate power for Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, an island with 28% of RMI’s population of 52,000. 79. Only these two grids are modeled, covering 79% of the population (there are a few outlying grids on other islands). Scenario Definitions 80. Figure 7 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. In some cases, measures are combined (e.g. a variety of end user efficiency measures are delineated by row; these are modeled as an overall improvement in end user efficiency). Area Measure NDC Millennium Consumption Goals (MCG) Moderate MCG Lighthouse Scenario (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Electricity Energy Efficiency Demand: Prepay Meter Included in overall 25% reduction target across all end user efficiencies.', 'Area Measure NDC Millennium Consumption Goals (MCG) Moderate MCG Lighthouse Scenario (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Electricity Energy Efficiency Demand: Prepay Meter Included in overall 25% reduction target across all end user efficiencies. Included in reduction target across all end user efficiencies. Energy Efficiency End User Diesel Generator Efficiency / Rapid Response 6,2 3,7 10% reduction in 2025.Diesel Heat Recovery 3,8 0 Solar Total radiant energy (RE) capped at 30% of grid (ramping w/ fast diesel/SCADA). 100% RE w/ battery/thermal storage. Wind 2,5 MW single turbine @ MEC gen plant. turbines @ MEC gen plant. Coconut Oil Use 50% available coconut for electricity generation phase in, 50% by 2035. Vehicle to Grid Battery Storage Convert all cars/trucks to electric vehicles. Automated SCADA/Dispatch/Forecasting In place by 2025. Battery Storage Covers 2/3 of storage needed. Curtailment Not used. Commercial/Residential Demand Response Thermal Storage Covers 1/3 of storage needed. Replace all A/C with Wet Cooling Towers/Seawater ASHP’s Major driver in the 25%/50% end use efficiency improvement.', 'Replace all A/C with Wet Cooling Towers/Seawater ASHP’s Major driver in the 25%/50% end use efficiency improvement. Can potentially double efficiency (see VHAC efficiency sheet). Improve Building Codes/ Enforcement Major driver in the 25%/50% end use efficiency improvement. Improved isolation is particularly important.', 'Improve Building Codes/ Enforcement Major driver in the 25%/50% end use efficiency improvement. Improved isolation is particularly important. Figure 7: Electricity – Scenario definitions2c – The Waste Sector Headline Recommendations ¾ Focus – in the medium term out to 2030 – on policies and plans to reduce RMI’s significant and growing waste problem on the social and wider environmental benefits of taking action rather than reduction of GHG emissions; ¾ Develop policies and measures to minimize the level of organic material in collected waste – including a focus on local composting; ¾ Analyze further the feasibility of generating energy from waste and the corresponding GHG benefits; ¾ Assess future plans for the landfilling of waste carefully against RMI’s long- term goals of achieving net zero emissions by 2050 and for environmental impacts.', 'Figure 7: Electricity – Scenario definitions2c – The Waste Sector Headline Recommendations ¾ Focus – in the medium term out to 2030 – on policies and plans to reduce RMI’s significant and growing waste problem on the social and wider environmental benefits of taking action rather than reduction of GHG emissions; ¾ Develop policies and measures to minimize the level of organic material in collected waste – including a focus on local composting; ¾ Analyze further the feasibility of generating energy from waste and the corresponding GHG benefits; ¾ Assess future plans for the landfilling of waste carefully against RMI’s long- term goals of achieving net zero emissions by 2050 and for environmental impacts. Apart from using waste for land reclamation, landfill is not recommended as a primary policy to deal with waste; ¾ Review the powers of the RMI Government to ensure they are fit for the purpose of developing and implementing relevant policies and measures.', 'Apart from using waste for land reclamation, landfill is not recommended as a primary policy to deal with waste; ¾ Review the powers of the RMI Government to ensure they are fit for the purpose of developing and implementing relevant policies and measures. The 2008 draft waste strategy should be finalized, taking into account the latest data and this 2050 Strategy; and ¾ Extend waste collection throughout the whole of Majuro to minimize the use of illegal waste dumps. Summary 81. Waste accounts for nearly a quarter of RMIs total GHG emissions, and if the country is to move towards net zero GHG emissions, this sector will need to be addressed. However, the waste sector is by far the most difficult of RMI’s sectors to decarbonize. 82.', 'However, the waste sector is by far the most difficult of RMI’s sectors to decarbonize. 82. As such, and given that most of RMI’s GHG emissions reductions potential for its 2025 and 2030 NDC targets will be delivered through the energy sector, the country should not look to the waste sector as a significant contributor to reduce GHG emissions in the short to medium term. Rather, planning out to 2030 should focus on social benefits and the wider environmental advantages of dealing with the RMI’s significant and growing waste problem. 83. Having said that, dealing with waste and reducing GHG emissions in an economically feasible way are not mutually exclusive. Planning for this sector should therefore align and be consistent with RMI’s 2050 goal.84.', 'Planning for this sector should therefore align and be consistent with RMI’s 2050 goal.84. A successful feasibility study for a 1.2 MW waste-to-energy (WTE) plant in Majuro was conducted in 2010. WTE would substantially reduce RMI’s waste-related emissions thanks to the reduction of methane emissions. Furthermore, a WTE plant could provide baseload power for RMI, at least partially eliminating the short to medium-term need for diesel-powered electricity generation. This would provide the dual benefit of reducing waste as well as decreasing the need for imported fossil fuel. 85. There are, however, operational concerns that are barriers to adopting WTE in RMI such as the lack of a reliable waste stream to run a WTE facility.', 'There are, however, operational concerns that are barriers to adopting WTE in RMI such as the lack of a reliable waste stream to run a WTE facility. One option might be for RMI to consider in further detail the potential to import waste from other atolls. In particular, waste from Ebeye (combined with Majuro) could perhaps provide a steady waste stream. In any event, further feasibility analysis of WTE potential should be carried out. 86. The Majuro Atoll Waste Company (MAWC) is looking into building an incineration facility to address space constraints in Majuro. This could have some GHG reduction potential but, as with WTE, localized air pollution risks could be a concern. 87.', 'This could have some GHG reduction potential but, as with WTE, localized air pollution risks could be a concern. 87. Landfilling waste in RMI could, if planned and managed well, deliver co-benefits such as creating new land or as part of coastal defenses. However, landfilling of organic waste will very likely be inconsistent with RMI’s goal of net zero emissions by 2050 because recovery of GHG emissions from landfill is technically difficult and resource intensive, generally requiring significant amounts of freshwater and soil. 88. As such, very careful thought needs to be given as to whether or not to invest in landfill.', 'As such, very careful thought needs to be given as to whether or not to invest in landfill. Given the general unsuitability of RMI for landfill, a WTE approach might be more preferable and more consistent with the overall vision of moving towards net zero emissions by 2050. If landfilling is pursued, methods such as a \"Fukuoka\" style landfill, which reduces methane emissions by 50% compared to standard landfills, should be considered. 89. To date, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has sought to reduce solid and toxic waste that pose direct threats to human health.', 'To date, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has sought to reduce solid and toxic waste that pose direct threats to human health. Going forward, given that waste management in the outer atolls would be difficult to oversee, RMI should focus its efforts on reducing organic waste – the major driver of waste- related GHG emissions – in its major population centers, specifically in Majuro and Ebeye. Urgent priority needs to be given to local composting of organic material and separating out organic materials from the general waste stream. Local initiatives such as composting will be key to this. 90. Waste collection should be urgently extended throughout Majuro.', 'Waste collection should be urgently extended throughout Majuro. This should assist in minimizing the use of illegal waste dumps, burning, burying or dumping of waste into the ocean – including of toxic wastes. 91. Government authority over waste management is relatively decentralized in RMI, which complicates national efforts to reduce waste-related emissions as there is no clear responsibility for national policy. The ad hoc reliance on the EPA for this purpose – which is an enforcement agency – is far from ideal. Government powers should be reviewed for adequacy to ensure they are fit for purpose. As part ofthat, the 2008 draft waste strategy should be finalized, taking into account the latest data and this 2050 Strategy. 92.', 'As part ofthat, the 2008 draft waste strategy should be finalized, taking into account the latest data and this 2050 Strategy. 92. A fundamental problem is that the vast majority (up to 90%) of what is imported to RMI stays here. Consideration should be given to introducing policies to: x influence the nature and types of material that are imported, with the aim of reducing waste – for example by discouraging importation of packaging materials that cannot be economically recycled or are not biodegradable (e.g. banning or reducing the import of plastic bottles or plastic bags); x incentivize recycling (e.g. through deposit schemes); x improve waste reduction across all atolls through public education programs and existing Government mandates. 93.', 'through deposit schemes); x improve waste reduction across all atolls through public education programs and existing Government mandates. 93. Many waste studies have been conducted in RMI, which have generated a wealth of data. It is recommended that these are consolidated. An overarching study could be launched, and a comprehensive policy consequently developed based on the study’s conclusions. As part of this, RMI should complete the development of its national waste strategy, initiated in 2008 in conjunction with the South Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP). Potential Measures and Next Steps Figure 8: The Waste Sector – potential measures and next steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Waste “Fukuoka” Landfill Site Implement a “Fukuoka” landfill site at/near the current side, verifying post landfill site use (aka Japan, elsewhere); clean up and close the current site.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Figure 8: The Waste Sector – potential measures and next steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Waste “Fukuoka” Landfill Site Implement a “Fukuoka” landfill site at/near the current side, verifying post landfill site use (aka Japan, elsewhere); clean up and close the current site. Incinerate Waste rather than Uncontrolled Burning As recommended by the Japanese waste team, explore the opportunity for large-scale public incineration to reduce landfill volumes. Incineration will increase emissions but is safer than current uncontrolled burning. Disposable Container Ban As part of education on recycling and reuse, consider a disposable container ban and explore tactics on how to increase recycling rates to match US and/or European Union (EU) levels. Improve Recycling, Education, Regulation Enforcement, Reducing Landfill VolumesKey Assumptions 94.', 'Disposable Container Ban As part of education on recycling and reuse, consider a disposable container ban and explore tactics on how to increase recycling rates to match US and/or European Union (EU) levels. Improve Recycling, Education, Regulation Enforcement, Reducing Landfill VolumesKey Assumptions 94. Assumption in both Moderate and Lighthouse Scenarios: the Majuro landfill is over capacity and therefore should be closed and replaced with a \"Fukuoka\" style landfill, which reduces methane emissions by 50% compared to standard landfills. 95. WTE incineration can reduce landfill volumes/land requirements but has higher eventual emissions. Assumption: incineration in the Moderate Scenario, but not for the Lighthouse Scenario. 96. Assumption: RMI can achieve higher recycling levels by 2050, reaching current US levels by 2025 and current EU levels by 2040 in all Scenarios. Sector Definition 97.', 'Assumption: RMI can achieve higher recycling levels by 2050, reaching current US levels by 2025 and current EU levels by 2040 in all Scenarios. Sector Definition 97. Municipal solid waste, incineration/burning, and waste water treatment emissions for Majuro and Ebeye. We use a 2017 waste survey s estimate of open burning to include burning emissions in the GHG inventory, in contrast to the Second National Communication where these emissions are not accounted for. Scenario Definitions 98. Figure 9 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Waste “Fukuoka” Landfill Site Reduces methane emissions by 50% compared to standard landfill.', 'Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Waste “Fukuoka” Landfill Site Reduces methane emissions by 50% compared to standard landfill. Incinerate Waste rather than Uncontrolled Burning Reduces landfill volume by 80% when ashes are buried. However, not all material can be incinerated after collection. Incineration not used and burning on Majuro and Ebeye banned; requires more landfill space, but Fukuoka landfill technique allows productive use after land is used as landfill.Disposable Container Ban Assume current 8% recycling rate increases to 35% (US average) by 2025, and then 45% (EU average) by 2035.', 'Incineration not used and burning on Majuro and Ebeye banned; requires more landfill space, but Fukuoka landfill technique allows productive use after land is used as landfill.Disposable Container Ban Assume current 8% recycling rate increases to 35% (US average) by 2025, and then 45% (EU average) by 2035. Improve Recycling, Education, Regulation Enforcement, Reducing Landfill Volumes “Collect and Burn Methane Producers” Figure 9: The Waste Sector – sector definitions 2d – Domestic Transportation – Land based Headline Recommendations ¾ Develop polices to encourage a greater use of public transport, as well as cycling and walking, and to reduce the reliance and demand on private vehicles; ¾ Commission further analysis to identify policy options to increase the uptake of electric vehicles; ¾ Consider policies to require Government departments and agencies to transition to electric vehicles; and ¾ Improve data collection, including on what proportion of imported fossil fuels are used by domestic land transport.', 'Improve Recycling, Education, Regulation Enforcement, Reducing Landfill Volumes “Collect and Burn Methane Producers” Figure 9: The Waste Sector – sector definitions 2d – Domestic Transportation – Land based Headline Recommendations ¾ Develop polices to encourage a greater use of public transport, as well as cycling and walking, and to reduce the reliance and demand on private vehicles; ¾ Commission further analysis to identify policy options to increase the uptake of electric vehicles; ¾ Consider policies to require Government departments and agencies to transition to electric vehicles; and ¾ Improve data collection, including on what proportion of imported fossil fuels are used by domestic land transport. Summary 99. The decarbonization pathway for land transportation would require the electrification of the transportation fleet with the possibility of also leveraging low and zero-carbon fuel sources such as biofuel and hydrogen. 100.', 'The decarbonization pathway for land transportation would require the electrification of the transportation fleet with the possibility of also leveraging low and zero-carbon fuel sources such as biofuel and hydrogen. 100. These alternative fuel sources currently show little promise. Hydrogen-powered vehicles are only plausible if OTEC becomes viable and offers RMI a cheap stream of hydrogen fuel. 101. Most likely RMI will largely need to transition its land transportation fleet to electric vehicles. A three-year pilot project in Majuro funded by Japan is testing the viability of solar powered electric vehicles. The results of this pilot should be analyzed and disseminated.102.', 'The results of this pilot should be analyzed and disseminated.102. Five main barriers would need to be addressed to increase the penetration of electric vehicles in RMI: x the absence of clear institutional authority to mandate/facilitate the uptake of electric vehicles; x the relative cost of electric vehicles; x the lack of charging infrastructure; x the current limits of electricity generation; x the prohibitive cost, especially to the public. 103. The relationship between increased use of electric vehicles and increased electricity demand will need to be further explored. Policies in both areas will need to be consistent. 104. The major impediment to decarbonizing the land transportation sector is the absence of clear institutional authority that can mandate electric vehicle sales and make the necessary infrastructure upgrades (e.g. charging stations) to support electric vehicles.', 'charging stations) to support electric vehicles. While the Government could leverage existing laws (i.e. the Import Duties Act) to encourage the purchase of fuel-efficient and/or electric vehicles, an implementing/planning agency would still be necessary but currently does not exist. In the intervening period, Government agencies should be the initial adopters of these vehicles. 105. In any event, RMI should commission further analysis of the potential to transition towards electric land-based transport, covering challenges, solutions and opportunities as a basis for informed policy development. Hard and soft policy options could include: x tax incentives for the importation of electric vehicles; x transitioning the Government fleet to electric vehicles; x transitioning the taxi fleet to electric vehicles; x the use of golf carts – as is the case with the US military base on Kwajalein.', 'Hard and soft policy options could include: x tax incentives for the importation of electric vehicles; x transitioning the Government fleet to electric vehicles; x transitioning the taxi fleet to electric vehicles; x the use of golf carts – as is the case with the US military base on Kwajalein. 106. In future RMI could consider vehicle to grid storage, further integrating decarbonization efforts of the transportation and electricity sectors. 107. There is considerable uncertainty as to what proportion of RMI’s imported fossil fuels is used for domestic land transport. Better data will be needed to establish a baseline, develop informed policies and monitor progress towards net zero GHG emissions in this sector. 108.', 'Better data will be needed to establish a baseline, develop informed policies and monitor progress towards net zero GHG emissions in this sector. 108. As a first step, however, RMI should consider developing policies to encourage a greater use of public transport, as well as cycling and walking, and to reduce the reliance and demand on private vehicles. Increased cycling and walking in particular would have a number of co-benefits, including reduced pollution and improved public health. 109.', 'Increased cycling and walking in particular would have a number of co-benefits, including reduced pollution and improved public health. 109. Hard and soft policy options to incentivize walking and cycling could include:x improved urban planning – such as clearly demarcated cycling and walking paths with shade; x public and school education programs; x school cycle training programs; x cycle hire schemes; x cycle to work schemes, where the Government and private sector workers could have the up-front cost of cycle purchase deferred; x encouraging Government workers to use Government cycles to travel between different departments. 110. The social impacts, including gender issues, of such options will need to be carefully considered. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Transportation Land Efficiency Improvements Inventory current vehicle stock and efficiency level.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Transportation Land Efficiency Improvements Inventory current vehicle stock and efficiency level. Examine current efficiency standards on RMI, higher US Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, and available technologies to determine further action (higher standards, cash for clunkers, better efficiency standard enforcement, better maintenance/ catalytic converter enforcement, etc.). Electric Vehicles Continue electric vehicles’ pilots, especially examining market barriers, and/or maintenance issues. Multi-modal initiatives: Regular Island Shuttles; Electric Bikes Take a deeper look at citizens’ transportation needs, mapping total trips per year and mode (air, sea, car, bike, walking, etc.). Assess the frequency, timing, and purpose of these trips to see whether/what form of public transportation and/or bicycling programs may make sense. Figure 10: Land based transport – potential measures and next stepsKey Assumptions 111.', 'Figure 10: Land based transport – potential measures and next stepsKey Assumptions 111. Assumption: 20% efficiency improvement in vehicles to 2050 (per US CAFE standards), and in the Lighthouse Scenario that RMI will shift to using 100% electric vehicles. Sector Definition 112. Emissions are based on approximately 2700 vehicles in Majuro and Ebeye. Air and ship emissions have been modelled but are excluded from this analysis as “pass- through emissions” and are therefore not counted in national totals. This is consistent with the RMI GHG inventory done as part of the Second National Communication published in 2015. Scenario Definitions 113. Figure 11 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions.', 'Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. Figure 11: Land based transport – Scenario definitions Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumptions, but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons reduced Transportation Land Efficiency Improvements 1,5 2,4 4% reduced/ 5 years for 25 years. Air Improved Efficiency 0,2 0.3% reduced every 5 years. Electric Vehicles Get to 100% penetration over time. Multi-modal Initiatives: Regular Island Shuttle; Electric Bikes Reduce Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT) by 1% / 5 years for 25 years.', 'Multi-modal Initiatives: Regular Island Shuttle; Electric Bikes Reduce Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT) by 1% / 5 years for 25 years. Biofuels for Air/Ship Applications RMI does not have enough coconut supply to begin using these.2e – Domestic Transportation – Ocean based Headline Recommendations ¾ Improve data collection to better illustrate what proportion of imported fossil fuels are used by domestic sea-based transport; ¾ Explore options to reduce GHG emissions from domestic ocean-based transport, including by using the results of the GIZ/University of the South Pacific (USP) Low Carbon Sea Transport Transition Project (LCSTTP); and ¾ Consider institutional reforms that will allow the Ministry of Transport and Communication (MTC) to exercise more effective regulatory control over the operational aspects of domestic sea transport in addition to managing the infrastructure. Summary 114.', 'Biofuels for Air/Ship Applications RMI does not have enough coconut supply to begin using these.2e – Domestic Transportation – Ocean based Headline Recommendations ¾ Improve data collection to better illustrate what proportion of imported fossil fuels are used by domestic sea-based transport; ¾ Explore options to reduce GHG emissions from domestic ocean-based transport, including by using the results of the GIZ/University of the South Pacific (USP) Low Carbon Sea Transport Transition Project (LCSTTP); and ¾ Consider institutional reforms that will allow the Ministry of Transport and Communication (MTC) to exercise more effective regulatory control over the operational aspects of domestic sea transport in addition to managing the infrastructure. Summary 114. Domestic shipping is responsible for approximately a third of RMI’s fuel consumption.', 'Domestic shipping is responsible for approximately a third of RMI’s fuel consumption. RMI was the only country to explicitly include domestic shipping in its 2025 NDC and has led the way – as the world’s second biggest flag registry – to encourage efforts to decarbonize international shipping at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). 115. There are a number of interventions that RMI can pursue in the short to medium- term to achieve a low-carbon pathway for domestic sea transportation. These include: x changes to ship design; x changes to operations; x fuel switching/mixing; x improved docking facilities to reduce the amount of time (and fuel) required to load and unload ships. 116. These efficiency improvements can also provide economic benefits through avoided costs from fuel imports. 117.', 'These efficiency improvements can also provide economic benefits through avoided costs from fuel imports. 117. A pathway to full decarbonization for sea transport, however, appears to be unfeasible in the medium term. RMI should carefully monitor and reap the benefits of the GIZ’s/USP’s LCSTTP under the Micronesian Center for Sustainable Transport established in Majuro.118. There is considerable uncertainty as to what proportion of RMI’s imported fossil fuels are used for domestic sea transport. Better data will be needed in order to establish a baseline, develop informed policies and monitor progress towards net zero GHG emissions in this sector. The initial baseline studies by the LCSTTP could prove very useful in this regard. 119.', 'The initial baseline studies by the LCSTTP could prove very useful in this regard. 119. Considering RMI’s status as the second largest flag registry in the world, successful adoption of nascent low- or zero-carbon sea transport technologies at home could have ripple effects across the international shipping sector at large. 120. The MTC has administrative control over seaports but apparently lacks the authority to mandate conservation and efficiency improvements in sea transport. To more aggressively pursue a decarbonization strategy in sea transportation, RMI should consider institutional reforms that will allow the MTC to exercise more effective regulatory control over the operational aspects of domestic sea transport in addition to managing the infrastructure.', 'To more aggressively pursue a decarbonization strategy in sea transportation, RMI should consider institutional reforms that will allow the MTC to exercise more effective regulatory control over the operational aspects of domestic sea transport in addition to managing the infrastructure. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Transportation Sea Efficiency Improvements Examine both in-country fleet efficiency and equipment, and pass-through fleet efficiency and equipment. Examine potential standards and technical pathways for improvements (i.e. sails, engine efficiency improvement, etc.). Evaluate the economics and implications of various options (improved efficiency standards, lower carbon fuels, etc.) to find the best path forward. Figure 12: Ocean based transport – potential measures and next steps Sector Definition 121. Emissions are based on approximately 2700 vehicles in Majuro and Ebeye.', 'Emissions are based on approximately 2700 vehicles in Majuro and Ebeye. Air and ship emissions have been modelled but are excluded from this analysis as “pass- through emissions” and are therefore not counted in national totals. This is consistent with the RMI GHG inventory done as part of the Second National Communication published in 2015.Scenario Definitions 122. Figure 13 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Transportation Sea Efficiency Improvements 3% reduced / 5 years for 25 years (3 primary ferries to improve, not 1000s of vehicles).', 'Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Transportation Sea Efficiency Improvements 3% reduced / 5 years for 25 years (3 primary ferries to improve, not 1000s of vehicles). Sea Coconut Oil Diesel Blends Not a practical use of limited coconut oil supplies relative to electricity sector. Not used. Air Improved Efficiency 0,2 0,3% reduced every 5 years. Shipping: Require Efficiency Measures (Efficient Propellers, Sail Assist, Low-carbon Fuels…) See Sea Efficiency Improvements above. Biofuels for Air/Ship Applications RMI does not have enough coconut supply to begin using these.', 'Biofuels for Air/Ship Applications RMI does not have enough coconut supply to begin using these. Figure 13: Ocean based transport – Scenario definitions 2f – Cooking & Lighting Headline Recommendations ¾ Continue efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting and cooking; ¾ Engage women stakeholders as key players in this sector and empower women as entrepreneurs with capacity building and technology transfer; and ¾ Establish whether the Energy Planning Division (EPD) needs a more robust Government mandate in order to fully decarbonize these activities.Summary 123. Kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used for cooking and lighting are significant contributors towards the ‘other’ sector listed in RMI’s GHG emissions inventory.', 'Kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used for cooking and lighting are significant contributors towards the ‘other’ sector listed in RMI’s GHG emissions inventory. In 2010, the base year used for RMI’s NDC, the ‘other’ sector accounted for nearly the same level of emissions as the transportation sector, underscoring its significance when considering RMI’s decarbonization pathway. 124. As a result of the electrification of RMI’s population centers, kerosene use for lighting has significantly declined. Similarly, the adoption of solar lighting in the outer atolls has also led to a decrease in kerosene use. RMI must continue these efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting. 125.', 'RMI must continue these efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting. 125. For cooking, due to public health concerns, particularly for women and children, RMI has already embarked on an aggressive low-carbon strategy encouraging the replacement of kerosene with LPG and efficient biomass cook-stoves (e.g. the ‘One Smokeless Stove Per Home’ project). However, the decarbonization pathway is less clear since electric/solar-powered stoves are not seen as viable at the moment. 126. RMI has made remarkable progress thus far with its existing institutional arrangements to reduce GHG emissions from cooking and lighting. The MEC, with a Government mandate, has moved forward with full electrification of urban households by 2015. RMI is also making great progress towards a 90% electrification target for rural households in the outer atolls. 127.', 'RMI is also making great progress towards a 90% electrification target for rural households in the outer atolls. 127. The EPD has played a critical role in procuring and funneling development assistance to encourage the use of more efficient and environmentally friendly fuels for cooking. The lifestyle and economic benefits of eschewing kerosene have been natural drivers for a low-carbon pathway for cooking and lighting. 128. A more robust Government mandate to phase out GHG emissions from this sector may be needed to provide EPD with the mandate to undertake the final step towards decarbonization.', 'A more robust Government mandate to phase out GHG emissions from this sector may be needed to provide EPD with the mandate to undertake the final step towards decarbonization. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Other LPG Efficiency Improvements Similar to above infrastructure studies, examine cooking equipment used in RMI and their efficiency to determine actions needed relative to kerosene to LPG and other fuel switching. Convert LPG Cooking to Electric Explore the potential for cheaper solar power and time of use rates to incentivize users to switch loads to electric, particularly during the hours that solar generation is highest. Figure 14: Cooking & lighting – potential measures and next stepsKey Assumptions 129.', 'Figure 14: Cooking & lighting – potential measures and next stepsKey Assumptions 129. Assumption: kerosene cooking will be phased out in favor of LPG by 2025, and in the Lighthouse Scenario electric cooking will be used to phase out LPG by 2050 as electricity prices become set by low solar array prices. This is valid for the Lighthouse Scenario only because storage is required, as most cooking occurs during non-sunlight hours. Sector Definition 130. Emissions from residential, commercial and Government buildings. These are from kerosene and LPG used for cooking. Scenario Definitions 131. Figure 15 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions.', 'Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Other LPG Efficiency Improvements Assume remaining 6% kerosene for cooking is phased out for LPG; and for heating is phased out using heat pumps. Convert LPG Cooking to Electric Phased, assume 100% by 2035 (can only occur if storage is present, as most cooking is done in non-daylight hours).', 'Convert LPG Cooking to Electric Phased, assume 100% by 2035 (can only occur if storage is present, as most cooking is done in non-daylight hours). Figure 15: ‘Other’ – Scenario definitionsSection 3 – Adaptation & Climate Resilience Headline Recommendations ¾ Review and consolidate policies and measures on adaptation and climate resilience, as well as social and economic policies, to align with strategic principals and priorities, an understanding of recent and future impacts of climate change and a phased and adaptive approach to action; ¾ Initiate, as soon as possible, the process to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by the end of 2019.', 'Figure 15: ‘Other’ – Scenario definitionsSection 3 – Adaptation & Climate Resilience Headline Recommendations ¾ Review and consolidate policies and measures on adaptation and climate resilience, as well as social and economic policies, to align with strategic principals and priorities, an understanding of recent and future impacts of climate change and a phased and adaptive approach to action; ¾ Initiate, as soon as possible, the process to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by the end of 2019. The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next 5 years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; x incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the JNAP; ¾ Submit RMI’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest, setting out RMI’s intended adaptation contribution to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement; ¾ Reflect RMI’s intention to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication in its forthcoming NDC; and ¾ Establish, as soon as possible, financing pathways for adaptation, resilience and protection measures, particularly focusing on coastal resilience including coastal vulnerability assessments, as well as tackling critical knowledge gaps in key areas.', 'The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next 5 years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; x incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the JNAP; ¾ Submit RMI’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest, setting out RMI’s intended adaptation contribution to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement; ¾ Reflect RMI’s intention to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication in its forthcoming NDC; and ¾ Establish, as soon as possible, financing pathways for adaptation, resilience and protection measures, particularly focusing on coastal resilience including coastal vulnerability assessments, as well as tackling critical knowledge gaps in key areas. Summary 132.', 'The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next 5 years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; x incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the JNAP; ¾ Submit RMI’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest, setting out RMI’s intended adaptation contribution to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement; ¾ Reflect RMI’s intention to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication in its forthcoming NDC; and ¾ Establish, as soon as possible, financing pathways for adaptation, resilience and protection measures, particularly focusing on coastal resilience including coastal vulnerability assessments, as well as tackling critical knowledge gaps in key areas. Summary 132. RMI’s international climate change focus has been largely on mitigation and related issues.', 'RMI’s international climate change focus has been largely on mitigation and related issues. Even if the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global average temperature increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius is achieved, the serious impacts on aclimate vulnerable nation, such as RMI, will be considerable. Domestically, attention will urgently and increasingly need to focus on adaptation and climate change resilience. 133. RMI’s existing adaptation policies are built around three pillars: x having a clear sense of strategic principals and priorities (e.g.', 'RMI’s existing adaptation policies are built around three pillars: x having a clear sense of strategic principals and priorities (e.g. RMI’s inalienable right to exist and its exceptional status as an atoll nation); x an understanding of recent and future impacts of climate change, using climate patterns and evidence, and regional and global projections; and x a phased and adaptive approach to action – focused on protection, elevation and consolidation as well as on the identification of knowledge gaps and capacity needs, and on the importance of innovative financing. 134. Understandably, much of RMI’s adaptation efforts have focused on policies and measures to combat drought, which has already had a significant impact on communities.', 'Understandably, much of RMI’s adaptation efforts have focused on policies and measures to combat drought, which has already had a significant impact on communities. But focus over the coming years will also need to look more systematically at other aspects of adaptation, including the climate resilience of women, men and youth. 135. Particular immediate areas of focus for adaption are likely to be, but not necessarily limited to, coastal resilience including coastal vulnerability assessment. 136. RMI should set out a vision for adaptation and climate resilience, incorporating milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050 – as well as suggested measures to achieve them.', 'RMI should set out a vision for adaptation and climate resilience, incorporating milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050 – as well as suggested measures to achieve them. Prioritization will be critical to attract necessary private, public and international funding to implement policies, and in a way that is consistent with RMI’s strategic interests. 137. Particular areas of focus for resilience could include, but not be limited to: x disaster risk management – including working through the Chief Secretary’s Office to build further capacity nationally; and improving communications with outer islands; x contingency and emergency response – including putting in place a financial mechanism to allow rapid response and emergency funding, such as frameworks, protocols and procedures for rapid disbursement. 138.', 'Particular areas of focus for resilience could include, but not be limited to: x disaster risk management – including working through the Chief Secretary’s Office to build further capacity nationally; and improving communications with outer islands; x contingency and emergency response – including putting in place a financial mechanism to allow rapid response and emergency funding, such as frameworks, protocols and procedures for rapid disbursement. 138. Thought will need to be given as to how progress against specific goals and milestones should be measured and tracked. Adaptation and climate resilience policies should be reviewed to identify overlaps and redundancies, with a view to consolidation. This review should also identify and clearly allocate responsibilities for taking forward specific policies. 139. A big barrier to implementing adaptation and resilience measures is long-term financing.', 'A big barrier to implementing adaptation and resilience measures is long-term financing. Because private sector finance is particularly hard to secure in this area, public sector funding from the international donor/development sector must be a focus. In that context, capacity and resource constraints to RMI accessing some of major international climate finance and climate-related ODA is an issue that needs to be urgently addressed.140. The cost and consequences of underestimating future changes, in particular future rates of sea level rise, and thus underinvesting in appropriate adaptation and building resilience would be catastrophic. Socioeconomic costs will also need to be evaluated, as well as the impacts of the identified responses to build adaptive capacity and resilience keeping in mind the women, men and youth of the most vulnerable communities.', 'Socioeconomic costs will also need to be evaluated, as well as the impacts of the identified responses to build adaptive capacity and resilience keeping in mind the women, men and youth of the most vulnerable communities. Therefore, RMI must apply the precautionary principle in future planning and implementation. 141. While RMI is already taking measures to adapt and to build resilience, including through a number of projects underway, including the Pacific Resilience Program Phase 2 (PREP II), the Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector project (ACWA), and others, it is now a matter of urgency to develop a NAP – and to aim to complete it by the end of 2019 at the latest. 142.', 'While RMI is already taking measures to adapt and to build resilience, including through a number of projects underway, including the Pacific Resilience Program Phase 2 (PREP II), the Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector project (ACWA), and others, it is now a matter of urgency to develop a NAP – and to aim to complete it by the end of 2019 at the latest. 142. RMI should follow up production of its NAP with a subsequent Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC, in which it sets out its contribution towards meeting the adaptation goal set out in the Paris Agreement (Article 2(1)(b)).', 'RMI should follow up production of its NAP with a subsequent Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC, in which it sets out its contribution towards meeting the adaptation goal set out in the Paris Agreement (Article 2(1)(b)). The Adaption Communication, and the goals it contains, should be based on the key recommendations of the NAP, preferably be quantifiable, and articulate the means of implementation needed to achieve those goals. The Adaptation Communication could be a stand-alone document or submitted as part of a subsequent National Communication. Building on the NAP, its production and submission need not be resource intensive. 143. The commitment to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication should be set out in RMI’s forthcoming NDC. 144.', 'The commitment to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication should be set out in RMI’s forthcoming NDC. 144. The NAP should, as appropriate, align with and build on existing national and regional policies and plans, particularly the recommendations of the recently completed review of RMI’s JNAP (2018) and set out what RMI considers to be the most plausible scenarios for the key manifestations of climate change, in particular sea level rise, bearing in mind the need – consistent with the precautionary principle – to consider extreme-case scenarios. 145.', 'The NAP should, as appropriate, align with and build on existing national and regional policies and plans, particularly the recommendations of the recently completed review of RMI’s JNAP (2018) and set out what RMI considers to be the most plausible scenarios for the key manifestations of climate change, in particular sea level rise, bearing in mind the need – consistent with the precautionary principle – to consider extreme-case scenarios. 145. While the NAP will need to articulate detailed priorities and actions for adaptation and building resilience, it is already clear that RMI’s pathway to adaptation will need to consider at least the following four areas: x Protection: including coastal protection, infrastructure climate-proofing, community and household resilience building, food security, water security, health security, and broader adaptation and disaster risk reduction investments, including the development of financial mechanisms to finance investments and response and recovery efforts; x Elevation: all new construction of all types of structures should be elevated, based on the new National Building Code to be finalized in 2019 and other policies to be adopted.', 'While the NAP will need to articulate detailed priorities and actions for adaptation and building resilience, it is already clear that RMI’s pathway to adaptation will need to consider at least the following four areas: x Protection: including coastal protection, infrastructure climate-proofing, community and household resilience building, food security, water security, health security, and broader adaptation and disaster risk reduction investments, including the development of financial mechanisms to finance investments and response and recovery efforts; x Elevation: all new construction of all types of structures should be elevated, based on the new National Building Code to be finalized in 2019 and other policies to be adopted. As conditions are likely to worsen, particularly sea level rise, new policies and plans for constructing elevated settlements for future consolidation of the population will be critical; x Consolidation: in the event that the majority of communities become increasingly vulnerable and experience more frequent and dire effects ofclimate change, including flooding and inundation, there may need to be a policy to consolidate the population onto elevated settlements.', 'As conditions are likely to worsen, particularly sea level rise, new policies and plans for constructing elevated settlements for future consolidation of the population will be critical; x Consolidation: in the event that the majority of communities become increasingly vulnerable and experience more frequent and dire effects ofclimate change, including flooding and inundation, there may need to be a policy to consolidate the population onto elevated settlements. It is plausible that a policy for consolidation may need to be considered sooner rather than later; and x Relocation: while relocation should be considered the last-resort option, it is likely that some Marshallese will choose to migrate, as many have done so already.', 'It is plausible that a policy for consolidation may need to be considered sooner rather than later; and x Relocation: while relocation should be considered the last-resort option, it is likely that some Marshallese will choose to migrate, as many have done so already. Moreover, it is possible that RMI may not be able to viably accommodate the entire 60,000-plus residents that are projected to be living in the country by 2030. Therefore, the Government will need to simultaneously assure the right of citizens to remain in the islands as best it can, and ensure continued opportunity for migration for those who so choose to relocate. 146.', 'Therefore, the Government will need to simultaneously assure the right of citizens to remain in the islands as best it can, and ensure continued opportunity for migration for those who so choose to relocate. 146. Given the dynamic nature of climate change and disaster risks, the NAP and Adaptation Communication should be reviewed and, if necessary, revised every five years as a minimum, aligning with the five-year cycles of future updates of this RMI 2050 Strategy. 147. An immediate priority is securing financing for protection measures and to urgently address knowledge gaps in order to ensure a solid foundation for the milestones and measures to be set out in the NAP, including in the four areas set out above. 148.', 'An immediate priority is securing financing for protection measures and to urgently address knowledge gaps in order to ensure a solid foundation for the milestones and measures to be set out in the NAP, including in the four areas set out above. 148. More specifically there is an urgent need to expand coastal protection measures and investments, complete and implement the new building code, strengthen food and water security, and develop more formal financing mechanisms for both disaster risk reduction and post-disaster response and recovery. RMI must work effectively with existing and new development partners to secure initial resources for these priority investments. 149.', 'RMI must work effectively with existing and new development partners to secure initial resources for these priority investments. 149. In relation to tackling critical knowledge gaps, some immediate critical questions that need to be addressed include: x How will global sea level rise translate into regional and RMI-specific sea level rise in the future? x What changes in precipitation, air temperature, ocean acidification, tropical cyclones, and coastal vulnerability and hazards will RMI likely experience in the coming decades? x What will be the economic, social, community, and health impacts of the increasingly adverse effects of climate change, including on the most vulnerable? x What resources, including sand and aggregate, are available – and what amounts are sustainable – for coastal protection and other adaptation and disaster risk reduction infrastructure projects?', 'x What resources, including sand and aggregate, are available – and what amounts are sustainable – for coastal protection and other adaptation and disaster risk reduction infrastructure projects? x How will sea level rise impact RMI’s claim to its sovereign territory, exclusive economic zone, and the resources within its current boundaries?x How will marine resources such as pelagic (including tuna) and inshore species be affected by future climate change? x Can RMI construct elevated settlements to house its future population or a part thereof? How could such settlements be developed and settled? x If Marshallese relocate to other countries, what are the most appropriate places and means of resettlement? What rights and status would they have?', 'What rights and status would they have? x Should establishing resettlement communities be considered as an option to preserve the Marshallese language and culture? 150. RMI’s future adaptation and resilience policies, including the NAP, should be underpinned by the following principles: x our natural right to live on our islands – the Marshallese people have occupied this archipelago for some 3,000 years and have a natural and inalienable right to continue living and thriving in these islands.', 'RMI’s future adaptation and resilience policies, including the NAP, should be underpinned by the following principles: x our natural right to live on our islands – the Marshallese people have occupied this archipelago for some 3,000 years and have a natural and inalienable right to continue living and thriving in these islands. It is the RMI Government’s official policy to assure this right to the women, men, youth and future generations of Marshallese, as well as to assure continued opportunity to migrate for those who choose this as their ultimate means of adaptation, to the best of its ability; x prioritize support and capacity building for the most vulnerable and those least capable of adapting – RMI’s social protection system, which remains in an underdeveloped stage, will need to be strengthened to better deliver targeted social assistance and household and community support for women, men and youth; x a fundamental focus on resilience – building resilience to the effects of climate change as well as managing and mitigating disasters from natural hazard risks are strategic priorities for RMI; x follow best-practice – RMI will follow a best-practice adaptation and resilience approach, taking into account the latest scientific evidence, building on relevant lessons from other countries and regions, and working with development partners.', 'It is the RMI Government’s official policy to assure this right to the women, men, youth and future generations of Marshallese, as well as to assure continued opportunity to migrate for those who choose this as their ultimate means of adaptation, to the best of its ability; x prioritize support and capacity building for the most vulnerable and those least capable of adapting – RMI’s social protection system, which remains in an underdeveloped stage, will need to be strengthened to better deliver targeted social assistance and household and community support for women, men and youth; x a fundamental focus on resilience – building resilience to the effects of climate change as well as managing and mitigating disasters from natural hazard risks are strategic priorities for RMI; x follow best-practice – RMI will follow a best-practice adaptation and resilience approach, taking into account the latest scientific evidence, building on relevant lessons from other countries and regions, and working with development partners. A knowledge-first evidence-based approach will be critical, as will be taking into account indigenous knowledge and the knowledge of rural communities; x innovative financing, environmental, and engineering solutions; and x the exceptional circumstances of atoll nations like RMI – while climate change will surely impact all SIDS, the unique circumstances and unique vulnerability of atoll nations should be further recognized.', 'A knowledge-first evidence-based approach will be critical, as will be taking into account indigenous knowledge and the knowledge of rural communities; x innovative financing, environmental, and engineering solutions; and x the exceptional circumstances of atoll nations like RMI – while climate change will surely impact all SIDS, the unique circumstances and unique vulnerability of atoll nations should be further recognized. Potential Measures and Next Steps 151. Immediate priority next steps are to:x take stock of and implement, as appropriate, the recommendations of the JNAP review; and x initiate the production of RMI’s NAP, including securing external means of implementation to do so. Local and Global Trends that will be Relevant to RMI’s Future Adaptation and Resilience Planning 152.', 'Local and Global Trends that will be Relevant to RMI’s Future Adaptation and Resilience Planning 152. The effects of climate change are manifest in changes in air and sea temperatures, rainfall patterns, ocean acidification, typhoons, and other observable phenomena. Figure 16 below summarizes the recent trends and future projections for these changes from the most recent sources available. Recent Trend Projections Air Temperature Temperatures have increased. Annual maximum and minimum temperatures in both Majuro and Kwajalein have increased from the 1950s. In Majuro, maximum temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.22⁰ F (0.12⁰ C) per decade, consistent with the global pattern of warming. Temperatures will continue to increase. Air temperatures are projected to continue to rise.', 'Air temperatures are projected to continue to rise. By 2030, under a high emissions scenario, the increase in temperature is projected to be in the range of 0.8-1.8⁰ F (0.4-1.0⁰ C). This will result in more very hot days and warm nights, with a decline in cooler weather. Rainfall and Droughts Annual rainfall has decreased and droughts have become more severe. Rainfall data for Majuro and Kwajalein since the 1950s show a decreasing trend in annual and seasonal rainfall, significant at the 5% level. There has also been substantial variation in rainfall from year to year. The long-term negative trend suggests either a shift in the mean location of the Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or a change in the intensity of rainfall associated with the ITCZ.', 'The long-term negative trend suggests either a shift in the mean location of the Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or a change in the intensity of rainfall associated with the ITCZ. Dry seasons in recent years have been relatively more severe than in the past, with an extremely severe drought in 2015-2016 that prompted a State of Emergency. Rainfall patterns will continue to change and droughts are likely to increase in frequency and duration. Most global climate models project an increase in average annual and seasonal rainfall through this century. While there is some uncertainty in the rainfall projections for RMI, increasing rainfall variability with potential for extended dry periods is expected.', 'While there is some uncertainty in the rainfall projections for RMI, increasing rainfall variability with potential for extended dry periods is expected. A recent analysis (UNDP 2018) confirms this, projecting higher rainfall but with longer and more intense dry periods and increased frequency and duration of droughts being very likely in RMI through 2045. The analysis shows that increases in drought frequency cannot be ruled out at the 95% confidence level. Ocean Acidification Sea level will continue to rise. Sea level will continue to rise in RMI, but the exact rate of increase depends on multiple factors. According to US NOAA (2017), the questions are when and how much, rather than if, and even if society sharply reduces emissions in the coming decades, sea level will most likely continue to rise for centuries.', 'According to US NOAA (2017), the questions are when and how much, rather than if, and even if society sharply reduces emissions in the coming decades, sea level will most likely continue to rise for centuries. NOAA (2017) projects global mean sea level to rise by 2030 from a low scenario of 3.5 inches (0.9 meters) to an extreme scenario of 9.4 inches (0.24 meters). Sea level rise has not been uniform across the globe, and the Western Pacific region—which includes RMI —is expected to see increases of 20% to 40% above the global mean. Ocean acidification will continue. By all indications, the acidity level of sea water surrounding RMI will continue to increase over this century, with the impact compounded by other stressors such as coral bleaching, storm damage, and fishing pressure.', 'By all indications, the acidity level of sea water surrounding RMI will continue to increase over this century, with the impact compounded by other stressors such as coral bleaching, storm damage, and fishing pressure. Sea Level Rise Sea level has risen. As ocean water warms, it expands and causes the sea level to rise. The melting of glaciers and ice sheets also contribute to sea level rise. Satellite data indicate Sea level will continue to rise. Sea level will continue to rise in RMI, but the exact rate of increase depends onthat sea level near RMI has risen by about 0.3 inches (7 mm) per year since 1993 — at this rate, the sea level has risen by 7 to 8 inches from 1993 to 2018.', 'Sea level will continue to rise in RMI, but the exact rate of increase depends onthat sea level near RMI has risen by about 0.3 inches (7 mm) per year since 1993 — at this rate, the sea level has risen by 7 to 8 inches from 1993 to 2018. This is larger than the global average of 0.11-0.14 inches (2.8-3.6 mm) per year. This higher rate may be partly due to natural fluctuations or by the El Nino Southern Oscillation. multiple factors. According to US NOAA (2017), the questions are when and how much, rather than if, and even if society sharply reduces emissions in the coming decades, sea level will most likely continue to rise for centuries.', 'According to US NOAA (2017), the questions are when and how much, rather than if, and even if society sharply reduces emissions in the coming decades, sea level will most likely continue to rise for centuries. NOAA (2017) projects global mean sea level to rise by 2030 from a low scenario of 3.5 inches (0.9 meters) to an extreme scenario of 9.4 inches (0.24 meters). Sea level rise has not been uniform across the globe, and the Western Pacific region — which includes RMI — is expected to see increases of 20% to 40% above the global mean. Flooding Events Flooding and inundation events have increased. The frequency of annual flooding and inundation events has increased, with higher number of events observed in recent years in Majuro, Kwajalein, and other atolls.', 'The frequency of annual flooding and inundation events has increased, with higher number of events observed in recent years in Majuro, Kwajalein, and other atolls. These typically occur during very high tides, including during King Tides, and/or during periods with strong ocean or wind-driven waves. A 2018 NOAA study reported that high tide flood frequencies on Kwajalein have grown to more than 5 days a year on average, compared to fewer than 1 day a year in 2000. The same general trend has been observed in Majuro. Flooding and inundation to intensify. The frequency of inundation events will continue to rise, resulting in high tide levels increasingly exceeding what may be presently considered King Tide levels.', 'The frequency of inundation events will continue to rise, resulting in high tide levels increasingly exceeding what may be presently considered King Tide levels. Continued sea level rise and wave- driven flooding are expected to have a compounding effect, resulting in more frequent and increasingly severe flooding and damage. A 2018 study on Roi-Namur in Kwajalein projects sea level rise will exacerbate wave-driven flooding within just two to three decades. This will severely affect groundwater resources, critical infrastructure, and render everyday life more and more difficult in RMI. Tropical Cyclones Tropical cyclones frequency increased through the 1990s, but the recent trend is unclear.', 'Tropical Cyclones Tropical cyclones frequency increased through the 1990s, but the recent trend is unclear. Historical records on major tropical storms suggest that from the 1970s through 1990s the frequency of reported storms affecting RMI (of all intensities) increased from 5 in the 1970s, to 7 in the 1980s, to 11 in the 1990s. In the recent two decades, the pattern has been less discernible, but RMI has seen fairly severe events in recent years, including from tropical storm Nangka in 2015. Frequency projections for tropical cyclones uncertain, but intensity likely to increase. Projections indicate a decrease in the number of typhoons worldwide by the end of this century, but a likely increase in the average maximum wind speed and rainfall intensity of future typhoons.', 'Projections indicate a decrease in the number of typhoons worldwide by the end of this century, but a likely increase in the average maximum wind speed and rainfall intensity of future typhoons. A recent study (UNDP 2018) projects the climatological baseline number of storms per decade in the RMI region as approximately 30; the multi-model mean projection is an additional 2 tropical storms per decade by 2035 and an additional 3 per decade by 2045. Power dissipation index is also projected to increase by 9% and 14% by 2035 and 2045, respectively— although these projected changes have medium confidence due to lack of statistical significance. Figure 16: Climate Trends and Projections for RMI Sources: Pacific Climate Change Science Program. 2011. Current and Future Climate of the Marshall Islands.', 'Current and Future Climate of the Marshall Islands. RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2017. Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States. US NOAA, USGS, US EPA, Rutgers University; Government of RMI and Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program. 2016. RMI State of the Environment Report. RMI, SPREP, ACP EU, and UNEP; Government of RMI. 2017. Post Disaster Needs Assessment of the 2015-2016 Drought. Majuro; US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2018. Patterns and Projections of High Tide Flooding Along the US Coastline Using a Common Impact Threshold. Maryland; Storlazzi, Curt. et al. 2018.', 'Maryland; Storlazzi, Curt. et al. 2018. Most atolls will be uninhabitable by the mid-21st century because of sea-level rise exacerbating wave-driven flooding. Science Advances research article, April 2018; United Nations Development Program. 2018. Report on Climate Change Projections for the RMI. Annex 22, Feasibility Study, Green Climate Fund Funding Proposal, RMI Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector Project.Figure 17: Annual Average Temperature for Majuro Note: Light blue bars = El Nino years; dark blue bars = La Nina years; gray bars = neutral years Source: Pacific Climate Change Science Program; RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.', 'Annex 22, Feasibility Study, Green Climate Fund Funding Proposal, RMI Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector Project.Figure 17: Annual Average Temperature for Majuro Note: Light blue bars = El Nino years; dark blue bars = La Nina years; gray bars = neutral years Source: Pacific Climate Change Science Program; RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Figure 18: Annual Rainfall for Majuro Note: Light blue bars = El Nino years; dark blue bars = La Nina years; gray bars = neutral years. The negative trend is statistically significant at the 5% level. Source: Pacific Climate Change Science Program; RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.153.', 'Source: Pacific Climate Change Science Program; RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.153. The most recent global mean sea level rise projections suggest a direr outlook. As reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA 2017), there has been continued and growing evidence that Antarctica and Greenland are losing mass at an accelerated rate; this growing evidence of accelerated ice loss only strengthens the argument for considering worst-case scenarios in coastal risk management. 154. Importantly, sea levels have not risen uniformly across the globe, and the anticipated level of sea level rise in the Western Pacific is between 20% to 40% above the global mean.', 'Importantly, sea levels have not risen uniformly across the globe, and the anticipated level of sea level rise in the Western Pacific is between 20% to 40% above the global mean. This suggests that by 2030, in the best-case scenario RMI may experience 4.61 inches of sea level rise, and in the worst-case scenario over 1 foot (12.28 inches) of sea level rise. Figure 19: Western Pacific Mean Sea Level Rise Scenario Heights (inches): 2030 to 2100 Note: Figures are anchored on year 2000 and are for 19-year averages centered on decade through 2100. Only median values are shown. 30% additional sea level rise calculated based on global mean sea level projections. Source: Calculations based on data from: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2017.', 'Source: Calculations based on data from: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2017. Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States. US NOAA, USGS, US EPA, Rutgers University.Section 4 – Means of Implementation Headline Recommendations ¾ Identify & consider options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment in relation to implementation of RMI’s NDC and 2050 Strategy; ¾ Develop a long-term finance strategy to implement RMI’s current and future NDC, future National Adaptation Plan as well as this 2050 Strategy. The long-term finance strategy should: x prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way; and x be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives.', 'The long-term finance strategy should: x prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way; and x be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives. ¾ Prioritize in-country capacity building and institutional strengthening in relation to every aspect of the implementation of this 2050 Strategy, and at all levels of stakeholders, including communities, women, men and youth. Summary 155. Effective implementation of this 2050 Strategy will require coordinated efforts across all sectors, including governance, GHG emissions reductions, adaptation and resilience, finance, and monitoring, reporting and verification. The availability of means of implementation – including long-term finance and capacity building – will be major factors limiting the extent to which this 2050 Strategy can be implemented. RMI should maximize inward investment and provision of means of implementation on climate change-related issues.', 'RMI should maximize inward investment and provision of means of implementation on climate change-related issues. Continued political leadership at the highest levels, along with a clear governance structure for implementation of all aspects of this 2050 Strategy, will also be necessary. 156. There is no centralized comprehensive overview of the donor assistance/development aid that RMI is eligible to apply for, has applied for or has secured, nor of monitoring of implementation once funds have been secured in areas of relevance to the implementation of RMI’S NDC or this 2050 Strategy. A major cause is that responsibilities for doing so are fragmented across Government departments and agencies. 157.', 'A major cause is that responsibilities for doing so are fragmented across Government departments and agencies. 157. In order to improve efficiencies, to provide an enhanced enabling environment for donors and so attract more inward investment, and to secure funds consistent with nationally driven priorities, options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment in relationto areas of relevance to RMI’s NDC and this 2050 Strategy should be identified and assessed. 158.', 'In order to improve efficiencies, to provide an enhanced enabling environment for donors and so attract more inward investment, and to secure funds consistent with nationally driven priorities, options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment in relationto areas of relevance to RMI’s NDC and this 2050 Strategy should be identified and assessed. 158. The main functions to be considered are: x overall policy and priority setting – what funds to apply for, etc; x operational – such as oversight and quality control of applications, and ensuring alignment with high level Government policies, including this 2050 Strategy; and x monitoring – collection of data, including on project delivery. 159.', 'The main functions to be considered are: x overall policy and priority setting – what funds to apply for, etc; x operational – such as oversight and quality control of applications, and ensuring alignment with high level Government policies, including this 2050 Strategy; and x monitoring – collection of data, including on project delivery. 159. In 2017 the Cabinet agreed in principle that the Economic Policy, Planning and Strategy Office (EPSO) should do overarching monitoring, and that the Division of International Development Assistance (DIDA) should centrally coordinate and manage overseas assistance, but a final decision has not yet been made. Any centralization of functions needs to be sensitively handled and not interfere with existing policy setting and substantive functions of existing Government ministries and departments, without careful consideration.', 'Any centralization of functions needs to be sensitively handled and not interfere with existing policy setting and substantive functions of existing Government ministries and departments, without careful consideration. In that context, consideration should be given to the Chief Secretary’s Office having a role in relation to overall policy setting and prioritization. 160. In order to more effectively attract investment in relation to RMI’s NDC, its future NAP and this 2050 Strategy a long-term climate finance strategy needs to be put in place. The long-term finance strategy should prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way. Consideration should also be given as to whether and how donor assistance could be pooled, so as to ensure efficiency and reduce administrative burdens on both donors and RMI.', 'Consideration should also be given as to whether and how donor assistance could be pooled, so as to ensure efficiency and reduce administrative burdens on both donors and RMI. That long- term finance strategy should also be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives. 161. Unless more effective oversight and coordination is put in place, including establishing a clear mechanism to enable and improve the efficiency of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) coordination, RMI’s ability to attract necessary levels of future climate finance consistent with domestic priorities is likely to be significantly constrained. As such it is recommended that the Government urgently considers how to deliver a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for and monitoring overseas aid and investment. 162.', 'As such it is recommended that the Government urgently considers how to deliver a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for and monitoring overseas aid and investment. 162. It is important that means of implementation build on and strengthen wider development policy across all sectors. Mitigation, adaptation, and climate change resilience actions identified in this 2050 Strategy should be further mainstreamed and integrated into existing development planning processes and national plans and strategies. Developing a new and separate process is not necessary. 163. RMI’s strategic approach to long-term finance and wider means of implementation should be dynamic, and be periodically reviewed, assessed against delivery of objectives and updated to reflect and ensure relevancy, validity, transparency, and accuracy. 164.', 'RMI’s strategic approach to long-term finance and wider means of implementation should be dynamic, and be periodically reviewed, assessed against delivery of objectives and updated to reflect and ensure relevancy, validity, transparency, and accuracy. 164. At the same time, means of implementation for short term action in line with the priorities of this 2050 Strategy is also critical. Implementation of RMI’s NDCPartnership Plan, which identifies the immediate priorities for action and existing gaps, and coordinates support from partners to achieve these priorities, will be very important. This can and should be leveraged over time to enhance donor support toward implementation of future NDCs and this 2050 Strategy. 165. In general, capacity and resource constraints are a significant factor restricting RMI’s ability to access international climate-related assistance.', 'In general, capacity and resource constraints are a significant factor restricting RMI’s ability to access international climate-related assistance. This is an issue that needs to be urgently addressed and in-country capacity building and institutional strengthening should be prioritized in relation to all aspects of implementation of this 2050 Strategy.', 'This is an issue that needs to be urgently addressed and in-country capacity building and institutional strengthening should be prioritized in relation to all aspects of implementation of this 2050 Strategy. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Long-term Climate Finance x Review the climate finance landscape; x Establish institutional arrangements for the oversight and coordination of climate finance activities; x Compile an overall costing for the NDC; x Identify funding gaps and needs; x Assess public and private financing options and develop a country climate investment plan; x Develop a country climate investment plan; x Develop a project pipeline and financing propositions that can be put forward to different financing sources; x Increase private sector engagement and overcome barriers to investment; x Design and implement a climate finance MRV system.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Long-term Climate Finance x Review the climate finance landscape; x Establish institutional arrangements for the oversight and coordination of climate finance activities; x Compile an overall costing for the NDC; x Identify funding gaps and needs; x Assess public and private financing options and develop a country climate investment plan; x Develop a country climate investment plan; x Develop a project pipeline and financing propositions that can be put forward to different financing sources; x Increase private sector engagement and overcome barriers to investment; x Design and implement a climate finance MRV system. Figure 20: Means of implementation potential measures and next steps 166.', 'Figure 20: Means of implementation potential measures and next steps 166. The Government should utilize a robust process in implementing this 2050 Strategy including an initial assessment of resource needs and clear sequencing of activities in accordance with identified priorities. 167.', 'The Government should utilize a robust process in implementing this 2050 Strategy including an initial assessment of resource needs and clear sequencing of activities in accordance with identified priorities. 167. In that context a long-term climate finance strategy and strategy on wider means of implementation should clearly set out actions, timings, and responsibilities.Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information Headline Recommendations ¾ Review roles and responsibilities for data measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and develop policies to ensure that the current system is more effective; ¾ Improve capacity in the area of environmental information and social data collection, monitoring, reporting and verification as a priority, including through accessing available assistance such as the UNFCCC Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency (CBIT); ¾ Prioritize producing and submitting a Biennial Update Report and a Third National Communication; and ¾ Transition to using the latest IPCC Guidelines – including in the production of the next NDC.', 'In that context a long-term climate finance strategy and strategy on wider means of implementation should clearly set out actions, timings, and responsibilities.Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information Headline Recommendations ¾ Review roles and responsibilities for data measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and develop policies to ensure that the current system is more effective; ¾ Improve capacity in the area of environmental information and social data collection, monitoring, reporting and verification as a priority, including through accessing available assistance such as the UNFCCC Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency (CBIT); ¾ Prioritize producing and submitting a Biennial Update Report and a Third National Communication; and ¾ Transition to using the latest IPCC Guidelines – including in the production of the next NDC. Summary 168.', 'In that context a long-term climate finance strategy and strategy on wider means of implementation should clearly set out actions, timings, and responsibilities.Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information Headline Recommendations ¾ Review roles and responsibilities for data measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and develop policies to ensure that the current system is more effective; ¾ Improve capacity in the area of environmental information and social data collection, monitoring, reporting and verification as a priority, including through accessing available assistance such as the UNFCCC Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency (CBIT); ¾ Prioritize producing and submitting a Biennial Update Report and a Third National Communication; and ¾ Transition to using the latest IPCC Guidelines – including in the production of the next NDC. Summary 168. Good quality data and monitoring systems are crucial for informed policy development and to measure progress towards achieving goals.', 'Good quality data and monitoring systems are crucial for informed policy development and to measure progress towards achieving goals. 169. The lack of reliable up-to-date quality environmental data is a significant issue in relation to every aspect of RMI’s NDC and this 2050 Strategy. Unless addressed, this will be a significant barrier to RMI achieving its climate change objectives as set out in its NDC and this 2050 Strategy. 170. The main problems are: x institutional – fragmented, overlapping and unclearly allocated responsibilities for data collection and monitoring; x ineffective data coordination and sharing between Government agencies; x lack of resources and capacity. 171. RMI should review roles and responsibilities and should put in place policies to address these problems and to implement a more effective system.', 'RMI should review roles and responsibilities and should put in place policies to address these problems and to implement a more effective system. International means of implementation available to make improvements in this area should be accessed as a priority. 172. It should be noted that some of the analysis and recommendations in this 2050 Strategy are based on RMI’s 2010 inventory as set out in its Second National Communication. That inventory should be officially updated and set out in RMI’sfuture Third National Communication. Once that is done, the recommendations in this 2050 Strategy may need to be updated in future revisions.', 'Once that is done, the recommendations in this 2050 Strategy may need to be updated in future revisions. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Transparency, Environmental & Social Information x Access international means of implementation available to improve domestic MRV systems; x Review current MRV activities; x Establish institutional arrangements for the oversight and coordination of MRV activities; x Assess data gaps and needs; x Design and implement improved domestic MRV system for mitigation, adaptation and finance; x Establish data management processes; x Build MRV capacity; x Seek to improve the MRV system over time; x Identify international support available to assist RMI to begin preparing a BUR and its third National Communication.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Transparency, Environmental & Social Information x Access international means of implementation available to improve domestic MRV systems; x Review current MRV activities; x Establish institutional arrangements for the oversight and coordination of MRV activities; x Assess data gaps and needs; x Design and implement improved domestic MRV system for mitigation, adaptation and finance; x Establish data management processes; x Build MRV capacity; x Seek to improve the MRV system over time; x Identify international support available to assist RMI to begin preparing a BUR and its third National Communication. Figure 21: Transparency, environmental and social information potential measures and next stepsSection 6 – Gender & Human Rights Headline Recommendations ¾ Mainstream and safeguard gender and human rights, including in relation to developing, adopting, reviewing and implementing laws, policies and projects related to climate change; ¾ Commission further analysis with a view to implementing a strategy to improve disaggregated data collection, monitoring, evaluation and accountability; ¾ Utilize participatory community led, bottom-up approaches to identify challenges and best practices with stakeholders and beneficiaries; ¾ Commission specific research on impacts of climate change on men and women, and their associated responses, in all their diversities drawing on traditional knowledge and skills; ¾ Secure technical assistance and resources to strengthen capacity across national and local Governments, as well as civil society and NGO networks, to design and deliver gender-responsive climate change programs and services; ¾ Ensure programs and projects contribute to secure family wellbeing including healthy lives and livelihoods, through education, domestic partnerships, family and household responsibilities, sexual and reproductive health; ¾ Eliminate gender-based violence and increase protection and care of survivors; ¾ Establish an enabling environment for an equitable participation in, and benefits from, economic development; ¾ Ensure equitable participation of women and men in decision-making through equal opportunities for women and men in all fields of employment, inclusive decision-making and support women’s entrepreneurship; ¾ Design and implement a program for progressive compliance with human rights obligations; and ¾ Build the knowledge and capacity of women, men and youth to address gender inequalities across sectors.Summary 173.', 'Figure 21: Transparency, environmental and social information potential measures and next stepsSection 6 – Gender & Human Rights Headline Recommendations ¾ Mainstream and safeguard gender and human rights, including in relation to developing, adopting, reviewing and implementing laws, policies and projects related to climate change; ¾ Commission further analysis with a view to implementing a strategy to improve disaggregated data collection, monitoring, evaluation and accountability; ¾ Utilize participatory community led, bottom-up approaches to identify challenges and best practices with stakeholders and beneficiaries; ¾ Commission specific research on impacts of climate change on men and women, and their associated responses, in all their diversities drawing on traditional knowledge and skills; ¾ Secure technical assistance and resources to strengthen capacity across national and local Governments, as well as civil society and NGO networks, to design and deliver gender-responsive climate change programs and services; ¾ Ensure programs and projects contribute to secure family wellbeing including healthy lives and livelihoods, through education, domestic partnerships, family and household responsibilities, sexual and reproductive health; ¾ Eliminate gender-based violence and increase protection and care of survivors; ¾ Establish an enabling environment for an equitable participation in, and benefits from, economic development; ¾ Ensure equitable participation of women and men in decision-making through equal opportunities for women and men in all fields of employment, inclusive decision-making and support women’s entrepreneurship; ¾ Design and implement a program for progressive compliance with human rights obligations; and ¾ Build the knowledge and capacity of women, men and youth to address gender inequalities across sectors.Summary 173. Climate change will affect everyone, but the impacts of climate change, and the response initiatives, will be differentiated among women, men and youth.', 'Climate change will affect everyone, but the impacts of climate change, and the response initiatives, will be differentiated among women, men and youth. Women and children, disabled and impoverished groups are often the most vulnerable and disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change due to their marginalization in global society, limiting their access, use and control over resources and services. This limits their responses, including adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. 174. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has put in place multiple mandates to support gender responsive and human rights-based approaches to ensure that climate change policy, programing and implementation address the interests, needs and capacities of women and men for efficient and effective outcomes.', 'The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has put in place multiple mandates to support gender responsive and human rights-based approaches to ensure that climate change policy, programing and implementation address the interests, needs and capacities of women and men for efficient and effective outcomes. The recently adopted UNFCCC Gender Action Plan (GAP) states: ‘Gender-responsive climate policy requires further strengthening in all activities concerning adaptation, mitigation and related means of implementation (finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building) as well as decision- making on the implementation of climate policies.', 'The recently adopted UNFCCC Gender Action Plan (GAP) states: ‘Gender-responsive climate policy requires further strengthening in all activities concerning adaptation, mitigation and related means of implementation (finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building) as well as decision- making on the implementation of climate policies. The GAP recognizes the need for women to be represented in all aspects of the UNFCCC process and the need for gender mainstreaming through all relevant targets and goals in activities under the Convention as an important contribution to increasing their effectiveness’.2 175. Additionally, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) link gender equality (Goal 5) and climate change (Goal 13).', 'Additionally, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) link gender equality (Goal 5) and climate change (Goal 13). SDG Target 13b suggests countries should: ‘Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities’3. 176. Natural disasters, climate change hazards, food insecurity, water crises and public health risks are all threats facing the women, men and youth of RMI. Climate risks are particularly serious, in part because sources of cash income are limited, leaving people with little in the way of savings or financial resources to adapt to changing conditions or recover from climate change-related stresses. 177.', 'Climate risks are particularly serious, in part because sources of cash income are limited, leaving people with little in the way of savings or financial resources to adapt to changing conditions or recover from climate change-related stresses. 177. In 2016, studies revealed that the changing climate and environmental conditions associated with drought resulted in higher morbidity rates and declining nutrition levels, negatively affecting human development and quality of life. Drought also compromises food security with related malnutrition, notably in the outer islands. Natural disasters have resulted in an unknown number of internally displaced people, who have been forced to leave their homes and islands because of factors, including drought, exacerbated by climate change. 178.', 'Natural disasters have resulted in an unknown number of internally displaced people, who have been forced to leave their homes and islands because of factors, including drought, exacerbated by climate change. 178. Women are more vulnerable than men to the effects of events related to climate change, but their critical role in recovery and resilience is gaining recognition. The decreased the supply of necessary materials (pandanus, coconut, vines, etc.) and, across RMI, increased the time and effort needed – and in some cases the cost – to secure water and to perform other household tasks for their families. 179.', 'and, across RMI, increased the time and effort needed – and in some cases the cost – to secure water and to perform other household tasks for their families. 179. While women and different social groups have been disproportionally affected by the 2015–2016 drought, women’s contribution to the household economy is substantial. Therefore, women will be a critical partner in recovery and resilience. Post-disaster recovery resources must therefore strive to safeguard, restore and promote the economic engagement and participation of disadvantaged groups. Recovery efforts must redress gender inequalities or, at the very least, not perpetuate unequal access to power and resources. 180. In early 2015, the RMI Government adopted its National Gender Mainstreaming Policy.', 'In early 2015, the RMI Government adopted its National Gender Mainstreaming Policy. The Policy guides the development of laws, policies, procedures and practices to address the needs, priorities and aspirations of all women and men and to eliminate all forms of discrimination and inequality. The priority areas of the policy are: strengthening capacity across Government to integrate gender equality into Government services and programs; family well-being and eliminating gender-based violence and protecting and caring for survivors; and improving women’s economic empowerment and participation in decision- making. The policy also identifies vulnerable groups of women including those living in the outer islands (rural areas) and those with disabilities. 181.', 'The policy also identifies vulnerable groups of women including those living in the outer islands (rural areas) and those with disabilities. 181. Going forward, key recommendations arising from the GAP should be incorporated, as appropriate, into existing and future RMI policies to implement this 2050 Strategy. Human rights obligations should be similarly mainstreamed and safeguarded. 182. Reliable data in relation to gender issues is a major deficiency. A strategy needs to be put in place to address this, including identifying data needs. Sex disaggregated data needs to be collected to improve the monitoring of the impact and effectiveness of climate change initiatives and policies. 183.', 'Sex disaggregated data needs to be collected to improve the monitoring of the impact and effectiveness of climate change initiatives and policies. 183. Women, men, and youth should be included and engaged as valuable stakeholders in identifying and addressing the climate change concerns of their communities, and share knowledge for responses to ensure their strengthened resilience.', 'Women, men, and youth should be included and engaged as valuable stakeholders in identifying and addressing the climate change concerns of their communities, and share knowledge for responses to ensure their strengthened resilience. Further support should also be commissioned from gender organizations in RMI, as well as gender and human rights experts in advocacy, engagement and capacity building, and for enhancing gender in sector-specific elements.Potential Measures and Next Steps Issue Suggested Next Steps Gender equality and human rights are mainstreamed and safeguarded in RMI’s existing and new climate and development policies, strategies, laws, and activities x Conduct legislative review x Increase representation of women in national and local climate change decision- making and implementation x Increase representation of women in global decision-making processes and related events x Include references to gender and human rights in all Government documents related to climate change Gender analysis is incorporated in strategic planning, programming, and implementation of climate change initiatives x Gender analysis made mandatory x Conduct gender analysis for new and ongoing initiatives Marshallese young women are empowered to respond to climate change and disasters, including through training programs rooted in traditional skills x Training developed with traditional weaving as basis for understanding x Train young women in climate change and disaster risk management Figure 22: Gender & human rights potential measures and next stepsSection 7 – Health Headline Recommendations ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan.', 'Further support should also be commissioned from gender organizations in RMI, as well as gender and human rights experts in advocacy, engagement and capacity building, and for enhancing gender in sector-specific elements.Potential Measures and Next Steps Issue Suggested Next Steps Gender equality and human rights are mainstreamed and safeguarded in RMI’s existing and new climate and development policies, strategies, laws, and activities x Conduct legislative review x Increase representation of women in national and local climate change decision- making and implementation x Increase representation of women in global decision-making processes and related events x Include references to gender and human rights in all Government documents related to climate change Gender analysis is incorporated in strategic planning, programming, and implementation of climate change initiatives x Gender analysis made mandatory x Conduct gender analysis for new and ongoing initiatives Marshallese young women are empowered to respond to climate change and disasters, including through training programs rooted in traditional skills x Training developed with traditional weaving as basis for understanding x Train young women in climate change and disaster risk management Figure 22: Gender & human rights potential measures and next stepsSection 7 – Health Headline Recommendations ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan. Summary 184.', 'Further support should also be commissioned from gender organizations in RMI, as well as gender and human rights experts in advocacy, engagement and capacity building, and for enhancing gender in sector-specific elements.Potential Measures and Next Steps Issue Suggested Next Steps Gender equality and human rights are mainstreamed and safeguarded in RMI’s existing and new climate and development policies, strategies, laws, and activities x Conduct legislative review x Increase representation of women in national and local climate change decision- making and implementation x Increase representation of women in global decision-making processes and related events x Include references to gender and human rights in all Government documents related to climate change Gender analysis is incorporated in strategic planning, programming, and implementation of climate change initiatives x Gender analysis made mandatory x Conduct gender analysis for new and ongoing initiatives Marshallese young women are empowered to respond to climate change and disasters, including through training programs rooted in traditional skills x Training developed with traditional weaving as basis for understanding x Train young women in climate change and disaster risk management Figure 22: Gender & human rights potential measures and next stepsSection 7 – Health Headline Recommendations ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan. Summary 184. Climate change will exacerbate many current climate-sensitive health issues and threatens the ability of health institutions and organizations to maintain and improve health services into the future.', 'Climate change will exacerbate many current climate-sensitive health issues and threatens the ability of health institutions and organizations to maintain and improve health services into the future. This is expected to be particularly true in low-income countries and Small Island Developing States, who are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In particular, climate change will disproportionately affect vulnerable groups, including the poor, children, elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions. 185. The World Health Organization (WHO)4 predicts that the effects of climate change, including storms and flooding, rising sea levels, higher freshwater temperatures, reduced availability of food and drinking water, will translate into increased mortality and morbidity from extreme weather events and climate-sensitive diseases, such as malaria, dengue and cholera. The Paris Agreement specifically mentioned the right to health.', 'The Paris Agreement specifically mentioned the right to health. 186. As such it is critical that RMI takes steps to increase the adaptive capacity and resilience of its health system. The most effective health adaptation strategies take into account that contextual factors as adaptation needs are often highly localized. RMI should undertake measures to identify and assess the greatest health risks and shortcomings in RMI’s current health system in order to develop effective strategies for minimizing the anticipated effects of climate change on health outcomes. 187. It is therefore recommended that health is clearly considered and included as part of RMI’s future NAP.', 'It is therefore recommended that health is clearly considered and included as part of RMI’s future NAP. As a starting point studies should be undertaken to develop a better understanding of climate-related health impacts in RMI, including on vulnerable groups.Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Health x Relevant studies should be initiated to better identify potential health impacts from climate change in RMI and used inform the process of developing the NAP. Figure 23: Health potential measures and next stepsSection 8 – Education, Training & Public Awareness Headline Recommendations ¾ Include education, training & public awareness considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan. Summary 188. The global community has recognized that education plays a key role in responding to climate change.', 'The global community has recognized that education plays a key role in responding to climate change. The Paris Agreement specifically acknowledges the importance of “education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information” (Article 12) in the fight against climate change. 189. UNESCO5 has developed the following five recommendations for policy-makers on how climate change education (CCE) and education for sustainable development (ESD) can be integrated at the national level: x Policy development: ESD is an interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral approach, which aims to prepare people for change by equipping them with a broad base of knowledge, skills, dispositions and values. Governments need to integrate ESD and CCE into all levels and types of education and across the curriculum.', 'Governments need to integrate ESD and CCE into all levels and types of education and across the curriculum. x Governance and resources: Integrating CCE and ESD into national systems requires high-level support from the Government, with cross-sectoral coordination and harmonization. CCE and ESD programs were found to be more successful when a national coordination structure was clearly defined. x Curriculum development: Ministries of Education and education planners should review, develop and strengthen their curricula to ensure that CCE and ESD feature at all levels of the education system. This will entail creating new work units for teachers, and developing new pedagogical approaches with greater emphasis on critical thinking and problem-solving skills. New curricula should be flexible enough to be adaptable to local contexts.', 'New curricula should be flexible enough to be adaptable to local contexts. x Capacity-building of teachers and education planners: Teachers and non- teaching staff need to understand climate change, and have sufficient, locally-adapted materials for classroom use. x Public awareness, communication and stakeholder involvement: Governments should support non-formal education opportunities providedby communities, civil society and the media, all of which play an important role in conveying information about climate change mitigation and adaptation. 190. It is recommended that education considerations in the broadest sense are clearly considered and included as part of RMI’s future NAP. As a starting point studies should be undertaken to develop a better understanding of climate-related education issues and needs in RMI, including among vulnerable groups.', 'As a starting point studies should be undertaken to develop a better understanding of climate-related education issues and needs in RMI, including among vulnerable groups. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Education, Training & Public Awareness x Relevant studies should be initiated to better understand the specific climate education needs in RMI and to inform the process of developing the NAP.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Education, Training & Public Awareness x Relevant studies should be initiated to better understand the specific climate education needs in RMI and to inform the process of developing the NAP. Figure 24: Health potential measures and next stepsSection 9 – Approach & Future Perspectives Headline Recommendations ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs pursuant to the Paris Agreement; ¾ Collect comments on this first 2050 Strategy from stakeholders – including Government, private sector, donors, members of the public – and use them to inform implementation and subsequent updates; ¾ Design and implement a domestic process to oversee future reviews and revisions of this 2050 Strategy and to monitor its implementation.', 'Figure 24: Health potential measures and next stepsSection 9 – Approach & Future Perspectives Headline Recommendations ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs pursuant to the Paris Agreement; ¾ Collect comments on this first 2050 Strategy from stakeholders – including Government, private sector, donors, members of the public – and use them to inform implementation and subsequent updates; ¾ Design and implement a domestic process to oversee future reviews and revisions of this 2050 Strategy and to monitor its implementation. The TTE Committee (or another body) should have a future role in: x monitoring the alignment and consistency of relevant legislation, policies and measures with the 2050 Strategy; x overseeing the update of the 2050 Strategy every five years – including the goals it contains; x monitoring progress towards achievement of RMI’s NDC; and x recommending the targets and goals of future RMI NDCs.', 'The TTE Committee (or another body) should have a future role in: x monitoring the alignment and consistency of relevant legislation, policies and measures with the 2050 Strategy; x overseeing the update of the 2050 Strategy every five years – including the goals it contains; x monitoring progress towards achievement of RMI’s NDC; and x recommending the targets and goals of future RMI NDCs. ¾ Ensure due diligence is fulfilled before making significant investments to implement this 2050 Strategy, including, as appropriate, peer review, third party review and an open and transparent procurement process. A Dynamic 2050 Strategy 191. In producing this 2050 Strategy, a strong feeling prevailed among stakeholders that existing RMI legislation, measures and policies should be built upon and inefficient duplication and replication should be avoided. 192.', 'In producing this 2050 Strategy, a strong feeling prevailed among stakeholders that existing RMI legislation, measures and policies should be built upon and inefficient duplication and replication should be avoided. 192. At the same time, this 2050 Strategy should serve as a useful tool in setting the context for, and influencing, relevant near, medium and long-term planning and decision-making at all levels of stakeholders. As such, the purpose of this 2050 Strategy is to enable relevant RMI decision-makers to make well-informed decisions based on the full national context and not only on economic considerations. 193.', 'As such, the purpose of this 2050 Strategy is to enable relevant RMI decision-makers to make well-informed decisions based on the full national context and not only on economic considerations. 193. The importance of this 2050 Strategy being treated as a dynamic document has been strongly emphasized by all categories of stakeholders, who were also of the view that it should be improved and refined over time.194. A key recommendation is that in order to provide an effective context for policy making and planning this 2050 Strategy is reviewed and updated, as necessary, as at least every five years, including to identify and consider new and relevant technologies and policy options.', 'A key recommendation is that in order to provide an effective context for policy making and planning this 2050 Strategy is reviewed and updated, as necessary, as at least every five years, including to identify and consider new and relevant technologies and policy options. More immediately, once the key outcomes and recommendations from the 2nd National Climate Dialogue and the Partnership Dialogue have been identified, they should be collected and used in the implementation and in future updates of this 2050 Strategy. Other comments received in future from stakeholders of all levels – including Government, private sector, donors, members of the public – should be similarly collected and used. 195. In that sense the 2050 Strategy should be treated as a living document.', 'In that sense the 2050 Strategy should be treated as a living document. As such it will be critical that the key findings of this 2050 Strategy are disseminated and feedback sought. 196. Furthermore, updates to this 2050 Strategy should recommend the targets for future RMI NDCs one year in advance of the submission to the UNFCCC in line with the Paris Agreement. The updating process should include stakeholder consultation. 197. When implementing this 2050 Strategy, in particular when considering short-term measures, reference should also be made to RMI’s NDC Partnership Plan. 198. A domestic process should be put in place to oversee future reviews and revisions of this 2050 Strategy and to monitor its implementation.', 'A domestic process should be put in place to oversee future reviews and revisions of this 2050 Strategy and to monitor its implementation. A critical role will be to endure the five-year NDC updating process is undertaken in the context of RMI working to deliver on its long-term vision. This overarching function could be achieved through maintaining the TTE Committee or by another new or existing body.', 'This overarching function could be achieved through maintaining the TTE Committee or by another new or existing body. The TTE Committee (or another body) should have a future role in: x monitoring the alignment and consistency of relevant legislation, policies and measures with the 2050 Strategy; x overseeing the update of the 2050 Strategy every five years – including the goals it contains; x monitoring progress towards achievement of RMI’s current NDC; and x recommending the targets and goals in future RMI NDCs. 199. Consideration should be given to setting out the status and function of the TTE Committee (or other body) in legislation, so as to give it independent standing, insulate this 2050 Strategy from political changes, and ensure its longevity.', 'Consideration should be given to setting out the status and function of the TTE Committee (or other body) in legislation, so as to give it independent standing, insulate this 2050 Strategy from political changes, and ensure its longevity. Models such as the United Kingdom Climate Change Act 2008 and its Climate Change Committee6 should be considered if they offer useful precedents. In any event, the UK’s standing offer to provide technical advice and insights into the functioning of its Climate Change Act should be taken up. 200. As an immediate suggestion, the Environment Minister could usefully report once a year to the Nitijela on the state of implementation of the 2050 Strategy.', 'As an immediate suggestion, the Environment Minister could usefully report once a year to the Nitijela on the state of implementation of the 2050 Strategy. This could be done annually, on the day after the opening of the Nitijela in August, anddedicated to the memory of Minister Mattlan Zackhras whose vision led to the production of this 2050 Strategy and who passed away in August of 2017. Due Diligence 201. Decisions in the short term have the potential to lock RMI into a particular development pathway for many years to come. As such RMI should undertake full due diligence before making any significant investment decisions related to the implementation of this 2050 Strategy.', 'As such RMI should undertake full due diligence before making any significant investment decisions related to the implementation of this 2050 Strategy. Options could include, as appropriate, peer review, third party review and open and transparent procurement processes. This is of particular importance when deciding on technological options for implementation – there are examples of developing countries being sold outdated technologies, obsolete or even outlawed in developed countries (e.g. for failing to meet important environmental health standards).Section 10 – Background to the RMI 2050 Strategy Why Have a 2050 Strategy? Benefits 202. The RMI Cabinet, as well as members of the TTE Committee, have identified several benefits to having a 2050 Strategy: x A clear framework for RMI’s decision-making and to constantly anchor that in a wider vision.', 'The RMI Cabinet, as well as members of the TTE Committee, have identified several benefits to having a 2050 Strategy: x A clear framework for RMI’s decision-making and to constantly anchor that in a wider vision. Most importantly this 2050 Strategy will set out a long-term context that will guard against short-term decision-making inconsistent with achieving net zero emissions, including those often driven by donors, partners and economic interests; x Clarity for the Government and other stakeholders by holistically bringing key information, policy and financial requirements together in one place. In turn, this can help achieve better domestic coordination; x Improved donor coordination.', 'In turn, this can help achieve better domestic coordination; x Improved donor coordination. This 2050 Strategy will for the first time provide a hierarchy of climate-related needs – and hopefully a discipline – so that support can start to flow to where it is needed most, when it is needed most. In other words, financial and capacity support will for the first time be holistically aligned with our strategic national climate priorities; x Delivery of benefits for Marshallese women, men and youth. By asking the fundamental question of what kind of country RMI wants to be by 2050, RMI will become less reactionary and more proactive in its policy process.', 'By asking the fundamental question of what kind of country RMI wants to be by 2050, RMI will become less reactionary and more proactive in its policy process. Furthermore, by developing and implementing this 2050 Strategy through consultative processes with a wide range of stakeholders, the RMI Government can ensure that the population supports RMI’s climate change priorities, and has a role in setting those priorities. In turn this will help translate RMI’s international climate change leadership into tangible benefits for Marshallese people on the ground through sustainable, climate resilient development; and x Maintaining RMI’s international climate leadership by walking the walk, not just talking the talk.', 'In turn this will help translate RMI’s international climate change leadership into tangible benefits for Marshallese people on the ground through sustainable, climate resilient development; and x Maintaining RMI’s international climate leadership by walking the walk, not just talking the talk. By taking the steps to produce RMI’s own 2050 Strategy, RMI aims to press its international partners to do so as well, including by sharing lessons learned. In turn this will support the wider global commitment to limit temperature increase to well below 2°C, pursuing efforts to limit it to the 1.5 °C cap needed for the survival of RMI. Commitments under the Paris Agreement 203. Having a 2050 Strategy also helps RMI deliver on its commitments under the Paris Agreement.', 'Having a 2050 Strategy also helps RMI deliver on its commitments under the Paris Agreement. As the Agreement states, Parties aim to “strengthen the globalresponse to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development”.', 'As the Agreement states, Parties aim to “strengthen the globalresponse to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development”. (Article 204.', 'As the Agreement states, Parties aim to “strengthen the globalresponse to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development”. (Article 204. The Paris Agreement goes on to invite Parties to strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (2050 Strategies) […](Article 4(19)).', 'The Paris Agreement goes on to invite Parties to strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (2050 Strategies) […](Article 4(19)). In accordance with this, at the Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh (COP22), President Heine committed RMI to producing a 2050 Strategy7. 205. The preamble of the Paris Agreement states that: “Parties should when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity\".The Process that Led to This 2050 Strategy Timeline & Process for Producing the RMI’s 2050 Strategy 206.', 'The preamble of the Paris Agreement states that: “Parties should when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity\".The Process that Led to This 2050 Strategy Timeline & Process for Producing the RMI’s 2050 Strategy 206. Timeline and process: x 21 August 2017 – skeleton outline of the Strategy discussed and agreed by the Committee; x 22/23 August 2017 – RMI Cabinet endorses approach to developing x 19-20 July 2018 – 2nd National Climate Dialogue; x 22-23 July 2018 – NDC Partnership Dialogue; x July/August 2018 – revised draft 2050 Strategy; x August 2018 – presented final draft of Strategy to Cabinet for approval; x Third quarter 2018 – published RMI’s final 2050 Strategy.', 'Timeline and process: x 21 August 2017 – skeleton outline of the Strategy discussed and agreed by the Committee; x 22/23 August 2017 – RMI Cabinet endorses approach to developing x 19-20 July 2018 – 2nd National Climate Dialogue; x 22-23 July 2018 – NDC Partnership Dialogue; x July/August 2018 – revised draft 2050 Strategy; x August 2018 – presented final draft of Strategy to Cabinet for approval; x Third quarter 2018 – published RMI’s final 2050 Strategy. The TTE Committee 207. The TTE Committee, comprising key stakeholders, was formed in order to oversee the production and implementation of RMI’s 2050 Strategy. The Government energy planning division has served at the Secretariat to the Committee. The 2nd RMI National Climate Dialogue Process & Partnership Dialogue 208.', 'The 2nd RMI National Climate Dialogue Process & Partnership Dialogue 208. The 2nd National Climate Dialogue was held on 19-20 July 2018. 209. In order to support the delivery and implementation of the 2050 Strategy in the future, a Partnership Dialogue took place on 22-23 July 2018. The Partnership Dialogue engaged a range of key international stakeholders who will be crucial to the realization of the goals of the 2050 Strategy, including through the production of an NDC Partnership Plan. 210. As recommended above, the outcomes of the Dialogues, as well as the NDC Partnership Plan should be used to inform the implementation of this 2050 Strategy, as well as its future updates.Section 11 – Methodologies, Baseline, Projections 11a – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Methodology 211.', 'As recommended above, the outcomes of the Dialogues, as well as the NDC Partnership Plan should be used to inform the implementation of this 2050 Strategy, as well as its future updates.Section 11 – Methodologies, Baseline, Projections 11a – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Methodology 211. Data was collected on a variety of inputs which were then used to separately calculate carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions, methane (CH4 ) emissions, and nitrous O) emissions. Using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report’s (IPCC AR5) 100-year global warming potentials, CH4 O emissions were converted to CO2 -equivalent emissions. These three emission sources were then summed to arrive at a total of CO2 -equivalent emissions. Using 2010 and 2015 data, current emissions were calculated based on fuel consumption multiplied by emissions factors.', 'Using 2010 and 2015 data, current emissions were calculated based on fuel consumption multiplied by emissions factors. For these emission factors, EPA’s 2015 estimates were used. Overall, the same approach was followed as used in Chapter Two of the RMI’s Second National Communication (August 2015) regarding emissions that were, or were not, included using the improved data collected since this document was published. In some cases, the original IPCC GHG protocol equations were used to calculate emissions. 212. Data collected to produce this 2050 Strategy included: population data, burning and recycling rates, waste generation, copra production, fossil fuel consumption (kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, diesel, gasoline, etc.', 'Data collected to produce this 2050 Strategy included: population data, burning and recycling rates, waste generation, copra production, fossil fuel consumption (kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, diesel, gasoline, etc. ), cooking demand, fuel efficiency, electricity system losses, electricity loads and consumption, levels of current renewables penetration, renewable resources and performance, number of vehicles driven, and vehicle miles per year. 213. In addition to the Second National Communication, another point of reference was the RMI’s NDC, which projects emissions reductions in 2025 and 2030 from a baseline in 2010. This 2050 Strategy therefore also uses the baseline year of 2010. The Second National Communication notably does not account for emissions from the waste sector. In developing its NDC, RMI updated its emissions inventory to include the waste sector.', 'In developing its NDC, RMI updated its emissions inventory to include the waste sector. However, data collection for this sector is poor and requires revision in the Third National Communication. Similarly, the Second National Communication disregarded incineration or burning emissions. More recent 2017 studies show that burning is prevalent in RMI, so this source of emissions was included in the emissions inventory used to develop the 2050 Strategy. 214. The 2010 baseline emissions estimate relies on an extrapolation of a bottom-up calculation that accounts for 80% of RMI’s population. The revised estimate of 168,000 metric tons (Mtons) is aligned with estimates made by the RMI Electricity Roadmap and is in close agreement to the 170,000 Mtons estimate made in the Second National Communication.Figure 25: RMI’s Greenhouse Gas Scenario – NDC 215.', 'The revised estimate of 168,000 metric tons (Mtons) is aligned with estimates made by the RMI Electricity Roadmap and is in close agreement to the 170,000 Mtons estimate made in the Second National Communication.Figure 25: RMI’s Greenhouse Gas Scenario – NDC 215. RMI produced its NDC in 2015. The key provisions of the NDC state that: x RMI commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHG to 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x RMI communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x These targets put RMI on a trajectory to nearly halve GHG emissions between 2010 and 2030, with a view to achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050, or earlier if possible.', 'The key provisions of the NDC state that: x RMI commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHG to 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x RMI communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x These targets put RMI on a trajectory to nearly halve GHG emissions between 2010 and 2030, with a view to achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050, or earlier if possible. 216. The NDC also contains sections in relation to adaptation and means of implementation. 217.', 'The NDC also contains sections in relation to adaptation and means of implementation. 217. Since RMI seeks to significantly reduce its emissions and explore pathways to zero emissions by 2050 goal, the Moderate Scenario is not a “business as usual” scenario, but rather assumes significant renewables penetration and efficiency improvements. The Lighthouse Scenario assumes maximal effort, implemented rapidly, whereas the Significant Scenario assumes the same actions as the Lighthouse Scenario delayed by 15 years due to presumed lack of funds. 218. The quantitative analysis and scenarios on which the 2050 Strategy is based is focused on Majuro and Ebeye because they are the main population centers and because relevant environmental data is most readily available in these cities.', 'The quantitative analysis and scenarios on which the 2050 Strategy is based is focused on Majuro and Ebeye because they are the main population centers and because relevant environmental data is most readily available in these cities. From this base, assumptions and recommendations can be extended to other parts of RMI. 219. The specifics of the choices and assumptions made in relation to the scenarios, pathways or measures set out in this 2050 Strategy may likely change in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - NDC Electricity Transport Waste Otherfuture, as technology improvements, costs, local preferences and market acceptance, as well as financial constraints, all change over time.', 'The specifics of the choices and assumptions made in relation to the scenarios, pathways or measures set out in this 2050 Strategy may likely change in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - NDC Electricity Transport Waste Otherfuture, as technology improvements, costs, local preferences and market acceptance, as well as financial constraints, all change over time. As a next step, further feasibility studies and/or pilot projects are recommended in order to validate and verify that these pathways are feasible in RMI. On this basis, assumptions made should be modified and the model improved in the future. 11b – Adaptation, Environmental Information & Means of Implementation 220.', '11b – Adaptation, Environmental Information & Means of Implementation 220. The analysis underpinning the parts of this 2050 Strategy unrelated to GHG emissions reductions – including on adaptation, environmental information and means of implementation - was based on data collected through interviews with key RMI stakeholders as well as desktop reviews of relevant materials.Section 12 – Acronyms ACWA Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector Project MCG Millennium Consumption Goals CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy MEC Marshall Energy Company CBIT Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification CESC Clean Energy Solutions Center MTC Ministry of Transport and Communication Methane Mtons Metric tons Carbon Dioxide MW Megawatts COP22 Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh N2 O Nitrous Oxide CVF Climate Vulnerable Forum NAP National Adaptation Plan DIDA Division of International Development Assistance NDC Nationally Determined Contribution EPA Environmental Protection Agency NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration EPD Energy Planning Division OEPPC Office of Environmental Planning and Policy Coordination EPSO European Plant Science Organization OTEC Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion EU European Union PPA Power Purchase Agreement GAP Gender Action Plan PREP II Second Phase of the Pacific Resilience Project GDP Gross Domestic Product RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands GHG Greenhouse Gas SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit SIDS Small Island Developing State IMO International Maritime Organization SPREP South Pacific Regional Environment Program Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report UNDP United Nations Development ProgramIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency US United States JNAP Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management USP University of the South Pacific KAJUR Kwajalein Atoll Joint Utility Resources VMT Vehicle Miles Travelled LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas WTE Waste-to-Energy MAWC Majuro Atoll Waste CompanySection 13 – Acknowledgments 221.', 'The analysis underpinning the parts of this 2050 Strategy unrelated to GHG emissions reductions – including on adaptation, environmental information and means of implementation - was based on data collected through interviews with key RMI stakeholders as well as desktop reviews of relevant materials.Section 12 – Acronyms ACWA Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector Project MCG Millennium Consumption Goals CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy MEC Marshall Energy Company CBIT Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification CESC Clean Energy Solutions Center MTC Ministry of Transport and Communication Methane Mtons Metric tons Carbon Dioxide MW Megawatts COP22 Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh N2 O Nitrous Oxide CVF Climate Vulnerable Forum NAP National Adaptation Plan DIDA Division of International Development Assistance NDC Nationally Determined Contribution EPA Environmental Protection Agency NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration EPD Energy Planning Division OEPPC Office of Environmental Planning and Policy Coordination EPSO European Plant Science Organization OTEC Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion EU European Union PPA Power Purchase Agreement GAP Gender Action Plan PREP II Second Phase of the Pacific Resilience Project GDP Gross Domestic Product RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands GHG Greenhouse Gas SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit SIDS Small Island Developing State IMO International Maritime Organization SPREP South Pacific Regional Environment Program Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report UNDP United Nations Development ProgramIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency US United States JNAP Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management USP University of the South Pacific KAJUR Kwajalein Atoll Joint Utility Resources VMT Vehicle Miles Travelled LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas WTE Waste-to-Energy MAWC Majuro Atoll Waste CompanySection 13 – Acknowledgments 221. The Committee would like to acknowledge the help and contributions of the following to the production of this 2050 Strategy: x All the members of the TTE Committee; x Independent Diplomat; x Meister Consultants Group, Clean Energy Solutions Center (CESC) who did much of the technical analysis and modeling underpinning this 2050 Strategy; x The 2050 Pathways Platform; x The NDC Partnership Support Unit.']"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"en-US"}}},{"rowIdx":196,"cells":{"Unnamed: 0":{"kind":"number","value":196,"string":"196"},"country_code":{"kind":"string","value":"MHL"},"country":{"kind":"string","value":"Marshall Islands"},"type_of_document":{"kind":"string","value":"2nd NDC"},"date":{"kind":"string","value":"2018-11-22 00:00:00"},"backend_status":{"kind":"null"},"current":{"kind":"string","value":"x"},"version_number":{"kind":"string","value":"NDC 2.0"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/20181122%20Marshall%20Islands%20NDC%20to%20UNFCCC%2022%20November%202018%20FINAL.pdf"},"comment":{"kind":"null"},"annex_type":{"kind":"string","value":"Non-Annex I"},"income_group":{"kind":"string","value":"Middle-income"},"region":{"kind":"string","value":"Oceania"},"eu27":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"ghg_total":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"},"ghg_transport":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"},"mena":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"valid":{"kind":"bool","value":true,"string":"true"},"document_path":{"kind":"string","value":"../data/downloaded_documents/6059fb1352ee97d91ccc03c64666bc4224b97793fc25861a6d386e63c8026038.pdf"},"para_list":{"kind":"string","value":"['The Republic of the Marshall Islands Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA).', 'The Republic of the Marshall Islands Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). RMI hereby communicates to the UNFCCC: • an update to its existing Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pursuant to Article 4.11 of the Paris Agreement that includes a revised and more ambitious binding 2025 target; and • a new NDC pursuant to Decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 23 that includes: o a new binding 2030 target; o a new indicative 2035 target; o a reaffirmation of its aspiration to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 at the latest; o up-front information in tabular format to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding; o a commitment to produce a National Adaptation Plan; and o a commitment to submit an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC.', 'RMI hereby communicates to the UNFCCC: • an update to its existing Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pursuant to Article 4.11 of the Paris Agreement that includes a revised and more ambitious binding 2025 target; and • a new NDC pursuant to Decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 23 that includes: o a new binding 2030 target; o a new indicative 2035 target; o a reaffirmation of its aspiration to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 at the latest; o up-front information in tabular format to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding; o a commitment to produce a National Adaptation Plan; and o a commitment to submit an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC. RMI reserves the right to conduct further domestic consultations with a view to improving this NDC in accordance with Article 4.11 of the Paris Agreement.', 'RMI reserves the right to conduct further domestic consultations with a view to improving this NDC in accordance with Article 4.11 of the Paris Agreement. The context and long-term vision for this NDC is set out in RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy, September 2018.', 'The context and long-term vision for this NDC is set out in RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy, September 2018. A copy of that strategy is annexed.Nationally Determined Contribution In the context of the necessary means of implementation being available, the Republic of the Marshall Islands: • commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 and to at • communicates an indicative target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least • reaffirms its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest; • commits to producing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by the end of 2019 at the latest that sets out short, medium and long-term milestones to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience, suggests implementation measures and includes a plan to generate the necessary financing; • commits to submitting an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest; • commits to a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all NDC- related planning, programming and implementation; and • commits to using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines in the future.Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Parameter Information Timeframe / periods for implementation Start year: 2020 End year: 2025 Start year: 2025 End year: 2030 Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reduction target (excluding LULUCF) Reference point or base year 2010 base year (~185 Gg CO2-e) Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions Commitment to reduce GHG emissions to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 and to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030 Indicative target to reduce GHG emissions by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035 and an aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest Coverage % National emissions Sectors • Energy - Electricity Generation - Domestic Transportation - Other (Cooking and Lighting) • Waste (Note: emissions from sectors not listed are negligible) Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) (Note: emissions of GHGs not listed are negligible) Geographical boundaries Whole of country Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet targets No Land sector accounting approach N/A Metrics and methodology Consistent with methodologies used in RMI’s Second National Communication (1996 IPCC Guidelines).Parameter Information Planning process RMI’s updated NDC was developed as part of the process to produce and adopt RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy, September 2018.', 'A copy of that strategy is annexed.Nationally Determined Contribution In the context of the necessary means of implementation being available, the Republic of the Marshall Islands: • commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 and to at • communicates an indicative target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least • reaffirms its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest; • commits to producing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by the end of 2019 at the latest that sets out short, medium and long-term milestones to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience, suggests implementation measures and includes a plan to generate the necessary financing; • commits to submitting an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest; • commits to a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all NDC- related planning, programming and implementation; and • commits to using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines in the future.Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Parameter Information Timeframe / periods for implementation Start year: 2020 End year: 2025 Start year: 2025 End year: 2030 Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reduction target (excluding LULUCF) Reference point or base year 2010 base year (~185 Gg CO2-e) Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions Commitment to reduce GHG emissions to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025 and to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030 Indicative target to reduce GHG emissions by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035 and an aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest Coverage % National emissions Sectors • Energy - Electricity Generation - Domestic Transportation - Other (Cooking and Lighting) • Waste (Note: emissions from sectors not listed are negligible) Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) (Note: emissions of GHGs not listed are negligible) Geographical boundaries Whole of country Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet targets No Land sector accounting approach N/A Metrics and methodology Consistent with methodologies used in RMI’s Second National Communication (1996 IPCC Guidelines).Parameter Information Planning process RMI’s updated NDC was developed as part of the process to produce and adopt RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy, September 2018. Fair and ambitious RMI’s emissions are negligible in the global context (<0.00001% of global emissions).', 'Fair and ambitious RMI’s emissions are negligible in the global context (<0.00001% of global emissions). Given its extreme vulnerability and dependence on external support, RMI’s proposed targets are ambitious compared to those proposed by other countries.', 'Given its extreme vulnerability and dependence on external support, RMI’s proposed targets are ambitious compared to those proposed by other countries. RMI’s NDC is consistent with a trajectory to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest.1 RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy is annexed for information purposes only – it does not form part of this NDC.Tile Til Eo 2050 CLIMATE STRATEGY “Lighting the way” The Republic of the Marshall IslandsTable of Contents The Marshall Islands – a Context .6 Section 1 – Executive Summary 8 Key Recommendations 8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10 Adaptation & Climate Resilience . 14 Means of Implementation . 15 Transparency, Environmental & Social Information 16 Gender and Human Rights 16 Approach and Future Perspectives 17 Section 2 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 19 2a – Breakdown & Context 19 2b – Electricity . 21 2c – The Waste Sector . 30 2d – Domestic Transportation – Land based 34 2e – Domestic Transportation – Ocean based . 38 2f – Cooking & Lighting 40 Section 3 – Adaptation & Climate Resilience 43 Section 4 – Means of Implementation 52 Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information . 55 Section 6 – Gender & Human Rights 57 Section 7 – Health 61 Section 8 – Education, Training & Public Awareness 63 Section 9 – Approach & Future Perspectives 65 Section 10 – Background to the RMI 2050 Strategy . 68 Why Have a 2050 Strategy?', 'RMI’s NDC is consistent with a trajectory to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest.1 RMI’s Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy is annexed for information purposes only – it does not form part of this NDC.Tile Til Eo 2050 CLIMATE STRATEGY “Lighting the way” The Republic of the Marshall IslandsTable of Contents The Marshall Islands – a Context .6 Section 1 – Executive Summary 8 Key Recommendations 8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10 Adaptation & Climate Resilience . 14 Means of Implementation . 15 Transparency, Environmental & Social Information 16 Gender and Human Rights 16 Approach and Future Perspectives 17 Section 2 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 19 2a – Breakdown & Context 19 2b – Electricity . 21 2c – The Waste Sector . 30 2d – Domestic Transportation – Land based 34 2e – Domestic Transportation – Ocean based . 38 2f – Cooking & Lighting 40 Section 3 – Adaptation & Climate Resilience 43 Section 4 – Means of Implementation 52 Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information . 55 Section 6 – Gender & Human Rights 57 Section 7 – Health 61 Section 8 – Education, Training & Public Awareness 63 Section 9 – Approach & Future Perspectives 65 Section 10 – Background to the RMI 2050 Strategy . 68 Why Have a 2050 Strategy? . 68 The Process that Led to This 2050 Strategy . 70 Section 11 – Methodologies, Baseline, Projections. 71 11a – Greenhouse Gas Emissions 71 11b – Adaptation, Environmental Information & Means of Implementation . 73 Section 12 – Acronyms . 74 Section 13 – Acknowledgments 76Dedication Ilo Ememej Minister Mattlan Zackhras ilo ettonak eo an nan eiki monakjen in jibadbad kein iumin Strategy 2050.', '. 68 The Process that Led to This 2050 Strategy . 70 Section 11 – Methodologies, Baseline, Projections. 71 11a – Greenhouse Gas Emissions 71 11b – Adaptation, Environmental Information & Means of Implementation . 73 Section 12 – Acronyms . 74 Section 13 – Acknowledgments 76Dedication Ilo Ememej Minister Mattlan Zackhras ilo ettonak eo an nan eiki monakjen in jibadbad kein iumin Strategy 2050. Dedicated to the memory of Minister Mattlan Zackhras and his vision to produce this 2050 Strategy.Foreword As seafaring people we know that a long journey requires careful navigation.', 'Dedicated to the memory of Minister Mattlan Zackhras and his vision to produce this 2050 Strategy.Foreword As seafaring people we know that a long journey requires careful navigation. In beginning to ask ourselves what kind of country we want to live in by the middle of this century, our 2050 Climate Strategy provides us with a compass that we can use to travel with confidence and along a steady course. And by ensuring that it is a dynamic, living document, we will improve the Strategy over time, allowing us to carry out our journey with increasing precision as we get closer to our destination.', 'And by ensuring that it is a dynamic, living document, we will improve the Strategy over time, allowing us to carry out our journey with increasing precision as we get closer to our destination. Under the Paris Agreement that my country was proud to have played a key role in helping secure, every country should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, and to do so by 2020. These “2050 Strategies” will be essential for each country to set a clear direction of travel and provide a domestic context in which to progressively raise ambition in a manner that is consistent with achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'These “2050 Strategies” will be essential for each country to set a clear direction of travel and provide a domestic context in which to progressively raise ambition in a manner that is consistent with achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. Quite simply, the five-year cycles of the Paris Agreement will only ever yield the necessary increases in climate ambition if coupled with each country setting a long-term vision that it works towards achieving. In producing our own 2050 Strategy, we wanted to set a clear framework for progressing towards net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, as well as transitioning to an economy and society that is resilient and can adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change.', 'In producing our own 2050 Strategy, we wanted to set a clear framework for progressing towards net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, as well as transitioning to an economy and society that is resilient and can adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change. But most importantly, we wanted to do this in a way that promotes sustainable development and the future well-being of the Marshallese people – women, men and youth. The process of producing our 2050 Strategy has of itself been a useful experience. In my experience long journeys require many partners.', 'In my experience long journeys require many partners. We therefore invite everyone to consider how they may be able to support the Marshall Islands in our own journey, but also ask those countries that have not yet produced their own 2050 Strategies to start that process and discover for themselves the possibilities and opportunities they can reveal. H.E. Dr. Hilda C. Heine President The Honorable David Paul Minister-in-Assistance to the President & Environment Minister Chair of the Tile Til Eo CommitteeThe Marshall Islands – a Context 1. The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is one of the world’s lowest-lying and climate vulnerable countries.', 'The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is one of the world’s lowest-lying and climate vulnerable countries. It is a coral atoll nation comprising 1,156 individual islands/islets and 29 different atolls with an average elevation of just six feet above sea level, dispersed across nearly two million square kilometers of the Pacific Ocean. The national population is almost 53,000 and the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is approximately US$180 million, driven overwhelmingly by external assistance from the Compact of Free Association relationship with the United States and remittances. National industry and agriculture, including fisheries and especially tuna, account for less than 15% of economic activity. 2. Gaining independence in 1986, after a long period of contestation and occupation, RMI is now a stable and peaceful democracy.', 'Gaining independence in 1986, after a long period of contestation and occupation, RMI is now a stable and peaceful democracy. However, the impacts of 67 different nuclear tests are still felt. These tests, conducted by the US in the period following World War II when RMI was a UN Trusteeship Territory, were roughly equivalent in energy terms to 1.6 Hiroshima detonations every day for 12 years. 3. While RMI may only contribute 0.00001% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the country has a proud history of prominent climate leadership, both at home and on the world stage. Following a global fuel price spike in 2008, RMI declared a National Economic Emergency and has since then rapidly embraced renewable energy technologies and taken huge strides in energy efficiency.', 'Following a global fuel price spike in 2008, RMI declared a National Economic Emergency and has since then rapidly embraced renewable energy technologies and taken huge strides in energy efficiency. For example, more than 90% of the country’s outer islands have now been completely solarized. The country is also embarking on a major solar project for Ebeye (one of two major urban centers) on Kwajalein Atoll, and four other atolls. Additional stability improvements in the electricity grid are still required to allow further penetration of renewable energy in urban areas. 4. On the international stage, RMI spearheaded the 2013 Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership, which sought to demonstrate the Pacific’s adoption of some of the world’s most ambitious GHG emissions reduction targets.', 'On the international stage, RMI spearheaded the 2013 Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership, which sought to demonstrate the Pacific’s adoption of some of the world’s most ambitious GHG emissions reduction targets. In 2015 it played a key role in securing the Paris Agreement on climate change, including as the founder of the High Ambition Coalition (HAC) which it continues to convene. RMI assumed Presidency of the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) in August 2018. 5. RMI is at the front of the front line in the battle against climate change, and its front line is its last line of defense.', 'RMI is at the front of the front line in the battle against climate change, and its front line is its last line of defense. As one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, adapting to climate impacts is an increasingly pressing national priority, including with respect to women, men and children in rural communities who have limited access to resources and services and so are particularly vulnerable. 6. The country is experiencing increasingly damaging effects from climate change and seeing more frequent and intense events, such as drought, floods and swells, and tropical cyclones and storms. RMI declared a State of Disaster in 2013 and 2016 as a result of prolonged and unseasonal droughts.', 'RMI declared a State of Disaster in 2013 and 2016 as a result of prolonged and unseasonal droughts. The Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) from the 2016 drought estimated the total economic losses to be approximately US$4.9 million, with agriculture being the single most affectedsector. In 2015, Typhoon Nangka cost RMI more than 3% of its GDP in a single night. As king tides become more frequent and intense, salt water is increasingly seeping into fresh water lenses, creating urgent challenges for the islands. Raising support to assist with adaptation efforts remains a significant challenge. 7. RMI has matched its international leadership in calling for greater ambition with equally ambitious domestic action.', 'RMI has matched its international leadership in calling for greater ambition with equally ambitious domestic action. In 2015 RMI became the first Small Island Developing State (SIDS) to table its post-2020 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). This committed the country to a 32% reduction of GHG emissions by 2025, based on 2010 levels. It also made an indicative commitment to reduce GHG emissions by 45% by 2030, based on 2010 levels, thereby setting a projected straight-line intended NDC trajectory to achieve RMI’s stated aspiration of net zero GHG emissions by 2050. The NDC was ground breaking in that it contained the first economy-wide absolute GHG emissions reduction target against a base year by a developing country. 8.', 'The NDC was ground breaking in that it contained the first economy-wide absolute GHG emissions reduction target against a base year by a developing country. 8. In 2016 RMI also committed, under the Marrakech Partnership, to achieving 100% renewable energy by 2050. RMI has reiterated its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050, including most recently through signing the Declaration of the Carbon Neutrality Coalition at the One Planet Summit in December 2017. 9.', 'RMI has reiterated its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050, including most recently through signing the Declaration of the Carbon Neutrality Coalition at the One Planet Summit in December 2017. 9. The purpose of this 2050 Climate Strategy – which is RMI’s long-term low greenhouse gas emission climate-resilient development strategy under the Paris Agreement - is to outline a long-term pathway for RMI to achieve its objectives for net zero emissions and 100% renewable energy, as well as to facilitate adaptation and climate resilience in a way that ensures the future protection and prosperity of the country and its women, men and youth.Section 1 – Executive Summary Key Recommendations In order to achieve its objectives for net zero emissions by 2050 and 100% renewable energy, as well as to adapt to the impacts of climate change and achieve resilience in a way that ensures future protection and prosperity of RMI, this 2050 Strategy makes the following recommendations: ¾ Submit, by 2020 at the latest, a new NDC in which, in the context of the necessary means of implementation being available, RMI: x revises its quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x communicates an indicative target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035; x reaffirms its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest, x commits to producing a National Adaptation Plan by the end of 2019 at the latest that sets out short, medium and long-term milestones to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience, suggests implementation measures and includes a plan to generate the necessary financing; x commits to submitting an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest; x commits to a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all NDC-related planning, programming and implementation; and x commits to using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines (currently 2006).', 'The purpose of this 2050 Climate Strategy – which is RMI’s long-term low greenhouse gas emission climate-resilient development strategy under the Paris Agreement - is to outline a long-term pathway for RMI to achieve its objectives for net zero emissions and 100% renewable energy, as well as to facilitate adaptation and climate resilience in a way that ensures the future protection and prosperity of the country and its women, men and youth.Section 1 – Executive Summary Key Recommendations In order to achieve its objectives for net zero emissions by 2050 and 100% renewable energy, as well as to adapt to the impacts of climate change and achieve resilience in a way that ensures future protection and prosperity of RMI, this 2050 Strategy makes the following recommendations: ¾ Submit, by 2020 at the latest, a new NDC in which, in the context of the necessary means of implementation being available, RMI: x revises its quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x communicates an indicative target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035; x reaffirms its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest, x commits to producing a National Adaptation Plan by the end of 2019 at the latest that sets out short, medium and long-term milestones to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience, suggests implementation measures and includes a plan to generate the necessary financing; x commits to submitting an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest; x commits to a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all NDC-related planning, programming and implementation; and x commits to using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines (currently 2006). ¾ Focus in the short and medium term on RMI’s electricity sector to implement GHG reductions consistent with achieving its NDC targets; ¾ Act to reduce RMI’s growing waste problem by minimizing organic material in collected waste and consider possibilities to generate energyfrom waste; ¾ Develop polices to encourage a greater use of public transport, cycling and walking, and the increased uptake of electric vehicles; ¾ Explore options to reduce GHG emissions from domestic ocean-based transport, including improved regulatory control; ¾ Continue efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting and strengthen existing institutional arrangements to reduce GHGs from cooking and lighting; ¾ Establish a long-term finance strategy to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; and identify and consider options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitor, related overseas aid and investment; ¾ Ensure due diligence is fulfilled before making significant investments to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Prioritize capacity building in all areas relevant for the implementation of this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Mainstream gender and human rights, including in relation to developing, adopting, reviewing and implementing laws, policies and projects related to climate change, and commission further analysis with a view to putting in place a strategy to improve related data collection, monitoring and evaluation; ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Include education, training & public awareness considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs; and ¾ Establish a domestic process to oversee reviews and updates to this 2050 Strategy, as well as to monitor its implementation.Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1.', '¾ Focus in the short and medium term on RMI’s electricity sector to implement GHG reductions consistent with achieving its NDC targets; ¾ Act to reduce RMI’s growing waste problem by minimizing organic material in collected waste and consider possibilities to generate energyfrom waste; ¾ Develop polices to encourage a greater use of public transport, cycling and walking, and the increased uptake of electric vehicles; ¾ Explore options to reduce GHG emissions from domestic ocean-based transport, including improved regulatory control; ¾ Continue efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting and strengthen existing institutional arrangements to reduce GHGs from cooking and lighting; ¾ Establish a long-term finance strategy to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; and identify and consider options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitor, related overseas aid and investment; ¾ Ensure due diligence is fulfilled before making significant investments to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Prioritize capacity building in all areas relevant for the implementation of this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Mainstream gender and human rights, including in relation to developing, adopting, reviewing and implementing laws, policies and projects related to climate change, and commission further analysis with a view to putting in place a strategy to improve related data collection, monitoring and evaluation; ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Include education, training & public awareness considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs; and ¾ Establish a domestic process to oversee reviews and updates to this 2050 Strategy, as well as to monitor its implementation.Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1. RMI’s GHG emissions – as presented in the Second National Communication1 (August 2015) – can be broken down into four key sectors: electricity; transportation (land and sea); waste; and cooking & lighting.', 'RMI’s GHG emissions – as presented in the Second National Communication1 (August 2015) – can be broken down into four key sectors: electricity; transportation (land and sea); waste; and cooking & lighting. 2. The following sections will outline illustrative decarbonization scenarios and pathways for each individual sector and, where appropriate, suggest specific considerations for RMI’s major population centers (Majuro, Ebeye, Wotje, Jaluit, and Kili) and the outer islands. 3. RMI produced its NDC in 2015.', 'RMI produced its NDC in 2015. The key GHG provisions of the NDC state that: x RMI commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x RMI communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x These targets put RMI on a trajectory to nearly halve GHG emissions between 2010 and 2030, with a view to achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050, or earlier if possible. 4. Essentially this represents a straight-line intended trajectory from the current 2025 target to zero GHG emissions in 2050 (see NDC trajectory in Figure 1 below). Figure 1: RMI Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions – NDC Trajectory and Scenarios5.', 'Figure 1: RMI Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions – NDC Trajectory and Scenarios5. RMI’s current NDC targets are highly ambitious and will require significant additional efforts, as well as additional means of implementation, to achieve. Nevertheless, this 2050 Strategy proposes targets for a new and more ambitious NDC consistent with the straight-line intended emissions reduction trajectory from the 2025 target to net zero in 2050 (see below). 6. RMI has been clear – as reflected in its 2015 NDC – that its GHG targets represent a floor, and not a ceiling, to ambition.', 'RMI has been clear – as reflected in its 2015 NDC – that its GHG targets represent a floor, and not a ceiling, to ambition. In that context, and in order to illustrate examples of how RMI might further raise ambition and to do so more quickly, this 2050 Strategy also includes three illustrative Scenarios for RMI’s GHG emissions: x a \"Moderate\" enhanced ambition Scenario, reflecting technically and economically feasible targets; x an intermediate \"Significant\" enhanced ambition Scenario, which is equivalent to the Lighthouse Scenario, but is delayed by 15 years due to presumed lack of funding; and x a \"Lighthouse\" enhanced ambition Scenario, which is technically feasible but more expensive. 7.', 'In that context, and in order to illustrate examples of how RMI might further raise ambition and to do so more quickly, this 2050 Strategy also includes three illustrative Scenarios for RMI’s GHG emissions: x a \"Moderate\" enhanced ambition Scenario, reflecting technically and economically feasible targets; x an intermediate \"Significant\" enhanced ambition Scenario, which is equivalent to the Lighthouse Scenario, but is delayed by 15 years due to presumed lack of funding; and x a \"Lighthouse\" enhanced ambition Scenario, which is technically feasible but more expensive. 7. Each of the illustrative Scenarios (see Figure 1) is defined in more detail in the Section 2 of this 2050 Strategy.', 'Each of the illustrative Scenarios (see Figure 1) is defined in more detail in the Section 2 of this 2050 Strategy. The purpose of these Scenarios is to: x provide illustrative examples of the range of options available, and the kind of measures that might need to be implemented to achieve them, as well as to suggest next steps; x provoke discussions as to what might be the best way forward for RMI to contribute to achieving the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement; x facilitate making progress towards achieving RMI’s aspiration of net zero GHG emissions by 2050. 8. This 2050 Strategy is intended to provide a framework under which more detailed implementation plans, strategies and projects can be developed.', 'This 2050 Strategy is intended to provide a framework under which more detailed implementation plans, strategies and projects can be developed. In that context it is important, when considering measures and next steps to implement this 2050 Strategy, that reference is also made to RMI’s forthcoming NDC Partnership Plan, and to keep in mind that for the electricity sector specific implementation measures will be set out in RMI’s forthcoming Electricity Roadmap. Main Points 9. Achieving RMI’s 2025 NDC target and indicative 2030 NDC target is possible under the assumptions outlined in this 2050 Strategy. In both the Lighthouse and the Significant Scenarios, RMI would essentially meet its indicative 2030 NDC goal.', 'In both the Lighthouse and the Significant Scenarios, RMI would essentially meet its indicative 2030 NDC goal. RMI could achieve up to an 87% reduction in GHG emissions in the Lighthouse Scenario by 2050, without using any offsets. A pathway to eliminate remaining emissions and achieve 100% reductions by 2050 is not clear due to currently unavoidable GHG emissions from waste. But in future planning efforts, RMI can evaluate additional new technology options, carbon sinks, or offsets.10.', 'But in future planning efforts, RMI can evaluate additional new technology options, carbon sinks, or offsets.10. On the basis of the current NDC, and consistent with the straight-line intended emissions reductions trajectory from the 2025 target to net zero in 2050, as well as the content and underpinning analysis of this 2050 Strategy, it is recommended that – in accordance with the legally binding requirement of the Paris Agreement – RMI submits by March 2020, at the latest, a new NDC in which it: x revises its quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by 2025 to be at least 32% below 2010 levels.', 'On the basis of the current NDC, and consistent with the straight-line intended emissions reductions trajectory from the 2025 target to net zero in 2050, as well as the content and underpinning analysis of this 2050 Strategy, it is recommended that – in accordance with the legally binding requirement of the Paris Agreement – RMI submits by March 2020, at the latest, a new NDC in which it: x revises its quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by 2025 to be at least 32% below 2010 levels. Changing its current 2025 target to an “at least” target is consistent with RMI’s wish to overachieve on its 2025 target, and to further raise ambition and do so more quickly, should the means of implementation to do so be available; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030.', 'Changing its current 2025 target to an “at least” target is consistent with RMI’s wish to overachieve on its 2025 target, and to further raise ambition and do so more quickly, should the means of implementation to do so be available; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030. In doing this, RMI will make trying to achieve its previously indicative 2030 target binding under the Paris Agreement; x communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035.', 'In doing this, RMI will make trying to achieve its previously indicative 2030 target binding under the Paris Agreement; x communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035. This indicative target would be consistent with RMI’s straight-line intended NDC emissions reduction trajectory from the 2025 target to net zero in 2050, and so represents consistent momentum in RMI’s GHG emissions reductions efforts. 11. By specifying that targets in its future NDC will be “at least” targets, RMI will send a clear signal of intent to try to overachieve against them, and that they are a floor for ambition, not a ceiling.', 'By specifying that targets in its future NDC will be “at least” targets, RMI will send a clear signal of intent to try to overachieve against them, and that they are a floor for ambition, not a ceiling. Nevertheless, it must be emphasized that achieving even RMI’s existing ambitious NDC targets will require the necessary means of implementation to be available. Going beyond these and overachieving against targets will clearly require the availability of further means of implementation. At the same time, the transition to renewable energy could present net future cost savings from reduced imports of fossil fuels and bring other co-benefits, for example. 12. It is worth pointing out that RMI has already undertaken significant steps to reduce its GHG emissions.', 'It is worth pointing out that RMI has already undertaken significant steps to reduce its GHG emissions. Its emissions peaked in 2009, and the National Energy Policy and Energy Action Plan identifies a comprehensive list of strategies to further reduce GHG emissions. To maintain this momentum, this 2050 Strategy recommends undertaking studies and pilot projects, which focus on the actions with the highest potential to transform RMI’s energy usage and accelerate the shift away from emissions-intensive practices, towards net zero emissions by 2050. 13. With strategic and adaptive management, RMI can achieve significant emissions reductions and solidify its climate leadership position. In its 2009 and 2016 National Energy Plans, RMI outlined national goals for energy use that move the country toward achievement of its 100% decarbonization vision by 2050.', 'In its 2009 and 2016 National Energy Plans, RMI outlined national goals for energy use that move the country toward achievement of its 100% decarbonization vision by 2050. The electricity sector has by far the greatest potential to rapidly reduce RMI’s GHG emissions in line with its 2025 and 2030 NDC targets. The pathway to asustainable green energy mix and to further decarbonizing the electricity generation sector will be set out in RMI’s forthcoming Electricity Roadmap. Further Detail 14. This 2050 Strategy shows that by 2050, RMI can nearly achieve its goal of reaching zero emissions. In order to achieve these results without the use of GHG offsets, significant changes to energy policy and in-use technologies are needed. 15.', 'In order to achieve these results without the use of GHG offsets, significant changes to energy policy and in-use technologies are needed. 15. A comparison of the NDC to the three illustrative Scenarios in 2030 and 2050 shows the following projection on 2010 levels: NDC 45% reduction 100% reduction Moderate Scenario 47% reduction 56% reduction Significant Scenario 54% reduction 70% reduction Lighthouse Scenario 60% reduction 87% reduction 16. Among the three Scenarios, the Lighthouse Scenario gets RMI closest to its stated aim of net zero GHG emissions by 2050 (see Figure 4). 17. After 2025, the three Scenarios diverge significantly in terms of achieved emissions reductions.', 'After 2025, the three Scenarios diverge significantly in terms of achieved emissions reductions. This means that if ambitious action is delayed, emissions reductions would need to be more aggressive in the future in order to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Internationally it is generally accepted that delayed action would ultimately incur greater overall costs – although this would need further analysis, taking into account the specific circumstances of RMI. 18. Decisions regarding how a Lighthouse ambition reduction strategy could be pursued will depend on a number of factors including: x current and projected future technology costs (e.g.', 'Decisions regarding how a Lighthouse ambition reduction strategy could be pursued will depend on a number of factors including: x current and projected future technology costs (e.g. energy storage); x the relatively higher costs of delaying action and still achieving net zero emissions reductions by 2050; x RMI’s international leadership on climate change; and x access to financing and other means of implementation. 19. In the Lighthouse Scenario, the addition of energy storage allows renewable penetration to reach 100% of electricity generation. Electric vehicles would tend to eliminate land transportation emissions, and electricity for cooking substitutions would tend to eliminate “other” emissions.20. While waste emissions can be reduced through recycling and landfill improvements, they cannot be eliminated entirely due to the limitations of current technologies and policy options.', 'While waste emissions can be reduced through recycling and landfill improvements, they cannot be eliminated entirely due to the limitations of current technologies and policy options. Therefore, even under a Lighthouse emissions reductions Scenario, reaching net zero emissions by 2050 is currently not feasible. Offsetting residual emissions from waste could be considered, and more sustainable technologies may, of course, emerge in the future. Adaptation & Climate Resilience 21. As one of the world’s most climate vulnerable nations, adaptation will be a constant requirement for RMI, even if the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global temperature increases to no more than 1.5°C is achieved.', 'As one of the world’s most climate vulnerable nations, adaptation will be a constant requirement for RMI, even if the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global temperature increases to no more than 1.5°C is achieved. It is difficult to predict exactly what adaptation needs there will be based on how high the temperature might rise and therefore it is important to apply the precautionary principle in planning. 22. RMI has historically developed adaptation policies based on immediate and foreseen requirements, hence there is an urgent need to review and consolidate policies and measures on adaptation and climate resilience. A systematic and integrated approach that combines climate and disaster risk considerations is needed to build resilience across the entire country and economy.', 'A systematic and integrated approach that combines climate and disaster risk considerations is needed to build resilience across the entire country and economy. This should happen around three pillars: x a clear sense of strategic principals and priorities; x an understanding of current and future climate change risks and impacts; x a phased and adaptive approach to action. 23. In that light, RMI should start, as soon as possible, the process to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and complete it by the end of 2019 at the latest. 24.', 'In that light, RMI should start, as soon as possible, the process to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and complete it by the end of 2019 at the latest. 24. The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate in detail immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next five years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; andx incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (JNAP).', 'The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate in detail immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next five years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; andx incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (JNAP). 25.', 'The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate in detail immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next five years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; andx incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (JNAP). 25. The NAP should set out in detail RMI’s policy for domestic planning purposes.', 'The NAP should set out in detail RMI’s policy for domestic planning purposes. On the international front, RMI should submit an Adaptation Communication, based on the NAP, to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest. That Communication should concisely set out RMI’s contribution towards meeting the adaptation goal set out in the Paris Agreement, and the required means of implementation to fully implement that contribution. 26. Both the commitment to produce the NAP and subsequent Adaptation Communication should be set out in RMI’s forthcoming NDC. 27. A significant barrier to implementing RMI’s current and future adaptation and resilience measures is long-term predictable and adequate financing.', 'A significant barrier to implementing RMI’s current and future adaptation and resilience measures is long-term predictable and adequate financing. Because private sector finance is particularly hard to secure in this area, public sector funding from the international climate donor and development sector must be the focus. Means of Implementation 28. In order to more effectively attract investment in relation to implementing RMI’s NDC, its future NAP as well other aspects of this 2050 Strategy, a long-term climate finance strategy needs to be put in place. That long-term finance strategy will need to help prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way, and it should be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives. 29.', 'That long-term finance strategy will need to help prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way, and it should be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives. 29. Unless more effective oversight and coordination is put in place, including establishing a clear mechanism to enable and improve the efficiency of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) coordination, RMI’s ability to attract necessary levels of future climate finance consistent with domestic priorities is likely to be significantly constrained. It is therefore recommended that the Government urgently considers how to deliver a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment. 30.', 'It is therefore recommended that the Government urgently considers how to deliver a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment. 30. At the same time, means of implementation for short term action in line with the priorities of this 2050 Strategy is also critical. Implementation of RMI’s NDC Partnership Plan, which identifies the immediate priorities for action and existing gaps, and coordinates support from partners to achieve these priorities, will be very important. This can and should be leveraged over time to enhance donor support toward implementation of future NDCs and this 2050 Strategy. 31. In general terms capacity and resource constraints are a significant factor restricting RMI’s ability to access international climate-related assistance.', 'In general terms capacity and resource constraints are a significant factor restricting RMI’s ability to access international climate-related assistance. This is an issue that needs to be urgently addressed and in-country capacity building and institutional strengthening should be prioritized in this area.Transparency, Environmental & Social Information 32. Good quality data and information management and monitoring systems are crucial for informed policy development and to measure progress towards achieving goals, and to enable results-oriented policy, investment and development planning. Lack of reliable, high quality and accessible data will, unless addressed, be a very significant barrier to RMI achieving its climate change objectives as set out in its NDC and this 2050 Strategy. This is a consistently recurring issue in relation to every aspect and sector addressed by this 2050 Strategy. 33.', 'This is a consistently recurring issue in relation to every aspect and sector addressed by this 2050 Strategy. 33. In that context it should be noted that some of the analysis and recommendations in this 2050 Strategy are based on RMI’s GHG inventory as set out in its Second National Communication. That inventory should be officially updated and set out in RMI’s future Third National Communication. The 2050 Strategy and its recommendations can be accordingly revised in future to reflect the updated emissions inventory. 34. Therefore, institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities for data collection, management, monitoring, analysis and dissemination should be reviewed and policies put in place to ensure that a more effective system is implemented. RMI should aspire to using the latest IPCC Guidelines where relevant. 35.', 'RMI should aspire to using the latest IPCC Guidelines where relevant. 35. Capacity building in this area should be a priority, and international funding and technical assistance already available or set aside for this purpose should be accessed, and further assistance sought as needed. 36. RMI should also prioritize producing and submitting its Biennial Update Report and its Third National Communication, and should aim to do so at the latest by the end of 2019. Gender and Human Rights 37. Social considerations — including the differentiated impacts of climate change and the response initiatives on women, men and youth — should be systematically integrated into all climate change policy, planning and implementation.', 'Social considerations — including the differentiated impacts of climate change and the response initiatives on women, men and youth — should be systematically integrated into all climate change policy, planning and implementation. Women are disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change due to their marginalized status in global society which limits their access, use and control over resources and services. 38. This 2050 Strategy finds there to be a need to mainstream gender considerations and a human rights-based approach in all aspects of RMI’s policy and legislative development, adoption and implementation in relation to climate change.', 'This 2050 Strategy finds there to be a need to mainstream gender considerations and a human rights-based approach in all aspects of RMI’s policy and legislative development, adoption and implementation in relation to climate change. An initial step is to increase gender-differentiated and disaggregated data collection to identify gaps, needs and opportunities for women, men, youth and marginalized and vulnerable groups to address gender and social inequities,particularly in rural remote communities. Further expert input should be sought to further improve these aspects – including in future revisions of this 2050 Strategy. A strategy should be developed to progressively ensure RMI’s full compliance with its human rights obligations. 39.', 'A strategy should be developed to progressively ensure RMI’s full compliance with its human rights obligations. 39. Women, men, and youth should be included and engaged as valuable stakeholders in identifying and addressing the climate change concerns of their communities and to share knowledge for responses to ensure their strengthened resilience. Further support should also be commissioned from gender organizations in RMI, as well as gender and human rights experts in advocacy, engagement and capacity building, and for enhancing sector-specific gender considerations. Approach and Future Perspectives 40. In producing this 2050 Strategy, stakeholders were of the view that existing RMI legislation, measures and policies should be built upon, and that inefficient duplication and replication should be avoided.', 'In producing this 2050 Strategy, stakeholders were of the view that existing RMI legislation, measures and policies should be built upon, and that inefficient duplication and replication should be avoided. Stakeholders also expressed a strong view that it should not be a one-off document but improved over time. 41. A key recommendation is that this 2050 Strategy is reviewed and updated, as necessary, every five years as a minimum, including to identify new and relevant technologies and policy options. More immediately, once the key outcomes and recommendations from the 2nd National Climate Dialogue and the Partnership Dialogue held in July 2018, have been identified, they should be collected and used in the implementation of this 2050 Strategy as well as to inform future updates.', 'More immediately, once the key outcomes and recommendations from the 2nd National Climate Dialogue and the Partnership Dialogue held in July 2018, have been identified, they should be collected and used in the implementation of this 2050 Strategy as well as to inform future updates. Additional comments received in the future from stakeholders of all levels should be similarly collected and used. In that sense the 2050 Strategy should be treated as a living document. As such, it will be critical that the key findings of this 2050 Strategy are disseminated and feedback sought from a range of stakeholders. 42.', 'As such, it will be critical that the key findings of this 2050 Strategy are disseminated and feedback sought from a range of stakeholders. 42. Furthermore, updates to the 2050 Strategy should recommend the targets for future RMI NDCs one year in advance of their submission to the UNFCCC in line with the requirements of the Paris Agreement. The recommendation process should include stakeholder consultation. 43. The Tile Til Eo Committee (TTE Committee) was established to facilitate the production of this 2050 Strategy and it has proved valuable outside of the 2050 Strategy remit as well.', 'The Tile Til Eo Committee (TTE Committee) was established to facilitate the production of this 2050 Strategy and it has proved valuable outside of the 2050 Strategy remit as well. The Committee and this 2050 Strategy were given the name Tile Til Eo, meaning lighting the way in Marshallese, to signify both the pathway to the country s zero emissions future and also the example which RMI hopes others can follow. 44. Consideration should be given to maintaining the TTE Committee.', 'Consideration should be given to maintaining the TTE Committee. In any event, the TTE Committee or another body should have a future role in: x monitoring the alignment and consistency of relevant legislation, policies and measures with the 2050 Strategy;x overseeing the update of the 2050 Strategy every five years – including the goals it contains; x monitoring progress towards achievement of RMI’s current NDC; and x recommending the targets and goals of future RMI NDCs. 45. It is strongly recommended that the TTE Committee or other body should be as independent of day-to-day Government decision-making as possible, so as to enhance the credibility of its functions and to maximize the possibility of considering and advising on politically sensitive issues in making future recommendations.', 'It is strongly recommended that the TTE Committee or other body should be as independent of day-to-day Government decision-making as possible, so as to enhance the credibility of its functions and to maximize the possibility of considering and advising on politically sensitive issues in making future recommendations. International policy and legislative frameworks such as the United Kingdom’s Climate Change Act and Climate Change Committee should be considered. Further thoughts are set out in Section 9.Section 2 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2a – Breakdown & Context 46.', 'Further thoughts are set out in Section 9.Section 2 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2a – Breakdown & Context 46. The following figures provide a breakdown and context for RMI’s GHG emissions: Figure 2: Moderate Scenario projection breakdown by sector Figure 3: Significant Scenario projection breakdown by sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Moderate Electricity Transport Waste Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Significant Electricity Transport Waste OtherFigure 4: Lighthouse Scenario projection breakdown by sector Figure 5: Snapshot comparisons of Scenarios by sector and year Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Lighthouse Electricity Transport Waste Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenarios Electricity Transport Waste Other NDC Lighthouse scenario Moderate scenario Significant scenario No current NDC targets after 20302b – Electricity Headline Recommendations ¾ Focus – particularly in the short and medium term – on the electricity sector to implement GHG emissions reductions targets; ¾ Complete and implement RMI’s Electricity Roadmap, which will provide further detail on least-cost technology pathways for how the electricity sector can be further decarbonized; ¾ Invest in electricity grid upgrades to improve grid stability, minimize system losses and accommodate more variable generation from renewable energy; ¾ Undertake a feasibility study to assess the potential for vehicle to grid electricity storage, which would provide dual benefits of reducing transportation emissions and providing stability to the grid.', 'The following figures provide a breakdown and context for RMI’s GHG emissions: Figure 2: Moderate Scenario projection breakdown by sector Figure 3: Significant Scenario projection breakdown by sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Moderate Electricity Transport Waste Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Significant Electricity Transport Waste OtherFigure 4: Lighthouse Scenario projection breakdown by sector Figure 5: Snapshot comparisons of Scenarios by sector and year Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - Lighthouse Electricity Transport Waste Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenarios Electricity Transport Waste Other NDC Lighthouse scenario Moderate scenario Significant scenario No current NDC targets after 20302b – Electricity Headline Recommendations ¾ Focus – particularly in the short and medium term – on the electricity sector to implement GHG emissions reductions targets; ¾ Complete and implement RMI’s Electricity Roadmap, which will provide further detail on least-cost technology pathways for how the electricity sector can be further decarbonized; ¾ Invest in electricity grid upgrades to improve grid stability, minimize system losses and accommodate more variable generation from renewable energy; ¾ Undertake a feasibility study to assess the potential for vehicle to grid electricity storage, which would provide dual benefits of reducing transportation emissions and providing stability to the grid. RMI should also consider thermal storage options; ¾ Review the governance relationship between the RMI Government and the electric utilities, including to ensure national mandates are implemented by the electricity generating sector; and ¾ Consider passing an Energy Sector Management Act to clarify powers and responsibilities among Government agencies to streamline decarbonization policies across the energy sector.', 'RMI should also consider thermal storage options; ¾ Review the governance relationship between the RMI Government and the electric utilities, including to ensure national mandates are implemented by the electricity generating sector; and ¾ Consider passing an Energy Sector Management Act to clarify powers and responsibilities among Government agencies to streamline decarbonization policies across the energy sector. Summary 47. The electricity sector has by far the greatest potential to rapidly reduce RMI’s GHG emissions in line with its 2025 and 2030 NDC targets. As such RMI’s decarbonization pathway relies primarily on transitioning the electricity sector away from fossil fuels. It is estimated that at least 10% of RMI’s GDP is spent on importing fossil fuels for electricity generation alone. This represents a significant national cost.', 'This represents a significant national cost. Furthermore, the heavy reliance on fossil fuel imports represents a highly significant energy security risk. Being at the end of the supply chain due to its remote location, RMI is highly susceptible to changes in supply due to geopolitical shocks or fuel price spikes. 48. At present, electricity generation is almost exclusively reliant on diesel fuel. While a full-scale shift to renewable energy is imperative, in the short to medium-term, RMI must leverage a combination of demand and supply-side reductions to reduce GHG emissions and facilitate the long-term transition. 49. Current policies only look out to 2020 – and not to 2025 or 2030 – and therefore do not fully implement RMI’s NDC.', 'Current policies only look out to 2020 – and not to 2025 or 2030 – and therefore do not fully implement RMI’s NDC. Policies in the energy sector will need to bedeveloped – based on solid analysis – that look well beyond 2020. These will need to be accompanied by a solid and rigorous long-term financial plan. The forthcoming Electricity Roadmap will be a positive step towards addressing some of these concerns. 50. Majuro, home to RMI’s largest electricity grid, must undertake a combination of: x upgrading the electricity grid to reduce system losses; x pursuing demand-side energy efficiency upgrades; x replacing existing diesel generators with high speed engines; x increasing solar and wind penetration on the grid; and x installing storage capacity. 51.', 'Majuro, home to RMI’s largest electricity grid, must undertake a combination of: x upgrading the electricity grid to reduce system losses; x pursuing demand-side energy efficiency upgrades; x replacing existing diesel generators with high speed engines; x increasing solar and wind penetration on the grid; and x installing storage capacity. 51. Upgrading the grid could bring much needed supply-side efficiency improvements and also accommodate projected increases in demand from new industrial facilities (e.g. a proposed fish processing plant in Majuro) and potential electrification of land-based transportation. Upgrading the grid is also a necessary step to allow for more variable generation (e.g. wind and solar). 52.', 'Upgrading the grid is also a necessary step to allow for more variable generation (e.g. wind and solar). 52. It is estimated that there are up to 30% energy losses in the current grid – although there are a lot of uncertainties around this figure, which is based on comparing production and billing. These losses are made up of: • energy ‘lost’ to run the power station – estimated to be about 7%; • distribution network losses through transmission lines and transformers – estimated to be about 7%; and • energy theft – estimated to be around 15%. 53. It may be technically feasible to reduce losses to as little as 5%. As such, reducing grid losses could provide RMI with significant cost savings and GHG emissions reduction potential.', 'As such, reducing grid losses could provide RMI with significant cost savings and GHG emissions reduction potential. Policies should be urgently developed to address this. New electricity meters, for example, would facilitate a better understanding of energy losses by comparing what comes out of transformers to what is billed. 54. Demand-side efficiency improvements should also be considered, such as appliance standards for air conditioning units and building code reforms to reduce electricity demand for cooling. 55. RMI should consider novel and variable tariff structures for electricity consumers – to maximize social access to energy and lower costs for all citizens while dis- incentivizing overuse. The current policy of providing landowners with 1000KwH free per month should be reviewed for consistency with trying to curtail GHG emissions through reduced energy use.', 'The current policy of providing landowners with 1000KwH free per month should be reviewed for consistency with trying to curtail GHG emissions through reduced energy use. 56. Policies will also need to be developed in relation to independent producers of renewable energy, including in relation to possible feed-in tariffs. A lack of regulation in this area could be problematic in terms of developing grid capacity for renewable energy in a logical and planned way. The impact of independent renewable energy production on the Marshall Energy Company (MEC) will also need to be considered.57. Current diesel engines are manually controlled and incompatible with high penetration of renewable energy on the present grid system.', 'Current diesel engines are manually controlled and incompatible with high penetration of renewable energy on the present grid system. Installing high-speed diesel engines would be needed to address supply fluctuations from variable generation until adequate energy storage is added to the grid. As such, an upgrade to diesel generation would facilitate greater penetration of renewable energy. As the penetration of renewable energy increases, the use of diesel could be downscaled – provided that the right kind of diesel generators are chosen at the outset. In the future these engines could theoretically be run on biodiesel, although this would not reduce RMI’s GHG emissions unless procured from sustainable sources. 58.', 'In the future these engines could theoretically be run on biodiesel, although this would not reduce RMI’s GHG emissions unless procured from sustainable sources. 58. RMI also has extensive coconut oil production (copra), which can potentially be used as either a renewable fuel for transportation or for electricity generation. However, there is limited land area available and copra is a key source of foreign exchange and economic prosperity for RMI. As a starting point for national discussion, it has been assumed that 50% of the available crop could in future be devoted to electricity generation. For this to make economic sense, world copra prices need to be lower than diesel prices.', 'For this to make economic sense, world copra prices need to be lower than diesel prices. This use of copra can complement renewables, providing power during cloud cover, at night, and during low wind periods, allowing higher levels of renewable penetration. 59. An alternative would be to leapfrog diesel upgrading and move directly to greater renewables combined with storage – but this would require a considerable up- front investment in storage as well as grid infrastructure. In any event, any decision to invest in new diesel needs to be made in the context of, and balanced against, reducing battery costs in relation to renewable energy storage as a source of baseload. 60. There remain significant uncertainties over levels of fuel imports used for electricity generation.', 'There remain significant uncertainties over levels of fuel imports used for electricity generation. Policies should be put in place to improve data collection – including more granularity on how imported fuel is used once on island – as well as to improve access to such data (much of which lies in the hands of commercial organizations) by the RMI Government and relevant agencies. 61. A major constraint to solar penetration aside from electricity grid limitations is the lack of land area in RMI. There is about 7 megawatts (MW) worth of existing usable space on land and roofs. Majuro would need nearly 40 MW of solar capacity installed (with storage) to decarbonize its electricity grid based on current demand.', 'Majuro would need nearly 40 MW of solar capacity installed (with storage) to decarbonize its electricity grid based on current demand. Many buildings in Majuro lack the structural capacity to support rooftop solar. A lack of policy in this area poses a very real barrier to the roll out of renewable energy in the urbanized areas of RMI. As such, there is a need to urgently develop policy, such as: x the use of novel approaches to install solar (e.g. schools, basketball courts, hospitals, airport, etc. ); x the potential use of floating solar panels for the reservoir by the airport or options for using floating solar in the lagoon, including addressing related land rights issues.', '); x the potential use of floating solar panels for the reservoir by the airport or options for using floating solar in the lagoon, including addressing related land rights issues. Such options could be cheaper than land mounted solar; andx a consistent and comprehensive approach for negotiating relevant access contracts for placement of solar panels. 62. Ebeye – the second largest grid in RMI – could follow a similar path to electricity sector decarbonization as Majuro. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency’s (IRENA) 2015 Renewables Readiness Assessment, Ebeye’s grid losses are considerably smaller than Majuro’s due to its size and the density of its population. Grid upgrades may still be necessary to allow for increased solar penetration. 63.', 'Grid upgrades may still be necessary to allow for increased solar penetration. 63. For electricity storage, which is essential as renewable energy penetration for electricity generation increases, a mixture of stationary batteries, thermal storage, and electric vehicles (which can provide vehicle to grid storage), has been assumed in the Scenarios set out in this 2050 Strategy. 64. Electric vehicles could play a role in electricity storage in the two main population centers of Majuro and Ebeye. Vehicle to grid storage would allow RMI to simultaneously reduce transportation emissions and help stabilize the grid in response to the growing variability in electricity production introduced by the rising penetration of renewable energy. This may require infrastructure upgrades to facilitate bi-directional electricity flows to and from the grid.', 'This may require infrastructure upgrades to facilitate bi-directional electricity flows to and from the grid. As a first step, a feasibility study should be conducted. 65. The remaining major population centers (Jaluit, Wotje, and Kili) operate micro- grids powered by diesel. Demand in these micro-grids would not justify short-term investments in high-speed diesel engine upgrades. These micro-grids may therefore need to wait until they can be upgraded directly to a grid-connected solar system with energy storage. Off-grid solar can perhaps be pursued in the intervening period. In the outer atolls, the electricity sector is theoretically already decarbonized through off-grid stand-alone solar systems. However, the expansion of these systems and their long-term maintenance ought to be given further consideration. 66.', 'However, the expansion of these systems and their long-term maintenance ought to be given further consideration. 66. In all of the Scenarios considered, solar photovoltaics have been found to be the most viable renewable resource for RMI to achieve full decarbonization. While wind may also be a viable resource, it is still in its nascent stages in RMI. The lack of available land in RMI suggests that wind may need to play a significant role in the country’s future renewable energy mix. Feasibility studies in this area should be undertaken. 67. Whilst data collection and availability for the electricity sector is relatively well developed compared to other sectors, there still seem to be significant uncertainties. This is an area where improvement would assist in more accurate policy development and projections.', 'This is an area where improvement would assist in more accurate policy development and projections. Studies have, for example, tended to focus mainly on Majuro. 68. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) has been previously proposed as a moonshot technology that could significantly contribute to RMI’s decarbonization efforts and also make it an energy exporter. Feasibility studies for a proposed pilot project on Kwajalein have shown promise but two factors impede progress: lack of adequate demand; and absence of adequate financial capital. A power purchaseagreement (PPA) with the US Army to supply electricity to the military base on Kwajalein would be necessary to address concerns around adequate demand as RMI alone would not justify the investment in an OTEC plant.', 'A power purchaseagreement (PPA) with the US Army to supply electricity to the military base on Kwajalein would be necessary to address concerns around adequate demand as RMI alone would not justify the investment in an OTEC plant. Furthermore, raising financial capital is difficult as RMI is credit-constrained and would have to rely on private capital and grants to fund a pilot project. This can perhaps be overcome by stressing the economic co-benefits of OTEC as excess electricity can be used to produce hydrogen fuel, which can be employed domestically and sold on the international market. Additionally, OTEC can also be a freshwater resource and provide drought resilience for RMI. 69.', 'Additionally, OTEC can also be a freshwater resource and provide drought resilience for RMI. 69. As RMI looks towards full electricity decarbonization, the relationship between the Government and electric utilities will need to be reviewed to ensure that effective and efficient structures are in place to drive and oversee the transition to 100% renewable energy. For example, while the governance structure of the MEC and Kwajalein Atoll Joint Utility Resources (KAJUR) allow for limited Government influence, the extent of this influence is ambiguous – in particular from the external perspective of donors and development banks – and could usefully be clarified. 70. Another important governance question is the role of the Energy Planning Division (EPD) within the Ministry of Resources and Development (R&D).', 'Another important governance question is the role of the Energy Planning Division (EPD) within the Ministry of Resources and Development (R&D). While EPD is meant to be the “focal point for all energy-related activities and initiatives” it currently lacks the regulatory authority necessary to drive a comprehensive decarbonization policy. An Energy Sector Management Act has been proposed “to clarify powers and responsibilities within Government for energy” but has yet to be drafted and passed by the Nitijela. Addressing this should be a priority. Potential measures and next steps Area Sub-Area Measure Feasibility Assessments Pilot Actions Stationary Electricity Generation Diesel Generator Efficiency / Rapid Response Evaluate the best time to upgrade diesel engines to fast start technology and how to use this to expand renewable usage. Increase priority for this equipment.', 'Increase priority for this equipment. If coconut usage will be high over the long term, see comments below. Solar Evaluate the feasibility of increasing solar penetration on Majuro (which is likely possible if automated SCADA and dispatch best practices are implemented (see below). Pilot floating solar arrays in RMI, and collect solar insolation data near population centers of Majuro and Ebeye to reduce solar financing uncertainty. Wind To eliminate transmission costs, a wind plant will need to be located as close to the current MEC electricity plant as possible. Put up a wind tower to measure wind speedsStorage Energy Efficiency for a few years, to establish whether wind availability is high enough to warrant wind use; and verify that land (even slightly offshore if needed) near this location is available.', 'Put up a wind tower to measure wind speedsStorage Energy Efficiency for a few years, to establish whether wind availability is high enough to warrant wind use; and verify that land (even slightly offshore if needed) near this location is available. Coconut Oil Given RMI economics, and the export value of coconut oil, decide what proportion of the coconut crop it makes sense to eventually devote to electricity production; in addition, examine if crop yield/acreage can be expanded and/or what levels of oil usage make sense. With coconut oil viscosity higher than diesel, it should be feasible to use the waste heat from the current diesel engines to pre-heat the coconut oil to allow much higher blend rates. Continue current studies and see if this is feasible in a laboratory.', 'Continue current studies and see if this is feasible in a laboratory. It will be critical that fast-starting diesel technology be compatible with coconut oil blends. Automated SCADA/Dispatch/ Forecasting Examine best electric utility dispatch practices in the U.S. (whether automated, semi-automated, or manual), especially for low cost and at the RMI utility s size and implement automated dispatch at 15-minute intervals if possible. Vehicle to Grid Battery Storage Continue electric vehicles pilots, and form a partnership with vehicle to grid storage software/ hardware vendors, and pilot this aspect as well Battery Storage Vehicle to grid battery capacity appears to be the most economic, but other utility battery storage vendors are starting to offer products. Examine costs, land requirements, and maintenance / salt corrosion for utility scale battery storage, to determine whether/which non- vehicle to grid technology RMI should pilot. If attractive technology is found, partner with vendors as a test/pilot site. Thermal Storage Examine which thermal storage technologies are technically and economically feasible in RMI.', 'Thermal Storage Examine which thermal storage technologies are technically and economically feasible in RMI. Pilot these technologies, especially with regards to maintenance and salt/air corrosion. Replace all A/C with Wet Cooling Towers / Seawater ASHPs Assess Majuro s and Ebeye s air conditioning infrastructure, identifying the equipment s condition and type, to verify if shifting to seawater-source heat pumps, and/or water-cooling towers, is viable, and what efficiency gains are reasonable. (As was done for the infrastructure report, RMI may be able to recruit military base personnel to provide technical expertise.) Look for other tropical climate pilots as examples, and pilot these technologies on RMI. Improve Building Codes / Assess RMI s buildings insulation levels, and the potential for savings through improved building codes Launch a buildingEnforcement and/or building retrofits. (As above, military base personnel may be a resource, or energy efficiency code professionals from the U.S. or elsewhere.) insulation retrofit program, and/or improve building codes and enforcement.', '(As above, military base personnel may be a resource, or energy efficiency code professionals from the U.S. or elsewhere.) insulation retrofit program, and/or improve building codes and enforcement. Other Appliances Conduct a survey study, if not already done, to determine what types of equipment Majuro s electricity supplies, and what efficiency levels these pieces of equipment operate at. This will include water pumps (already described in the infrastructure report), air conditioning, lighting, other electric motors, etc. Examine maintenance levels as well, to assess potential for efficiency improvement and next steps (i.e. efficiency standards, improved maintenance regimes/enclosures, etc.). Figure 6: Electricity - potential measures and next steps Key Assumptions Electricity — Renewables 71. Assumption: the renewable potential in RMI involves a significant role for biomass (coconut oil), wind, and solar photovoltaics. 72.', 'Assumption: the renewable potential in RMI involves a significant role for biomass (coconut oil), wind, and solar photovoltaics. 72. Assumption: 50% of the current coconut oil crop can be used to generate electricity while the remaining 50% would be sold on the open market, either domestically or for export. Coconut oil would first be used for stationary energy rather than transportation or heating applications. As such, it could eventually replace approximately 12% of diesel used to generate electricity. 73. Wind power could make up several MW of RMI’s renewable generation, thanks to the improvement of technology and the availability of RMI’s atolls as pre-built offshore wind platforms. Current wind data appears indeed to be above economical thresholds in the US Midwest.', 'Current wind data appears indeed to be above economical thresholds in the US Midwest. Assumption: one to two 1.5-2.5 MW turbines can be used in Majuro, as wind s generation profile is complementary to solar. 74. Land is scarce in RMI, and non-government rooftops are not structurally capable of supporting PV arrays. Assumption: RMI will use floating photovoltaics arrays when it runs out of appropriate rooftop space. Electricity — Storage 75. At higher renewable levels, some form of energy storage is necessary. Assumption in the Moderate Scenario: no storage is developed, and renewable energy generation is therefore capped. Assumption in the Lighthouse Scenario: storage comes from a combination of thermal storage technologies and grid-to-electric vehicle storage.Electricity — Energy Efficiency 76.', 'Assumption in the Lighthouse Scenario: storage comes from a combination of thermal storage technologies and grid-to-electric vehicle storage.Electricity — Energy Efficiency 76. Assumption: Majuro electricity loss improvement efforts will reduce losses from 30% to 20% in 2025. 77. Assumption: 25% (Moderate) and 50% (Lighthouse) end use energy efficiency improvements by 2050. This will come from a combination of insulation improvements (retrofits, building codes), electrical grid loss reductions (from 30% losses to 20% by 2025), air conditioning improvements (seawater heat pumps and water-cooling towers appear to be able to achieve a 50% efficiency improvement), and other higher efficiency appliances (water pumps, motors, etc.). Sector Definitions 78. Emissions from current diesel generators that generate power for Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, an island with 28% of RMI’s population of 52,000. 79.', 'Emissions from current diesel generators that generate power for Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, an island with 28% of RMI’s population of 52,000. 79. Only these two grids are modeled, covering 79% of the population (there are a few outlying grids on other islands). Scenario Definitions 80. Figure 7 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. In some cases, measures are combined (e.g. a variety of end user efficiency measures are delineated by row; these are modeled as an overall improvement in end user efficiency). Area Measure NDC Millennium Consumption Goals (MCG) Moderate MCG Lighthouse Scenario (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Electricity Energy Efficiency Demand: Prepay Meter Included in overall 25% reduction target across all end user efficiencies.', 'Area Measure NDC Millennium Consumption Goals (MCG) Moderate MCG Lighthouse Scenario (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Electricity Energy Efficiency Demand: Prepay Meter Included in overall 25% reduction target across all end user efficiencies. Included in reduction target across all end user efficiencies. Energy Efficiency End User Diesel Generator Efficiency / Rapid Response 6,2 3,7 10% reduction in 2025.Diesel Heat Recovery 3,8 0 Solar Total radiant energy (RE) capped at 30% of grid (ramping w/ fast diesel/SCADA). 100% RE w/ battery/thermal storage. Wind 2,5 MW single turbine @ MEC gen plant. turbines @ MEC gen plant. Coconut Oil Use 50% available coconut for electricity generation phase in, 50% by 2035. Vehicle to Grid Battery Storage Convert all cars/trucks to electric vehicles. Automated SCADA/Dispatch/Forecasting In place by 2025. Battery Storage Covers 2/3 of storage needed. Curtailment Not used. Commercial/Residential Demand Response Thermal Storage Covers 1/3 of storage needed. Replace all A/C with Wet Cooling Towers/Seawater ASHP’s Major driver in the 25%/50% end use efficiency improvement.', 'Replace all A/C with Wet Cooling Towers/Seawater ASHP’s Major driver in the 25%/50% end use efficiency improvement. Can potentially double efficiency (see VHAC efficiency sheet). Improve Building Codes/ Enforcement Major driver in the 25%/50% end use efficiency improvement. Improved isolation is particularly important.', 'Improve Building Codes/ Enforcement Major driver in the 25%/50% end use efficiency improvement. Improved isolation is particularly important. Figure 7: Electricity – Scenario definitions2c – The Waste Sector Headline Recommendations ¾ Focus – in the medium term out to 2030 – on policies and plans to reduce RMI’s significant and growing waste problem on the social and wider environmental benefits of taking action rather than reduction of GHG emissions; ¾ Develop policies and measures to minimize the level of organic material in collected waste – including a focus on local composting; ¾ Analyze further the feasibility of generating energy from waste and the corresponding GHG benefits; ¾ Assess future plans for the landfilling of waste carefully against RMI’s long- term goals of achieving net zero emissions by 2050 and for environmental impacts.', 'Figure 7: Electricity – Scenario definitions2c – The Waste Sector Headline Recommendations ¾ Focus – in the medium term out to 2030 – on policies and plans to reduce RMI’s significant and growing waste problem on the social and wider environmental benefits of taking action rather than reduction of GHG emissions; ¾ Develop policies and measures to minimize the level of organic material in collected waste – including a focus on local composting; ¾ Analyze further the feasibility of generating energy from waste and the corresponding GHG benefits; ¾ Assess future plans for the landfilling of waste carefully against RMI’s long- term goals of achieving net zero emissions by 2050 and for environmental impacts. Apart from using waste for land reclamation, landfill is not recommended as a primary policy to deal with waste; ¾ Review the powers of the RMI Government to ensure they are fit for the purpose of developing and implementing relevant policies and measures.', 'Apart from using waste for land reclamation, landfill is not recommended as a primary policy to deal with waste; ¾ Review the powers of the RMI Government to ensure they are fit for the purpose of developing and implementing relevant policies and measures. The 2008 draft waste strategy should be finalized, taking into account the latest data and this 2050 Strategy; and ¾ Extend waste collection throughout the whole of Majuro to minimize the use of illegal waste dumps. Summary 81. Waste accounts for nearly a quarter of RMIs total GHG emissions, and if the country is to move towards net zero GHG emissions, this sector will need to be addressed. However, the waste sector is by far the most difficult of RMI’s sectors to decarbonize. 82.', 'However, the waste sector is by far the most difficult of RMI’s sectors to decarbonize. 82. As such, and given that most of RMI’s GHG emissions reductions potential for its 2025 and 2030 NDC targets will be delivered through the energy sector, the country should not look to the waste sector as a significant contributor to reduce GHG emissions in the short to medium term. Rather, planning out to 2030 should focus on social benefits and the wider environmental advantages of dealing with the RMI’s significant and growing waste problem. 83. Having said that, dealing with waste and reducing GHG emissions in an economically feasible way are not mutually exclusive. Planning for this sector should therefore align and be consistent with RMI’s 2050 goal.84.', 'Planning for this sector should therefore align and be consistent with RMI’s 2050 goal.84. A successful feasibility study for a 1.2 MW waste-to-energy (WTE) plant in Majuro was conducted in 2010. WTE would substantially reduce RMI’s waste-related emissions thanks to the reduction of methane emissions. Furthermore, a WTE plant could provide baseload power for RMI, at least partially eliminating the short to medium-term need for diesel-powered electricity generation. This would provide the dual benefit of reducing waste as well as decreasing the need for imported fossil fuel. 85. There are, however, operational concerns that are barriers to adopting WTE in RMI such as the lack of a reliable waste stream to run a WTE facility.', 'There are, however, operational concerns that are barriers to adopting WTE in RMI such as the lack of a reliable waste stream to run a WTE facility. One option might be for RMI to consider in further detail the potential to import waste from other atolls. In particular, waste from Ebeye (combined with Majuro) could perhaps provide a steady waste stream. In any event, further feasibility analysis of WTE potential should be carried out. 86. The Majuro Atoll Waste Company (MAWC) is looking into building an incineration facility to address space constraints in Majuro. This could have some GHG reduction potential but, as with WTE, localized air pollution risks could be a concern. 87.', 'This could have some GHG reduction potential but, as with WTE, localized air pollution risks could be a concern. 87. Landfilling waste in RMI could, if planned and managed well, deliver co-benefits such as creating new land or as part of coastal defenses. However, landfilling of organic waste will very likely be inconsistent with RMI’s goal of net zero emissions by 2050 because recovery of GHG emissions from landfill is technically difficult and resource intensive, generally requiring significant amounts of freshwater and soil. 88. As such, very careful thought needs to be given as to whether or not to invest in landfill.', 'As such, very careful thought needs to be given as to whether or not to invest in landfill. Given the general unsuitability of RMI for landfill, a WTE approach might be more preferable and more consistent with the overall vision of moving towards net zero emissions by 2050. If landfilling is pursued, methods such as a \"Fukuoka\" style landfill, which reduces methane emissions by 50% compared to standard landfills, should be considered. 89. To date, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has sought to reduce solid and toxic waste that pose direct threats to human health.', 'To date, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has sought to reduce solid and toxic waste that pose direct threats to human health. Going forward, given that waste management in the outer atolls would be difficult to oversee, RMI should focus its efforts on reducing organic waste – the major driver of waste- related GHG emissions – in its major population centers, specifically in Majuro and Ebeye. Urgent priority needs to be given to local composting of organic material and separating out organic materials from the general waste stream. Local initiatives such as composting will be key to this. 90. Waste collection should be urgently extended throughout Majuro.', 'Waste collection should be urgently extended throughout Majuro. This should assist in minimizing the use of illegal waste dumps, burning, burying or dumping of waste into the ocean – including of toxic wastes. 91. Government authority over waste management is relatively decentralized in RMI, which complicates national efforts to reduce waste-related emissions as there is no clear responsibility for national policy. The ad hoc reliance on the EPA for this purpose – which is an enforcement agency – is far from ideal. Government powers should be reviewed for adequacy to ensure they are fit for purpose. As part ofthat, the 2008 draft waste strategy should be finalized, taking into account the latest data and this 2050 Strategy. 92.', 'As part ofthat, the 2008 draft waste strategy should be finalized, taking into account the latest data and this 2050 Strategy. 92. A fundamental problem is that the vast majority (up to 90%) of what is imported to RMI stays here. Consideration should be given to introducing policies to: x influence the nature and types of material that are imported, with the aim of reducing waste – for example by discouraging importation of packaging materials that cannot be economically recycled or are not biodegradable (e.g. banning or reducing the import of plastic bottles or plastic bags); x incentivize recycling (e.g. through deposit schemes); x improve waste reduction across all atolls through public education programs and existing Government mandates. 93.', 'through deposit schemes); x improve waste reduction across all atolls through public education programs and existing Government mandates. 93. Many waste studies have been conducted in RMI, which have generated a wealth of data. It is recommended that these are consolidated. An overarching study could be launched, and a comprehensive policy consequently developed based on the study’s conclusions. As part of this, RMI should complete the development of its national waste strategy, initiated in 2008 in conjunction with the South Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP). Potential Measures and Next Steps Figure 8: The Waste Sector – potential measures and next steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Waste “Fukuoka” Landfill Site Implement a “Fukuoka” landfill site at/near the current side, verifying post landfill site use (aka Japan, elsewhere); clean up and close the current site.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Figure 8: The Waste Sector – potential measures and next steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Waste “Fukuoka” Landfill Site Implement a “Fukuoka” landfill site at/near the current side, verifying post landfill site use (aka Japan, elsewhere); clean up and close the current site. Incinerate Waste rather than Uncontrolled Burning As recommended by the Japanese waste team, explore the opportunity for large-scale public incineration to reduce landfill volumes. Incineration will increase emissions but is safer than current uncontrolled burning. Disposable Container Ban As part of education on recycling and reuse, consider a disposable container ban and explore tactics on how to increase recycling rates to match US and/or European Union (EU) levels. Improve Recycling, Education, Regulation Enforcement, Reducing Landfill VolumesKey Assumptions 94.', 'Disposable Container Ban As part of education on recycling and reuse, consider a disposable container ban and explore tactics on how to increase recycling rates to match US and/or European Union (EU) levels. Improve Recycling, Education, Regulation Enforcement, Reducing Landfill VolumesKey Assumptions 94. Assumption in both Moderate and Lighthouse Scenarios: the Majuro landfill is over capacity and therefore should be closed and replaced with a \"Fukuoka\" style landfill, which reduces methane emissions by 50% compared to standard landfills. 95. WTE incineration can reduce landfill volumes/land requirements but has higher eventual emissions. Assumption: incineration in the Moderate Scenario, but not for the Lighthouse Scenario. 96. Assumption: RMI can achieve higher recycling levels by 2050, reaching current US levels by 2025 and current EU levels by 2040 in all Scenarios. Sector Definition 97.', 'Assumption: RMI can achieve higher recycling levels by 2050, reaching current US levels by 2025 and current EU levels by 2040 in all Scenarios. Sector Definition 97. Municipal solid waste, incineration/burning, and waste water treatment emissions for Majuro and Ebeye. We use a 2017 waste survey s estimate of open burning to include burning emissions in the GHG inventory, in contrast to the Second National Communication where these emissions are not accounted for. Scenario Definitions 98. Figure 9 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Waste “Fukuoka” Landfill Site Reduces methane emissions by 50% compared to standard landfill.', 'Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Waste “Fukuoka” Landfill Site Reduces methane emissions by 50% compared to standard landfill. Incinerate Waste rather than Uncontrolled Burning Reduces landfill volume by 80% when ashes are buried. However, not all material can be incinerated after collection. Incineration not used and burning on Majuro and Ebeye banned; requires more landfill space, but Fukuoka landfill technique allows productive use after land is used as landfill.Disposable Container Ban Assume current 8% recycling rate increases to 35% (US average) by 2025, and then 45% (EU average) by 2035.', 'Incineration not used and burning on Majuro and Ebeye banned; requires more landfill space, but Fukuoka landfill technique allows productive use after land is used as landfill.Disposable Container Ban Assume current 8% recycling rate increases to 35% (US average) by 2025, and then 45% (EU average) by 2035. Improve Recycling, Education, Regulation Enforcement, Reducing Landfill Volumes “Collect and Burn Methane Producers” Figure 9: The Waste Sector – sector definitions 2d – Domestic Transportation – Land based Headline Recommendations ¾ Develop polices to encourage a greater use of public transport, as well as cycling and walking, and to reduce the reliance and demand on private vehicles; ¾ Commission further analysis to identify policy options to increase the uptake of electric vehicles; ¾ Consider policies to require Government departments and agencies to transition to electric vehicles; and ¾ Improve data collection, including on what proportion of imported fossil fuels are used by domestic land transport.', 'Improve Recycling, Education, Regulation Enforcement, Reducing Landfill Volumes “Collect and Burn Methane Producers” Figure 9: The Waste Sector – sector definitions 2d – Domestic Transportation – Land based Headline Recommendations ¾ Develop polices to encourage a greater use of public transport, as well as cycling and walking, and to reduce the reliance and demand on private vehicles; ¾ Commission further analysis to identify policy options to increase the uptake of electric vehicles; ¾ Consider policies to require Government departments and agencies to transition to electric vehicles; and ¾ Improve data collection, including on what proportion of imported fossil fuels are used by domestic land transport. Summary 99. The decarbonization pathway for land transportation would require the electrification of the transportation fleet with the possibility of also leveraging low and zero-carbon fuel sources such as biofuel and hydrogen. 100.', 'The decarbonization pathway for land transportation would require the electrification of the transportation fleet with the possibility of also leveraging low and zero-carbon fuel sources such as biofuel and hydrogen. 100. These alternative fuel sources currently show little promise. Hydrogen-powered vehicles are only plausible if OTEC becomes viable and offers RMI a cheap stream of hydrogen fuel. 101. Most likely RMI will largely need to transition its land transportation fleet to electric vehicles. A three-year pilot project in Majuro funded by Japan is testing the viability of solar powered electric vehicles. The results of this pilot should be analyzed and disseminated.102.', 'The results of this pilot should be analyzed and disseminated.102. Five main barriers would need to be addressed to increase the penetration of electric vehicles in RMI: x the absence of clear institutional authority to mandate/facilitate the uptake of electric vehicles; x the relative cost of electric vehicles; x the lack of charging infrastructure; x the current limits of electricity generation; x the prohibitive cost, especially to the public. 103. The relationship between increased use of electric vehicles and increased electricity demand will need to be further explored. Policies in both areas will need to be consistent. 104. The major impediment to decarbonizing the land transportation sector is the absence of clear institutional authority that can mandate electric vehicle sales and make the necessary infrastructure upgrades (e.g. charging stations) to support electric vehicles.', 'charging stations) to support electric vehicles. While the Government could leverage existing laws (i.e. the Import Duties Act) to encourage the purchase of fuel-efficient and/or electric vehicles, an implementing/planning agency would still be necessary but currently does not exist. In the intervening period, Government agencies should be the initial adopters of these vehicles. 105. In any event, RMI should commission further analysis of the potential to transition towards electric land-based transport, covering challenges, solutions and opportunities as a basis for informed policy development. Hard and soft policy options could include: x tax incentives for the importation of electric vehicles; x transitioning the Government fleet to electric vehicles; x transitioning the taxi fleet to electric vehicles; x the use of golf carts – as is the case with the US military base on Kwajalein.', 'Hard and soft policy options could include: x tax incentives for the importation of electric vehicles; x transitioning the Government fleet to electric vehicles; x transitioning the taxi fleet to electric vehicles; x the use of golf carts – as is the case with the US military base on Kwajalein. 106. In future RMI could consider vehicle to grid storage, further integrating decarbonization efforts of the transportation and electricity sectors. 107. There is considerable uncertainty as to what proportion of RMI’s imported fossil fuels is used for domestic land transport. Better data will be needed to establish a baseline, develop informed policies and monitor progress towards net zero GHG emissions in this sector. 108.', 'Better data will be needed to establish a baseline, develop informed policies and monitor progress towards net zero GHG emissions in this sector. 108. As a first step, however, RMI should consider developing policies to encourage a greater use of public transport, as well as cycling and walking, and to reduce the reliance and demand on private vehicles. Increased cycling and walking in particular would have a number of co-benefits, including reduced pollution and improved public health. 109.', 'Increased cycling and walking in particular would have a number of co-benefits, including reduced pollution and improved public health. 109. Hard and soft policy options to incentivize walking and cycling could include:x improved urban planning – such as clearly demarcated cycling and walking paths with shade; x public and school education programs; x school cycle training programs; x cycle hire schemes; x cycle to work schemes, where the Government and private sector workers could have the up-front cost of cycle purchase deferred; x encouraging Government workers to use Government cycles to travel between different departments. 110. The social impacts, including gender issues, of such options will need to be carefully considered. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Transportation Land Efficiency Improvements Inventory current vehicle stock and efficiency level.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Transportation Land Efficiency Improvements Inventory current vehicle stock and efficiency level. Examine current efficiency standards on RMI, higher US Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, and available technologies to determine further action (higher standards, cash for clunkers, better efficiency standard enforcement, better maintenance/ catalytic converter enforcement, etc.). Electric Vehicles Continue electric vehicles’ pilots, especially examining market barriers, and/or maintenance issues. Multi-modal initiatives: Regular Island Shuttles; Electric Bikes Take a deeper look at citizens’ transportation needs, mapping total trips per year and mode (air, sea, car, bike, walking, etc.). Assess the frequency, timing, and purpose of these trips to see whether/what form of public transportation and/or bicycling programs may make sense. Figure 10: Land based transport – potential measures and next stepsKey Assumptions 111.', 'Figure 10: Land based transport – potential measures and next stepsKey Assumptions 111. Assumption: 20% efficiency improvement in vehicles to 2050 (per US CAFE standards), and in the Lighthouse Scenario that RMI will shift to using 100% electric vehicles. Sector Definition 112. Emissions are based on approximately 2700 vehicles in Majuro and Ebeye. Air and ship emissions have been modelled but are excluded from this analysis as “pass- through emissions” and are therefore not counted in national totals. This is consistent with the RMI GHG inventory done as part of the Second National Communication published in 2015. Scenario Definitions 113. Figure 11 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions.', 'Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. Figure 11: Land based transport – Scenario definitions Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumptions, but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons reduced Transportation Land Efficiency Improvements 1,5 2,4 4% reduced/ 5 years for 25 years. Air Improved Efficiency 0,2 0.3% reduced every 5 years. Electric Vehicles Get to 100% penetration over time. Multi-modal Initiatives: Regular Island Shuttle; Electric Bikes Reduce Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT) by 1% / 5 years for 25 years.', 'Multi-modal Initiatives: Regular Island Shuttle; Electric Bikes Reduce Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT) by 1% / 5 years for 25 years. Biofuels for Air/Ship Applications RMI does not have enough coconut supply to begin using these.2e – Domestic Transportation – Ocean based Headline Recommendations ¾ Improve data collection to better illustrate what proportion of imported fossil fuels are used by domestic sea-based transport; ¾ Explore options to reduce GHG emissions from domestic ocean-based transport, including by using the results of the GIZ/University of the South Pacific (USP) Low Carbon Sea Transport Transition Project (LCSTTP); and ¾ Consider institutional reforms that will allow the Ministry of Transport and Communication (MTC) to exercise more effective regulatory control over the operational aspects of domestic sea transport in addition to managing the infrastructure. Summary 114.', 'Biofuels for Air/Ship Applications RMI does not have enough coconut supply to begin using these.2e – Domestic Transportation – Ocean based Headline Recommendations ¾ Improve data collection to better illustrate what proportion of imported fossil fuels are used by domestic sea-based transport; ¾ Explore options to reduce GHG emissions from domestic ocean-based transport, including by using the results of the GIZ/University of the South Pacific (USP) Low Carbon Sea Transport Transition Project (LCSTTP); and ¾ Consider institutional reforms that will allow the Ministry of Transport and Communication (MTC) to exercise more effective regulatory control over the operational aspects of domestic sea transport in addition to managing the infrastructure. Summary 114. Domestic shipping is responsible for approximately a third of RMI’s fuel consumption.', 'Domestic shipping is responsible for approximately a third of RMI’s fuel consumption. RMI was the only country to explicitly include domestic shipping in its 2025 NDC and has led the way – as the world’s second biggest flag registry – to encourage efforts to decarbonize international shipping at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). 115. There are a number of interventions that RMI can pursue in the short to medium- term to achieve a low-carbon pathway for domestic sea transportation. These include: x changes to ship design; x changes to operations; x fuel switching/mixing; x improved docking facilities to reduce the amount of time (and fuel) required to load and unload ships. 116. These efficiency improvements can also provide economic benefits through avoided costs from fuel imports. 117.', 'These efficiency improvements can also provide economic benefits through avoided costs from fuel imports. 117. A pathway to full decarbonization for sea transport, however, appears to be unfeasible in the medium term. RMI should carefully monitor and reap the benefits of the GIZ’s/USP’s LCSTTP under the Micronesian Center for Sustainable Transport established in Majuro.118. There is considerable uncertainty as to what proportion of RMI’s imported fossil fuels are used for domestic sea transport. Better data will be needed in order to establish a baseline, develop informed policies and monitor progress towards net zero GHG emissions in this sector. The initial baseline studies by the LCSTTP could prove very useful in this regard. 119.', 'The initial baseline studies by the LCSTTP could prove very useful in this regard. 119. Considering RMI’s status as the second largest flag registry in the world, successful adoption of nascent low- or zero-carbon sea transport technologies at home could have ripple effects across the international shipping sector at large. 120. The MTC has administrative control over seaports but apparently lacks the authority to mandate conservation and efficiency improvements in sea transport. To more aggressively pursue a decarbonization strategy in sea transportation, RMI should consider institutional reforms that will allow the MTC to exercise more effective regulatory control over the operational aspects of domestic sea transport in addition to managing the infrastructure.', 'To more aggressively pursue a decarbonization strategy in sea transportation, RMI should consider institutional reforms that will allow the MTC to exercise more effective regulatory control over the operational aspects of domestic sea transport in addition to managing the infrastructure. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Transportation Sea Efficiency Improvements Examine both in-country fleet efficiency and equipment, and pass-through fleet efficiency and equipment. Examine potential standards and technical pathways for improvements (i.e. sails, engine efficiency improvement, etc.). Evaluate the economics and implications of various options (improved efficiency standards, lower carbon fuels, etc.) to find the best path forward. Figure 12: Ocean based transport – potential measures and next steps Sector Definition 121. Emissions are based on approximately 2700 vehicles in Majuro and Ebeye.', 'Emissions are based on approximately 2700 vehicles in Majuro and Ebeye. Air and ship emissions have been modelled but are excluded from this analysis as “pass- through emissions” and are therefore not counted in national totals. This is consistent with the RMI GHG inventory done as part of the Second National Communication published in 2015.Scenario Definitions 122. Figure 13 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Transportation Sea Efficiency Improvements 3% reduced / 5 years for 25 years (3 primary ferries to improve, not 1000s of vehicles).', 'Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Transportation Sea Efficiency Improvements 3% reduced / 5 years for 25 years (3 primary ferries to improve, not 1000s of vehicles). Sea Coconut Oil Diesel Blends Not a practical use of limited coconut oil supplies relative to electricity sector. Not used. Air Improved Efficiency 0,2 0,3% reduced every 5 years. Shipping: Require Efficiency Measures (Efficient Propellers, Sail Assist, Low-carbon Fuels…) See Sea Efficiency Improvements above. Biofuels for Air/Ship Applications RMI does not have enough coconut supply to begin using these.', 'Biofuels for Air/Ship Applications RMI does not have enough coconut supply to begin using these. Figure 13: Ocean based transport – Scenario definitions 2f – Cooking & Lighting Headline Recommendations ¾ Continue efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting and cooking; ¾ Engage women stakeholders as key players in this sector and empower women as entrepreneurs with capacity building and technology transfer; and ¾ Establish whether the Energy Planning Division (EPD) needs a more robust Government mandate in order to fully decarbonize these activities.Summary 123. Kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used for cooking and lighting are significant contributors towards the ‘other’ sector listed in RMI’s GHG emissions inventory.', 'Kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used for cooking and lighting are significant contributors towards the ‘other’ sector listed in RMI’s GHG emissions inventory. In 2010, the base year used for RMI’s NDC, the ‘other’ sector accounted for nearly the same level of emissions as the transportation sector, underscoring its significance when considering RMI’s decarbonization pathway. 124. As a result of the electrification of RMI’s population centers, kerosene use for lighting has significantly declined. Similarly, the adoption of solar lighting in the outer atolls has also led to a decrease in kerosene use. RMI must continue these efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting. 125.', 'RMI must continue these efforts to phase out the use of kerosene for lighting. 125. For cooking, due to public health concerns, particularly for women and children, RMI has already embarked on an aggressive low-carbon strategy encouraging the replacement of kerosene with LPG and efficient biomass cook-stoves (e.g. the ‘One Smokeless Stove Per Home’ project). However, the decarbonization pathway is less clear since electric/solar-powered stoves are not seen as viable at the moment. 126. RMI has made remarkable progress thus far with its existing institutional arrangements to reduce GHG emissions from cooking and lighting. The MEC, with a Government mandate, has moved forward with full electrification of urban households by 2015. RMI is also making great progress towards a 90% electrification target for rural households in the outer atolls. 127.', 'RMI is also making great progress towards a 90% electrification target for rural households in the outer atolls. 127. The EPD has played a critical role in procuring and funneling development assistance to encourage the use of more efficient and environmentally friendly fuels for cooking. The lifestyle and economic benefits of eschewing kerosene have been natural drivers for a low-carbon pathway for cooking and lighting. 128. A more robust Government mandate to phase out GHG emissions from this sector may be needed to provide EPD with the mandate to undertake the final step towards decarbonization.', 'A more robust Government mandate to phase out GHG emissions from this sector may be needed to provide EPD with the mandate to undertake the final step towards decarbonization. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Measure Feasibility Assessment Pilot Actions Other LPG Efficiency Improvements Similar to above infrastructure studies, examine cooking equipment used in RMI and their efficiency to determine actions needed relative to kerosene to LPG and other fuel switching. Convert LPG Cooking to Electric Explore the potential for cheaper solar power and time of use rates to incentivize users to switch loads to electric, particularly during the hours that solar generation is highest. Figure 14: Cooking & lighting – potential measures and next stepsKey Assumptions 129.', 'Figure 14: Cooking & lighting – potential measures and next stepsKey Assumptions 129. Assumption: kerosene cooking will be phased out in favor of LPG by 2025, and in the Lighthouse Scenario electric cooking will be used to phase out LPG by 2050 as electricity prices become set by low solar array prices. This is valid for the Lighthouse Scenario only because storage is required, as most cooking occurs during non-sunlight hours. Sector Definition 130. Emissions from residential, commercial and Government buildings. These are from kerosene and LPG used for cooking. Scenario Definitions 131. Figure 15 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions.', 'Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions. Area Measure NDC MCG Moderate MCG Lighthouse (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Other LPG Efficiency Improvements Assume remaining 6% kerosene for cooking is phased out for LPG; and for heating is phased out using heat pumps. Convert LPG Cooking to Electric Phased, assume 100% by 2035 (can only occur if storage is present, as most cooking is done in non-daylight hours).', 'Convert LPG Cooking to Electric Phased, assume 100% by 2035 (can only occur if storage is present, as most cooking is done in non-daylight hours). Figure 15: ‘Other’ – Scenario definitionsSection 3 – Adaptation & Climate Resilience Headline Recommendations ¾ Review and consolidate policies and measures on adaptation and climate resilience, as well as social and economic policies, to align with strategic principals and priorities, an understanding of recent and future impacts of climate change and a phased and adaptive approach to action; ¾ Initiate, as soon as possible, the process to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by the end of 2019.', 'Figure 15: ‘Other’ – Scenario definitionsSection 3 – Adaptation & Climate Resilience Headline Recommendations ¾ Review and consolidate policies and measures on adaptation and climate resilience, as well as social and economic policies, to align with strategic principals and priorities, an understanding of recent and future impacts of climate change and a phased and adaptive approach to action; ¾ Initiate, as soon as possible, the process to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by the end of 2019. The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next 5 years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; x incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the JNAP; ¾ Submit RMI’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest, setting out RMI’s intended adaptation contribution to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement; ¾ Reflect RMI’s intention to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication in its forthcoming NDC; and ¾ Establish, as soon as possible, financing pathways for adaptation, resilience and protection measures, particularly focusing on coastal resilience including coastal vulnerability assessments, as well as tackling critical knowledge gaps in key areas.', 'The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next 5 years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; x incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the JNAP; ¾ Submit RMI’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest, setting out RMI’s intended adaptation contribution to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement; ¾ Reflect RMI’s intention to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication in its forthcoming NDC; and ¾ Establish, as soon as possible, financing pathways for adaptation, resilience and protection measures, particularly focusing on coastal resilience including coastal vulnerability assessments, as well as tackling critical knowledge gaps in key areas. Summary 132.', 'The NAP should: x incorporate adaptation and climate resilience milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050, as well as suggest measures to achieve them; x elaborate immediate, accelerated gender-responsive actions and investments over the next 5 years (2019-2023) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience; x suggest, as appropriate, updates to relevant national policies and legislation; x set out a plan for significant investments in adaptation and resilience in order to be in a position to fully implement its recommendations; x incorporate, as appropriate, the key recommendations arising from the review of the JNAP; ¾ Submit RMI’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest, setting out RMI’s intended adaptation contribution to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement; ¾ Reflect RMI’s intention to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication in its forthcoming NDC; and ¾ Establish, as soon as possible, financing pathways for adaptation, resilience and protection measures, particularly focusing on coastal resilience including coastal vulnerability assessments, as well as tackling critical knowledge gaps in key areas. Summary 132. RMI’s international climate change focus has been largely on mitigation and related issues.', 'RMI’s international climate change focus has been largely on mitigation and related issues. Even if the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global average temperature increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius is achieved, the serious impacts on aclimate vulnerable nation, such as RMI, will be considerable. Domestically, attention will urgently and increasingly need to focus on adaptation and climate change resilience. 133. RMI’s existing adaptation policies are built around three pillars: x having a clear sense of strategic principals and priorities (e.g.', 'RMI’s existing adaptation policies are built around three pillars: x having a clear sense of strategic principals and priorities (e.g. RMI’s inalienable right to exist and its exceptional status as an atoll nation); x an understanding of recent and future impacts of climate change, using climate patterns and evidence, and regional and global projections; and x a phased and adaptive approach to action – focused on protection, elevation and consolidation as well as on the identification of knowledge gaps and capacity needs, and on the importance of innovative financing. 134. Understandably, much of RMI’s adaptation efforts have focused on policies and measures to combat drought, which has already had a significant impact on communities.', 'Understandably, much of RMI’s adaptation efforts have focused on policies and measures to combat drought, which has already had a significant impact on communities. But focus over the coming years will also need to look more systematically at other aspects of adaptation, including the climate resilience of women, men and youth. 135. Particular immediate areas of focus for adaption are likely to be, but not necessarily limited to, coastal resilience including coastal vulnerability assessment. 136. RMI should set out a vision for adaptation and climate resilience, incorporating milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050 – as well as suggested measures to achieve them.', 'RMI should set out a vision for adaptation and climate resilience, incorporating milestones to be achieved, for example by 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2050 – as well as suggested measures to achieve them. Prioritization will be critical to attract necessary private, public and international funding to implement policies, and in a way that is consistent with RMI’s strategic interests. 137. Particular areas of focus for resilience could include, but not be limited to: x disaster risk management – including working through the Chief Secretary’s Office to build further capacity nationally; and improving communications with outer islands; x contingency and emergency response – including putting in place a financial mechanism to allow rapid response and emergency funding, such as frameworks, protocols and procedures for rapid disbursement. 138.', 'Particular areas of focus for resilience could include, but not be limited to: x disaster risk management – including working through the Chief Secretary’s Office to build further capacity nationally; and improving communications with outer islands; x contingency and emergency response – including putting in place a financial mechanism to allow rapid response and emergency funding, such as frameworks, protocols and procedures for rapid disbursement. 138. Thought will need to be given as to how progress against specific goals and milestones should be measured and tracked. Adaptation and climate resilience policies should be reviewed to identify overlaps and redundancies, with a view to consolidation. This review should also identify and clearly allocate responsibilities for taking forward specific policies. 139. A big barrier to implementing adaptation and resilience measures is long-term financing.', 'A big barrier to implementing adaptation and resilience measures is long-term financing. Because private sector finance is particularly hard to secure in this area, public sector funding from the international donor/development sector must be a focus. In that context, capacity and resource constraints to RMI accessing some of major international climate finance and climate-related ODA is an issue that needs to be urgently addressed.140. The cost and consequences of underestimating future changes, in particular future rates of sea level rise, and thus underinvesting in appropriate adaptation and building resilience would be catastrophic. Socioeconomic costs will also need to be evaluated, as well as the impacts of the identified responses to build adaptive capacity and resilience keeping in mind the women, men and youth of the most vulnerable communities.', 'Socioeconomic costs will also need to be evaluated, as well as the impacts of the identified responses to build adaptive capacity and resilience keeping in mind the women, men and youth of the most vulnerable communities. Therefore, RMI must apply the precautionary principle in future planning and implementation. 141. While RMI is already taking measures to adapt and to build resilience, including through a number of projects underway, including the Pacific Resilience Program Phase 2 (PREP II), the Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector project (ACWA), and others, it is now a matter of urgency to develop a NAP – and to aim to complete it by the end of 2019 at the latest. 142.', 'While RMI is already taking measures to adapt and to build resilience, including through a number of projects underway, including the Pacific Resilience Program Phase 2 (PREP II), the Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector project (ACWA), and others, it is now a matter of urgency to develop a NAP – and to aim to complete it by the end of 2019 at the latest. 142. RMI should follow up production of its NAP with a subsequent Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC, in which it sets out its contribution towards meeting the adaptation goal set out in the Paris Agreement (Article 2(1)(b)).', 'RMI should follow up production of its NAP with a subsequent Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC, in which it sets out its contribution towards meeting the adaptation goal set out in the Paris Agreement (Article 2(1)(b)). The Adaption Communication, and the goals it contains, should be based on the key recommendations of the NAP, preferably be quantifiable, and articulate the means of implementation needed to achieve those goals. The Adaptation Communication could be a stand-alone document or submitted as part of a subsequent National Communication. Building on the NAP, its production and submission need not be resource intensive. 143. The commitment to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication should be set out in RMI’s forthcoming NDC. 144.', 'The commitment to produce a NAP and Adaptation Communication should be set out in RMI’s forthcoming NDC. 144. The NAP should, as appropriate, align with and build on existing national and regional policies and plans, particularly the recommendations of the recently completed review of RMI’s JNAP (2018) and set out what RMI considers to be the most plausible scenarios for the key manifestations of climate change, in particular sea level rise, bearing in mind the need – consistent with the precautionary principle – to consider extreme-case scenarios. 145.', 'The NAP should, as appropriate, align with and build on existing national and regional policies and plans, particularly the recommendations of the recently completed review of RMI’s JNAP (2018) and set out what RMI considers to be the most plausible scenarios for the key manifestations of climate change, in particular sea level rise, bearing in mind the need – consistent with the precautionary principle – to consider extreme-case scenarios. 145. While the NAP will need to articulate detailed priorities and actions for adaptation and building resilience, it is already clear that RMI’s pathway to adaptation will need to consider at least the following four areas: x Protection: including coastal protection, infrastructure climate-proofing, community and household resilience building, food security, water security, health security, and broader adaptation and disaster risk reduction investments, including the development of financial mechanisms to finance investments and response and recovery efforts; x Elevation: all new construction of all types of structures should be elevated, based on the new National Building Code to be finalized in 2019 and other policies to be adopted.', 'While the NAP will need to articulate detailed priorities and actions for adaptation and building resilience, it is already clear that RMI’s pathway to adaptation will need to consider at least the following four areas: x Protection: including coastal protection, infrastructure climate-proofing, community and household resilience building, food security, water security, health security, and broader adaptation and disaster risk reduction investments, including the development of financial mechanisms to finance investments and response and recovery efforts; x Elevation: all new construction of all types of structures should be elevated, based on the new National Building Code to be finalized in 2019 and other policies to be adopted. As conditions are likely to worsen, particularly sea level rise, new policies and plans for constructing elevated settlements for future consolidation of the population will be critical; x Consolidation: in the event that the majority of communities become increasingly vulnerable and experience more frequent and dire effects ofclimate change, including flooding and inundation, there may need to be a policy to consolidate the population onto elevated settlements.', 'As conditions are likely to worsen, particularly sea level rise, new policies and plans for constructing elevated settlements for future consolidation of the population will be critical; x Consolidation: in the event that the majority of communities become increasingly vulnerable and experience more frequent and dire effects ofclimate change, including flooding and inundation, there may need to be a policy to consolidate the population onto elevated settlements. It is plausible that a policy for consolidation may need to be considered sooner rather than later; and x Relocation: while relocation should be considered the last-resort option, it is likely that some Marshallese will choose to migrate, as many have done so already.', 'It is plausible that a policy for consolidation may need to be considered sooner rather than later; and x Relocation: while relocation should be considered the last-resort option, it is likely that some Marshallese will choose to migrate, as many have done so already. Moreover, it is possible that RMI may not be able to viably accommodate the entire 60,000-plus residents that are projected to be living in the country by 2030. Therefore, the Government will need to simultaneously assure the right of citizens to remain in the islands as best it can, and ensure continued opportunity for migration for those who so choose to relocate. 146.', 'Therefore, the Government will need to simultaneously assure the right of citizens to remain in the islands as best it can, and ensure continued opportunity for migration for those who so choose to relocate. 146. Given the dynamic nature of climate change and disaster risks, the NAP and Adaptation Communication should be reviewed and, if necessary, revised every five years as a minimum, aligning with the five-year cycles of future updates of this RMI 2050 Strategy. 147. An immediate priority is securing financing for protection measures and to urgently address knowledge gaps in order to ensure a solid foundation for the milestones and measures to be set out in the NAP, including in the four areas set out above. 148.', 'An immediate priority is securing financing for protection measures and to urgently address knowledge gaps in order to ensure a solid foundation for the milestones and measures to be set out in the NAP, including in the four areas set out above. 148. More specifically there is an urgent need to expand coastal protection measures and investments, complete and implement the new building code, strengthen food and water security, and develop more formal financing mechanisms for both disaster risk reduction and post-disaster response and recovery. RMI must work effectively with existing and new development partners to secure initial resources for these priority investments. 149.', 'RMI must work effectively with existing and new development partners to secure initial resources for these priority investments. 149. In relation to tackling critical knowledge gaps, some immediate critical questions that need to be addressed include: x How will global sea level rise translate into regional and RMI-specific sea level rise in the future? x What changes in precipitation, air temperature, ocean acidification, tropical cyclones, and coastal vulnerability and hazards will RMI likely experience in the coming decades? x What will be the economic, social, community, and health impacts of the increasingly adverse effects of climate change, including on the most vulnerable? x What resources, including sand and aggregate, are available – and what amounts are sustainable – for coastal protection and other adaptation and disaster risk reduction infrastructure projects?', 'x What resources, including sand and aggregate, are available – and what amounts are sustainable – for coastal protection and other adaptation and disaster risk reduction infrastructure projects? x How will sea level rise impact RMI’s claim to its sovereign territory, exclusive economic zone, and the resources within its current boundaries?x How will marine resources such as pelagic (including tuna) and inshore species be affected by future climate change? x Can RMI construct elevated settlements to house its future population or a part thereof? How could such settlements be developed and settled? x If Marshallese relocate to other countries, what are the most appropriate places and means of resettlement? What rights and status would they have?', 'What rights and status would they have? x Should establishing resettlement communities be considered as an option to preserve the Marshallese language and culture? 150. RMI’s future adaptation and resilience policies, including the NAP, should be underpinned by the following principles: x our natural right to live on our islands – the Marshallese people have occupied this archipelago for some 3,000 years and have a natural and inalienable right to continue living and thriving in these islands.', 'RMI’s future adaptation and resilience policies, including the NAP, should be underpinned by the following principles: x our natural right to live on our islands – the Marshallese people have occupied this archipelago for some 3,000 years and have a natural and inalienable right to continue living and thriving in these islands. It is the RMI Government’s official policy to assure this right to the women, men, youth and future generations of Marshallese, as well as to assure continued opportunity to migrate for those who choose this as their ultimate means of adaptation, to the best of its ability; x prioritize support and capacity building for the most vulnerable and those least capable of adapting – RMI’s social protection system, which remains in an underdeveloped stage, will need to be strengthened to better deliver targeted social assistance and household and community support for women, men and youth; x a fundamental focus on resilience – building resilience to the effects of climate change as well as managing and mitigating disasters from natural hazard risks are strategic priorities for RMI; x follow best-practice – RMI will follow a best-practice adaptation and resilience approach, taking into account the latest scientific evidence, building on relevant lessons from other countries and regions, and working with development partners.', 'It is the RMI Government’s official policy to assure this right to the women, men, youth and future generations of Marshallese, as well as to assure continued opportunity to migrate for those who choose this as their ultimate means of adaptation, to the best of its ability; x prioritize support and capacity building for the most vulnerable and those least capable of adapting – RMI’s social protection system, which remains in an underdeveloped stage, will need to be strengthened to better deliver targeted social assistance and household and community support for women, men and youth; x a fundamental focus on resilience – building resilience to the effects of climate change as well as managing and mitigating disasters from natural hazard risks are strategic priorities for RMI; x follow best-practice – RMI will follow a best-practice adaptation and resilience approach, taking into account the latest scientific evidence, building on relevant lessons from other countries and regions, and working with development partners. A knowledge-first evidence-based approach will be critical, as will be taking into account indigenous knowledge and the knowledge of rural communities; x innovative financing, environmental, and engineering solutions; and x the exceptional circumstances of atoll nations like RMI – while climate change will surely impact all SIDS, the unique circumstances and unique vulnerability of atoll nations should be further recognized.', 'A knowledge-first evidence-based approach will be critical, as will be taking into account indigenous knowledge and the knowledge of rural communities; x innovative financing, environmental, and engineering solutions; and x the exceptional circumstances of atoll nations like RMI – while climate change will surely impact all SIDS, the unique circumstances and unique vulnerability of atoll nations should be further recognized. Potential Measures and Next Steps 151. Immediate priority next steps are to:x take stock of and implement, as appropriate, the recommendations of the JNAP review; and x initiate the production of RMI’s NAP, including securing external means of implementation to do so. Local and Global Trends that will be Relevant to RMI’s Future Adaptation and Resilience Planning 152.', 'Local and Global Trends that will be Relevant to RMI’s Future Adaptation and Resilience Planning 152. The effects of climate change are manifest in changes in air and sea temperatures, rainfall patterns, ocean acidification, typhoons, and other observable phenomena. Figure 16 below summarizes the recent trends and future projections for these changes from the most recent sources available. Recent Trend Projections Air Temperature Temperatures have increased. Annual maximum and minimum temperatures in both Majuro and Kwajalein have increased from the 1950s. In Majuro, maximum temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.22⁰ F (0.12⁰ C) per decade, consistent with the global pattern of warming. Temperatures will continue to increase. Air temperatures are projected to continue to rise.', 'Air temperatures are projected to continue to rise. By 2030, under a high emissions scenario, the increase in temperature is projected to be in the range of 0.8-1.8⁰ F (0.4-1.0⁰ C). This will result in more very hot days and warm nights, with a decline in cooler weather. Rainfall and Droughts Annual rainfall has decreased and droughts have become more severe. Rainfall data for Majuro and Kwajalein since the 1950s show a decreasing trend in annual and seasonal rainfall, significant at the 5% level. There has also been substantial variation in rainfall from year to year. The long-term negative trend suggests either a shift in the mean location of the Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or a change in the intensity of rainfall associated with the ITCZ.', 'The long-term negative trend suggests either a shift in the mean location of the Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or a change in the intensity of rainfall associated with the ITCZ. Dry seasons in recent years have been relatively more severe than in the past, with an extremely severe drought in 2015-2016 that prompted a State of Emergency. Rainfall patterns will continue to change and droughts are likely to increase in frequency and duration. Most global climate models project an increase in average annual and seasonal rainfall through this century. While there is some uncertainty in the rainfall projections for RMI, increasing rainfall variability with potential for extended dry periods is expected.', 'While there is some uncertainty in the rainfall projections for RMI, increasing rainfall variability with potential for extended dry periods is expected. A recent analysis (UNDP 2018) confirms this, projecting higher rainfall but with longer and more intense dry periods and increased frequency and duration of droughts being very likely in RMI through 2045. The analysis shows that increases in drought frequency cannot be ruled out at the 95% confidence level. Ocean Acidification Sea level will continue to rise. Sea level will continue to rise in RMI, but the exact rate of increase depends on multiple factors. According to US NOAA (2017), the questions are when and how much, rather than if, and even if society sharply reduces emissions in the coming decades, sea level will most likely continue to rise for centuries.', 'According to US NOAA (2017), the questions are when and how much, rather than if, and even if society sharply reduces emissions in the coming decades, sea level will most likely continue to rise for centuries. NOAA (2017) projects global mean sea level to rise by 2030 from a low scenario of 3.5 inches (0.9 meters) to an extreme scenario of 9.4 inches (0.24 meters). Sea level rise has not been uniform across the globe, and the Western Pacific region—which includes RMI —is expected to see increases of 20% to 40% above the global mean. Ocean acidification will continue. By all indications, the acidity level of sea water surrounding RMI will continue to increase over this century, with the impact compounded by other stressors such as coral bleaching, storm damage, and fishing pressure.', 'By all indications, the acidity level of sea water surrounding RMI will continue to increase over this century, with the impact compounded by other stressors such as coral bleaching, storm damage, and fishing pressure. Sea Level Rise Sea level has risen. As ocean water warms, it expands and causes the sea level to rise. The melting of glaciers and ice sheets also contribute to sea level rise. Satellite data indicate Sea level will continue to rise. Sea level will continue to rise in RMI, but the exact rate of increase depends onthat sea level near RMI has risen by about 0.3 inches (7 mm) per year since 1993 — at this rate, the sea level has risen by 7 to 8 inches from 1993 to 2018.', 'Sea level will continue to rise in RMI, but the exact rate of increase depends onthat sea level near RMI has risen by about 0.3 inches (7 mm) per year since 1993 — at this rate, the sea level has risen by 7 to 8 inches from 1993 to 2018. This is larger than the global average of 0.11-0.14 inches (2.8-3.6 mm) per year. This higher rate may be partly due to natural fluctuations or by the El Nino Southern Oscillation. multiple factors. According to US NOAA (2017), the questions are when and how much, rather than if, and even if society sharply reduces emissions in the coming decades, sea level will most likely continue to rise for centuries.', 'According to US NOAA (2017), the questions are when and how much, rather than if, and even if society sharply reduces emissions in the coming decades, sea level will most likely continue to rise for centuries. NOAA (2017) projects global mean sea level to rise by 2030 from a low scenario of 3.5 inches (0.9 meters) to an extreme scenario of 9.4 inches (0.24 meters). Sea level rise has not been uniform across the globe, and the Western Pacific region — which includes RMI — is expected to see increases of 20% to 40% above the global mean. Flooding Events Flooding and inundation events have increased. The frequency of annual flooding and inundation events has increased, with higher number of events observed in recent years in Majuro, Kwajalein, and other atolls.', 'The frequency of annual flooding and inundation events has increased, with higher number of events observed in recent years in Majuro, Kwajalein, and other atolls. These typically occur during very high tides, including during King Tides, and/or during periods with strong ocean or wind-driven waves. A 2018 NOAA study reported that high tide flood frequencies on Kwajalein have grown to more than 5 days a year on average, compared to fewer than 1 day a year in 2000. The same general trend has been observed in Majuro. Flooding and inundation to intensify. The frequency of inundation events will continue to rise, resulting in high tide levels increasingly exceeding what may be presently considered King Tide levels.', 'The frequency of inundation events will continue to rise, resulting in high tide levels increasingly exceeding what may be presently considered King Tide levels. Continued sea level rise and wave- driven flooding are expected to have a compounding effect, resulting in more frequent and increasingly severe flooding and damage. A 2018 study on Roi-Namur in Kwajalein projects sea level rise will exacerbate wave-driven flooding within just two to three decades. This will severely affect groundwater resources, critical infrastructure, and render everyday life more and more difficult in RMI. Tropical Cyclones Tropical cyclones frequency increased through the 1990s, but the recent trend is unclear.', 'Tropical Cyclones Tropical cyclones frequency increased through the 1990s, but the recent trend is unclear. Historical records on major tropical storms suggest that from the 1970s through 1990s the frequency of reported storms affecting RMI (of all intensities) increased from 5 in the 1970s, to 7 in the 1980s, to 11 in the 1990s. In the recent two decades, the pattern has been less discernible, but RMI has seen fairly severe events in recent years, including from tropical storm Nangka in 2015. Frequency projections for tropical cyclones uncertain, but intensity likely to increase. Projections indicate a decrease in the number of typhoons worldwide by the end of this century, but a likely increase in the average maximum wind speed and rainfall intensity of future typhoons.', 'Projections indicate a decrease in the number of typhoons worldwide by the end of this century, but a likely increase in the average maximum wind speed and rainfall intensity of future typhoons. A recent study (UNDP 2018) projects the climatological baseline number of storms per decade in the RMI region as approximately 30; the multi-model mean projection is an additional 2 tropical storms per decade by 2035 and an additional 3 per decade by 2045. Power dissipation index is also projected to increase by 9% and 14% by 2035 and 2045, respectively— although these projected changes have medium confidence due to lack of statistical significance. Figure 16: Climate Trends and Projections for RMI Sources: Pacific Climate Change Science Program. 2011. Current and Future Climate of the Marshall Islands.', 'Current and Future Climate of the Marshall Islands. RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2017. Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States. US NOAA, USGS, US EPA, Rutgers University; Government of RMI and Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program. 2016. RMI State of the Environment Report. RMI, SPREP, ACP EU, and UNEP; Government of RMI. 2017. Post Disaster Needs Assessment of the 2015-2016 Drought. Majuro; US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2018. Patterns and Projections of High Tide Flooding Along the US Coastline Using a Common Impact Threshold. Maryland; Storlazzi, Curt. et al. 2018.', 'Maryland; Storlazzi, Curt. et al. 2018. Most atolls will be uninhabitable by the mid-21st century because of sea-level rise exacerbating wave-driven flooding. Science Advances research article, April 2018; United Nations Development Program. 2018. Report on Climate Change Projections for the RMI. Annex 22, Feasibility Study, Green Climate Fund Funding Proposal, RMI Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector Project.Figure 17: Annual Average Temperature for Majuro Note: Light blue bars = El Nino years; dark blue bars = La Nina years; gray bars = neutral years Source: Pacific Climate Change Science Program; RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.', 'Annex 22, Feasibility Study, Green Climate Fund Funding Proposal, RMI Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector Project.Figure 17: Annual Average Temperature for Majuro Note: Light blue bars = El Nino years; dark blue bars = La Nina years; gray bars = neutral years Source: Pacific Climate Change Science Program; RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Figure 18: Annual Rainfall for Majuro Note: Light blue bars = El Nino years; dark blue bars = La Nina years; gray bars = neutral years. The negative trend is statistically significant at the 5% level. Source: Pacific Climate Change Science Program; RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.153.', 'Source: Pacific Climate Change Science Program; RMI National Weather Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.153. The most recent global mean sea level rise projections suggest a direr outlook. As reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA 2017), there has been continued and growing evidence that Antarctica and Greenland are losing mass at an accelerated rate; this growing evidence of accelerated ice loss only strengthens the argument for considering worst-case scenarios in coastal risk management. 154. Importantly, sea levels have not risen uniformly across the globe, and the anticipated level of sea level rise in the Western Pacific is between 20% to 40% above the global mean.', 'Importantly, sea levels have not risen uniformly across the globe, and the anticipated level of sea level rise in the Western Pacific is between 20% to 40% above the global mean. This suggests that by 2030, in the best-case scenario RMI may experience 4.61 inches of sea level rise, and in the worst-case scenario over 1 foot (12.28 inches) of sea level rise. Figure 19: Western Pacific Mean Sea Level Rise Scenario Heights (inches): 2030 to 2100 Note: Figures are anchored on year 2000 and are for 19-year averages centered on decade through 2100. Only median values are shown. 30% additional sea level rise calculated based on global mean sea level projections. Source: Calculations based on data from: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2017.', 'Source: Calculations based on data from: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2017. Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States. US NOAA, USGS, US EPA, Rutgers University.Section 4 – Means of Implementation Headline Recommendations ¾ Identify & consider options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment in relation to implementation of RMI’s NDC and 2050 Strategy; ¾ Develop a long-term finance strategy to implement RMI’s current and future NDC, future National Adaptation Plan as well as this 2050 Strategy. The long-term finance strategy should: x prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way; and x be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives.', 'The long-term finance strategy should: x prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way; and x be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives. ¾ Prioritize in-country capacity building and institutional strengthening in relation to every aspect of the implementation of this 2050 Strategy, and at all levels of stakeholders, including communities, women, men and youth. Summary 155. Effective implementation of this 2050 Strategy will require coordinated efforts across all sectors, including governance, GHG emissions reductions, adaptation and resilience, finance, and monitoring, reporting and verification. The availability of means of implementation – including long-term finance and capacity building – will be major factors limiting the extent to which this 2050 Strategy can be implemented. RMI should maximize inward investment and provision of means of implementation on climate change-related issues.', 'RMI should maximize inward investment and provision of means of implementation on climate change-related issues. Continued political leadership at the highest levels, along with a clear governance structure for implementation of all aspects of this 2050 Strategy, will also be necessary. 156. There is no centralized comprehensive overview of the donor assistance/development aid that RMI is eligible to apply for, has applied for or has secured, nor of monitoring of implementation once funds have been secured in areas of relevance to the implementation of RMI’S NDC or this 2050 Strategy. A major cause is that responsibilities for doing so are fragmented across Government departments and agencies. 157.', 'A major cause is that responsibilities for doing so are fragmented across Government departments and agencies. 157. In order to improve efficiencies, to provide an enhanced enabling environment for donors and so attract more inward investment, and to secure funds consistent with nationally driven priorities, options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment in relationto areas of relevance to RMI’s NDC and this 2050 Strategy should be identified and assessed. 158.', 'In order to improve efficiencies, to provide an enhanced enabling environment for donors and so attract more inward investment, and to secure funds consistent with nationally driven priorities, options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitoring, overseas aid and investment in relationto areas of relevance to RMI’s NDC and this 2050 Strategy should be identified and assessed. 158. The main functions to be considered are: x overall policy and priority setting – what funds to apply for, etc; x operational – such as oversight and quality control of applications, and ensuring alignment with high level Government policies, including this 2050 Strategy; and x monitoring – collection of data, including on project delivery. 159.', 'The main functions to be considered are: x overall policy and priority setting – what funds to apply for, etc; x operational – such as oversight and quality control of applications, and ensuring alignment with high level Government policies, including this 2050 Strategy; and x monitoring – collection of data, including on project delivery. 159. In 2017 the Cabinet agreed in principle that the Economic Policy, Planning and Strategy Office (EPSO) should do overarching monitoring, and that the Division of International Development Assistance (DIDA) should centrally coordinate and manage overseas assistance, but a final decision has not yet been made. Any centralization of functions needs to be sensitively handled and not interfere with existing policy setting and substantive functions of existing Government ministries and departments, without careful consideration.', 'Any centralization of functions needs to be sensitively handled and not interfere with existing policy setting and substantive functions of existing Government ministries and departments, without careful consideration. In that context, consideration should be given to the Chief Secretary’s Office having a role in relation to overall policy setting and prioritization. 160. In order to more effectively attract investment in relation to RMI’s NDC, its future NAP and this 2050 Strategy a long-term climate finance strategy needs to be put in place. The long-term finance strategy should prioritize and target funding applications in a strategic and coordinated way. Consideration should also be given as to whether and how donor assistance could be pooled, so as to ensure efficiency and reduce administrative burdens on both donors and RMI.', 'Consideration should also be given as to whether and how donor assistance could be pooled, so as to ensure efficiency and reduce administrative burdens on both donors and RMI. That long- term finance strategy should also be regularly reviewed and monitored to deliver against key objectives. 161. Unless more effective oversight and coordination is put in place, including establishing a clear mechanism to enable and improve the efficiency of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) coordination, RMI’s ability to attract necessary levels of future climate finance consistent with domestic priorities is likely to be significantly constrained. As such it is recommended that the Government urgently considers how to deliver a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for and monitoring overseas aid and investment. 162.', 'As such it is recommended that the Government urgently considers how to deliver a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for and monitoring overseas aid and investment. 162. It is important that means of implementation build on and strengthen wider development policy across all sectors. Mitigation, adaptation, and climate change resilience actions identified in this 2050 Strategy should be further mainstreamed and integrated into existing development planning processes and national plans and strategies. Developing a new and separate process is not necessary. 163. RMI’s strategic approach to long-term finance and wider means of implementation should be dynamic, and be periodically reviewed, assessed against delivery of objectives and updated to reflect and ensure relevancy, validity, transparency, and accuracy. 164.', 'RMI’s strategic approach to long-term finance and wider means of implementation should be dynamic, and be periodically reviewed, assessed against delivery of objectives and updated to reflect and ensure relevancy, validity, transparency, and accuracy. 164. At the same time, means of implementation for short term action in line with the priorities of this 2050 Strategy is also critical. Implementation of RMI’s NDCPartnership Plan, which identifies the immediate priorities for action and existing gaps, and coordinates support from partners to achieve these priorities, will be very important. This can and should be leveraged over time to enhance donor support toward implementation of future NDCs and this 2050 Strategy. 165. In general, capacity and resource constraints are a significant factor restricting RMI’s ability to access international climate-related assistance.', 'In general, capacity and resource constraints are a significant factor restricting RMI’s ability to access international climate-related assistance. This is an issue that needs to be urgently addressed and in-country capacity building and institutional strengthening should be prioritized in relation to all aspects of implementation of this 2050 Strategy.', 'This is an issue that needs to be urgently addressed and in-country capacity building and institutional strengthening should be prioritized in relation to all aspects of implementation of this 2050 Strategy. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Long-term Climate Finance x Review the climate finance landscape; x Establish institutional arrangements for the oversight and coordination of climate finance activities; x Compile an overall costing for the NDC; x Identify funding gaps and needs; x Assess public and private financing options and develop a country climate investment plan; x Develop a country climate investment plan; x Develop a project pipeline and financing propositions that can be put forward to different financing sources; x Increase private sector engagement and overcome barriers to investment; x Design and implement a climate finance MRV system.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Long-term Climate Finance x Review the climate finance landscape; x Establish institutional arrangements for the oversight and coordination of climate finance activities; x Compile an overall costing for the NDC; x Identify funding gaps and needs; x Assess public and private financing options and develop a country climate investment plan; x Develop a country climate investment plan; x Develop a project pipeline and financing propositions that can be put forward to different financing sources; x Increase private sector engagement and overcome barriers to investment; x Design and implement a climate finance MRV system. Figure 20: Means of implementation potential measures and next steps 166.', 'Figure 20: Means of implementation potential measures and next steps 166. The Government should utilize a robust process in implementing this 2050 Strategy including an initial assessment of resource needs and clear sequencing of activities in accordance with identified priorities. 167.', 'The Government should utilize a robust process in implementing this 2050 Strategy including an initial assessment of resource needs and clear sequencing of activities in accordance with identified priorities. 167. In that context a long-term climate finance strategy and strategy on wider means of implementation should clearly set out actions, timings, and responsibilities.Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information Headline Recommendations ¾ Review roles and responsibilities for data measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and develop policies to ensure that the current system is more effective; ¾ Improve capacity in the area of environmental information and social data collection, monitoring, reporting and verification as a priority, including through accessing available assistance such as the UNFCCC Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency (CBIT); ¾ Prioritize producing and submitting a Biennial Update Report and a Third National Communication; and ¾ Transition to using the latest IPCC Guidelines – including in the production of the next NDC.', 'In that context a long-term climate finance strategy and strategy on wider means of implementation should clearly set out actions, timings, and responsibilities.Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information Headline Recommendations ¾ Review roles and responsibilities for data measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and develop policies to ensure that the current system is more effective; ¾ Improve capacity in the area of environmental information and social data collection, monitoring, reporting and verification as a priority, including through accessing available assistance such as the UNFCCC Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency (CBIT); ¾ Prioritize producing and submitting a Biennial Update Report and a Third National Communication; and ¾ Transition to using the latest IPCC Guidelines – including in the production of the next NDC. Summary 168.', 'In that context a long-term climate finance strategy and strategy on wider means of implementation should clearly set out actions, timings, and responsibilities.Section 5 – Transparency, Environmental & Social Information Headline Recommendations ¾ Review roles and responsibilities for data measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and develop policies to ensure that the current system is more effective; ¾ Improve capacity in the area of environmental information and social data collection, monitoring, reporting and verification as a priority, including through accessing available assistance such as the UNFCCC Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency (CBIT); ¾ Prioritize producing and submitting a Biennial Update Report and a Third National Communication; and ¾ Transition to using the latest IPCC Guidelines – including in the production of the next NDC. Summary 168. Good quality data and monitoring systems are crucial for informed policy development and to measure progress towards achieving goals.', 'Good quality data and monitoring systems are crucial for informed policy development and to measure progress towards achieving goals. 169. The lack of reliable up-to-date quality environmental data is a significant issue in relation to every aspect of RMI’s NDC and this 2050 Strategy. Unless addressed, this will be a significant barrier to RMI achieving its climate change objectives as set out in its NDC and this 2050 Strategy. 170. The main problems are: x institutional – fragmented, overlapping and unclearly allocated responsibilities for data collection and monitoring; x ineffective data coordination and sharing between Government agencies; x lack of resources and capacity. 171. RMI should review roles and responsibilities and should put in place policies to address these problems and to implement a more effective system.', 'RMI should review roles and responsibilities and should put in place policies to address these problems and to implement a more effective system. International means of implementation available to make improvements in this area should be accessed as a priority. 172. It should be noted that some of the analysis and recommendations in this 2050 Strategy are based on RMI’s 2010 inventory as set out in its Second National Communication. That inventory should be officially updated and set out in RMI’sfuture Third National Communication. Once that is done, the recommendations in this 2050 Strategy may need to be updated in future revisions.', 'Once that is done, the recommendations in this 2050 Strategy may need to be updated in future revisions. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Transparency, Environmental & Social Information x Access international means of implementation available to improve domestic MRV systems; x Review current MRV activities; x Establish institutional arrangements for the oversight and coordination of MRV activities; x Assess data gaps and needs; x Design and implement improved domestic MRV system for mitigation, adaptation and finance; x Establish data management processes; x Build MRV capacity; x Seek to improve the MRV system over time; x Identify international support available to assist RMI to begin preparing a BUR and its third National Communication.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Transparency, Environmental & Social Information x Access international means of implementation available to improve domestic MRV systems; x Review current MRV activities; x Establish institutional arrangements for the oversight and coordination of MRV activities; x Assess data gaps and needs; x Design and implement improved domestic MRV system for mitigation, adaptation and finance; x Establish data management processes; x Build MRV capacity; x Seek to improve the MRV system over time; x Identify international support available to assist RMI to begin preparing a BUR and its third National Communication. Figure 21: Transparency, environmental and social information potential measures and next stepsSection 6 – Gender & Human Rights Headline Recommendations ¾ Mainstream and safeguard gender and human rights, including in relation to developing, adopting, reviewing and implementing laws, policies and projects related to climate change; ¾ Commission further analysis with a view to implementing a strategy to improve disaggregated data collection, monitoring, evaluation and accountability; ¾ Utilize participatory community led, bottom-up approaches to identify challenges and best practices with stakeholders and beneficiaries; ¾ Commission specific research on impacts of climate change on men and women, and their associated responses, in all their diversities drawing on traditional knowledge and skills; ¾ Secure technical assistance and resources to strengthen capacity across national and local Governments, as well as civil society and NGO networks, to design and deliver gender-responsive climate change programs and services; ¾ Ensure programs and projects contribute to secure family wellbeing including healthy lives and livelihoods, through education, domestic partnerships, family and household responsibilities, sexual and reproductive health; ¾ Eliminate gender-based violence and increase protection and care of survivors; ¾ Establish an enabling environment for an equitable participation in, and benefits from, economic development; ¾ Ensure equitable participation of women and men in decision-making through equal opportunities for women and men in all fields of employment, inclusive decision-making and support women’s entrepreneurship; ¾ Design and implement a program for progressive compliance with human rights obligations; and ¾ Build the knowledge and capacity of women, men and youth to address gender inequalities across sectors.Summary 173.', 'Figure 21: Transparency, environmental and social information potential measures and next stepsSection 6 – Gender & Human Rights Headline Recommendations ¾ Mainstream and safeguard gender and human rights, including in relation to developing, adopting, reviewing and implementing laws, policies and projects related to climate change; ¾ Commission further analysis with a view to implementing a strategy to improve disaggregated data collection, monitoring, evaluation and accountability; ¾ Utilize participatory community led, bottom-up approaches to identify challenges and best practices with stakeholders and beneficiaries; ¾ Commission specific research on impacts of climate change on men and women, and their associated responses, in all their diversities drawing on traditional knowledge and skills; ¾ Secure technical assistance and resources to strengthen capacity across national and local Governments, as well as civil society and NGO networks, to design and deliver gender-responsive climate change programs and services; ¾ Ensure programs and projects contribute to secure family wellbeing including healthy lives and livelihoods, through education, domestic partnerships, family and household responsibilities, sexual and reproductive health; ¾ Eliminate gender-based violence and increase protection and care of survivors; ¾ Establish an enabling environment for an equitable participation in, and benefits from, economic development; ¾ Ensure equitable participation of women and men in decision-making through equal opportunities for women and men in all fields of employment, inclusive decision-making and support women’s entrepreneurship; ¾ Design and implement a program for progressive compliance with human rights obligations; and ¾ Build the knowledge and capacity of women, men and youth to address gender inequalities across sectors.Summary 173. Climate change will affect everyone, but the impacts of climate change, and the response initiatives, will be differentiated among women, men and youth.', 'Climate change will affect everyone, but the impacts of climate change, and the response initiatives, will be differentiated among women, men and youth. Women and children, disabled and impoverished groups are often the most vulnerable and disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change due to their marginalization in global society, limiting their access, use and control over resources and services. This limits their responses, including adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. 174. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has put in place multiple mandates to support gender responsive and human rights-based approaches to ensure that climate change policy, programing and implementation address the interests, needs and capacities of women and men for efficient and effective outcomes.', 'The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has put in place multiple mandates to support gender responsive and human rights-based approaches to ensure that climate change policy, programing and implementation address the interests, needs and capacities of women and men for efficient and effective outcomes. The recently adopted UNFCCC Gender Action Plan (GAP) states: ‘Gender-responsive climate policy requires further strengthening in all activities concerning adaptation, mitigation and related means of implementation (finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building) as well as decision- making on the implementation of climate policies.', 'The recently adopted UNFCCC Gender Action Plan (GAP) states: ‘Gender-responsive climate policy requires further strengthening in all activities concerning adaptation, mitigation and related means of implementation (finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building) as well as decision- making on the implementation of climate policies. The GAP recognizes the need for women to be represented in all aspects of the UNFCCC process and the need for gender mainstreaming through all relevant targets and goals in activities under the Convention as an important contribution to increasing their effectiveness’.2 175. Additionally, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) link gender equality (Goal 5) and climate change (Goal 13).', 'Additionally, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) link gender equality (Goal 5) and climate change (Goal 13). SDG Target 13b suggests countries should: ‘Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities’3. 176. Natural disasters, climate change hazards, food insecurity, water crises and public health risks are all threats facing the women, men and youth of RMI. Climate risks are particularly serious, in part because sources of cash income are limited, leaving people with little in the way of savings or financial resources to adapt to changing conditions or recover from climate change-related stresses. 177.', 'Climate risks are particularly serious, in part because sources of cash income are limited, leaving people with little in the way of savings or financial resources to adapt to changing conditions or recover from climate change-related stresses. 177. In 2016, studies revealed that the changing climate and environmental conditions associated with drought resulted in higher morbidity rates and declining nutrition levels, negatively affecting human development and quality of life. Drought also compromises food security with related malnutrition, notably in the outer islands. Natural disasters have resulted in an unknown number of internally displaced people, who have been forced to leave their homes and islands because of factors, including drought, exacerbated by climate change. 178.', 'Natural disasters have resulted in an unknown number of internally displaced people, who have been forced to leave their homes and islands because of factors, including drought, exacerbated by climate change. 178. Women are more vulnerable than men to the effects of events related to climate change, but their critical role in recovery and resilience is gaining recognition. The decreased the supply of necessary materials (pandanus, coconut, vines, etc.) and, across RMI, increased the time and effort needed – and in some cases the cost – to secure water and to perform other household tasks for their families. 179.', 'and, across RMI, increased the time and effort needed – and in some cases the cost – to secure water and to perform other household tasks for their families. 179. While women and different social groups have been disproportionally affected by the 2015–2016 drought, women’s contribution to the household economy is substantial. Therefore, women will be a critical partner in recovery and resilience. Post-disaster recovery resources must therefore strive to safeguard, restore and promote the economic engagement and participation of disadvantaged groups. Recovery efforts must redress gender inequalities or, at the very least, not perpetuate unequal access to power and resources. 180. In early 2015, the RMI Government adopted its National Gender Mainstreaming Policy.', 'In early 2015, the RMI Government adopted its National Gender Mainstreaming Policy. The Policy guides the development of laws, policies, procedures and practices to address the needs, priorities and aspirations of all women and men and to eliminate all forms of discrimination and inequality. The priority areas of the policy are: strengthening capacity across Government to integrate gender equality into Government services and programs; family well-being and eliminating gender-based violence and protecting and caring for survivors; and improving women’s economic empowerment and participation in decision- making. The policy also identifies vulnerable groups of women including those living in the outer islands (rural areas) and those with disabilities. 181.', 'The policy also identifies vulnerable groups of women including those living in the outer islands (rural areas) and those with disabilities. 181. Going forward, key recommendations arising from the GAP should be incorporated, as appropriate, into existing and future RMI policies to implement this 2050 Strategy. Human rights obligations should be similarly mainstreamed and safeguarded. 182. Reliable data in relation to gender issues is a major deficiency. A strategy needs to be put in place to address this, including identifying data needs. Sex disaggregated data needs to be collected to improve the monitoring of the impact and effectiveness of climate change initiatives and policies. 183.', 'Sex disaggregated data needs to be collected to improve the monitoring of the impact and effectiveness of climate change initiatives and policies. 183. Women, men, and youth should be included and engaged as valuable stakeholders in identifying and addressing the climate change concerns of their communities, and share knowledge for responses to ensure their strengthened resilience.', 'Women, men, and youth should be included and engaged as valuable stakeholders in identifying and addressing the climate change concerns of their communities, and share knowledge for responses to ensure their strengthened resilience. Further support should also be commissioned from gender organizations in RMI, as well as gender and human rights experts in advocacy, engagement and capacity building, and for enhancing gender in sector-specific elements.Potential Measures and Next Steps Issue Suggested Next Steps Gender equality and human rights are mainstreamed and safeguarded in RMI’s existing and new climate and development policies, strategies, laws, and activities x Conduct legislative review x Increase representation of women in national and local climate change decision- making and implementation x Increase representation of women in global decision-making processes and related events x Include references to gender and human rights in all Government documents related to climate change Gender analysis is incorporated in strategic planning, programming, and implementation of climate change initiatives x Gender analysis made mandatory x Conduct gender analysis for new and ongoing initiatives Marshallese young women are empowered to respond to climate change and disasters, including through training programs rooted in traditional skills x Training developed with traditional weaving as basis for understanding x Train young women in climate change and disaster risk management Figure 22: Gender & human rights potential measures and next stepsSection 7 – Health Headline Recommendations ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan.', 'Further support should also be commissioned from gender organizations in RMI, as well as gender and human rights experts in advocacy, engagement and capacity building, and for enhancing gender in sector-specific elements.Potential Measures and Next Steps Issue Suggested Next Steps Gender equality and human rights are mainstreamed and safeguarded in RMI’s existing and new climate and development policies, strategies, laws, and activities x Conduct legislative review x Increase representation of women in national and local climate change decision- making and implementation x Increase representation of women in global decision-making processes and related events x Include references to gender and human rights in all Government documents related to climate change Gender analysis is incorporated in strategic planning, programming, and implementation of climate change initiatives x Gender analysis made mandatory x Conduct gender analysis for new and ongoing initiatives Marshallese young women are empowered to respond to climate change and disasters, including through training programs rooted in traditional skills x Training developed with traditional weaving as basis for understanding x Train young women in climate change and disaster risk management Figure 22: Gender & human rights potential measures and next stepsSection 7 – Health Headline Recommendations ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan. Summary 184.', 'Further support should also be commissioned from gender organizations in RMI, as well as gender and human rights experts in advocacy, engagement and capacity building, and for enhancing gender in sector-specific elements.Potential Measures and Next Steps Issue Suggested Next Steps Gender equality and human rights are mainstreamed and safeguarded in RMI’s existing and new climate and development policies, strategies, laws, and activities x Conduct legislative review x Increase representation of women in national and local climate change decision- making and implementation x Increase representation of women in global decision-making processes and related events x Include references to gender and human rights in all Government documents related to climate change Gender analysis is incorporated in strategic planning, programming, and implementation of climate change initiatives x Gender analysis made mandatory x Conduct gender analysis for new and ongoing initiatives Marshallese young women are empowered to respond to climate change and disasters, including through training programs rooted in traditional skills x Training developed with traditional weaving as basis for understanding x Train young women in climate change and disaster risk management Figure 22: Gender & human rights potential measures and next stepsSection 7 – Health Headline Recommendations ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan. Summary 184. Climate change will exacerbate many current climate-sensitive health issues and threatens the ability of health institutions and organizations to maintain and improve health services into the future.', 'Climate change will exacerbate many current climate-sensitive health issues and threatens the ability of health institutions and organizations to maintain and improve health services into the future. This is expected to be particularly true in low-income countries and Small Island Developing States, who are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In particular, climate change will disproportionately affect vulnerable groups, including the poor, children, elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions. 185. The World Health Organization (WHO)4 predicts that the effects of climate change, including storms and flooding, rising sea levels, higher freshwater temperatures, reduced availability of food and drinking water, will translate into increased mortality and morbidity from extreme weather events and climate-sensitive diseases, such as malaria, dengue and cholera. The Paris Agreement specifically mentioned the right to health.', 'The Paris Agreement specifically mentioned the right to health. 186. As such it is critical that RMI takes steps to increase the adaptive capacity and resilience of its health system. The most effective health adaptation strategies take into account that contextual factors as adaptation needs are often highly localized. RMI should undertake measures to identify and assess the greatest health risks and shortcomings in RMI’s current health system in order to develop effective strategies for minimizing the anticipated effects of climate change on health outcomes. 187. It is therefore recommended that health is clearly considered and included as part of RMI’s future NAP.', 'It is therefore recommended that health is clearly considered and included as part of RMI’s future NAP. As a starting point studies should be undertaken to develop a better understanding of climate-related health impacts in RMI, including on vulnerable groups.Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Health x Relevant studies should be initiated to better identify potential health impacts from climate change in RMI and used inform the process of developing the NAP. Figure 23: Health potential measures and next stepsSection 8 – Education, Training & Public Awareness Headline Recommendations ¾ Include education, training & public awareness considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan. Summary 188. The global community has recognized that education plays a key role in responding to climate change.', 'The global community has recognized that education plays a key role in responding to climate change. The Paris Agreement specifically acknowledges the importance of “education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information” (Article 12) in the fight against climate change. 189. UNESCO5 has developed the following five recommendations for policy-makers on how climate change education (CCE) and education for sustainable development (ESD) can be integrated at the national level: x Policy development: ESD is an interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral approach, which aims to prepare people for change by equipping them with a broad base of knowledge, skills, dispositions and values. Governments need to integrate ESD and CCE into all levels and types of education and across the curriculum.', 'Governments need to integrate ESD and CCE into all levels and types of education and across the curriculum. x Governance and resources: Integrating CCE and ESD into national systems requires high-level support from the Government, with cross-sectoral coordination and harmonization. CCE and ESD programs were found to be more successful when a national coordination structure was clearly defined. x Curriculum development: Ministries of Education and education planners should review, develop and strengthen their curricula to ensure that CCE and ESD feature at all levels of the education system. This will entail creating new work units for teachers, and developing new pedagogical approaches with greater emphasis on critical thinking and problem-solving skills. New curricula should be flexible enough to be adaptable to local contexts.', 'New curricula should be flexible enough to be adaptable to local contexts. x Capacity-building of teachers and education planners: Teachers and non- teaching staff need to understand climate change, and have sufficient, locally-adapted materials for classroom use. x Public awareness, communication and stakeholder involvement: Governments should support non-formal education opportunities providedby communities, civil society and the media, all of which play an important role in conveying information about climate change mitigation and adaptation. 190. It is recommended that education considerations in the broadest sense are clearly considered and included as part of RMI’s future NAP. As a starting point studies should be undertaken to develop a better understanding of climate-related education issues and needs in RMI, including among vulnerable groups.', 'As a starting point studies should be undertaken to develop a better understanding of climate-related education issues and needs in RMI, including among vulnerable groups. Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Education, Training & Public Awareness x Relevant studies should be initiated to better understand the specific climate education needs in RMI and to inform the process of developing the NAP.', 'Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Education, Training & Public Awareness x Relevant studies should be initiated to better understand the specific climate education needs in RMI and to inform the process of developing the NAP. Figure 24: Health potential measures and next stepsSection 9 – Approach & Future Perspectives Headline Recommendations ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs pursuant to the Paris Agreement; ¾ Collect comments on this first 2050 Strategy from stakeholders – including Government, private sector, donors, members of the public – and use them to inform implementation and subsequent updates; ¾ Design and implement a domestic process to oversee future reviews and revisions of this 2050 Strategy and to monitor its implementation.', 'Figure 24: Health potential measures and next stepsSection 9 – Approach & Future Perspectives Headline Recommendations ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs pursuant to the Paris Agreement; ¾ Collect comments on this first 2050 Strategy from stakeholders – including Government, private sector, donors, members of the public – and use them to inform implementation and subsequent updates; ¾ Design and implement a domestic process to oversee future reviews and revisions of this 2050 Strategy and to monitor its implementation. The TTE Committee (or another body) should have a future role in: x monitoring the alignment and consistency of relevant legislation, policies and measures with the 2050 Strategy; x overseeing the update of the 2050 Strategy every five years – including the goals it contains; x monitoring progress towards achievement of RMI’s NDC; and x recommending the targets and goals of future RMI NDCs.', 'The TTE Committee (or another body) should have a future role in: x monitoring the alignment and consistency of relevant legislation, policies and measures with the 2050 Strategy; x overseeing the update of the 2050 Strategy every five years – including the goals it contains; x monitoring progress towards achievement of RMI’s NDC; and x recommending the targets and goals of future RMI NDCs. ¾ Ensure due diligence is fulfilled before making significant investments to implement this 2050 Strategy, including, as appropriate, peer review, third party review and an open and transparent procurement process. A Dynamic 2050 Strategy 191. In producing this 2050 Strategy, a strong feeling prevailed among stakeholders that existing RMI legislation, measures and policies should be built upon and inefficient duplication and replication should be avoided. 192.', 'In producing this 2050 Strategy, a strong feeling prevailed among stakeholders that existing RMI legislation, measures and policies should be built upon and inefficient duplication and replication should be avoided. 192. At the same time, this 2050 Strategy should serve as a useful tool in setting the context for, and influencing, relevant near, medium and long-term planning and decision-making at all levels of stakeholders. As such, the purpose of this 2050 Strategy is to enable relevant RMI decision-makers to make well-informed decisions based on the full national context and not only on economic considerations. 193.', 'As such, the purpose of this 2050 Strategy is to enable relevant RMI decision-makers to make well-informed decisions based on the full national context and not only on economic considerations. 193. The importance of this 2050 Strategy being treated as a dynamic document has been strongly emphasized by all categories of stakeholders, who were also of the view that it should be improved and refined over time.194. A key recommendation is that in order to provide an effective context for policy making and planning this 2050 Strategy is reviewed and updated, as necessary, as at least every five years, including to identify and consider new and relevant technologies and policy options.', 'A key recommendation is that in order to provide an effective context for policy making and planning this 2050 Strategy is reviewed and updated, as necessary, as at least every five years, including to identify and consider new and relevant technologies and policy options. More immediately, once the key outcomes and recommendations from the 2nd National Climate Dialogue and the Partnership Dialogue have been identified, they should be collected and used in the implementation and in future updates of this 2050 Strategy. Other comments received in future from stakeholders of all levels – including Government, private sector, donors, members of the public – should be similarly collected and used. 195. In that sense the 2050 Strategy should be treated as a living document.', 'In that sense the 2050 Strategy should be treated as a living document. As such it will be critical that the key findings of this 2050 Strategy are disseminated and feedback sought. 196. Furthermore, updates to this 2050 Strategy should recommend the targets for future RMI NDCs one year in advance of the submission to the UNFCCC in line with the Paris Agreement. The updating process should include stakeholder consultation. 197. When implementing this 2050 Strategy, in particular when considering short-term measures, reference should also be made to RMI’s NDC Partnership Plan. 198. A domestic process should be put in place to oversee future reviews and revisions of this 2050 Strategy and to monitor its implementation.', 'A domestic process should be put in place to oversee future reviews and revisions of this 2050 Strategy and to monitor its implementation. A critical role will be to endure the five-year NDC updating process is undertaken in the context of RMI working to deliver on its long-term vision. This overarching function could be achieved through maintaining the TTE Committee or by another new or existing body.', 'This overarching function could be achieved through maintaining the TTE Committee or by another new or existing body. The TTE Committee (or another body) should have a future role in: x monitoring the alignment and consistency of relevant legislation, policies and measures with the 2050 Strategy; x overseeing the update of the 2050 Strategy every five years – including the goals it contains; x monitoring progress towards achievement of RMI’s current NDC; and x recommending the targets and goals in future RMI NDCs. 199. Consideration should be given to setting out the status and function of the TTE Committee (or other body) in legislation, so as to give it independent standing, insulate this 2050 Strategy from political changes, and ensure its longevity.', 'Consideration should be given to setting out the status and function of the TTE Committee (or other body) in legislation, so as to give it independent standing, insulate this 2050 Strategy from political changes, and ensure its longevity. Models such as the United Kingdom Climate Change Act 2008 and its Climate Change Committee6 should be considered if they offer useful precedents. In any event, the UK’s standing offer to provide technical advice and insights into the functioning of its Climate Change Act should be taken up. 200. As an immediate suggestion, the Environment Minister could usefully report once a year to the Nitijela on the state of implementation of the 2050 Strategy.', 'As an immediate suggestion, the Environment Minister could usefully report once a year to the Nitijela on the state of implementation of the 2050 Strategy. This could be done annually, on the day after the opening of the Nitijela in August, anddedicated to the memory of Minister Mattlan Zackhras whose vision led to the production of this 2050 Strategy and who passed away in August of 2017. Due Diligence 201. Decisions in the short term have the potential to lock RMI into a particular development pathway for many years to come. As such RMI should undertake full due diligence before making any significant investment decisions related to the implementation of this 2050 Strategy.', 'As such RMI should undertake full due diligence before making any significant investment decisions related to the implementation of this 2050 Strategy. Options could include, as appropriate, peer review, third party review and open and transparent procurement processes. This is of particular importance when deciding on technological options for implementation – there are examples of developing countries being sold outdated technologies, obsolete or even outlawed in developed countries (e.g. for failing to meet important environmental health standards).Section 10 – Background to the RMI 2050 Strategy Why Have a 2050 Strategy? Benefits 202. The RMI Cabinet, as well as members of the TTE Committee, have identified several benefits to having a 2050 Strategy: x A clear framework for RMI’s decision-making and to constantly anchor that in a wider vision.', 'The RMI Cabinet, as well as members of the TTE Committee, have identified several benefits to having a 2050 Strategy: x A clear framework for RMI’s decision-making and to constantly anchor that in a wider vision. Most importantly this 2050 Strategy will set out a long-term context that will guard against short-term decision-making inconsistent with achieving net zero emissions, including those often driven by donors, partners and economic interests; x Clarity for the Government and other stakeholders by holistically bringing key information, policy and financial requirements together in one place. In turn, this can help achieve better domestic coordination; x Improved donor coordination.', 'In turn, this can help achieve better domestic coordination; x Improved donor coordination. This 2050 Strategy will for the first time provide a hierarchy of climate-related needs – and hopefully a discipline – so that support can start to flow to where it is needed most, when it is needed most. In other words, financial and capacity support will for the first time be holistically aligned with our strategic national climate priorities; x Delivery of benefits for Marshallese women, men and youth. By asking the fundamental question of what kind of country RMI wants to be by 2050, RMI will become less reactionary and more proactive in its policy process.', 'By asking the fundamental question of what kind of country RMI wants to be by 2050, RMI will become less reactionary and more proactive in its policy process. Furthermore, by developing and implementing this 2050 Strategy through consultative processes with a wide range of stakeholders, the RMI Government can ensure that the population supports RMI’s climate change priorities, and has a role in setting those priorities. In turn this will help translate RMI’s international climate change leadership into tangible benefits for Marshallese people on the ground through sustainable, climate resilient development; and x Maintaining RMI’s international climate leadership by walking the walk, not just talking the talk.', 'In turn this will help translate RMI’s international climate change leadership into tangible benefits for Marshallese people on the ground through sustainable, climate resilient development; and x Maintaining RMI’s international climate leadership by walking the walk, not just talking the talk. By taking the steps to produce RMI’s own 2050 Strategy, RMI aims to press its international partners to do so as well, including by sharing lessons learned. In turn this will support the wider global commitment to limit temperature increase to well below 2°C, pursuing efforts to limit it to the 1.5 °C cap needed for the survival of RMI. Commitments under the Paris Agreement 203. Having a 2050 Strategy also helps RMI deliver on its commitments under the Paris Agreement.', 'Having a 2050 Strategy also helps RMI deliver on its commitments under the Paris Agreement. As the Agreement states, Parties aim to “strengthen the globalresponse to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development”.', 'As the Agreement states, Parties aim to “strengthen the globalresponse to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development”. (Article 204.', 'As the Agreement states, Parties aim to “strengthen the globalresponse to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development”. (Article 204. The Paris Agreement goes on to invite Parties to strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (2050 Strategies) […](Article 4(19)).', 'The Paris Agreement goes on to invite Parties to strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (2050 Strategies) […](Article 4(19)). In accordance with this, at the Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh (COP22), President Heine committed RMI to producing a 2050 Strategy7. 205. The preamble of the Paris Agreement states that: “Parties should when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity\".The Process that Led to This 2050 Strategy Timeline & Process for Producing the RMI’s 2050 Strategy 206.', 'The preamble of the Paris Agreement states that: “Parties should when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity\".The Process that Led to This 2050 Strategy Timeline & Process for Producing the RMI’s 2050 Strategy 206. Timeline and process: x 21 August 2017 – skeleton outline of the Strategy discussed and agreed by the Committee; x 22/23 August 2017 – RMI Cabinet endorses approach to developing x 19-20 July 2018 – 2nd National Climate Dialogue; x 22-23 July 2018 – NDC Partnership Dialogue; x July/August 2018 – revised draft 2050 Strategy; x August 2018 – presented final draft of Strategy to Cabinet for approval; x Third quarter 2018 – published RMI’s final 2050 Strategy.', 'Timeline and process: x 21 August 2017 – skeleton outline of the Strategy discussed and agreed by the Committee; x 22/23 August 2017 – RMI Cabinet endorses approach to developing x 19-20 July 2018 – 2nd National Climate Dialogue; x 22-23 July 2018 – NDC Partnership Dialogue; x July/August 2018 – revised draft 2050 Strategy; x August 2018 – presented final draft of Strategy to Cabinet for approval; x Third quarter 2018 – published RMI’s final 2050 Strategy. The TTE Committee 207. The TTE Committee, comprising key stakeholders, was formed in order to oversee the production and implementation of RMI’s 2050 Strategy. The Government energy planning division has served at the Secretariat to the Committee. The 2nd RMI National Climate Dialogue Process & Partnership Dialogue 208.', 'The 2nd RMI National Climate Dialogue Process & Partnership Dialogue 208. The 2nd National Climate Dialogue was held on 19-20 July 2018. 209. In order to support the delivery and implementation of the 2050 Strategy in the future, a Partnership Dialogue took place on 22-23 July 2018. The Partnership Dialogue engaged a range of key international stakeholders who will be crucial to the realization of the goals of the 2050 Strategy, including through the production of an NDC Partnership Plan. 210. As recommended above, the outcomes of the Dialogues, as well as the NDC Partnership Plan should be used to inform the implementation of this 2050 Strategy, as well as its future updates.Section 11 – Methodologies, Baseline, Projections 11a – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Methodology 211.', 'As recommended above, the outcomes of the Dialogues, as well as the NDC Partnership Plan should be used to inform the implementation of this 2050 Strategy, as well as its future updates.Section 11 – Methodologies, Baseline, Projections 11a – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Methodology 211. Data was collected on a variety of inputs which were then used to separately calculate carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions, methane (CH4 ) emissions, and nitrous O) emissions. Using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report’s (IPCC AR5) 100-year global warming potentials, CH4 O emissions were converted to CO2 -equivalent emissions. These three emission sources were then summed to arrive at a total of CO2 -equivalent emissions. Using 2010 and 2015 data, current emissions were calculated based on fuel consumption multiplied by emissions factors.', 'Using 2010 and 2015 data, current emissions were calculated based on fuel consumption multiplied by emissions factors. For these emission factors, EPA’s 2015 estimates were used. Overall, the same approach was followed as used in Chapter Two of the RMI’s Second National Communication (August 2015) regarding emissions that were, or were not, included using the improved data collected since this document was published. In some cases, the original IPCC GHG protocol equations were used to calculate emissions. 212. Data collected to produce this 2050 Strategy included: population data, burning and recycling rates, waste generation, copra production, fossil fuel consumption (kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, diesel, gasoline, etc.', 'Data collected to produce this 2050 Strategy included: population data, burning and recycling rates, waste generation, copra production, fossil fuel consumption (kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, diesel, gasoline, etc. ), cooking demand, fuel efficiency, electricity system losses, electricity loads and consumption, levels of current renewables penetration, renewable resources and performance, number of vehicles driven, and vehicle miles per year. 213. In addition to the Second National Communication, another point of reference was the RMI’s NDC, which projects emissions reductions in 2025 and 2030 from a baseline in 2010. This 2050 Strategy therefore also uses the baseline year of 2010. The Second National Communication notably does not account for emissions from the waste sector. In developing its NDC, RMI updated its emissions inventory to include the waste sector.', 'In developing its NDC, RMI updated its emissions inventory to include the waste sector. However, data collection for this sector is poor and requires revision in the Third National Communication. Similarly, the Second National Communication disregarded incineration or burning emissions. More recent 2017 studies show that burning is prevalent in RMI, so this source of emissions was included in the emissions inventory used to develop the 2050 Strategy. 214. The 2010 baseline emissions estimate relies on an extrapolation of a bottom-up calculation that accounts for 80% of RMI’s population. The revised estimate of 168,000 metric tons (Mtons) is aligned with estimates made by the RMI Electricity Roadmap and is in close agreement to the 170,000 Mtons estimate made in the Second National Communication.Figure 25: RMI’s Greenhouse Gas Scenario – NDC 215.', 'The revised estimate of 168,000 metric tons (Mtons) is aligned with estimates made by the RMI Electricity Roadmap and is in close agreement to the 170,000 Mtons estimate made in the Second National Communication.Figure 25: RMI’s Greenhouse Gas Scenario – NDC 215. RMI produced its NDC in 2015. The key provisions of the NDC state that: x RMI commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHG to 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x RMI communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x These targets put RMI on a trajectory to nearly halve GHG emissions between 2010 and 2030, with a view to achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050, or earlier if possible.', 'The key provisions of the NDC state that: x RMI commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHG to 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x RMI communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs to 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x These targets put RMI on a trajectory to nearly halve GHG emissions between 2010 and 2030, with a view to achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050, or earlier if possible. 216. The NDC also contains sections in relation to adaptation and means of implementation. 217.', 'The NDC also contains sections in relation to adaptation and means of implementation. 217. Since RMI seeks to significantly reduce its emissions and explore pathways to zero emissions by 2050 goal, the Moderate Scenario is not a “business as usual” scenario, but rather assumes significant renewables penetration and efficiency improvements. The Lighthouse Scenario assumes maximal effort, implemented rapidly, whereas the Significant Scenario assumes the same actions as the Lighthouse Scenario delayed by 15 years due to presumed lack of funds. 218. The quantitative analysis and scenarios on which the 2050 Strategy is based is focused on Majuro and Ebeye because they are the main population centers and because relevant environmental data is most readily available in these cities.', 'The quantitative analysis and scenarios on which the 2050 Strategy is based is focused on Majuro and Ebeye because they are the main population centers and because relevant environmental data is most readily available in these cities. From this base, assumptions and recommendations can be extended to other parts of RMI. 219. The specifics of the choices and assumptions made in relation to the scenarios, pathways or measures set out in this 2050 Strategy may likely change in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - NDC Electricity Transport Waste Otherfuture, as technology improvements, costs, local preferences and market acceptance, as well as financial constraints, all change over time.', 'The specifics of the choices and assumptions made in relation to the scenarios, pathways or measures set out in this 2050 Strategy may likely change in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Metric Tons, CO2 -Equivalent) RMI Greenhouse Gas Scenario - NDC Electricity Transport Waste Otherfuture, as technology improvements, costs, local preferences and market acceptance, as well as financial constraints, all change over time. As a next step, further feasibility studies and/or pilot projects are recommended in order to validate and verify that these pathways are feasible in RMI. On this basis, assumptions made should be modified and the model improved in the future. 11b – Adaptation, Environmental Information & Means of Implementation 220.', '11b – Adaptation, Environmental Information & Means of Implementation 220. The analysis underpinning the parts of this 2050 Strategy unrelated to GHG emissions reductions – including on adaptation, environmental information and means of implementation - was based on data collected through interviews with key RMI stakeholders as well as desktop reviews of relevant materials.Section 12 – Acronyms ACWA Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector Project MCG Millennium Consumption Goals CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy MEC Marshall Energy Company CBIT Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification CESC Clean Energy Solutions Center MTC Ministry of Transport and Communication Methane Mtons Metric tons Carbon Dioxide MW Megawatts COP22 Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh N2 O Nitrous Oxide CVF Climate Vulnerable Forum NAP National Adaptation Plan DIDA Division of International Development Assistance NDC Nationally Determined Contribution EPA Environmental Protection Agency NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration EPD Energy Planning Division OEPPC Office of Environmental Planning and Policy Coordination EPSO European Plant Science Organization OTEC Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion EU European Union PPA Power Purchase Agreement GAP Gender Action Plan PREP II Second Phase of the Pacific Resilience Project GDP Gross Domestic Product RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands GHG Greenhouse Gas SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit SIDS Small Island Developing State IMO International Maritime Organization SPREP South Pacific Regional Environment Program Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report UNDP United Nations Development ProgramIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency US United States JNAP Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management USP University of the South Pacific KAJUR Kwajalein Atoll Joint Utility Resources VMT Vehicle Miles Travelled LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas WTE Waste-to-Energy MAWC Majuro Atoll Waste CompanySection 13 – Acknowledgments 221.', 'The analysis underpinning the parts of this 2050 Strategy unrelated to GHG emissions reductions – including on adaptation, environmental information and means of implementation - was based on data collected through interviews with key RMI stakeholders as well as desktop reviews of relevant materials.Section 12 – Acronyms ACWA Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector Project MCG Millennium Consumption Goals CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy MEC Marshall Energy Company CBIT Capacity Building Initiative on Transparency MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification CESC Clean Energy Solutions Center MTC Ministry of Transport and Communication Methane Mtons Metric tons Carbon Dioxide MW Megawatts COP22 Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh N2 O Nitrous Oxide CVF Climate Vulnerable Forum NAP National Adaptation Plan DIDA Division of International Development Assistance NDC Nationally Determined Contribution EPA Environmental Protection Agency NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration EPD Energy Planning Division OEPPC Office of Environmental Planning and Policy Coordination EPSO European Plant Science Organization OTEC Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion EU European Union PPA Power Purchase Agreement GAP Gender Action Plan PREP II Second Phase of the Pacific Resilience Project GDP Gross Domestic Product RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands GHG Greenhouse Gas SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit SIDS Small Island Developing State IMO International Maritime Organization SPREP South Pacific Regional Environment Program Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report UNDP United Nations Development ProgramIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency US United States JNAP Joint National Action Plan on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management USP University of the South Pacific KAJUR Kwajalein Atoll Joint Utility Resources VMT Vehicle Miles Travelled LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas WTE Waste-to-Energy MAWC Majuro Atoll Waste CompanySection 13 – Acknowledgments 221. The Committee would like to acknowledge the help and contributions of the following to the production of this 2050 Strategy: x All the members of the TTE Committee; x Independent Diplomat; x Meister Consultants Group, Clean Energy Solutions Center (CESC) who did much of the technical analysis and modeling underpinning this 2050 Strategy; x The 2050 Pathways Platform; x The NDC Partnership Support Unit.']"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"en-US"}}},{"rowIdx":197,"cells":{"Unnamed: 0":{"kind":"number","value":197,"string":"197"},"country_code":{"kind":"string","value":"MRT"},"country":{"kind":"string","value":"Mauritania"},"type_of_document":{"kind":"string","value":"1st NDC"},"date":{"kind":"string","value":"2017-02-27 00:00:00"},"backend_status":{"kind":"null"},"current":{"kind":"null"},"version_number":{"kind":"string","value":"NDC 1.0"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20MAURITANIA.pdf"},"comment":{"kind":"null"},"annex_type":{"kind":"string","value":"Non-Annex I"},"income_group":{"kind":"string","value":"Middle-income"},"region":{"kind":"string","value":"Africa"},"eu27":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"ghg_total":{"kind":"number","value":7.6594419403,"string":"7.659442"},"ghg_transport":{"kind":"number","value":1.355644798,"string":"1.355645"},"mena":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"valid":{"kind":"bool","value":true,"string":"true"},"document_path":{"kind":"string","value":"../data/downloaded_documents/6ec1f81159a3199f3b3e3c1316355834fd3850ffc60e0ed67e52afaa54fb35b9.pdf"},"para_list":{"kind":"string","value":"['RAPPORT NATIONAL CPDN REPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE DE MAURITANIE Honneur - Fraternité - Justice Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE A LA CONVENTION CADRE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES (CCNUCC) 21ème Conférence des Parties à la CCNUCC à Paris, France. Résumé du CPDN de la Mauritanie Année de référence : 2010. Période d’engagement : 2020 – 2030. Secteurs pris en compte : Energie, Agriculture, Foresterie et Affectation des terres, Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits ainsi que les déchets. Gaz concernés : CO , CH , N O. Méthodologie d évaluation : GIEC 2006 Objectif de la contribution d atténuation: Réduction des émissions de GES de l’année cible (2030) par rapport aux émissions projetés à la même année dans le scénario du cours normal des affaires.', 'Gaz concernés : CO , CH , N O. Méthodologie d évaluation : GIEC 2006 Objectif de la contribution d atténuation: Réduction des émissions de GES de l’année cible (2030) par rapport aux émissions projetés à la même année dans le scénario du cours normal des affaires. Niveau de réduction visé en 2030 : 22.3 %. Réduction cumulée des émissions pour la période 2020-2030 : 33,56 Millions de tonnes équivalent dioxyde de carbone. Type de contribution : Conditionnelle 88% et non Conditionnelle 12%. Besoins en financement : 17,6 milliards USD, dont § L’atténuation: 8,2 milliards USD.', 'Besoins en financement : 17,6 milliards USD, dont § L’atténuation: 8,2 milliards USD. § L’adaptation: 9,4 milliards USDCONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE Introduction Pays Non Annexe 1 de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques, la Mauritanie appartient à la zone du Sahel Africain la plus touchée par les sécheresses récurrentes depuis 1968. La désertification qui en a résulté est d’autant plus forte que l’effet du climat, conjuguée à l’action de l’homme, a entraîné des conséquences directes sur un milieu déjà très précaire, à savoir la dégradation des conditions socio-économiques générales du pays et de l’environnement physique. La vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique touche par conséquent l’ensemble des secteurs vitaux de l’économie nationale.', 'La vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique touche par conséquent l’ensemble des secteurs vitaux de l’économie nationale. En réponse aux catastrophes récurrentes qui résultent de cette situation, le Gouvernement de la Mauritanie consacre régulièrement une partie de son budget aux programmes spéciaux pour venir en aide aux populations vulnérables victimes des sécheresses. C’est le cas du programme Emel (Espoir), en cours d’exécution, pour une enveloppe financière initiale de 42 Milliards MRO en 2012 et un financement revolving de 12 Milliards MRO par an, soit environ un financement cumulé de 78 Milliards MRO pour la période 2012 – 2015, environ 300 Millions de dollars US,.', 'C’est le cas du programme Emel (Espoir), en cours d’exécution, pour une enveloppe financière initiale de 42 Milliards MRO en 2012 et un financement revolving de 12 Milliards MRO par an, soit environ un financement cumulé de 78 Milliards MRO pour la période 2012 – 2015, environ 300 Millions de dollars US,. Ce programme d’urgences vient juste après le programme d’urgences Solidarité de 2011, qui a coûté neuf Milliards MRO, soit environ 35 Millions de dollars US. La ‘’Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National’’ de la République Islamique de Mauritanie s’appuie sur les programmes de développement sectoriels et sur le cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté. Ceux-ci ont pour objectif global la contribution au développement durable, sobre en carbone et résilient aux impacts du changement climatique.', 'Ceux-ci ont pour objectif global la contribution au développement durable, sobre en carbone et résilient aux impacts du changement climatique. Au vu de ce qui précède, la présente contribution reflète donc à la fois la volonté politique du pays à participer à la réduction mondiale des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et à répondre aux besoins du pays en matière d’adaptation, dans la mesure de ses moyens et capacités. 1- Approche méthodologique Dans le cadre de la préparation de la CPDN, le Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (MEDD) a procédé en trois étapes : une première étape de sensibilisation/ information, une deuxième d’élaboration de la Contribution et enfin une troisième étape de validation.', '1- Approche méthodologique Dans le cadre de la préparation de la CPDN, le Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (MEDD) a procédé en trois étapes : une première étape de sensibilisation/ information, une deuxième d’élaboration de la Contribution et enfin une troisième étape de validation. Dans ce processus, deux volets ont été considérés, le volet politique et le volet technique: § § Pour le volet politique, le message sur les enjeux et les défis de la COP21 et la Contribution Nationale a été relayé à l’ensemble des secteurs clés par le Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable. Cette action a permis de définir les modalités pratiques de la préparation des Contributions sectorielles par des équipes, coordonnées chacune, par un point focal sectoriel.', 'Cette action a permis de définir les modalités pratiques de la préparation des Contributions sectorielles par des équipes, coordonnées chacune, par un point focal sectoriel. Le processus d’élaboration de la CPDN devait aussi s’achever par une validation politique marquée par l’approbation du Gouvernement.', 'Le processus d’élaboration de la CPDN devait aussi s’achever par une validation politique marquée par l’approbation du Gouvernement. § § Pour le volet technique, le personnel technique de chacun des secteurs a procédé à la préparation de la contribution sectorielle correspondante, après échange et coordination avec l’équipe d’experts engagée par le MEDD à cet effetCONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE 1.1 - Méthodologies d’évaluation de l’atténuation Pour l’analyse de l’atténuation en Mauritanie, trois modèles ont été utilisés dans le calcul des estimations: § § Les méthodologies des Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC et le logiciel qui leur est attaché, pour les secteurs de l’énergie’, des ‘Procédés Industriels et l’Utilisation des Produits’ (PIUP) et celui des ‘Déchets’ ; § § L’outil Ex-Ante Carbon-balance Tool (EX-ACT) de la FAO pour le secteur AFAT ; § § Le modèle «LEAP» pour l’analyse du sous-secteur de l’énergie domestique.', '§ § Pour le volet technique, le personnel technique de chacun des secteurs a procédé à la préparation de la contribution sectorielle correspondante, après échange et coordination avec l’équipe d’experts engagée par le MEDD à cet effetCONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE 1.1 - Méthodologies d’évaluation de l’atténuation Pour l’analyse de l’atténuation en Mauritanie, trois modèles ont été utilisés dans le calcul des estimations: § § Les méthodologies des Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC et le logiciel qui leur est attaché, pour les secteurs de l’énergie’, des ‘Procédés Industriels et l’Utilisation des Produits’ (PIUP) et celui des ‘Déchets’ ; § § L’outil Ex-Ante Carbon-balance Tool (EX-ACT) de la FAO pour le secteur AFAT ; § § Le modèle «LEAP» pour l’analyse du sous-secteur de l’énergie domestique. 1.2 - Méthodologies d’évaluation des options d’adaptation Sur la base des orientations (Scénarii climatiques et socioéconomiques) et de l’appui (Articulation vulnérabilité et adaptation) de l’équipe d’experts pluridisciplinaire du MEDD, les secteurs de développement ont proposé leurs portefeuilles respectifs d’adaptation au changement climatique 2 - Contexte national 2.1 - Données de base sur la Mauritanie Superficie 1.030.000 Km2- 720 Kilomètres de littoral (ONS) Climat Sud : climat sahélien, chaud et semi aride.', '1.2 - Méthodologies d’évaluation des options d’adaptation Sur la base des orientations (Scénarii climatiques et socioéconomiques) et de l’appui (Articulation vulnérabilité et adaptation) de l’équipe d’experts pluridisciplinaire du MEDD, les secteurs de développement ont proposé leurs portefeuilles respectifs d’adaptation au changement climatique 2 - Contexte national 2.1 - Données de base sur la Mauritanie Superficie 1.030.000 Km2- 720 Kilomètres de littoral (ONS) Climat Sud : climat sahélien, chaud et semi aride. Nord : climat Saharien chaud et aride à hyper aride (ONM) Population urbaine 59% PIB 4,5 milliards USD en 2013 (MAED, BAD) Croissance du PIB 5,7% en 2013(ONS) Part de l’agriculture (y compris l élevage) dans le PIB Emission en 2012 7070.51 Gg Eq-CO (RNI) Emission par habitant 2,1 tonnes Eq-CO (RNI) Emission par habitant hors AFAT 0,7 tonnes Eq-CO (RNI) Accès à l’électricité 38,8 % des ménages (DEME) Mix électrique actuel En 2012 hors opérateurs miniers Hydro ER Thermique Sources: MAED, ONS (RGPH 2013), ONM, BAD, DEME et RNI (2014).CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE 2.2 - Le changement climatique dans le contexte national La Mauritanie a ratifié la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) en 1994 et a adhéré au Protocole de Kyoto en 1997.', 'Nord : climat Saharien chaud et aride à hyper aride (ONM) Population urbaine 59% PIB 4,5 milliards USD en 2013 (MAED, BAD) Croissance du PIB 5,7% en 2013(ONS) Part de l’agriculture (y compris l élevage) dans le PIB Emission en 2012 7070.51 Gg Eq-CO (RNI) Emission par habitant 2,1 tonnes Eq-CO (RNI) Emission par habitant hors AFAT 0,7 tonnes Eq-CO (RNI) Accès à l’électricité 38,8 % des ménages (DEME) Mix électrique actuel En 2012 hors opérateurs miniers Hydro ER Thermique Sources: MAED, ONS (RGPH 2013), ONM, BAD, DEME et RNI (2014).CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE 2.2 - Le changement climatique dans le contexte national La Mauritanie a ratifié la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) en 1994 et a adhéré au Protocole de Kyoto en 1997. Au plan national, la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable (SNDD) à l’horizon 2015, adoptée en octobre 2006 constitue le cadre de référence de la politique nationale en rapport avec les enjeux climatiques.', 'Au plan national, la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable (SNDD) à l’horizon 2015, adoptée en octobre 2006 constitue le cadre de référence de la politique nationale en rapport avec les enjeux climatiques. Sur le plan opérationnel, elle est articulée avec au second Plan d’Action National pour l’Environnement et le développement durable (PANE II) qui couvre la période 2012-2016. Bien avant, la Mauritanie a élaboré son Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation au changement climatique (PANA) en 2004. En 2015, la Mauritanie a lancé les premiers jalons préparatoires de son Plan National d’Adaptation à vision moyen et long termes. 3 - La Composante Atténuation de la Contribution de Mauritanie 3.1 - Calendrier de la contribution La période des activités d’atténuation proposées par la Contribution de la Mauritanie est 2020-2030.', '3 - La Composante Atténuation de la Contribution de Mauritanie 3.1 - Calendrier de la contribution La période des activités d’atténuation proposées par la Contribution de la Mauritanie est 2020-2030. 3.2 - Type de contribution La Mauritanie a choisi de formuler sa ‘Contribution’ en termes de réduction par rapport au scénario de référence. L’estimation a été faite sur la base des projets prévus pendant la période 2020-2030. 3.3 - Secteurs et gaz concernés Les secteurs concernés sont tous des secteurs émetteurs des GES à savoir: (i) L’Energie ; (ii) L’AFAT; (iii) Les Procédés Industriels et (iv) Les Déchets. Les GES concernés sont le CO2, CH4 et N2O.', 'Les GES concernés sont le CO2, CH4 et N2O. 3.4 - Niveau d’atténuation ciblé La République Islamique de Mauritanie a l’intention de contribuer à l’Accord Climat de Paris par une réduction de ses émissions de GES prévue en 2030 de 22,3%, soit 4.2 Millions de tonnes équivalent dioxyde de carbone (Mt eq CO ), par rapport aux émissions projetées pour la même année selon le scénario du cours normal des affaires (Business As Usual) qui évolue de 6.6 Mt eq CO en 2010 à 18.84 Mt eq CO En 2030.', '3.4 - Niveau d’atténuation ciblé La République Islamique de Mauritanie a l’intention de contribuer à l’Accord Climat de Paris par une réduction de ses émissions de GES prévue en 2030 de 22,3%, soit 4.2 Millions de tonnes équivalent dioxyde de carbone (Mt eq CO ), par rapport aux émissions projetées pour la même année selon le scénario du cours normal des affaires (Business As Usual) qui évolue de 6.6 Mt eq CO en 2010 à 18.84 Mt eq CO En 2030. Ainsi, pour la période 2020-2030 le cumul des émissions évitées selon les mesures d’atténuation proposées sont d’environ 33,56Mt eq CO . Secteurs Cumul d Atténuation 2020 – 2030 (Gg Eq CO ) Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits - 30.5 Agriculture, Foresterie et Affectation des terres - 20431.5 Total période d évaluation - 33559.3CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE Cette contribution portera principalement sur les secteurs de l’énergie (génération électrique, transports, agriculture, pêche…), de l’Agriculture, Foresterie et Affectation des Terres (AFAT), ainsi que ceux à faibles émissions (procédés industriels et déchets).', 'Ainsi, pour la période 2020-2030 le cumul des émissions évitées selon les mesures d’atténuation proposées sont d’environ 33,56Mt eq CO . Secteurs Cumul d Atténuation 2020 – 2030 (Gg Eq CO ) Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits - 30.5 Agriculture, Foresterie et Affectation des terres - 20431.5 Total période d évaluation - 33559.3CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE Cette contribution portera principalement sur les secteurs de l’énergie (génération électrique, transports, agriculture, pêche…), de l’Agriculture, Foresterie et Affectation des Terres (AFAT), ainsi que ceux à faibles émissions (procédés industriels et déchets). 3.5 - Parts de la Contribution § § 12% de cette réduction potentielle des émissions pourront être réalisés par les moyens propres de la Mauritanie (part inconditionnelle de la Contribution).', '3.5 - Parts de la Contribution § § 12% de cette réduction potentielle des émissions pourront être réalisés par les moyens propres de la Mauritanie (part inconditionnelle de la Contribution). La nature de cette partie inconditionnelle de la contribution porte essentiellement sur la réglementation (exemples de la mesure prise par le Gouvernement en 2015 limitant l’âge d’importation des voitures à 8 ans et celle de l’exonération de la taxe des bus sortie usine pour le transport en commun ), ou sous forme d’actions prioritaires d’accès au services de base pour réduire la pauvreté rurale (exemples: électrification rurale, équipement des points d’eau avec des pompes solaires, etc.). § § 88% de la contribution, correspondent à la part de réduction des émissions conditionnée à l’appui international (part conditionnelle de la Contribution).', '§ § 88% de la contribution, correspondent à la part de réduction des émissions conditionnée à l’appui international (part conditionnelle de la Contribution). 3.6 - Besoins en moyens de financement de l’atténuation La mise en œuvre des projets d’atténuation proposés nécessite des moyens en termes de capacités, de technologies, de cadres règlementaires et institutionnels et de moyens financiers. Compte tenu de ses capacités actuelles, seule une contrepartie de ces projets peut être assurée par les moyens propres de la Mauritanie. Pour réaliser ses ambitions d’atténuation des GES en 2030, la Mauritanie aura besoin d’une enveloppe financière globale de 9,3 Milliards de Dollars US dont 88% (équivalents à 8,2 Milliards de Dollars US.) devant provenir de l’appui international.', 'devant provenir de l’appui international. La Mauritanie souhaiterait en plus de ces appuis financiers directs, soutenir ses besoins en financement de l’atténuation à travers : (i) la plateforme NAMA, notamment pour les programmes d’efficacité énergétique et énergies renouvelables; (ii) l’inclusion des marchés internationaux du carbone, comme le MDP, dans un accord post 2020 sur le climat qui, couplé à un régime comptable approprié (MRV), pourrait servir à financer des investissements sobres en carbone.CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE 4 - La Contribution de la Mauritanie en matière d’Adaptation Selon les scénarii climatiques rapportés dans la Troisième Communication Nationale (2014), la Mauritanie, devrait connaitre une forte exposition socio-économique et écologique aux impacts du changement climatique: Température.', 'La Mauritanie souhaiterait en plus de ces appuis financiers directs, soutenir ses besoins en financement de l’atténuation à travers : (i) la plateforme NAMA, notamment pour les programmes d’efficacité énergétique et énergies renouvelables; (ii) l’inclusion des marchés internationaux du carbone, comme le MDP, dans un accord post 2020 sur le climat qui, couplé à un régime comptable approprié (MRV), pourrait servir à financer des investissements sobres en carbone.CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE 4 - La Contribution de la Mauritanie en matière d’Adaptation Selon les scénarii climatiques rapportés dans la Troisième Communication Nationale (2014), la Mauritanie, devrait connaitre une forte exposition socio-économique et écologique aux impacts du changement climatique: Température. Une augmentation de +2.1 °C de la température moyenne annuelle sur l’ensemble du pays à l’horizon 2050 et à +4,5° à l’horizon 2100.', 'Une augmentation de +2.1 °C de la température moyenne annuelle sur l’ensemble du pays à l’horizon 2050 et à +4,5° à l’horizon 2100. Précipitations. Une baisse du volume annuel des précipitations de 20% selon les régions à 70% dans l’Adrar, par rapport à la situation actuelle, à l’horizon 2100. Phénomènes extrêmes. Cette augmentation de la température et baisse des précipitations s’accompagnerait d’une augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des phénomènes extrêmes de sécheresse et d’inondation et des perturbations de la répartition saisonnière des précipitations. Elévation du niveau de la mer. Le littoral qui s’étend sur plus de 720 km de côte manifeste déjà par endroit (Nouakchott) sa sensibilité au phénomène d’élévation du niveau de la mer.', 'Le littoral qui s’étend sur plus de 720 km de côte manifeste déjà par endroit (Nouakchott) sa sensibilité au phénomène d’élévation du niveau de la mer. La nappe affleure sur presque toute l’étendue des surfaces bâties de la Capitale et la plus petite précipitation rend l’évacuation des eaux et l’assainissement en général impossibles.', 'La nappe affleure sur presque toute l’étendue des surfaces bâties de la Capitale et la plus petite précipitation rend l’évacuation des eaux et l’assainissement en général impossibles. 4.1 - Les impacts du changement climatique ressentis par les secteurs clés Les impacts sur les ressources en eau seront significatifs et se traduiront par une baisse générale des ressources en eau de l’ordre de 10 à 15%, avec pour conséquences : § § L’élévation de la température moyenne de surface de l’eau de mer (SST) avec une remontée vers le nord du front thermique au-delà de sa limite géographique habituelle et l’appauvrissement des eaux en oxygène crée des OMZ de plus en plus importantes qui pourraient être à l’origine de migration des espèces pélagiques vers des zones plus riches en oxygène ; § § L’augmentation de la température des eaux et l’acidification des océans ces dernières années semblent être accompagnées d’une pullulation de méduses et d’un phénomène récurent des eaux colorées ; § § La montée du niveau de l’océan et l’érosion côtière menaçant les infrastructures du littoral dédiées à la pêche ; § § L’accroissement de la fréquence des tempêtes qui réduit la productivité de la pêche.', '4.1 - Les impacts du changement climatique ressentis par les secteurs clés Les impacts sur les ressources en eau seront significatifs et se traduiront par une baisse générale des ressources en eau de l’ordre de 10 à 15%, avec pour conséquences : § § L’élévation de la température moyenne de surface de l’eau de mer (SST) avec une remontée vers le nord du front thermique au-delà de sa limite géographique habituelle et l’appauvrissement des eaux en oxygène crée des OMZ de plus en plus importantes qui pourraient être à l’origine de migration des espèces pélagiques vers des zones plus riches en oxygène ; § § L’augmentation de la température des eaux et l’acidification des océans ces dernières années semblent être accompagnées d’une pullulation de méduses et d’un phénomène récurent des eaux colorées ; § § La montée du niveau de l’océan et l’érosion côtière menaçant les infrastructures du littoral dédiées à la pêche ; § § L’accroissement de la fréquence des tempêtes qui réduit la productivité de la pêche. § § Un dérèglement du régime des oueds et une réduction de la capacité de remplissage des barrages à cause des précipitations concentrées et l’envasement accéléré des barrages par érosion hydrique dans les bassins versants fortement dénudés et, § § Un réchauffement des eaux de surface, moins aérées, à débits plus réduits et donc une réduction de leurs pouvoirs de dilution et de biodégradation de certains polluants, etc.', '§ § Un dérèglement du régime des oueds et une réduction de la capacité de remplissage des barrages à cause des précipitations concentrées et l’envasement accéléré des barrages par érosion hydrique dans les bassins versants fortement dénudés et, § § Un réchauffement des eaux de surface, moins aérées, à débits plus réduits et donc une réduction de leurs pouvoirs de dilution et de biodégradation de certains polluants, etc. Les impacts sur l’élevage se traduiront par une aggravation de la situation actuelle, marquée par la dégradation de la productivité du cheptel. Cette évolution de la productivité du cheptel est induite par les sécheresses récurrentes, la rareté et l’éloignement des espaces pastorauxCONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE et des points d’eau.', 'Cette évolution de la productivité du cheptel est induite par les sécheresses récurrentes, la rareté et l’éloignement des espaces pastorauxCONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE et des points d’eau. Cette situation est le résultat de l’effet du réchauffement global et des prélèvements abusifs de la biomasse qui impactent sensiblement le niveau actuel déjà très fragile de lalsécurité alimentaire. La convergence de ces différents facteurs, affecte le mode de conduite des troupeaux, avec en particulier, le développement de l’élevage périurbain et la mise en œuvre de programmes d’amélioration des races. Les impacts sur l’habitat, l’urbanisme et l’aménagement du territoire concernent les risques d’intrusion d’eaux marines et d’inondation des infrastructures et villes côtières, notamment Nouakchott et Nouadhibou, respectivement capitales politique et économique.', 'Les impacts sur l’habitat, l’urbanisme et l’aménagement du territoire concernent les risques d’intrusion d’eaux marines et d’inondation des infrastructures et villes côtières, notamment Nouakchott et Nouadhibou, respectivement capitales politique et économique. En effet, les zones côtières en Mauritanie abritent à la fois plus de 30% de la population du pays, la plupart des industries, l’essentiel des activités d’import-export, d’importantes infrastructures portuaires et aéroportuaires, les activités d’extraction des hydrocarbures, la quasi-totalité des activités de pêche, mais également les deux grands parcs nationaux du pays. Avec l’augmentation du niveau de l’océan, d’une part, et compte tenu de la topographie du littoral, d’autre part, les zones côtières sont sensiblement vulnérables aux risques d’incursions marines et d’inondations ainsi qu’aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes.', 'Avec l’augmentation du niveau de l’océan, d’une part, et compte tenu de la topographie du littoral, d’autre part, les zones côtières sont sensiblement vulnérables aux risques d’incursions marines et d’inondations ainsi qu’aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes. A cet effet, les catastrophes climatiques qui toucheraient la zone côtière affecteront la croissance économique de la Mauritanie, pays où le littoral représente à la fois un écosystème singulier et le principal pôle de développement économique. Sur un autre plan, les risques d’ensablement des villes et villages, cumulés aux sécheresses, induisent la concentration des populations autour des zones humides, l’atomisation des établissements humains le long des axes routiers et le développement de l’exode rural vers les grandes villes. Les impacts sur les ressources naturelles.', 'Les impacts sur les ressources naturelles. La régression du couvert végétal (ligneux et herbacé), sous l’effet conjugué des sécheresses chroniques et de la pression anthropique, a accentué la désertification et a été la cause principale de la disparition d’espèces forestières et biologiques, et de la réduction du potentiel pastoral provoquant ainsi un exode rural massif vers les grands centres urbains. Malgré l’exploitation irrationnelle des ressources forestières par les populations pour satisfaire leurs besoins en énergie domestique (bois de chauffe et charbon de bois) et en produits forestiers non ligneux (pâturages aériens, pharmacopée, produits de cueillette et cosmétique), les écosystèmes forestiers ont développé des mécanismes d’adaptation qui sont aujourd’hui déstabilisés par le changement climatique. La forme la plus visible de ces manifestations en Mauritanie est la désertification et ses corollaires.', 'La forme la plus visible de ces manifestations en Mauritanie est la désertification et ses corollaires. Les impacts sur la pêche. Le secteur de la pêche à l’instar des autres secteurs subit les effets du changement climatique. La perception de ces effets se fait à travers le suivi des paramètres physico-chimiques des eaux de l’océan et de la biodiversité marine.', 'La perception de ces effets se fait à travers le suivi des paramètres physico-chimiques des eaux de l’océan et de la biodiversité marine. Cela se traduit notamment par : § § L’élévation de la température moyenne de surface de l’eau de mer (SST) avec une remontée vers le nord du front thermique au-delà de sa limite géographique habituelle et l’appauvrissement des eaux en oxygène crée des OMZ de plus en plus importantes qui pourraient être à l’origine de migration des espèces pélagiques vers des zones plus riches en oxygène ; § § L’augmentation de la température des eaux et l’acidification des océans ces dernières années semblent être accompagnées d’une pullulation de méduses et d’un phénomène récurent des eaux colorées ;CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE § § La montée du niveau de l’océan et l’érosion côtière menaçant les infrastructures du littoral dédiées à la pêche ; L’accroissement de la fréquence des tempêtes qui réduit la productivité de la pêche.Le sous- secteur de la pêche continentale (fleuve Sénégal) fait face à certaines contraintes d’ordre climatique et autres : (i) Baisse de la production, (ii) variation des paramètres physico- chimiques, (iii) problèmes de pollution (pesticides) du fleuve Sénégal, (iv) effets anthropiques (barrage), (v) ensablement des mares et des plans d’eau, (vi) difficultés d’accès à la ressource en raison des plantes envahissantes, (vii) irrégularité du régime du fleuve due aux barrages, (viii) conflits entre les populations autochtones et /allochtones.', 'Cela se traduit notamment par : § § L’élévation de la température moyenne de surface de l’eau de mer (SST) avec une remontée vers le nord du front thermique au-delà de sa limite géographique habituelle et l’appauvrissement des eaux en oxygène crée des OMZ de plus en plus importantes qui pourraient être à l’origine de migration des espèces pélagiques vers des zones plus riches en oxygène ; § § L’augmentation de la température des eaux et l’acidification des océans ces dernières années semblent être accompagnées d’une pullulation de méduses et d’un phénomène récurent des eaux colorées ;CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE § § La montée du niveau de l’océan et l’érosion côtière menaçant les infrastructures du littoral dédiées à la pêche ; L’accroissement de la fréquence des tempêtes qui réduit la productivité de la pêche.Le sous- secteur de la pêche continentale (fleuve Sénégal) fait face à certaines contraintes d’ordre climatique et autres : (i) Baisse de la production, (ii) variation des paramètres physico- chimiques, (iii) problèmes de pollution (pesticides) du fleuve Sénégal, (iv) effets anthropiques (barrage), (v) ensablement des mares et des plans d’eau, (vi) difficultés d’accès à la ressource en raison des plantes envahissantes, (vii) irrégularité du régime du fleuve due aux barrages, (viii) conflits entre les populations autochtones et /allochtones. Les impacts sur la santé.', 'Les impacts sur la santé. La Mauritanie est caractérisée par une situation nutritionnelle préoccupante, aggravée par un environnement hostile, ce qui engendre une augmentation de la prévalence des pathologies nutritionnelles favorisant, ainsi, l’apparition de maladies infectieuses et parasitaires, en particulier, les diarrhées et les infections respiratoires aigües, chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. La mortalité infantile est dominée par les infections respiratoires aigües (21,5%), le paludisme (15%) et les maladies diarrhéiques (13,5%) selon l’enquête démographique et de santé (EDSM). Ces trois affections représentent à elles seules 50% des causes de mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans ; 35% des enfants de plus de cinq ans.', 'Ces trois affections représentent à elles seules 50% des causes de mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans ; 35% des enfants de plus de cinq ans. Par ailleurs, une frange de 32% des enfants de moins de cinq ans souffre de malnutrition chronique et d’insuffisance pondérale, dont respectivement 17% et 10% sous leurs formes sévères. Ce qui met en exergue la persistance d’une situation nutritionnelle inquiétante aggravée par les épisodes de la sécheresse. 4.2 - Les dépenses climatiques dans l’adaptation Les efforts de l’Etat. L’Etat Mauritanien consent d’énormes moyens pour juguler les impacts des sécheresses et ce depuis les années 70. Ceux-ci ont été largement renforcés à partir de 2010 prenant la forme d’un mécanisme de financement régulier pour l’adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Ceux-ci ont été largement renforcés à partir de 2010 prenant la forme d’un mécanisme de financement régulier pour l’adaptation au changement climatique. . . Dans le domaine de la protection de la nature, plus de 20 projets et programmes de protection et de restauration de la nature ont été mis en œuvre entre 1975 et 2008, relayés depuis 2010 par des programmes ambitieux d’adaptation au changement climatique . Il s’agit essentiellement d’initiatives de lutte contre l’ensablement, de reboisement, de gestion et protection des ressources naturelles et de conservation de la biodiversité. Le coût global cumulé est évalué à environ 100 millions de dollars US.', 'Le coût global cumulé est évalué à environ 100 millions de dollars US. Dans le domaine agro-pastoral, des efforts considérables pour améliorer la résilience des agriculteurs et éleveurs aux impacts du changement climatique ont été déployés sous forme d’aménagements hydro-agricoles, de soutien aux campagnes agricoles (commercialisation des produits agricoles et l’assurance climatique), amélioration des races locales, promotion de l’aviculture familiale. Ainsi, le bilan de mise en œuvre du CSLP 2006-2010 fait ressortir un investissement annuel moyen de 65 millions de dollars US Dans le domaine de la pêche, des actions d’adaptation ont été réalisées dans le cadre de la ‘’Stratégie de gestion Durable du Secteur des Pêches et de l’Aquaculture’’ (2008-2012,CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE prorogée à 2014).', 'Ainsi, le bilan de mise en œuvre du CSLP 2006-2010 fait ressortir un investissement annuel moyen de 65 millions de dollars US Dans le domaine de la pêche, des actions d’adaptation ont été réalisées dans le cadre de la ‘’Stratégie de gestion Durable du Secteur des Pêches et de l’Aquaculture’’ (2008-2012,CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE prorogée à 2014). Parmi ces actions on peut citer : § § La protection des habitats de la zone euphotique (profondeur des 20m) ; § § L’élaboration des plans d’aménagement pour des principales pêcheries maritimes et du plan de développement de la pêche continentale (2010-2014) ; § § L’élaboration d’un cadre stratégique de développement de l’aquaculture (2010-2014).', 'Parmi ces actions on peut citer : § § La protection des habitats de la zone euphotique (profondeur des 20m) ; § § L’élaboration des plans d’aménagement pour des principales pêcheries maritimes et du plan de développement de la pêche continentale (2010-2014) ; § § L’élaboration d’un cadre stratégique de développement de l’aquaculture (2010-2014). § § Le renforcement des moyens et capacités des institutions de contrôle en mer (Gardes Côtes de Mauritanie) et de recherche (Institution Mauritanienne de Recherche Océanographique et des Pêches) Dans le domaine de l’habitat, l’urbanisme et de l’aménagement du territoire, l’Etat a procédé, depuis 2009, à des opérations de regroupement et de réinstallation de villages et hameaux atomisés, affectés par les sécheresses dans des sites viabilisés.', '§ § Le renforcement des moyens et capacités des institutions de contrôle en mer (Gardes Côtes de Mauritanie) et de recherche (Institution Mauritanienne de Recherche Océanographique et des Pêches) Dans le domaine de l’habitat, l’urbanisme et de l’aménagement du territoire, l’Etat a procédé, depuis 2009, à des opérations de regroupement et de réinstallation de villages et hameaux atomisés, affectés par les sécheresses dans des sites viabilisés. Ce type d’intervention a également concerné des villes où la construction de logements et la restructuration des quartiers précaires ont mobilisé des montants importants.', 'Ce type d’intervention a également concerné des villes où la construction de logements et la restructuration des quartiers précaires ont mobilisé des montants importants. Les programmes financés au profit des couches vulnérables de la population ont concerné : (i) le regroupement de 7 localités à 4,500 Milliards MRO;(ii) la création de deux villes modernes à 0.445 Milliards MRO; (iii) la restructuration des quartiers précaires de Nouakchott (146.000 lots) à 5.6 Milliards MRO; et (iv) la construction de logements sociaux et de moyen standing à 7.3 Milliards MRO. (soit un total de 17,845 milliards de MRO, l’équivalent de 64 Millions de Dollars US.', '(soit un total de 17,845 milliards de MRO, l’équivalent de 64 Millions de Dollars US. 4.3 - Les ambitions et besoins en matière d’adaptation 4.3.1 - L’agenda des ambitions de la Mauritanie en matière d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 Les initiatives proposées par les différents secteurs ont pour objectif de réduire la vulnérabilité des systèmes naturels et socio-économiques et ainsi de faire face aux changements climatiques.', '4.3 - Les ambitions et besoins en matière d’adaptation 4.3.1 - L’agenda des ambitions de la Mauritanie en matière d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 Les initiatives proposées par les différents secteurs ont pour objectif de réduire la vulnérabilité des systèmes naturels et socio-économiques et ainsi de faire face aux changements climatiques. Pour ce faire, la Mauritanie sollicite l’appui de ses partenaires à l’échelle internationale pour l’atteinte de ses priorités d’adaptation qui comprennent : § § Un taux de couverture des besoins alimentaires de 117 % pour le riz, 80% pour le blé, 75% pour les céréales traditionnelles; 160% pour le lait, 126% pour la viande blanche; § § La réalisation des réseaux d’assainissement (eaux usées et pluviales) des villes de Nouakchott, Rosso, Kaédi, Kiffa, Nouadhibou, Néma, Aioun, Timbédra, Akjoujt, Atar; § § Un ensemencement aérien des terres dégradées (10 000 ha/an) pour favoriser la régénération du milieu naturel; § § La restauration des pâturages naturels (mises en défens et gestion des parcours dans le cadre des plans climat territoriaux); § § La réalisation de 300 sondages (dont 150 à des profondeurs supérieures à 200 m) pour l’exploration des aquifères, transformables en forages d’exploitation et/ ou en piézomètres; § § La réalisation des synthèses hydrogéologiques et d’évaluation des ressourcesCONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE en eau dans les zones difficiles ou vulnérables et l’extension du suivi régulier à l’ensemble des champs captant avec le système de télétransmission; § § La réalisation du projet d’adduction en eau potable (AEP) dans 4 wilayas de la zone Nord du pays § § La réalisation des projets de dessalement pour les zones côtières et autres , § § La réalisation de 2000 petits réseaux isolés d’adduction d’eau potable (AEP) dans le milieu rural équipés en solaire § § La protection des villes de Nouakchott et de Nouadhibou contre les risques d’immersion marine et d’ensablement, § § Le renforcement de la résilience de la population vulnérable, particulièrement en milieu rural, face aux effets du changement climatique, § § Le renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et techniques des structures nationales et locales en matière de planification, de financement et de mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation au changement climatique, § § Le renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes naturels face aux effets du changement climatique, § § La réhabilitation et la gestion intégrées et durables des zones humides contre les effets du changement climatique, § § L’aménagement des petits plans d’eau sur des sites pilotes, § § La promotion d’une pêche responsable sur le lac de Foum Gleita, § § Le renforcement des capacités pour le suivi et la gestion des pêches continentales, § § La promotion de la pisciculture pour améliorer la sécurité alimentaire et la réduction de la pauvreté dans les zones rurales.', 'Pour ce faire, la Mauritanie sollicite l’appui de ses partenaires à l’échelle internationale pour l’atteinte de ses priorités d’adaptation qui comprennent : § § Un taux de couverture des besoins alimentaires de 117 % pour le riz, 80% pour le blé, 75% pour les céréales traditionnelles; 160% pour le lait, 126% pour la viande blanche; § § La réalisation des réseaux d’assainissement (eaux usées et pluviales) des villes de Nouakchott, Rosso, Kaédi, Kiffa, Nouadhibou, Néma, Aioun, Timbédra, Akjoujt, Atar; § § Un ensemencement aérien des terres dégradées (10 000 ha/an) pour favoriser la régénération du milieu naturel; § § La restauration des pâturages naturels (mises en défens et gestion des parcours dans le cadre des plans climat territoriaux); § § La réalisation de 300 sondages (dont 150 à des profondeurs supérieures à 200 m) pour l’exploration des aquifères, transformables en forages d’exploitation et/ ou en piézomètres; § § La réalisation des synthèses hydrogéologiques et d’évaluation des ressourcesCONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE en eau dans les zones difficiles ou vulnérables et l’extension du suivi régulier à l’ensemble des champs captant avec le système de télétransmission; § § La réalisation du projet d’adduction en eau potable (AEP) dans 4 wilayas de la zone Nord du pays § § La réalisation des projets de dessalement pour les zones côtières et autres , § § La réalisation de 2000 petits réseaux isolés d’adduction d’eau potable (AEP) dans le milieu rural équipés en solaire § § La protection des villes de Nouakchott et de Nouadhibou contre les risques d’immersion marine et d’ensablement, § § Le renforcement de la résilience de la population vulnérable, particulièrement en milieu rural, face aux effets du changement climatique, § § Le renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et techniques des structures nationales et locales en matière de planification, de financement et de mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation au changement climatique, § § Le renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes naturels face aux effets du changement climatique, § § La réhabilitation et la gestion intégrées et durables des zones humides contre les effets du changement climatique, § § L’aménagement des petits plans d’eau sur des sites pilotes, § § La promotion d’une pêche responsable sur le lac de Foum Gleita, § § Le renforcement des capacités pour le suivi et la gestion des pêches continentales, § § La promotion de la pisciculture pour améliorer la sécurité alimentaire et la réduction de la pauvreté dans les zones rurales. § § Le renforcement de la nutrition et de la santé des ménages vulnérables.', '§ § Le renforcement de la nutrition et de la santé des ménages vulnérables. 4.3.2 - Les moyens de mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation Outre les besoins en renforcement des capacités, transferts technologiques et institutionnels, la réalisation des projets et mesures d’adaptation nécessite un financement sur les deux Secteurs Besoins financiers (en Million de dollar U S ) Eau et assainissement 1 500.00 Habitat, urbanisme et aménagement du territoire 5 000.00 Environnement et développement durable (Protection de la nature) 133.00 Pèche et économie maritime 1 644.00CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE Sous total Adaptation 9 377.40 5 - Mise en œuvre et suivi de l’INDC 5.1 - Suivi, notification et vérification (MRV) En Mauritanie, l’utilisation de l’approche suivi, notification et vérification (MRV) n’est pas connue et n’a jamais été appliquée auparavant aux mesures d’atténuation.', '4.3.2 - Les moyens de mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation Outre les besoins en renforcement des capacités, transferts technologiques et institutionnels, la réalisation des projets et mesures d’adaptation nécessite un financement sur les deux Secteurs Besoins financiers (en Million de dollar U S ) Eau et assainissement 1 500.00 Habitat, urbanisme et aménagement du territoire 5 000.00 Environnement et développement durable (Protection de la nature) 133.00 Pèche et économie maritime 1 644.00CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE Sous total Adaptation 9 377.40 5 - Mise en œuvre et suivi de l’INDC 5.1 - Suivi, notification et vérification (MRV) En Mauritanie, l’utilisation de l’approche suivi, notification et vérification (MRV) n’est pas connue et n’a jamais été appliquée auparavant aux mesures d’atténuation. Afin d’assurer une plus grande transparence, précision et comparabilité des informations concernant les mesures d’atténuation, l’Etat a déjà entamé le processus d’élaboration d’un système MRV approprié et efficace pour tous les secteurs de l’économie nationale.', 'Afin d’assurer une plus grande transparence, précision et comparabilité des informations concernant les mesures d’atténuation, l’Etat a déjà entamé le processus d’élaboration d’un système MRV approprié et efficace pour tous les secteurs de l’économie nationale. La mise en place de ce système permettra de : § § Mesurer et de suivre les réductions des émissions de GES et la séquestration du carbone organique générée par la mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation proposées ; § § Faciliter l’identification et l’évaluation des indicateurs de suivi objectivement vérifiables afin de mesurer les progrès enregistrés par rapport aux objectifs escomptés ; § § Favoriser le rapportage et la communication des réductions d’émissions de GES et les co-bénéfices des mesures d’atténuation proposées de manière transparente ; et § § Permettre la vérification, éventuellement par une tierce partie indépendante et la fiabilité des résultats obtenus à travers la mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation proposées.', 'La mise en place de ce système permettra de : § § Mesurer et de suivre les réductions des émissions de GES et la séquestration du carbone organique générée par la mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation proposées ; § § Faciliter l’identification et l’évaluation des indicateurs de suivi objectivement vérifiables afin de mesurer les progrès enregistrés par rapport aux objectifs escomptés ; § § Favoriser le rapportage et la communication des réductions d’émissions de GES et les co-bénéfices des mesures d’atténuation proposées de manière transparente ; et § § Permettre la vérification, éventuellement par une tierce partie indépendante et la fiabilité des résultats obtenus à travers la mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation proposées. 5.2 - Cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre et de suivi –évaluation A la demande du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (MEDD), chaque Ministère a désigné un ‘’Point Focal Sectoriel’’ (PFS) chargé de la thématique du changement climatique pour son secteur.', '5.2 - Cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre et de suivi –évaluation A la demande du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (MEDD), chaque Ministère a désigné un ‘’Point Focal Sectoriel’’ (PFS) chargé de la thématique du changement climatique pour son secteur. La Mauritanie a ainsi développé un réseau de Points Focaux Sectoriels de changement climatique au sein des départements ministériels pour améliorer la mise en œuvre des objectifs de la Convention et introduire systématiquement la préoccupation changement climatique dans toutes les activités sectorielles. De même, la Mauritanie a mis en place un système de suivi-évaluation du ‘’plan d’action national de l’environnement’’ (SE- PANE), qui sera élargi à cette ’’Contribution’’ de la Mauritanie, à travers un renforcement des capacités des structures de suivi-évaluation de tous les Départements concernés.', 'De même, la Mauritanie a mis en place un système de suivi-évaluation du ‘’plan d’action national de l’environnement’’ (SE- PANE), qui sera élargi à cette ’’Contribution’’ de la Mauritanie, à travers un renforcement des capacités des structures de suivi-évaluation de tous les Départements concernés. 6 - Equité et ambition La Mauritanie fait partie à la fois des pays Non-Annexe I et des PMA impactés par la désertification; elle est membre des groupes de négociation Climat: ‘’G77 et la Chine’’, ‘’groupe des pays Arabes’’, ‘’groupe Africain’’ et ‘’groupe des pays Sahéliens’’. C’est pourquoi elle mutualise les préoccupations et positions de tous ces groupes, qui considèrent l’adaptation comme une priorité, et travaillent pour faire de la Conférence de Paris une Conférence des Parties réussie.', 'C’est pourquoi elle mutualise les préoccupations et positions de tous ces groupes, qui considèrent l’adaptation comme une priorité, et travaillent pour faire de la Conférence de Paris une Conférence des Parties réussie. Les émissions de GES de la Mauritanie sont négligeables par rapport aux émissions globales (0,00015 soit 0,015%) ;elle considère donc qu’il est équitable qu’elle puisse poursuivre son développement pour rendre son économie et ses populations résilientes aux impacts du changement climatique.CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE Néanmoins, la Mauritanie s’engage à participer pleinement à l’effort de la communauté internationale pour réduire ses émissions de GES de 22,3% en 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées à la même année, selon le scénario de référence (cours normal des affaires).', 'Les émissions de GES de la Mauritanie sont négligeables par rapport aux émissions globales (0,00015 soit 0,015%) ;elle considère donc qu’il est équitable qu’elle puisse poursuivre son développement pour rendre son économie et ses populations résilientes aux impacts du changement climatique.CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE Néanmoins, la Mauritanie s’engage à participer pleinement à l’effort de la communauté internationale pour réduire ses émissions de GES de 22,3% en 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées à la même année, selon le scénario de référence (cours normal des affaires). Avec des émissions de l’ordre de 2 tonnes éq-CO par habitant, la Contribution de la Mauritanie est équitable et ambitieuse.', 'Avec des émissions de l’ordre de 2 tonnes éq-CO par habitant, la Contribution de la Mauritanie est équitable et ambitieuse. La mise en œuvre de cette Contribution permettrait de réaliser une réduction des émissions cumulées de 2020 à 2030 de 33,56 Mt éq-CO , pour un coût total estimé à 9,3 Milliards de dollars US. Sur cette Contribution, 88% est conditionnelle pour un cumul de réduction des émissions de 29,53 Mt éq-CO et un coût de 8,2 Milliards de dollars US.', 'Sur cette Contribution, 88% est conditionnelle pour un cumul de réduction des émissions de 29,53 Mt éq-CO et un coût de 8,2 Milliards de dollars US. La Mauritanie ambitionne de renforcer son dispositif de suivi du climat pour davantage organiser l’effort d’atténuation attendu de chacun des secteurs de son développement, de poursuivre son programme de développement des énergies renouvelables, de valoriser ses réserves de gaz de pétrole liquéfié (GPL) via la génération électrique partagée avec le Mali et le Sénégal. La Mauritanie envisage d’actualiser sa contribution pour tenir compte de l’évolution de son développement.']"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"fr-FR"}}},{"rowIdx":198,"cells":{"Unnamed: 0":{"kind":"number","value":198,"string":"198"},"country_code":{"kind":"string","value":"MRT"},"country":{"kind":"string","value":"Mauritania"},"type_of_document":{"kind":"string","value":"Updated NDC"},"date":{"kind":"string","value":"2021-12-10 00:00:00"},"backend_status":{"kind":"string","value":"uploaded "},"current":{"kind":"string","value":"x"},"version_number":{"kind":"string","value":"NDC 1.1"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN-actualis%C3%A9%202021_%20Mauritania.pdf"},"comment":{"kind":"null"},"annex_type":{"kind":"string","value":"Non-Annex I"},"income_group":{"kind":"string","value":"Middle-income"},"region":{"kind":"string","value":"Africa"},"eu27":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"ghg_total":{"kind":"number","value":7.6594419403,"string":"7.659442"},"ghg_transport":{"kind":"number","value":1.355644798,"string":"1.355645"},"mena":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"valid":{"kind":"bool","value":true,"string":"true"},"document_path":{"kind":"string","value":"../data/downloaded_documents/0bb0f19be9535cf4ed147b78c14933dc2e1b06bb77b35e8a3bacb07e3be0ab9d.pdf"},"para_list":{"kind":"string","value":"['CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIECONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE VISION DE LA CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE NATIONALE (CDN) ACTUALISEE DE LA MAURITANIE Promouvoir un développement résilient au climat Et la création d’emplois verts durablesCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE SOMMAIRE Liste des Tableaux 5 Liste des figures 5 Liste des acronymes et des abréviations 6 MESSAGES CLÉS DE LA CDN 2021-2030 . 7 Première partie - Résumé exécutif . 8 I- Introduction . 8 II- Ambitions d’atténuation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée 10 III- Actions d’adaptation préconisées par la CDN 2021-2030 11 IV- Besoins en renforcement de capacités et appui à la mise en œuvre . 11 V- Besoins en financement de la CDN 2021-2030 et plan de financement . 12 Deuxième partie - Document de Synthèse 21 I- Introduction . 21 II-Circonstances nationales . 22 III- Composante atténuation de la CDN 25 3.1.', 'CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIECONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE VISION DE LA CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE NATIONALE (CDN) ACTUALISEE DE LA MAURITANIE Promouvoir un développement résilient au climat Et la création d’emplois verts durablesCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE SOMMAIRE Liste des Tableaux 5 Liste des figures 5 Liste des acronymes et des abréviations 6 MESSAGES CLÉS DE LA CDN 2021-2030 . 7 Première partie - Résumé exécutif . 8 I- Introduction . 8 II- Ambitions d’atténuation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée 10 III- Actions d’adaptation préconisées par la CDN 2021-2030 11 IV- Besoins en renforcement de capacités et appui à la mise en œuvre . 11 V- Besoins en financement de la CDN 2021-2030 et plan de financement . 12 Deuxième partie - Document de Synthèse 21 I- Introduction . 21 II-Circonstances nationales . 22 III- Composante atténuation de la CDN 25 3.1. Ambition d’atténuation de la Mauritanie . 25 3.2.', 'Ambition d’atténuation de la Mauritanie . 25 3.2. Ambitions sectorielles 25 3.3. Besoins en financement . 27 3.4. Comparaison CDN 2015 et CDN 2021-2030 actualisée . 27 3.5. Clarté, transparence et compréhension de la CDN 2021-2030 29 IV- Composante adaptation de la CDN . 39 4.1. Contexte de communication de l’action d’adaptation . 39 4.2 Vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique 39 4.3. Evaluation de la mise en œuvre des actions d’adaptation de la CDN-2015 . 40 4.4. Actions d’adaptation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée 41 4.3. Besoins en financement pour l’adaptation 42 V- Les besoins en renforcement de capacités et en appui à la mise en œuvre 44 5.1. Besoins institutionnels, législatifs et gouvernance 44 5.2. Besoins en transfert de technologies . 44 5.3.', 'Besoins en transfert de technologies . 44 5.3. Besoins en financements . 44 VI. Mesure, Notification et Vérification (MNV - MRV en anglais : Monitoring, Reporting and Verification) et suivi-évaluation . 45 VII. Synergie et mise en cohérence 46 VII- Genre et jeunesse 46 VIII- Education et emplois 48 ANNEXES . 49 Annexe no.', 'Synergie et mise en cohérence 46 VII- Genre et jeunesse 46 VIII- Education et emplois 48 ANNEXES . 49 Annexe no. 1 : Détails de mesures d’atténuation, conditionnées et non- conditionnées, par secteur 49 Annexe no.2 : Liste des actions d’adaptation proposées par les secteurs . 57 Annexe no.3 : Portefeuille de projets GCF . 63CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Récapitulatif des besoins en financements de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée . 12 Tableau 2 : Mesures d’atténuation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisées par secteur (Coût et potentiel cumulé de réduction pour la période) . 14 Tableau 3 : Mesures d’adaptation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisées par secteur . Erreur ! Signet non défini.', '1 : Détails de mesures d’atténuation, conditionnées et non- conditionnées, par secteur 49 Annexe no.2 : Liste des actions d’adaptation proposées par les secteurs . 57 Annexe no.3 : Portefeuille de projets GCF . 63CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Récapitulatif des besoins en financements de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée . 12 Tableau 2 : Mesures d’atténuation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisées par secteur (Coût et potentiel cumulé de réduction pour la période) . 14 Tableau 3 : Mesures d’adaptation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisées par secteur . Erreur ! Signet non défini. Tableau 4 : Données nationales 22 Tableau 5 : Répartition sectorielle de l’atténuation en 2030 . 26 Tableau 6 : Comparaison entre CDN 2015 et CDN 2021-2030 actualisée. 27 Tableau 7 : Information pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie 29 Tableau 8 : Répartition par secteur des besoins en financement de la CDN-2015 40 Tableau 9 : Projets d’adaptation en cours d’exécution . 40 Tableau 10 : Les besoins en financement de la CDN 2021-2030 par secteur 42 Tableau 11 : Récapitulatif des besoins en financements de la CDN 44 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Principales stratégies du cadre de planification du développement social, économique, culturel et environnemental (i.e.', 'Tableau 4 : Données nationales 22 Tableau 5 : Répartition sectorielle de l’atténuation en 2030 . 26 Tableau 6 : Comparaison entre CDN 2015 et CDN 2021-2030 actualisée. 27 Tableau 7 : Information pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie 29 Tableau 8 : Répartition par secteur des besoins en financement de la CDN-2015 40 Tableau 9 : Projets d’adaptation en cours d’exécution . 40 Tableau 10 : Les besoins en financement de la CDN 2021-2030 par secteur 42 Tableau 11 : Récapitulatif des besoins en financements de la CDN 44 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Principales stratégies du cadre de planification du développement social, économique, culturel et environnemental (i.e. développement durable) de la Mauritanie 9 Figure 2 : Scénarii des émissions de GES en Mauritanie 10 Figure 3 : Principales stratégies du cadre de planification du développement social, économique, culturel et environnemental de la Mauritanie (i.e.', 'développement durable) de la Mauritanie 9 Figure 2 : Scénarii des émissions de GES en Mauritanie 10 Figure 3 : Principales stratégies du cadre de planification du développement social, économique, culturel et environnemental de la Mauritanie (i.e. développement durable) Figure 4 : Scénarii des émissions de GES en Mauritanie, horizon 2030 25 Figure 5 : Effort total d’atténuation en 2030 réparti par secteur . 26 Figure 6 : Répartition de l’effort total cumulé d’atténuation 2021-2030, conditionnel vs. non conditionnel 27CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE LISTE DES ACRONYMES ET DES ABREVIATIONS $US Dollars des Etats Unis AFAT Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres AP Accord de Paris BAU Scénario « cours normal des affaires » pour « Business as usual » en anglais BM Banque mondiale CBD Convention de la diversité biologique CBIT Capacity building Initiative for transparency (Initiative pour le renforcement des capacités en matière de transparence) CCNUCC Convention cadre des Nations unies sur le changement climatique CDN Contribution déterminée nationale CNULCD Convention des Nations unies sur la lutte contre la désertification CSLP Cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté 2001-2015 DCEV Direction du climat et de l’économie verte FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEM Fonds pour l’environnement mondial FIDA Fonds international pour le développement agricole FVC Fonds vert pour le climat – GCF en anglais pour Green ClimateFund GES Gaz à effet de serre LCD Lutte contre la désertification MEDD Ministère de l’environnement et du développement durable MVN Système de mesure, vérification et notification – MRV en anglais MW Mega Watts NDT Neutralité de la dégradation des terres ODD Objectif de développement durable PFS Points focaux sectoriels PIUP Procédés industriels et utilisation des produits PNA Programme national d’adaptation PTF Partenaires techniques et financiers SCAPP Stratégie nationale de croissance accélérée et de prospérité partagéeCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE MESSAGES CLÉS DE LA CDN 2021-2030 Le total des émissions des GES de la Mauritanie représente 0,015% des émissions globales mondiales.', 'développement durable) Figure 4 : Scénarii des émissions de GES en Mauritanie, horizon 2030 25 Figure 5 : Effort total d’atténuation en 2030 réparti par secteur . 26 Figure 6 : Répartition de l’effort total cumulé d’atténuation 2021-2030, conditionnel vs. non conditionnel 27CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE LISTE DES ACRONYMES ET DES ABREVIATIONS $US Dollars des Etats Unis AFAT Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres AP Accord de Paris BAU Scénario « cours normal des affaires » pour « Business as usual » en anglais BM Banque mondiale CBD Convention de la diversité biologique CBIT Capacity building Initiative for transparency (Initiative pour le renforcement des capacités en matière de transparence) CCNUCC Convention cadre des Nations unies sur le changement climatique CDN Contribution déterminée nationale CNULCD Convention des Nations unies sur la lutte contre la désertification CSLP Cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté 2001-2015 DCEV Direction du climat et de l’économie verte FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEM Fonds pour l’environnement mondial FIDA Fonds international pour le développement agricole FVC Fonds vert pour le climat – GCF en anglais pour Green ClimateFund GES Gaz à effet de serre LCD Lutte contre la désertification MEDD Ministère de l’environnement et du développement durable MVN Système de mesure, vérification et notification – MRV en anglais MW Mega Watts NDT Neutralité de la dégradation des terres ODD Objectif de développement durable PFS Points focaux sectoriels PIUP Procédés industriels et utilisation des produits PNA Programme national d’adaptation PTF Partenaires techniques et financiers SCAPP Stratégie nationale de croissance accélérée et de prospérité partagéeCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE MESSAGES CLÉS DE LA CDN 2021-2030 Le total des émissions des GES de la Mauritanie représente 0,015% des émissions globales mondiales. La plus grande contribution à ce total d’émissions provient de l’AFAT et de l’énergie.', 'La plus grande contribution à ce total d’émissions provient de l’AFAT et de l’énergie. Ces deuxsecteurs totalisent 99% des émissions. Le scénario de base « cours normal des affaires » calculé sur la base des données de croissance de la SCAPP montre que les émissions des gaz à effet de serre direct, exprimées en termes de potentiel de Réchauffement Global (PRG), sont globalement en nette une augmentation de 185,67% (Source BUR2 2021). La Mauritanie appartient à l’une des régions du monde les plus vulnérables au changement climatique dont les effets affectent déjà tous les secteurs de son économie, ses écosystèmes et ses populations, en particulier, les femmes et les enfants.', 'La Mauritanie appartient à l’une des régions du monde les plus vulnérables au changement climatique dont les effets affectent déjà tous les secteurs de son économie, ses écosystèmes et ses populations, en particulier, les femmes et les enfants. La Mauritanie est pleinement engagée dans la mise en œuvre de la CCNUCC et l’Accord de Paris pour contribuer aux efforts mondiaux de réduction des émissions globales deGES en mettant à la disposition de la Communauté mondiale tout le potentiel d’atténuation dont dispose le pays. Ce potentiel est constitué par l’énorme gisement de production d’énergie propre, éolienne et solaire.', 'Ce potentiel est constitué par l’énorme gisement de production d’énergie propre, éolienne et solaire. Ainsi, la CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie prévoit une réduction nette des émissions de GES à l’échelle de l’économie de 11% en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence avec les moyens propres du pays soutenu par un appui international comparable à celui reçu jusqu’à 2020. Avec un appui plus conséquent, la Mauritanie pourrait assurer sa neutralité carbone, allant jusqu’à une réduction de 92% conditionnelle par rapport au BAU. Le coût global de cette ambition est estimé à 34255 Million US$ dont 635 Million US$ est inconditionnel soit 1,85%.', 'Le coût global de cette ambition est estimé à 34255 Million US$ dont 635 Million US$ est inconditionnel soit 1,85%. Au regard de sa vulnérabilité extrême, la Mauritanie a élargi son ambition d’adaptation pour couvrir les axes suivants : protection et conservation des écosystèmes y compris les zones humides, gestion durable des parcours, conservation de la biodiversité, pêche et aquaculture, habitat et urbanisme, agriculture et sécurité alimentaire y compris l’amélioration génétique, santé, eau, gestion du littoral, prévention des événements climatiques extrêmes, infrastructures et éducation. Cet élargissement est basé sur le programme de préparation à l’accès au Fonds vert pour le climat (Readiness)et des résultats des premières études réalisées dans le cadre du processus d’élaboration du Programme national d’adaptation (PNA) du pays.', 'Cet élargissement est basé sur le programme de préparation à l’accès au Fonds vert pour le climat (Readiness)et des résultats des premières études réalisées dans le cadre du processus d’élaboration du Programme national d’adaptation (PNA) du pays. Les besoins en financement des mesures d’adaptation sont de 10 626,46 millions de $USD dont 10174,63 millions $US conditionnels et 451,83 millions $US non-conditionnels.', 'Les besoins en financement des mesures d’adaptation sont de 10 626,46 millions de $USD dont 10174,63 millions $US conditionnels et 451,83 millions $US non-conditionnels. Outre les financements conditionnels requis pour assurer les ambitions d’atténuation et mettre en œuvre les actions d’adaptation du pays, la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2021-2030 de la Mauritanie nécessite des appuis en termes de renforcement de capacités de tous les acteurs du développement, d’intégration des aspects transversaux (genre, jeunesse, droits humains, emploi et éducation) et l’opérationnalisation d’un système de mesure, vérification et notification pour assurer le suivi et l’évaluation de l’action climatique.', 'Outre les financements conditionnels requis pour assurer les ambitions d’atténuation et mettre en œuvre les actions d’adaptation du pays, la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2021-2030 de la Mauritanie nécessite des appuis en termes de renforcement de capacités de tous les acteurs du développement, d’intégration des aspects transversaux (genre, jeunesse, droits humains, emploi et éducation) et l’opérationnalisation d’un système de mesure, vérification et notification pour assurer le suivi et l’évaluation de l’action climatique. En harmonisant son processus d’élaboration avec celui de la SCAPP et en s’appuyant sur les stratégies et programmes sectoriels du pays, la CDN définit le cadre de la politique climatique du pays à l’horizon 2030.', 'En harmonisant son processus d’élaboration avec celui de la SCAPP et en s’appuyant sur les stratégies et programmes sectoriels du pays, la CDN définit le cadre de la politique climatique du pays à l’horizon 2030. Elle offre un cadre de concertation et de dialogue à toutes les parties prenantes pour définir des programmes transformateurs, intégrés, inclusifs, propres et durables.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE PREMIERE PARTIE–RESUME EXECUTIF I- Introduction La Mauritanie est parmi les pays sahéliens les plus touchéspar les sécheresses récurrentes depuis 1968. La désertification qui en résulte est d’autant plus forteque l’effet du climat, conjugué à l’action de l’homme, entraîne des conséquences directes sur unmilieu déjà très précaire. La vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique touche l’ensemble dessecteurs vitaux de l’économie nationale.', 'La vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique touche l’ensemble dessecteurs vitaux de l’économie nationale. En ratifiant la CCNUCC, la Mauritanie s’engage résolument dans le processus mondial de luttecontre le réchauffement climatique par la limitation des émissions de GES et la mise en place destratégies d’adaptation compatibles avec sa politique de développement durable.', 'En ratifiant la CCNUCC, la Mauritanie s’engage résolument dans le processus mondial de luttecontre le réchauffement climatique par la limitation des émissions de GES et la mise en place destratégies d’adaptation compatibles avec sa politique de développement durable. Elle réaffirme cet engagement en ratifiant l’Accord de Paris et soumet sa première Contribution déterminée nationale (CDN) en 2015.Bien que les émissions du pays constituent à peine 0,015% des émissions globales mondiales, la Mauritanie s’engagepar sa CDN à participer pleinement àl’effort de la communauté internationale, en mettant à disposition, sous forme conditionnelle, unpotentiel d’atténuation d’environ 33,56 millions de tonne Eq-CO2, soit 22,3%par rapport auxémissions projetées à la même année, selon le scénario de référence (cours normal des affaires), pendant la période 2020-2030.', 'Elle réaffirme cet engagement en ratifiant l’Accord de Paris et soumet sa première Contribution déterminée nationale (CDN) en 2015.Bien que les émissions du pays constituent à peine 0,015% des émissions globales mondiales, la Mauritanie s’engagepar sa CDN à participer pleinement àl’effort de la communauté internationale, en mettant à disposition, sous forme conditionnelle, unpotentiel d’atténuation d’environ 33,56 millions de tonne Eq-CO2, soit 22,3%par rapport auxémissions projetées à la même année, selon le scénario de référence (cours normal des affaires), pendant la période 2020-2030. En 2015, le processus d’élaboration de la CDN s’effectue alors que le pays changeait de vision stratégique de développement en passant du Cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté (CLSP, 2001-2015) à la Stratégie nationale de croissance accélérée et de prospérité partagée (SCAPP) dont le premier plan d’action quinquennal couvre la période de 2016 à 2020.', 'En 2015, le processus d’élaboration de la CDN s’effectue alors que le pays changeait de vision stratégique de développement en passant du Cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté (CLSP, 2001-2015) à la Stratégie nationale de croissance accélérée et de prospérité partagée (SCAPP) dont le premier plan d’action quinquennal couvre la période de 2016 à 2020. En 2021, et en conformité avec le cycle quinquennal d’actualisation des CDN promu par l’Accord de Paris (AP), la Mauritanie actualise sa CDN en même temps qu’elle établit le bilan du premier plan quinquennal de mise en œuvre de la SCAPP qui doit donner lieu à ladéfinition du deuxième plan quinquennal 2021-2025.', 'En 2021, et en conformité avec le cycle quinquennal d’actualisation des CDN promu par l’Accord de Paris (AP), la Mauritanie actualise sa CDN en même temps qu’elle établit le bilan du premier plan quinquennal de mise en œuvre de la SCAPP qui doit donner lieu à ladéfinition du deuxième plan quinquennal 2021-2025. La concomitance des deux processus, SCAPP et CDN, assure la cohérence entre les deux cadres politiques et la synergie des programmes qui y sont inscrits.', 'La concomitance des deux processus, SCAPP et CDN, assure la cohérence entre les deux cadres politiques et la synergie des programmes qui y sont inscrits. Alors que la SCAPP constitue la vision stratégique de développement de la Mauritanie pour la période 2016-2030 et sert de cadre de référence pour toutes les actions de développement entreprises par l’Etat, les organismes publics et socioprofessionnels ainsi que les partenaires techniques et financiers (PTF), la CDN sert de cadre de définition de la politique climatique du pays et d’instrument de sa mise en œuvre. Comme la SCAPP, elle intègre l’Agenda 2030 des Nations unies et les cibles classées prioritaires pour le pays parmi les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) ainsi que les orientations de l’Agenda 2063 de l’Union africaine.', 'Comme la SCAPP, elle intègre l’Agenda 2030 des Nations unies et les cibles classées prioritaires pour le pays parmi les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) ainsi que les orientations de l’Agenda 2063 de l’Union africaine. Elle tire la légitimité des ambitions d’atténuation qu’elle préconise et des actions d’adaptation qu’elle définit des stratégies sectorielles et thématiques dont elles sont issues.Figure 1 : Principales stratégies du cadre de planification du développement social, économique, culturel et environnemental (i.e.', 'Elle tire la légitimité des ambitions d’atténuation qu’elle préconise et des actions d’adaptation qu’elle définit des stratégies sectorielles et thématiques dont elles sont issues.Figure 1 : Principales stratégies du cadre de planification du développement social, économique, culturel et environnemental (i.e. développement durable) de la MauritanieII- Ambitions d’atténuation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée La CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie prévoit une réduction nette des émissions de GES à l’échelle de l’économie de 11% en 2030 (courbe verte) par rapport au scénario de référence (BAU, courbe bleue) avec les moyens propres du pays soutenu par un appui international comparable à celui reçu jusqu’à 2020.', 'développement durable) de la MauritanieII- Ambitions d’atténuation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée La CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie prévoit une réduction nette des émissions de GES à l’échelle de l’économie de 11% en 2030 (courbe verte) par rapport au scénario de référence (BAU, courbe bleue) avec les moyens propres du pays soutenu par un appui international comparable à celui reçu jusqu’à 2020. Avec un appui plus conséquent, la Mauritanie pourrait assurer la neutralité carbone de son économie, en réalisant une réduction de 92% (courbe rouge) par rapport au BAU. Le coût global de cette ambition est estimé à 34255 Million US$ dont 635 Million US$ est inconditionnel soit 1,85%. L’ambition d’atténuation couvre les quatre secteurs d’émissions (Energie, PIUP, AFAT et Déchets).', 'L’ambition d’atténuation couvre les quatre secteurs d’émissions (Energie, PIUP, AFAT et Déchets). Les efforts d’atténuation les plus importants reposent sur l’important potentiel d’énergies renouvelables du pays et les capacités d’augmentation de la part des énergies propres dans le mix énergétique pour atteindre plus de 13 GW renouvelables en 2030 mais aussi du secteur AFAT avec un potentiel axé sur la foresterieà travers des projets et programmes ambitieux (Grande muraille verte, programmes de régénération assistée des forêts, régénération des parcours et lutte contre la désertification), l’agroécologie et l’amélioration de la productivité de l’élevage Par rapport à la CDN de 2015, le secteur énergie passe en première place en termes de potentiel d’ambition, devant l’AFAT.', 'Les efforts d’atténuation les plus importants reposent sur l’important potentiel d’énergies renouvelables du pays et les capacités d’augmentation de la part des énergies propres dans le mix énergétique pour atteindre plus de 13 GW renouvelables en 2030 mais aussi du secteur AFAT avec un potentiel axé sur la foresterieà travers des projets et programmes ambitieux (Grande muraille verte, programmes de régénération assistée des forêts, régénération des parcours et lutte contre la désertification), l’agroécologie et l’amélioration de la productivité de l’élevage Par rapport à la CDN de 2015, le secteur énergie passe en première place en termes de potentiel d’ambition, devant l’AFAT. En effet, et malgré les importants efforts consentis par le pays en termes de reboisement et de restauration des terres dégradées notamment dans le cadre du programme de la Grande muraille verte, les ambitions d’atténuation de la CDN- 2015 dans le secteur de l’Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (secteur AFAT) de 10000 ha par an de reboisement n’ont pas été atteintes en raison de la faiblesse des financements extérieurs mobilisés.', 'En effet, et malgré les importants efforts consentis par le pays en termes de reboisement et de restauration des terres dégradées notamment dans le cadre du programme de la Grande muraille verte, les ambitions d’atténuation de la CDN- 2015 dans le secteur de l’Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (secteur AFAT) de 10000 ha par an de reboisement n’ont pas été atteintes en raison de la faiblesse des financements extérieurs mobilisés. Sur la période considérée, 2015-2020, le maximum annuel qui a pu être atteint est de seulement 1800 ha (Source DPREM/MEDD).', 'Sur la période considérée, 2015-2020, le maximum annuel qui a pu être atteint est de seulement 1800 ha (Source DPREM/MEDD). En revanche, les résultats atteints en termes de mix énergétique ont dépassé les efforts conditionnels prévus, passant de 18% en 2015à33,91% en 2018, avec une amélioration encore plus importante grâce à la mise en service du parc éolien de 100 MW de Boulenouar qui permet d’atteindre un mix énergétique de 48% en 2021. L’ambition d’atténuation du pays est composée au total de 55 mesures dont 33 mesures inconditionnelles d’une capacité totale de 1834,268 Gg Eq CO2 par rapport au scenario de cours normal des affaires (BAU) et 22 mesures conditionnelles pour une réduction en 2030 de 16134,62 Gg Eq. CO2 représentant une réduction de 92% par rapport au BAU.', 'CO2 représentant une réduction de 92% par rapport au BAU. Ces mesures sont données dans le Tableau no. 2 (en détail en Annexe 1 Rapport synthèse). Figure 2 : Scénarii des émissions de GES en MauritanieCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE III- Actions d’adaptation préconisées par la CDN 2021-2030 D’une vulnérabilité extrême, la Mauritanie a élargi son ambition d’adaptation pour couvrir les axes suivants : protection et conservation des écosystèmes y compris les zones humides, gestion des parcours, conservation de la biodiversité, pêche et aquaculture, habitat et urbanisme, sécurité alimentaire y compris l’amélioration génétique, santé, infrastructures, éducation, et prévention des événements climatiques extrêmes.', 'Figure 2 : Scénarii des émissions de GES en MauritanieCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE III- Actions d’adaptation préconisées par la CDN 2021-2030 D’une vulnérabilité extrême, la Mauritanie a élargi son ambition d’adaptation pour couvrir les axes suivants : protection et conservation des écosystèmes y compris les zones humides, gestion des parcours, conservation de la biodiversité, pêche et aquaculture, habitat et urbanisme, sécurité alimentaire y compris l’amélioration génétique, santé, infrastructures, éducation, et prévention des événements climatiques extrêmes. Cet élargissement est basé sur le programme de préparation à l’accès au Fonds vert pour le climat (Readiness) et des résultats des premières études réalisées dans le cadre du processus d’élaboration du Programme national d’adaptation (PNA) du pays.', 'Cet élargissement est basé sur le programme de préparation à l’accès au Fonds vert pour le climat (Readiness) et des résultats des premières études réalisées dans le cadre du processus d’élaboration du Programme national d’adaptation (PNA) du pays. Les besoins en financement des mesures d’adaptation sont de 10626,46 millions de $USD dont 10174,63 millions $US conditionnels et 451,83millions $US non-conditionnels. Les actions préconisées sont détaillées dans le Tableau no.3. Pour relever les défis d’intégration du changement climatique dans les stratégies et politiques sectorielles, la mise en œuvre des actions d’adaptation identifiées doit être planifiéedans le cadre d’une approche intersectorielle et intégrée qui inclut toutes les parties prenantes et les secteurs concernés.', 'Pour relever les défis d’intégration du changement climatique dans les stratégies et politiques sectorielles, la mise en œuvre des actions d’adaptation identifiées doit être planifiéedans le cadre d’une approche intersectorielle et intégrée qui inclut toutes les parties prenantes et les secteurs concernés. Pour ce faire, la CDN 2021-2030 doit servir de cadre de concertation et de dialogue pour définir des programmes transformateurs qui répondent aux besoins de renforcement de la résilience des populations et des écosystèmes au regard de leur vulnérabilité au changement climatique. Les co-bénéfices des mesures d’atténuation pour l’adaptation et vice-versa ainsi que les synergies avec les autres cadres de planification du développement durable, en particulier les ODD, sont mis en évidence dans le mécanisme de financement et annexe 1 du document de synthèse.', 'Les co-bénéfices des mesures d’atténuation pour l’adaptation et vice-versa ainsi que les synergies avec les autres cadres de planification du développement durable, en particulier les ODD, sont mis en évidence dans le mécanisme de financement et annexe 1 du document de synthèse. IV- Besoins en renforcement de capacités et appui à la mise en œuvre Outre l’appui financier exprimé en appui conditionnel pour les mesures d’atténuation et les actions d’adaptation, la CDN 2021-2030 définit les besoins en matière de renforcement de capacités, de transfert de technologies et de formation notamment pour l’éducation des jeunes.', 'IV- Besoins en renforcement de capacités et appui à la mise en œuvre Outre l’appui financier exprimé en appui conditionnel pour les mesures d’atténuation et les actions d’adaptation, la CDN 2021-2030 définit les besoins en matière de renforcement de capacités, de transfert de technologies et de formation notamment pour l’éducation des jeunes. En termes de renforcement de capacités, la mise en place d’un système opérationnel de mesure, vérification et notification (MNV et MRV, en anglais) est une action prioritaire dans le processus de mise en œuvre de la CCNUCC et de l’Accord de Paris. La mise en place de ce système est obligatoire pour le pays (date butoir 2024 de remise du rapport biannuel de transparence- BTR intial).', 'La mise en place de ce système est obligatoire pour le pays (date butoir 2024 de remise du rapport biannuel de transparence- BTR intial). En outre, et bien que non contraignant pour le pays, l’élaboration d’un plan d’action pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN est un prérequis pour le MNV/MRV. La Mauritanie a déjà fourni des efforts substantiels dans ce sens. La mise en place et l’institutionnalisation du réseau national des points focaux climat sectoriels (PFS), de la société civile et du secteur privé, en 2013, constitue une première étape.', 'La mise en place et l’institutionnalisation du réseau national des points focaux climat sectoriels (PFS), de la société civile et du secteur privé, en 2013, constitue une première étape. En septembre 2020, le Ministère de l’environnement et du développement durable (MEDD) a consolidé son dispositif institutionnel en instituant la Direction du climat et de l’économie verte (DCEV) pour coordonner l’ensemble du programme national sur le changement climatique. Ce dispositif institutionnel est consolidé par un réseaud’experts indépendants du milieu académique qui a contribué à l’élaboration de toutes les communications nationales, inventaires de GES et rapports biannuels actualisés, etc. requis dans le cadre des rapports à la CCNUCC.', 'requis dans le cadre des rapports à la CCNUCC. Nonobstant tous ces acquis, d’importantes lacunes persistent dans la collecte et le traitement des données nécessaires pour rendre compte d’une manière transparente et claire de la mise en œuvre des politiques, mesures et stratégies climatiques du pays. Ces lacunes ont été identifiées dans le cadre de la préparation du document d’identification du projet qui a été soumis au programme CBIT (Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency) du FEM-7 pour un montant total de 1263650 $US.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Le projet permettra de définir les responsabilités des acteurs de la CDN, en particulier la manière dont les ministères autres que le MEDD participeront à la mise en œuvre de la CDN et au fonctionnement du système MRV.', 'Ces lacunes ont été identifiées dans le cadre de la préparation du document d’identification du projet qui a été soumis au programme CBIT (Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency) du FEM-7 pour un montant total de 1263650 $US.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Le projet permettra de définir les responsabilités des acteurs de la CDN, en particulier la manière dont les ministères autres que le MEDD participeront à la mise en œuvre de la CDN et au fonctionnement du système MRV. Les autres priorités en termes de renforcement de capacités pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN concernent la poursuite des efforts de préparation (Readiness) des départements sectoriels, du secteur privé et de la société civile. Elles concernent également l’intégration des dimensions transversales dans les programmes et projet climat.', 'Elles concernent également l’intégration des dimensions transversales dans les programmes et projet climat. Ainsi, l’intégration des dimensions genre, jeunesse et droits humains est prévue dans tous les projets et programmes développés dans le cadre de la CDN en lui réservant une part de 10% du budget de chaque programme ou projet (Estimation basée sur l’appréciation du groupe expert Genre/jeunesse/emploi/éducation et du groupe de travail des experts se basant sur le programme de travail de Doha ainsi que l’accord de Paris en son article 12). De même, les aspects de création d’emplois et d’amélioration des cursus éducatifs pour la prise en charge des enjeux du changement climatique sont considérés parmi les priorités d’appui à la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'De même, les aspects de création d’emplois et d’amélioration des cursus éducatifs pour la prise en charge des enjeux du changement climatique sont considérés parmi les priorités d’appui à la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Les évaluations des besoins en transfert de technologies ont été réalisées en 2017. Elles ont conduit à l’identification de deux secteurs prioritaires pour l’adaptation (agriculture, parcours et forêts) et deux secteurs prioritaires pour l’atténuation (énergie et déchets. Elles devront être mises à jour au regard des nouvelles options d’atténuation et d’adaptation retenues dans la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée.', 'Elles devront être mises à jour au regard des nouvelles options d’atténuation et d’adaptation retenues dans la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée. V- Besoins en financement de la CDN 2021-2030 et plan de financement Tableau 1 : Récapitulatif des besoins en financements de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée Domaines CDN Financements Inconditionnels Financements Conditionnels Total par Domaine en million de $US Intégration genre, jeunesse et droits humains Emplois et Education - 337,75 337,75 Renforcement des capacités - 279,37 279,37 Mise en place et opérationnalisation du système de mesure, vérification et notification En Mauritanie, il n’y a pas de système de financement spécifiquement dédié au changement climatique. Le MEDD a développé plusieurs compétences en matière de mobilisation des financements climatiques auprès des fonds internationaux spécifiques (fonds vert pour le climat, fonds d’adaptation, fonds des banques multilatérales pour le développement, etc.) et des PTF.', 'Le MEDD a développé plusieurs compétences en matière de mobilisation des financements climatiques auprès des fonds internationaux spécifiques (fonds vert pour le climat, fonds d’adaptation, fonds des banques multilatérales pour le développement, etc.) et des PTF. Cependant, des renforcements de capacités doivent être programmés pour favoriser les investissements du secteur privé, renforcer le système financier national à travers la contribution du système bancaire national au financement du développement durable en général et des actions climatiques, en particulier et, enfin, pour envisager des financements novateurs à travers par exemple la génération de nouvelles ressources fiscales à même de financer les actions climatiques.', 'Cependant, des renforcements de capacités doivent être programmés pour favoriser les investissements du secteur privé, renforcer le système financier national à travers la contribution du système bancaire national au financement du développement durable en général et des actions climatiques, en particulier et, enfin, pour envisager des financements novateurs à travers par exemple la génération de nouvelles ressources fiscales à même de financer les actions climatiques. Aussi, la Mauritanie compte en plus de ses appuis financiers directs, soutenir ses besoins en financement de l’atténuation à travers :CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE La plateforme NAMA, notamment pour les programmes d’efficacité énergétique et énergie renouvelables.', 'Aussi, la Mauritanie compte en plus de ses appuis financiers directs, soutenir ses besoins en financement de l’atténuation à travers :CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE La plateforme NAMA, notamment pour les programmes d’efficacité énergétique et énergie renouvelables. L’adoption et l’inclusion des marchés internationaux du carbone tels que le Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MDP) dans les accords post 2020 sur le climat conformément à l’Article 6 de l’Accord de ParisiCette approche vise la mise en place d’un prix sur le carbone pouvant servir comme moyen efficace pour refléter ces coûts tout en envoyant des signaux économiques et politiques clairs encourageant une décarbonisation rentable. Ces instruments, couplés à un régime comptable approprié (MNV/MRV), pourraient aider à financer certains investissements dans les infrastructures sobres en carbone et résilientes au changement climatique.', 'Ces instruments, couplés à un régime comptable approprié (MNV/MRV), pourraient aider à financer certains investissements dans les infrastructures sobres en carbone et résilientes au changement climatique. Des options de développement sobres en carbone contenues dans sa CDN 2021, pourraient être financéespar le transfert international d’actifs carbone (résultat d’atténuation transférable au niveau international) en tenant compte des considérations d intégrité de l environnement et de transparence. Dans ce cadre, la Mauritanie compte satisfaire une partie de ses ambitions d’adaptation conditionnelles sur ce type de processus.', 'Dans ce cadre, la Mauritanie compte satisfaire une partie de ses ambitions d’adaptation conditionnelles sur ce type de processus. Les récents contrats signés pour l’introduction des nouvelles techniques d’hydrogène vert constituent un exemple de ce type de mécanismes.Tableau 2 : Mesures d’atténuation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisées par secteur (Coût et potentiel cumulé de réduction pour la période) Secteurs / Sous-Secteurs Contributions aux efforts d’atténuation totale Défis / Contraintes Mesures préconisées Energie – 37452,46 Gg Eq-CO2 dont 17,86% inconditionnel Energie renouvelable 31817,81 Gg Eq-CO2 dont 6,06% inconditionnel Efficacité énergétique –5634,65 Gg Eq-CO2 dont 84,62% inconditionnel ENERGIE (renouvelable et efficacité énergétique) soit • Dépendance à l’énergie thermique (66% de la consommation totale d’énergie) • Absence de subvention de l’énergie propre Potentiel faiblement exploité • Bâtiments fortement énergivores • Prise de conscience très faible des potentiels d’efficacité énergétique • Perte dans les réseaux électriques • Part des Energies renouvelables (ER) en 2030 = 50,34% avec l’introduction Hydrogène Vert et le Desert to power (2030) ER = 93% avec une capacite de carbone évité équivalente à l’émission nationale.', 'Les récents contrats signés pour l’introduction des nouvelles techniques d’hydrogène vert constituent un exemple de ce type de mécanismes.Tableau 2 : Mesures d’atténuation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisées par secteur (Coût et potentiel cumulé de réduction pour la période) Secteurs / Sous-Secteurs Contributions aux efforts d’atténuation totale Défis / Contraintes Mesures préconisées Energie – 37452,46 Gg Eq-CO2 dont 17,86% inconditionnel Energie renouvelable 31817,81 Gg Eq-CO2 dont 6,06% inconditionnel Efficacité énergétique –5634,65 Gg Eq-CO2 dont 84,62% inconditionnel ENERGIE (renouvelable et efficacité énergétique) soit • Dépendance à l’énergie thermique (66% de la consommation totale d’énergie) • Absence de subvention de l’énergie propre Potentiel faiblement exploité • Bâtiments fortement énergivores • Prise de conscience très faible des potentiels d’efficacité énergétique • Perte dans les réseaux électriques • Part des Energies renouvelables (ER) en 2030 = 50,34% avec l’introduction Hydrogène Vert et le Desert to power (2030) ER = 93% avec une capacite de carbone évité équivalente à l’émission nationale. • Mise à jour de la législation pour encourager la production de l’énergie propre (en cours) et régulation de toutes les sociétés de production électrique • Programme de promotion de l’énergie solaire dans les bâtiments publics, l’énergie domestique/chauffage de l’eau, les écoles et les universités (concept note) • Desert to power G5 sahel (Programme Energie Sous-régional Sahel/BAD) Objectif : 30 MW.', '• Mise à jour de la législation pour encourager la production de l’énergie propre (en cours) et régulation de toutes les sociétés de production électrique • Programme de promotion de l’énergie solaire dans les bâtiments publics, l’énergie domestique/chauffage de l’eau, les écoles et les universités (concept note) • Desert to power G5 sahel (Programme Energie Sous-régional Sahel/BAD) Objectif : 30 MW. Financement acquis par le Fonds Vert (Hybridation de 46 mini réseaux diesel, ligne interconnexion Kayes-Kiffa et Nouakchott-Dakar, Opérationnalisation de l’autorité de régulation, actualisation du code électricité) • Programme de développement de l’Hydrogène vert (AMAN avec CWA) • Extension de la centrale éolienne de Nouakchott de 300 MW‘a 50 MW (soit 20 MW de plus). Eude réalisée. Financement acquis • Programme national de promotion de l’efficacité énergétique (équipements domestiques, éclairage, etc.)', 'Financement acquis • Programme national de promotion de l’efficacité énergétique (équipements domestiques, éclairage, etc.) • Mise à jour de la réglementation sur la production de l’énergie propre (en cours) • Mise en place de deux centrales à gaz de 200 MW et 300 MW • Programme de connexion de 25 réseaux isolés au réseau électrique national. Minigrid/PNUD/Fonds Vert • Deux projets OMVS à l’étude (Koukoutamba et Gourbassi) -CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Secteurs / Sous-Secteurs Contributions aux efforts d’atténuation totale Défis / Contraintes Mesures préconisées dont 5,21% inconditionnel Transport 92,65 Gg Eq- soit ▪ Vétusté du parc automobile ▪ Faible couverture du transport public ▪ Absence de promotion des véhicules « propres » • Réalisation du projet de tramway de Nouakchott. En phase étude (concept note) • Réalisation du projet du train de Sahel, G5 Sahel, tronçon Nouakchott – Sélibabi-Kayes.', 'En phase étude (concept note) • Réalisation du projet du train de Sahel, G5 Sahel, tronçon Nouakchott – Sélibabi-Kayes. Phase étude (concept note) • Mesures fiscales (mesures incitatives import véhicules neufs) AFAT – 474,402 Gg Eq CO2 dont 37,24% inconditionnel Agriculture & Elevage 58,382 Gg Eq- soit • 17% PIB national • Sécurité alimentaire • Moins de 0,5% du territoire national de terres arables • Systèmes de production qui dégradent les sols et les ressources forestières • Elevage représente 80% du PIB agricole • 70,16% des émissions du secteur AFAT proviennent de l’élevage (Fermentation entérique et gestion du fumier) ➢ Promotion de 6000 ha d’agriculture organique/agroécologie ➢ Amélioration de l’alimentation du bétail pour l’augmentation de la productivité et diminution des émissions du secteur de l’élevage (augmentation de la matière de grâce dans le complément alimentaire de 1,5% à 3%) Foresterie et autres affectations des terres 418,02 Gg Eq- soit • Désertification et dégradation des terres et écosystèmes • Ensablement des infrastructures, des villes, et des zones humides • Erosion • Déforestation (46.000 ha/an) • Perte de la biodiversité ▪ Programme de lutte contre la dégradation des terres et des écosystèmes agrosylvopastoraux, des ressources naturelles ▪ Programme Grande Muraille Verte : 10.000ha (soit 2000 ha/an pendant 5 ans) ▪ Programme de reboisement et restauration des ressources forestières : 3000 ha/an ▪ Régénération assistée des forêts : 5000 ha/an (gardiennage/protection et mise en défens/travaux CES et DRS.', 'Phase étude (concept note) • Mesures fiscales (mesures incitatives import véhicules neufs) AFAT – 474,402 Gg Eq CO2 dont 37,24% inconditionnel Agriculture & Elevage 58,382 Gg Eq- soit • 17% PIB national • Sécurité alimentaire • Moins de 0,5% du territoire national de terres arables • Systèmes de production qui dégradent les sols et les ressources forestières • Elevage représente 80% du PIB agricole • 70,16% des émissions du secteur AFAT proviennent de l’élevage (Fermentation entérique et gestion du fumier) ➢ Promotion de 6000 ha d’agriculture organique/agroécologie ➢ Amélioration de l’alimentation du bétail pour l’augmentation de la productivité et diminution des émissions du secteur de l’élevage (augmentation de la matière de grâce dans le complément alimentaire de 1,5% à 3%) Foresterie et autres affectations des terres 418,02 Gg Eq- soit • Désertification et dégradation des terres et écosystèmes • Ensablement des infrastructures, des villes, et des zones humides • Erosion • Déforestation (46.000 ha/an) • Perte de la biodiversité ▪ Programme de lutte contre la dégradation des terres et des écosystèmes agrosylvopastoraux, des ressources naturelles ▪ Programme Grande Muraille Verte : 10.000ha (soit 2000 ha/an pendant 5 ans) ▪ Programme de reboisement et restauration des ressources forestières : 3000 ha/an ▪ Régénération assistée des forêts : 5000 ha/an (gardiennage/protection et mise en défens/travaux CES et DRS. (Nouvelles mesures : financement à rechercher).', '(Nouvelles mesures : financement à rechercher). ▪ Régénération des parcours : 3000 ha/an ▪ Lutte contre la Désertification (LCD) : 10000 ha/an (mise en défens etCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Secteurs / Sous-Secteurs Contributions aux efforts d’atténuation totale Défis / Contraintes Mesures préconisées ensemencement) Déchets – 1573,99 Gg Eq CO2 dont 0,56 % inconditionnel Déchets solides 1573,99 Gg Eq- soit • Système de gestion des déchets solides peu efficient • Faible niveau de valorisation des déchets solides urbains • Faible niveau de collecte des déchets • Mise en en place d’une usine d’incinération des déchets et de production d’énergie, 12 MW en Partenariat public-privé.', '▪ Régénération des parcours : 3000 ha/an ▪ Lutte contre la Désertification (LCD) : 10000 ha/an (mise en défens etCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Secteurs / Sous-Secteurs Contributions aux efforts d’atténuation totale Défis / Contraintes Mesures préconisées ensemencement) Déchets – 1573,99 Gg Eq CO2 dont 0,56 % inconditionnel Déchets solides 1573,99 Gg Eq- soit • Système de gestion des déchets solides peu efficient • Faible niveau de valorisation des déchets solides urbains • Faible niveau de collecte des déchets • Mise en en place d’une usine d’incinération des déchets et de production d’énergie, 12 MW en Partenariat public-privé. (En cours d’étude) Industrie – 633,96 Gg Eq CO2 dont 55,56 inconditionnel Efficacité énergétique dans l industrie 633,96 Gg Eq- soit • Prise de conscience très faible du potentiel d’efficacité énergétique • Auto génération thermique • Programme de promotion de l’efficacité énergétique (en cours de conception) • Connexion au réseau électrique des entités autonomes pour récupérer le surplus électrique (dans les deux sens) (en cours de conception) Le potentiel de cumul de réduction des GES 2021-2030 est de :40227,462 GgEq-CO2CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Tableau 3 : Mesures d’adaptation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisées par secteur Secteurs Aléas climatiques/Proje ctions Vulnérabilités / Impacts Actions adaptation Ressources naturelles Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Perturbation de la saison des pluies Augmentation de la température Tempêtes de sable et poussière Pluies intenses plus sévères • Désertification • Dégradation des terres, des forêts et des parcours • Disparition de la faune sauvage / Biodiversité • Assèchement des zones humides • Aménagement et création de forêts classées (20 forêts) • Ensemencement aérien (150.000 ha) • Aménagement et gestion des zones humides à travers l’approche adaptation fondée sur les zones humides (ZH) (10 ZH) Littoral Montée du niveau de la mer • Incursions marines et remontée de la nappe • Erosion côtière • Fixation des dunes du cordon dunaire (500 ha) • Colmatage des brèches du cordon du littoral (11 brèches) • Mise en place d’un système de veille sur les risques d’inondation des villes côtières Agriculture Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Perturbation de la saison des pluies Tempêtes de • Baisse de la fertilité des sols • Baisse de la nappe dans les oasis • Appauvrissement et perte de la fertilité des sols • Prolifération des ennemies de culture (sésamie, etc.)', '(En cours d’étude) Industrie – 633,96 Gg Eq CO2 dont 55,56 inconditionnel Efficacité énergétique dans l industrie 633,96 Gg Eq- soit • Prise de conscience très faible du potentiel d’efficacité énergétique • Auto génération thermique • Programme de promotion de l’efficacité énergétique (en cours de conception) • Connexion au réseau électrique des entités autonomes pour récupérer le surplus électrique (dans les deux sens) (en cours de conception) Le potentiel de cumul de réduction des GES 2021-2030 est de :40227,462 GgEq-CO2CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Tableau 3 : Mesures d’adaptation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisées par secteur Secteurs Aléas climatiques/Proje ctions Vulnérabilités / Impacts Actions adaptation Ressources naturelles Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Perturbation de la saison des pluies Augmentation de la température Tempêtes de sable et poussière Pluies intenses plus sévères • Désertification • Dégradation des terres, des forêts et des parcours • Disparition de la faune sauvage / Biodiversité • Assèchement des zones humides • Aménagement et création de forêts classées (20 forêts) • Ensemencement aérien (150.000 ha) • Aménagement et gestion des zones humides à travers l’approche adaptation fondée sur les zones humides (ZH) (10 ZH) Littoral Montée du niveau de la mer • Incursions marines et remontée de la nappe • Erosion côtière • Fixation des dunes du cordon dunaire (500 ha) • Colmatage des brèches du cordon du littoral (11 brèches) • Mise en place d’un système de veille sur les risques d’inondation des villes côtières Agriculture Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Perturbation de la saison des pluies Tempêtes de • Baisse de la fertilité des sols • Baisse de la nappe dans les oasis • Appauvrissement et perte de la fertilité des sols • Prolifération des ennemies de culture (sésamie, etc.) • Exode rural • Mise en place d’un système d’assurance contre les risques climatiques • Développement de l’agriculture organique1/ agroécologie (6000 ha) - 1 L’agriculture organique vise le développement d exploitations qui sont viables et en harmonie avec l environnement.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Secteurs Aléas climatiques/Proje ctions Vulnérabilités / Impacts Actions adaptation sable et poussière Augmentation de la température Pluies intenses plus sévères ; • Insécurité alimentaire Elevage Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Augmentation de la température ; • Surpâturages et réduction des espaces pastoraux • Baisse de la productivité pastorale • Dégradation de la santé animale • Baisse des revenus des pasteurs /Exode rural • Création de nouvelles fermes insémination artificielle (au moins 20 fermes) • Miseen place de réserves pastorales (20.000 ha) Pêche Continentale Perturbation de la saison des pluies Augmentation de la température Tempêtes de sable et poussière • Sédimentation des plans d’eau • Baisse de la production halieutique • Perte de revenus des populations • Insécurité alimentaire • Développement de la pêche en zone rurale (20 sites) • Aménagement de 1000 ha de plans d’eau sur (10) sites pilotes Eau & Assainissement Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Perturbation de la saison des pluies Pluies intenses • Dégradation des ressources en eau (qualité et quantité) • Baisse du niveau piézométrique • Déréglément du régime des oueds • Inondations • Dégradation des systèmes d’assainissement (autonomes ou • Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau pour au moins 10 villes et 100 villages • Assainissement des villes à haut risque d’inondation (Nouakchott, Nouadhibou, Rosso, Atar et Kaédi) • Assainissement écologique et valorisation et réutilisations des boues de vidange (10 sites)CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Secteurs Aléas climatiques/Proje ctions Vulnérabilités / Impacts Actions adaptation plus sévères connectés).', '• Exode rural • Mise en place d’un système d’assurance contre les risques climatiques • Développement de l’agriculture organique1/ agroécologie (6000 ha) - 1 L’agriculture organique vise le développement d exploitations qui sont viables et en harmonie avec l environnement.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Secteurs Aléas climatiques/Proje ctions Vulnérabilités / Impacts Actions adaptation sable et poussière Augmentation de la température Pluies intenses plus sévères ; • Insécurité alimentaire Elevage Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Augmentation de la température ; • Surpâturages et réduction des espaces pastoraux • Baisse de la productivité pastorale • Dégradation de la santé animale • Baisse des revenus des pasteurs /Exode rural • Création de nouvelles fermes insémination artificielle (au moins 20 fermes) • Miseen place de réserves pastorales (20.000 ha) Pêche Continentale Perturbation de la saison des pluies Augmentation de la température Tempêtes de sable et poussière • Sédimentation des plans d’eau • Baisse de la production halieutique • Perte de revenus des populations • Insécurité alimentaire • Développement de la pêche en zone rurale (20 sites) • Aménagement de 1000 ha de plans d’eau sur (10) sites pilotes Eau & Assainissement Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Perturbation de la saison des pluies Pluies intenses • Dégradation des ressources en eau (qualité et quantité) • Baisse du niveau piézométrique • Déréglément du régime des oueds • Inondations • Dégradation des systèmes d’assainissement (autonomes ou • Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau pour au moins 10 villes et 100 villages • Assainissement des villes à haut risque d’inondation (Nouakchott, Nouadhibou, Rosso, Atar et Kaédi) • Assainissement écologique et valorisation et réutilisations des boues de vidange (10 sites)CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Secteurs Aléas climatiques/Proje ctions Vulnérabilités / Impacts Actions adaptation plus sévères connectés). • Accès à l’eau potable Habitat, Urbanisme et Aménagement du territoire Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Augmentation de la température Tempêtes de sable et poussière Pluies intenses plus sévères • Accès aux services publics (eau, assainissement, habitat écolo électricité, etc.)', '• Accès à l’eau potable Habitat, Urbanisme et Aménagement du territoire Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Augmentation de la température Tempêtes de sable et poussière Pluies intenses plus sévères • Accès aux services publics (eau, assainissement, habitat écolo électricité, etc.) • 10 000 logements construits en milieu urbain défavorisé (dont 690 à NKC et 1010 dans les capitales régionales en 2021) ; • 100 logements en matériaux locaux à N diago (ville verte) ; • 50 logements en matériaux locaux à Selibabi Santé Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Perturbation de la saison des pluies Augmentation de la température Pluies intenses plus sévères • Vents, fumées et poussières • Canicule • Maladies hydriques • Malnutrition • Mise en place d’un programme de lutte contre les maladies à facteurs de risque commun • Mise en place d’un réseau de surveillance et renforcement du système d’alerte précoce climat/sante/sécurité alimentaire Education/ Enseignement Supérieur/ • Mettre en place des programmes de recherche et d’études à long terme pour renseigner les investissements futurs dans l’adaptation pour tous les secteurs de développement prioritaires face aux enjeux de l’adaptation auCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Secteurs Aléas climatiques/Proje ctions Vulnérabilités / Impacts Actions adaptation recherche changement climatique (Horizon 2030).', '• 10 000 logements construits en milieu urbain défavorisé (dont 690 à NKC et 1010 dans les capitales régionales en 2021) ; • 100 logements en matériaux locaux à N diago (ville verte) ; • 50 logements en matériaux locaux à Selibabi Santé Sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères Perturbation de la saison des pluies Augmentation de la température Pluies intenses plus sévères • Vents, fumées et poussières • Canicule • Maladies hydriques • Malnutrition • Mise en place d’un programme de lutte contre les maladies à facteurs de risque commun • Mise en place d’un réseau de surveillance et renforcement du système d’alerte précoce climat/sante/sécurité alimentaire Education/ Enseignement Supérieur/ • Mettre en place des programmes de recherche et d’études à long terme pour renseigner les investissements futurs dans l’adaptation pour tous les secteurs de développement prioritaires face aux enjeux de l’adaptation auCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Secteurs Aléas climatiques/Proje ctions Vulnérabilités / Impacts Actions adaptation recherche changement climatique (Horizon 2030). • Mise en place d’une équipe de recherche sur la problématique l’adaptation au changement climatique Emploi • (SNJ- 2020-2030) : la création d’au moins 30 000 nouveaux emplois, par l’exploitation des nouvelles infrastructures de pêche, le développement et la diversification de l’agriculture et l’émergence d’une industrie substitution la création de 100 000 emplois.DEUXIEME PARTIE – DOCUMENT DE SYNTHESE I- Introduction Pays Non Annexe 1 de la CCNUCC, la Mauritanie appartient à la zone du Sahel africain la plus touchéepar les sécheresses récurrentes depuis 1968.', '• Mise en place d’une équipe de recherche sur la problématique l’adaptation au changement climatique Emploi • (SNJ- 2020-2030) : la création d’au moins 30 000 nouveaux emplois, par l’exploitation des nouvelles infrastructures de pêche, le développement et la diversification de l’agriculture et l’émergence d’une industrie substitution la création de 100 000 emplois.DEUXIEME PARTIE – DOCUMENT DE SYNTHESE I- Introduction Pays Non Annexe 1 de la CCNUCC, la Mauritanie appartient à la zone du Sahel africain la plus touchéepar les sécheresses récurrentes depuis 1968. La désertification qui résulte est d’autant plus forteque l’effet du climat, conjugué à l’action de l’homme, entraîne des conséquences directes sur unmilieu déjà très précaire. La vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique touche l’ensemble dessecteurs vitaux de l’économie nationale.', 'La vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique touche l’ensemble dessecteurs vitaux de l’économie nationale. En ratifiant la CCNUCC, la Mauritanie s’engage résolument dans le processus mondial de luttecontre le réchauffement climatique par la limitation des émissions de GES et la mise en place destratégies d’adaptation compatibles avec sa politique de développement durable. Elle réaffirme cet engagement en ratifiant l’Accord de Paris et soumet sa première Contribution déterminée nationale (CDN) en 2015.', 'Elle réaffirme cet engagement en ratifiant l’Accord de Paris et soumet sa première Contribution déterminée nationale (CDN) en 2015. Bien que les émissions du pays constituent à peine 0,015% des émissions globales mondiales, la Mauritanie s’engagepar sa CDN à participer pleinement àl’effort de la communauté internationale, en mettant à disposition, sous forme conditionnelle, unpotentiel d’atténuation d’environ 33,56 millions de tonne Eq-CO2, soit 22,3%par rapport auxémissions projetées à la même année, selon le scénario de référence (cours normal des affaires), pendant la période 2020-2030. Le rapport de l’OMM2 stipule que si la première série des CDNs n’était pleinement mise en œuvre cela entraînerait un réchauffement de 2,9 à 3,4 degrés C au cours du siècle.', 'Le rapport de l’OMM2 stipule que si la première série des CDNs n’était pleinement mise en œuvre cela entraînerait un réchauffement de 2,9 à 3,4 degrés C au cours du siècle. Une ambition accrue en matière d atténuation est donc essentielle pour atteindre l objectif de l Accord de Paris afin de limiter le réchauffement bien en dessous de 2 degrés C, soit 1,5 degré C. Dans ce sens, l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, ainsi que les décisions 1/CP.19, 1/CP.20 et 1/CP.21 de la CCNUCCinstituent un cycle quinquennal d’actualisation des CDNs qui doit correspondre à une progression par rapport à la contribution déterminée au niveau national antérieure et à son niveau d ambition le plus élevé possible.', 'Une ambition accrue en matière d atténuation est donc essentielle pour atteindre l objectif de l Accord de Paris afin de limiter le réchauffement bien en dessous de 2 degrés C, soit 1,5 degré C. Dans ce sens, l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, ainsi que les décisions 1/CP.19, 1/CP.20 et 1/CP.21 de la CCNUCCinstituent un cycle quinquennal d’actualisation des CDNs qui doit correspondre à une progression par rapport à la contribution déterminée au niveau national antérieure et à son niveau d ambition le plus élevé possible. A l’échelle globale, l’actualisation de la CDN est l’occasion pour la communauté internationale d’améliorer la planification de l’adaptation et renforcer l’engagement et la transparence des pays en matière d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en vue d’atteindre les objectifs assignés par l’Accord de Paris et limiter la montée de la température mondiale à +1.5 C° à l’horizon 2050, par rapport à l’ère préindustrielle.', 'A l’échelle globale, l’actualisation de la CDN est l’occasion pour la communauté internationale d’améliorer la planification de l’adaptation et renforcer l’engagement et la transparence des pays en matière d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en vue d’atteindre les objectifs assignés par l’Accord de Paris et limiter la montée de la température mondiale à +1.5 C° à l’horizon 2050, par rapport à l’ère préindustrielle. Ainsi, la CDN 2021-2030 rend compte des efforts consentis par la Mauritanie pourcontribuer à la progression dans le temps des efforts globaux tout en reconnaissant son besoin en soutiensmultiformes (renforcement des capacités, accès aux technologies et financement) pour leur mise en œuvre effective.', 'Ainsi, la CDN 2021-2030 rend compte des efforts consentis par la Mauritanie pourcontribuer à la progression dans le temps des efforts globaux tout en reconnaissant son besoin en soutiensmultiformes (renforcement des capacités, accès aux technologies et financement) pour leur mise en œuvre effective. En effet, la Mauritanie vise à assumer une contribution d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) plus significative que celle de sa précédente et première CDN. De même, le pays entend raffermir ses efforts d’adaptation au changement climatique pour renforcer la résilience deses populations, écosystèmes et infrastructures les plus vulnérables aux aléas climatiques.', 'De même, le pays entend raffermir ses efforts d’adaptation au changement climatique pour renforcer la résilience deses populations, écosystèmes et infrastructures les plus vulnérables aux aléas climatiques. Et ce, conformément à sa responsabilité et en totale harmonie avec les objectifs de saSCAPPqui constituent la vision stratégique de développement de la Mauritanie pour la période 2015-2030 et sert de cadre de référence pour toutes les actions de développement entreprises par l’Etat, les organismes publics et socioprofessionnels ainsi que les Partenaires Techniques et Financiers (PTF) au cours de la période 2015-2030. Elle 2OMM (Organisation météorologique mondiale) et al. 2019. United In Science : High-levelsynthesis report of latest climate science information convened by the Science Advisory Groupof the UN Climate Action Summit 2019.', 'United In Science : High-levelsynthesis report of latest climate science information convened by the Science Advisory Groupof the UN Climate Action Summit 2019. Disponible à :CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE intègre l’Agenda 2030 et les cibles classées prioritaires pour le pays parmi les Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) ainsi que l’agenda 2063 de l’Union Africaine. A l’échelle nationale, l’actualisation de la CDN constitue pour la Mauritanie une opportunité pour renforcer l’intégration du changement climatique dans les politiques et stratégies de développement du pays en tirant les leçons de la mise en œuvre de la CDN-2015.', 'A l’échelle nationale, l’actualisation de la CDN constitue pour la Mauritanie une opportunité pour renforcer l’intégration du changement climatique dans les politiques et stratégies de développement du pays en tirant les leçons de la mise en œuvre de la CDN-2015. En 2015, le processus d’élaboration de la CDN s’effectue alors que le pays changeait de vision stratégique de développement en passant du Cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté (CLSP, 2001-2005) à la Stratégie nationale de croissance accélérée et de prospérité partagée (SCAPP) dont le premier plan d’action quinquennal couvre la période de 2016 à 2020.', 'En 2015, le processus d’élaboration de la CDN s’effectue alors que le pays changeait de vision stratégique de développement en passant du Cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté (CLSP, 2001-2005) à la Stratégie nationale de croissance accélérée et de prospérité partagée (SCAPP) dont le premier plan d’action quinquennal couvre la période de 2016 à 2020. En 2021, et en conformité avec le cycle quinquennal d’actualisation des CDN promu par l’Accord de Paris (AP), la Mauritanie actualise sa CDN en même temps qu’elle établit le bilan du premier plan quinquennal de mise en œuvre de la SCAPP et la définition du deuxième plan quinquennal 2021-2025.', 'En 2021, et en conformité avec le cycle quinquennal d’actualisation des CDN promu par l’Accord de Paris (AP), la Mauritanie actualise sa CDN en même temps qu’elle établit le bilan du premier plan quinquennal de mise en œuvre de la SCAPP et la définition du deuxième plan quinquennal 2021-2025. La concomitance des deux processus, SCAPP et CDN, assure la cohérence entre les deux cadres politiques et la synergie des programmes qui y sont inscrits.', 'La concomitance des deux processus, SCAPP et CDN, assure la cohérence entre les deux cadres politiques et la synergie des programmes qui y sont inscrits. Alors que la SCAPP constitue la vision stratégique de développement de la Mauritanie pour la période 2015-2030 et sert de cadre de référence pour toutes les actions de développement entreprises par l’Etat, les organismes publics et socioprofessionnels ainsi que les partenaires techniques et financiers (PTF), la CDN sert de cadre de définition de la politique climatique du pays et d’instrument de sa mise en œuvre. Comme la SCAPP, la CDN actualisée intègre l’Agenda 2030 des Nations unies et les cibles classées prioritaires pour le pays parmi les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) ainsi que les orientations de l’Agenda 2063 de l’Union africaine.', 'Comme la SCAPP, la CDN actualisée intègre l’Agenda 2030 des Nations unies et les cibles classées prioritaires pour le pays parmi les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) ainsi que les orientations de l’Agenda 2063 de l’Union africaine. Elle tire la légitimité des ambitions d’atténuation qu’elle préconise et des actions d’adaptation qu’elle définit des stratégies sectorielles et thématiques dont elles sont issues. Elle sert d’instrument de coordination entre les secteurs et de base pour les partenaires techniques et financiers (PTF) pour planifier l’intégration des questions climatiques dans leur cadre stratégique d’intervention dans le pays et des programmes et projets qu’ils y soutiennent.', 'Elle sert d’instrument de coordination entre les secteurs et de base pour les partenaires techniques et financiers (PTF) pour planifier l’intégration des questions climatiques dans leur cadre stratégique d’intervention dans le pays et des programmes et projets qu’ils y soutiennent. La vision de la CDN 2021-2030 actualiséede « Promouvoir un développement économique et social résilient au climat et la création d’emplois verts durables » porte un changement de base dans l’ambition de l’objectif de l’atténuation, passant d’un objectif de réduction des émissions GES de 22,3% dans la CDN 2015 vers une neutralité carbone d’ici 2030 dont une réduction de 11% inconditionnelde l’émission de l’année 2030 selon le scenario BAU.', 'La vision de la CDN 2021-2030 actualiséede « Promouvoir un développement économique et social résilient au climat et la création d’emplois verts durables » porte un changement de base dans l’ambition de l’objectif de l’atténuation, passant d’un objectif de réduction des émissions GES de 22,3% dans la CDN 2015 vers une neutralité carbone d’ici 2030 dont une réduction de 11% inconditionnelde l’émission de l’année 2030 selon le scenario BAU. La Mauritanie considère la mise à jour de la CDN comme suffisamment juste et ambitieuse en ce qu’elle va au-delà de la proposition de stratégies et de programmes accordées aux PMA dans le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'La Mauritanie considère la mise à jour de la CDN comme suffisamment juste et ambitieuse en ce qu’elle va au-delà de la proposition de stratégies et de programmes accordées aux PMA dans le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. Cette ambition est en mesure de contribuer à une économie à faible émission de carbone et résiliente au changement climatique d ici 2030, conformément à la situation nationale et à la SCAPPà l’horizon 2030. II-Circonstances nationales Tableau 4 : Données nationales Superficie / longueur de côtes 1 030 000 km2 / 720 kilomètres de littoral (ONS)3 Climat Sud : climat sahélien, chaud et semi-aride.', 'II-Circonstances nationales Tableau 4 : Données nationales Superficie / longueur de côtes 1 030 000 km2 / 720 kilomètres de littoral (ONS)3 Climat Sud : climat sahélien, chaud et semi-aride. Nord : climat Saharien, chaud et aride à hyper aride Population 3Office National de Statistiques 4 Office National de MétéorologieCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Population urbaine 48,30% en 2013 contre 52,8 % en 2020 (ONS) PIB par habitant 1 392 USD fin 2019 (MAEPSP) Croissance du PIB 3,2% en 2020 contre une croissance de 6,3% anticipée avant lacrise COVID (MAEPSP) entre -2 et -6% prévu Part de l’agriculture (y compris l élevage) dans le PIB Emissions en 2018 (année de référence) 9944,618 Gg éq-CO2 Emissions par habitant 2,5 tonnes Eq-CO2 par habitant en 2018 (RNI-BUR2) Emissions par habitant hors AFAT 2018 0,86 tonnes Eq-CO2 Accès à l’électricité 48 % des ménages (WB)8 Mix électrique actuel En 2015 hors opérateurs miniers : 13,80 % hydro, 17,40% ER et 68,80% thermique En 2020 hors opérateurs miniers : 16.73 % hydro, 17.67 % ER et 65,6 % thermique (DEME)9 L’élaboration de la première CDN en 2015 était concomitante à l’adoption de la SCAPP 2015-2030 porteuse d’une nouvelle vision du développement économique, social et environnemental de la Mauritanie basée sur les leçons acquises et les résultats obtenus de la mise en œuvre du Cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté (CSLP 2001-2015).', 'Nord : climat Saharien, chaud et aride à hyper aride Population 3Office National de Statistiques 4 Office National de MétéorologieCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Population urbaine 48,30% en 2013 contre 52,8 % en 2020 (ONS) PIB par habitant 1 392 USD fin 2019 (MAEPSP) Croissance du PIB 3,2% en 2020 contre une croissance de 6,3% anticipée avant lacrise COVID (MAEPSP) entre -2 et -6% prévu Part de l’agriculture (y compris l élevage) dans le PIB Emissions en 2018 (année de référence) 9944,618 Gg éq-CO2 Emissions par habitant 2,5 tonnes Eq-CO2 par habitant en 2018 (RNI-BUR2) Emissions par habitant hors AFAT 2018 0,86 tonnes Eq-CO2 Accès à l’électricité 48 % des ménages (WB)8 Mix électrique actuel En 2015 hors opérateurs miniers : 13,80 % hydro, 17,40% ER et 68,80% thermique En 2020 hors opérateurs miniers : 16.73 % hydro, 17.67 % ER et 65,6 % thermique (DEME)9 L’élaboration de la première CDN en 2015 était concomitante à l’adoption de la SCAPP 2015-2030 porteuse d’une nouvelle vision du développement économique, social et environnemental de la Mauritanie basée sur les leçons acquises et les résultats obtenus de la mise en œuvre du Cadre stratégique de lutte contre la pauvreté (CSLP 2001-2015). En 2021, l’actualisation de la CDN intervient alors que le pays conduit le bilan du premier quinquennat de la mise en œuvre de la SCAPP (2015-2020) pour définir le plan d’action du second quinquennat (2021-2025).', 'En 2021, l’actualisation de la CDN intervient alors que le pays conduit le bilan du premier quinquennat de la mise en œuvre de la SCAPP (2015-2020) pour définir le plan d’action du second quinquennat (2021-2025). Elle intervient également dans un contexte de développement péjorée par la pandémie de la COVID-19 qui a frappé de plein fouet toute l’économie du pays, engendrant ainsi une crise sans précèdent. Au-delà du choc résultant des mesures de confinement et de la paralysie de l’activité économique, l’intégration économique mondiale a accentué l’ampleur d’une telle crise. Par ailleurs, les coûts des mesures sanitaires, sécuritaires et de prévention, associés à une conjoncture internationale peu favorable ont engendré des effets négatifs sur les finances publiques du pays.', 'Par ailleurs, les coûts des mesures sanitaires, sécuritaires et de prévention, associés à une conjoncture internationale peu favorable ont engendré des effets négatifs sur les finances publiques du pays. Pour faire face à ce choc exogène, le Gouvernement a mis en place un Plan national multisectoriel de riposte à la COVID-19 afin d atténuer l impact de la pandémie sur les populations, sur les secteurs économiques et le milieu naturel. Ce plan s’articule autour des piliers suivants : 1. Développement d infrastructures de soutien à la croissance 2. Amélioration de l offre sociale et soutien à la demande 3. Valorisation du potentiel des secteurs productifs et accélération de l atteinte de l autosuffisance alimentaire 4. Appui au secteur privé (formel et informel) 5. Environnement et création d Emplois 6. Gouvernance et mise en œuvre du programme.', 'Gouvernance et mise en œuvre du programme. 5 Ministère des Affaires Economiques et de la Promotion des Secteurs Productifs 6 Banque Africaine de Développement 7 Rapport National d Inventaire des GES, MEDD 8 Banque mondiale 9 Direction de l Electricité et de la Maitrise de l Energie (DEME)Figure 3 : Principales stratégies du cadre de planification du développement social, économique, culturel et environnemental de la Mauritanie (i.e. développement durable)III- Composante atténuation de la CDN 3.1. Ambition d’atténuation de la Mauritanie Ambition de la CDN 2021-2030 La CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie prévoit une réduction nette des émissions de GES à l’échelle de l’économie de 11% en 2030 (courbe verte) par rapport au scénario de référence (BAU, courbe bleue) avec les moyens propres du pays soutenu par un appui international comparable à celui reçu jusqu’à 2020.', 'Ambition d’atténuation de la Mauritanie Ambition de la CDN 2021-2030 La CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie prévoit une réduction nette des émissions de GES à l’échelle de l’économie de 11% en 2030 (courbe verte) par rapport au scénario de référence (BAU, courbe bleue) avec les moyens propres du pays soutenu par un appui international comparable à celui reçu jusqu’à 2020. Avec un appui plus conséquent, la Mauritanie pourrait assurer sa neutralité carbone, allant jusqu’à une réduction de 92% (courbe rouge) par rapport au BAU. Le coût global de cette ambition est estimé à 34255 Million US$ dont 635 Million US$ est inconditionnel soit 1,85%.', 'Le coût global de cette ambition est estimé à 34255 Million US$ dont 635 Million US$ est inconditionnel soit 1,85%. Figure 4 : Scénarii des émissions de GES en Mauritanie, horizon 2030 Le bilan de la mise en œuvre de la SCAPP durant le premier quinquennat 2015-2020 conduit àun changement de priorités : le secteur Agriculture/Foresterie/Affectation des Terres (AFAT) identifié comme principal secteur d’atténuation potentiel par la CDN 2015, a enregistré peu de progrès du fait du manque de financement mobilisé pour le secteur.Le financement inconditionnel malgré la volonté politique exprimée ces dernières années à travers des projets et programmes d’envergure (Grande muraille verte, Projets reforestation, projets dégradation des terres…) n’a pas permisd’atteindre l’objectif fixé de 10.000 ha par an tel que planifié dans la CDN 2015.Le maximum enregistré sur la période 2015-2020 est de 1800 ha pour une seule année,touteinterventionprise en considération.', 'Figure 4 : Scénarii des émissions de GES en Mauritanie, horizon 2030 Le bilan de la mise en œuvre de la SCAPP durant le premier quinquennat 2015-2020 conduit àun changement de priorités : le secteur Agriculture/Foresterie/Affectation des Terres (AFAT) identifié comme principal secteur d’atténuation potentiel par la CDN 2015, a enregistré peu de progrès du fait du manque de financement mobilisé pour le secteur.Le financement inconditionnel malgré la volonté politique exprimée ces dernières années à travers des projets et programmes d’envergure (Grande muraille verte, Projets reforestation, projets dégradation des terres…) n’a pas permisd’atteindre l’objectif fixé de 10.000 ha par an tel que planifié dans la CDN 2015.Le maximum enregistré sur la période 2015-2020 est de 1800 ha pour une seule année,touteinterventionprise en considération. En revanche, les résultats atteints en termes de mix énergétique ont dépassé les efforts conditionnels prévus, passant de 33,91% en 2018 contre une part de 18% en 2015.', 'En revanche, les résultats atteints en termes de mix énergétique ont dépassé les efforts conditionnels prévus, passant de 33,91% en 2018 contre une part de 18% en 2015. Cette situation a été fortement améliorée avec la mise en service du parc éolien 100 MW de Boulenouar pour atteindre un mix de 48 % en 2021. Ainsi, l’ambition d’atténuation de la Mauritanie avancée dans sa CDN actualisée 2021-2030 bâtit sur ces résultats et repose sur l’important potentiel d’énergies renouvelables du pays. L’ambition inconditionnelle d’atténuation est composée de 33 mesures d’atténuation couvrant les 5 secteurs d’émissions avec une capacité de 1834 Gg Eq.CO2. L’ambition conditionnelle comporte 22 actions couvrant également tous les secteurs pour une réduction de 16008 GgEq-CO2 représentant une réduction de 92% par rapport au BAU. 3.2.', 'L’ambition conditionnelle comporte 22 actions couvrant également tous les secteurs pour une réduction de 16008 GgEq-CO2 représentant une réduction de 92% par rapport au BAU. 3.2. Ambitions sectorielles Les émissions de GES en Mauritanie restent dominées par le secteur Agriculture/Foresterie/Affectation des Terres (AFAT), en particulier l’élevage qui comptabiliseCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE à lui seul 52,65% des émissions. Le secteur de l’énergie est la deuxième source d’émission. Le secteur Procédés Industriels et utilisation des produits PIUP est faiblement développé. Malgré sa faible participation dans le bilan des émissions des GES du pays, le secteur des déchets constitue un véritable défi de développement.', 'Malgré sa faible participation dans le bilan des émissions des GES du pays, le secteur des déchets constitue un véritable défi de développement. Les déchets solides municipaux, industriels et commerciaux ont la particularité d’avoir une faible teneur en humidité (moins de 10%) ce qui en limite la fossilisation et le pays ne dispose pas de système d’assainissement collectif de base pour traiter les déchets liquides. Ainsi, la couverture d’accès à un assainissement collectif est de 1% à Nouakchott et 4% à Nouadhibou, les deux principales villes du pays. Nonobstant la faible contribution du pays dans les émissions globales de GES, la Mauritanie dispose d’un important potentiel d’atténuation notamment en termes d’énergies renouvelables et, dans une moindre mesure, dans le secteur AFAT et celui des déchets.', 'Nonobstant la faible contribution du pays dans les émissions globales de GES, la Mauritanie dispose d’un important potentiel d’atténuation notamment en termes d’énergies renouvelables et, dans une moindre mesure, dans le secteur AFAT et celui des déchets. Ainsi, les mesures d’atténuation identifiées dans la CDN 2021-2030 couvrent ces cinq secteurs de l’économie, elles sont listéesen Annexe no.1 avec leur contribution présentée dans le tableau no. 1 suivant. Tableau 5 : Répartition sectorielle de l’atténuation en 2030 Secteur Contribution aux efforts d’atténuation totale du pays (Gg. ) en 2030 Nombre de mesures Total Inconditionnell es Conditionnell es dont 9,27% inconditionnel, réparti en : • Efficacité énergétique réparti en : Figure 5 : Effort total d’atténuation en 2030 réparti par secteur Le secteur de l’énergie domine l’ambition d’atténuation du pays avec 95,71% dont la génération électrique représente 92,8%.', 'en 2030 Nombre de mesures Total Inconditionnell es Conditionnell es dont 9,27% inconditionnel, réparti en : • Efficacité énergétique réparti en : Figure 5 : Effort total d’atténuation en 2030 réparti par secteur Le secteur de l’énergie domine l’ambition d’atténuation du pays avec 95,71% dont la génération électrique représente 92,8%. Dans ce cadre, la Mauritanie entend recourir à laCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE coopération volontaire au titre de l article 6 de l Accord de Paris pour atteindre une partie de cetobjectif. 3.3. Besoins en financement Le coût total des efforts d’atténuation de la Mauritanie est évalué à 34255,84 Mo $US dont 2% (634,61 Mo $US) non conditionnel et 98% (33621,23 Mo $US) conditionné à la mobilisation de ressources externes. Secteurs Financements Inconditionnels Financements Conditionnels Total en Millions de $US Figure 6 : Répartition de l’effort totalcumulé d’atténuation 2021-2030, conditionnel vs. non conditionnel 3.4.', 'Secteurs Financements Inconditionnels Financements Conditionnels Total en Millions de $US Figure 6 : Répartition de l’effort totalcumulé d’atténuation 2021-2030, conditionnel vs. non conditionnel 3.4. Comparaison CDN 2015 et CDN 2021-2030 actualisée L’objectif d’atténuation de la CDN 2021-2030 est plus ambitieux que celui de la CDN 2015 en termes de réduction absolue de GES à l’horizon 2030 qui passe de 33 559,32 GgEqCO2 (2021) même si en pourcentage l’objectif inconditionnel peut paraître inférieur (11% en 2021 contre 12% en 2015), les 12% de 2015 est calculé sur un total de 22,3% de l’émission en 2030 ce qui fait environ 2,7% de l’émission en 2030. Pour mettre en exergue les améliorations apportées dans la mise à jour de la CDN, le tableau suivant présente la comparaison entre les CDN 2015 et 2021.', 'Pour mettre en exergue les améliorations apportées dans la mise à jour de la CDN, le tableau suivant présente la comparaison entre les CDN 2015 et 2021. Tableau 6 : Comparaison entre CDN 2015 et CDN 2021-2030 actualisée Composants d amélioration CDN actuelle (2021) CDN initial (2015) Ambition d atténuation Renforcer l objectif GES - Année de référence : 2018correspondant à l’année du plus récent inventaire des GES qui tient compte des réalisations de la CDN initiale - Année de référence : 2010(l’analyse comparative tient compte de l’actualisation des données de l’année 2010 dans inconditionnel ConditionnelCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE l’inventaire de 2018) - Période d’engagement : 2021 – 2030 - Période d’engagement : 2020 – Objectif de la contribution d’atténuation : - Niveau de réduction visé en 2030 : neutralité carbone dont 11% inconditionnel.', 'Tableau 6 : Comparaison entre CDN 2015 et CDN 2021-2030 actualisée Composants d amélioration CDN actuelle (2021) CDN initial (2015) Ambition d atténuation Renforcer l objectif GES - Année de référence : 2018correspondant à l’année du plus récent inventaire des GES qui tient compte des réalisations de la CDN initiale - Année de référence : 2010(l’analyse comparative tient compte de l’actualisation des données de l’année 2010 dans inconditionnel ConditionnelCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE l’inventaire de 2018) - Période d’engagement : 2021 – 2030 - Période d’engagement : 2020 – Objectif de la contribution d’atténuation : - Niveau de réduction visé en 2030 : neutralité carbone dont 11% inconditionnel. - Réduction absolue des émissions en 2030 par rapport au BAU de la même année : - Écart des émissions GES cumulé 2020 – 2030, par rapport à l objectif BAU de la Objectif de la contribution d’atténuation : - Niveau de réduction visé en 2030 : 22.3 % dont 12% inconditionnel.', '- Réduction absolue des émissions en 2030 par rapport au BAU de la même année : - Écart des émissions GES cumulé 2020 – 2030, par rapport à l objectif BAU de la Objectif de la contribution d’atténuation : - Niveau de réduction visé en 2030 : 22.3 % dont 12% inconditionnel. - Écart des émissions GES cumulé 2020 – 2030, par rapport à l objectif BAU de la même Renforcer ou ajouter des politiques et des actions : - 55 mesures d atténuation dans les secteurs suivants : • Énergie (y inclus génération électrique, efficacité énergétique, distribution d énergie, EE ménages & services, transport) avec 42 mesures dont 27 inconditionnelles • Procédé industriel et Utilisation des produits (PIUP) 2 mesures dont 1 inconditionnelle ; • Agriculture (y compris l’élevage) Foresterie et Affectation des Terres (AFAT) 8 mesures dont 4 inconditionnelles • Déchets 3 mesures dont 1 inconditionnelle ; - Répartition de l’objectif : 40.470 GgEqCO2 pour la période 2021-2030 dont 11% inconditionnelle.Cet objectif est composé de 33 mesures inconditionnelles et 22 conditionnelles - Couverture des émissions : cible à l échelle de l économie - 18 mesures d atténuation dans les secteurs suivants : • Énergie (y inclus génération électrique, efficacité énergétique ménages, transport) avec 8 mesures • Procédé industriel et Utilisation des produits (PIUP) 2 mesures ; • Agriculture (y compris l’élevage) Foresterie et Affectation des Terres (AFAT) • Déchets 1 mesure - Répartition de l’objectif : pour la période inconditionnelle sans aucune séparation entre les mesures - Couverture des émissions : Émissions et absorptions provenant des secteurs sources et puits des GES (Energie, PIUP, AFAT et Déchets) Renforcer ou ajouter une cible sectorielle : La mise à jour de la CDN focalise sur le potentiel énergétique renouvelable dans la nouvelle vision stratégique du pays, y compris des composantes technologiques non prises en compte dans l’évaluation des besoins technologique telles que la production de l’hydrogène vert La première CDN reposait sur le potentiel d’atténuation du secteur AFAT avec, en particulier, des actions de reboisement d’envergure.', '- Écart des émissions GES cumulé 2020 – 2030, par rapport à l objectif BAU de la même Renforcer ou ajouter des politiques et des actions : - 55 mesures d atténuation dans les secteurs suivants : • Énergie (y inclus génération électrique, efficacité énergétique, distribution d énergie, EE ménages & services, transport) avec 42 mesures dont 27 inconditionnelles • Procédé industriel et Utilisation des produits (PIUP) 2 mesures dont 1 inconditionnelle ; • Agriculture (y compris l’élevage) Foresterie et Affectation des Terres (AFAT) 8 mesures dont 4 inconditionnelles • Déchets 3 mesures dont 1 inconditionnelle ; - Répartition de l’objectif : 40.470 GgEqCO2 pour la période 2021-2030 dont 11% inconditionnelle.Cet objectif est composé de 33 mesures inconditionnelles et 22 conditionnelles - Couverture des émissions : cible à l échelle de l économie - 18 mesures d atténuation dans les secteurs suivants : • Énergie (y inclus génération électrique, efficacité énergétique ménages, transport) avec 8 mesures • Procédé industriel et Utilisation des produits (PIUP) 2 mesures ; • Agriculture (y compris l’élevage) Foresterie et Affectation des Terres (AFAT) • Déchets 1 mesure - Répartition de l’objectif : pour la période inconditionnelle sans aucune séparation entre les mesures - Couverture des émissions : Émissions et absorptions provenant des secteurs sources et puits des GES (Energie, PIUP, AFAT et Déchets) Renforcer ou ajouter une cible sectorielle : La mise à jour de la CDN focalise sur le potentiel énergétique renouvelable dans la nouvelle vision stratégique du pays, y compris des composantes technologiques non prises en compte dans l’évaluation des besoins technologique telles que la production de l’hydrogène vert La première CDN reposait sur le potentiel d’atténuation du secteur AFAT avec, en particulier, des actions de reboisement d’envergure. Aligner la mise en œuvre de la NDC avec les objectifs longs termes des stratégies nationale et sectorielles existantes : La mise à jour de la CDN fait écho au bilan du premier quinquennat de mise en œuvre de la SCAPP 2016-2030, elle reste en parfaite harmonie avec la SCAPP et les stratégies sectorielles qui en découlent.', 'Aligner la mise en œuvre de la NDC avec les objectifs longs termes des stratégies nationale et sectorielles existantes : La mise à jour de la CDN fait écho au bilan du premier quinquennat de mise en œuvre de la SCAPP 2016-2030, elle reste en parfaite harmonie avec la SCAPP et les stratégies sectorielles qui en découlent. Pendant la préparation de la CDN initiale, le pays était en phase de transition stratégique en passant CSLP 2001-2015, vers SCAPP et sesobjectifs à long terme. La Stratégie Nationale pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable (SNEDD) n’a été élaborée qu’en 2017.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Mise en œuvre Ajouter des actions ou des mesures pour renforcer la mise en œuvre : – La présentation détaillée des mesures dans le document de référence (Rapport national) comporte : o les financements nécessaires ainsi que les sources potentielles de financement.', 'La Stratégie Nationale pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable (SNEDD) n’a été élaborée qu’en 2017.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Mise en œuvre Ajouter des actions ou des mesures pour renforcer la mise en œuvre : – La présentation détaillée des mesures dans le document de référence (Rapport national) comporte : o les financements nécessaires ainsi que les sources potentielles de financement. o les entités/institutions de mise en œuvre et de suivi sont identifiées. o Document de projet soumis au Programme CBIT pour la mise en place d’un système de mesure, vérification et notification, y compris les indicateurs de progrès de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Les Mesures sont présentées de manière succincte dans le document de référence – Aucun plan de mise en œuvre n’a été proposé. 3.5.', 'o Document de projet soumis au Programme CBIT pour la mise en place d’un système de mesure, vérification et notification, y compris les indicateurs de progrès de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Les Mesures sont présentées de manière succincte dans le document de référence – Aucun plan de mise en œuvre n’a été proposé. 3.5. Clarté, transparence et compréhension de la CDN 2021-2030 Conformément aux lignes directrices de l’Annexe 1 de la Décision 4/CMA1 (Atténuation), les informations requises pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie sont fournies dans le tableau suivant. Tableau 7 : Information pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie 1.', 'Tableau 7 : Information pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN actualisée de la Mauritanie 1. Informations quantifiées sur le point de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, une année de base a. Année(s)deréférence,année(s)debase,péri ode(s)de référence ou autre(s) point(s) dedépart. b. Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année(s) de référence,année(s)debase,période(s)de référenceou autre(s) point(s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l’annéecible. L’indicateur de référence est quantifié sur la base des émissions nationales totales de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Pour l’année de référence 2018, Le niveau d’émission de l’année de référence était de 9944,618 GgEq CO2 .', 'Pour l’année de référence 2018, Le niveau d’émission de l’année de référence était de 9944,618 GgEq CO2 . c. Pour les stratégies, plans et actions visés au paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, où les politiques et mesures en tant qu’éléments de contributionsdéterminéesauniveaunatio nal lorsquele paragraphe 1 (b) ci-dessus n’est pas applicable, les Partiesdoiventfournird’autresinformation s pertinentes. NA d.Cibleparrapportàl’indicateurderéféren ce,exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en quantité deréduction. UneréductionnettedesémissionsdeGESàl’échellede parrapportauscénariode référence (BAU ligne bleu), avec les moyens propres du pays appuyés par un soutien international largement comparable à celui reçu jusqu’à2020. Avecunsoutienplusconséquentla Mauritaniepourraitaller jusqu’à une réduction des émissions assurant une neutralité carbone de l’ordre de 92,49%(ligne rouge)par rapport auBAU (cf. Figure no.1) e. Informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le (s) point (s) de référence.', 'Figure no.1) e. Informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le (s) point (s) de référence. La quantification des indicateurs de référence a été basée sur les données de l’inventaire national des émissions des GES communiqué dans le second rapport biennal actualisé en 2021. f.Informationssurlescirconstancesdansle L’inventairenationaldes GES est examiné dans le cadre deCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE squellesle payspartiepeutmettreàjourlesvaleursde sindicateurs deréférence. l’ICA par la TTE, ensuivant les méthodologies et les lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006, le 30 Juin 2021 et en utilisant les données nationales fournies dans le tableau no.3. Les informations sur les indicateurs de références ont été mises à jour suivant le niveau 1. Ces informations peuvent être mises à jour et recalculées au regard des améliorations méthodologiques continues ou de la mise à disposition d’informations pertinentes non disponibles auparavant.', 'Ces informations peuvent être mises à jour et recalculées au regard des améliorations méthodologiques continues ou de la mise à disposition d’informations pertinentes non disponibles auparavant. Les informations sur les mises à jour effectuées seront inclusesdanslesrapportspertinentsprésentés àlaCCNUCCet,à partir de 2024, dans les rapports biennaux sur la transparence. 2. Délais et/ou périodes de mise en œuvre a. Calendrieret/oupériodedemiseenœuvre 2021-2030 b. Qu’il s’agisse d’un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas. Une seule année d’objectif : 2030 3. Périmètre et couverture a. Description générale de l’objectif d’atténuation. Engagement inconditionnel de réduction des émissions )en2030comparé au scénario (BAU) avec les niveaux de soutien international en vigueur en 2020. Cette réduction pourra atteindre la neutralité carboneavec un soutien international plus important, permettant la mise en valeur d’une partie plus conséquente dupotentiel d’énergie renouvelable du pays.', 'Cette réduction pourra atteindre la neutralité carboneavec un soutien international plus important, permettant la mise en valeur d’une partie plus conséquente dupotentiel d’énergie renouvelable du pays. Cette réduction conditionnelle sera de 16008,045 GgEq-CO2 en2030comparé au scénario (BAU). b.Secteurs,gaz,catégoriesetpuitscouve rtsparlacontribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, lecaséchéant,conformémentauxlignesdi rectricesdu GIEC. L’engagement de laCDNprenden compte touteslesémissionsetlesabsorptionsanthropogéniques tellesquerapportéesdansle rapport d’inventaire du • Tous les secteurs, tels que définis par les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC notamment : ▪ Energie ▪ ProcédésIndustrielsetUtilisationdesProduits(PIUP) ▪ Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT) ▪ Déchets. • Lesgazàeffetdeserreinclusdansleslignesdirectrices COVNM, etCO. • Touteslescatégories qui se produisent sur le territoire national,tellesqu’ellessontinclusesdans la Mauritanie. c. Comment le pays Partie a tenu compte des paragraphes 31 c) et d) de la décision 1 / CP.21. • La CDN inclut toutes les catégories d’émissions ou d’absorptions anthropiques estimées dans les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre.', '• La CDN inclut toutes les catégories d’émissions ou d’absorptions anthropiques estimées dans les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre. Aucune source, aucune activité et aucun puits qui était inclus danslaversionprécédentedelaCDNn’aétéexclu. • Les améliorations de l’inventaire GES ont été prises en compte dans la comparaison entre la CDN initiale et l’actuelle (cf. tableau no.2).CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE • Seules les catégories d’émissions anthropiques ou d’absorptions qui n’existent pas dans le pays sont excluent. • Le plus grand effort est mis sur le secteur de l’énergie car c’est lesecteur qui présente leplus grand potentiel d’atténuation, avec la plus grande probabilité de mise en œuvre. Cependant aucun secteur n’est exclu. L’analyse n’a pas été alignée sur les catégories clé de l’inventaire desGES.', 'L’analyse n’a pas été alignée sur les catégories clé de l’inventaire desGES. d.Co- avantagesd’atténuationrésultantdesm esures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique, y compris la description des projets,mesuresetinitiativesspécifiquesd esmesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique desParties. Les co-bénéfices des mesures d’atténuation sur l’adaptation et vice-versa ainsi que les synergies avec les autres cadres de planification du développement durable, en particulier les ODD sont identifiés dans les tableaux no.1 et 2 (dernière colonne) auxquels il convient d’ajouter d’autres co-bénéfices comme l’amélioration de la qualité de l’air, les réductions potentielles en coûts pour les utilisateurs et la meilleure qualité de vie pour les populations. 4.', 'Les co-bénéfices des mesures d’atténuation sur l’adaptation et vice-versa ainsi que les synergies avec les autres cadres de planification du développement durable, en particulier les ODD sont identifiés dans les tableaux no.1 et 2 (dernière colonne) auxquels il convient d’ajouter d’autres co-bénéfices comme l’amélioration de la qualité de l’air, les réductions potentielles en coûts pour les utilisateurs et la meilleure qualité de vie pour les populations. 4. Processus de planification a. Informations sur les processus de planification que le pays partie a entrepris pour préparer sa CDN et, le cas échéant, sur les plans de mise en œuvre du pays partie, y compris, le cas échéant : i. Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation dupublicetengagementaveclescommun autéslocales etlespeuplesautochtones,d’unemanière sensibleau genre.', 'Processus de planification a. Informations sur les processus de planification que le pays partie a entrepris pour préparer sa CDN et, le cas échéant, sur les plans de mise en œuvre du pays partie, y compris, le cas échéant : i. Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation dupublicetengagementaveclescommun autéslocales etlespeuplesautochtones,d’unemanière sensibleau genre. Processus d’actualisation de la CDN Le processus d’actualisation de la CDN a été lancé,en 2021, il a comptéles principales étapes suivantes : ▪ Janvier – avril 2021 : phase préparatoire ▪ Avril 2021 : lancement officiel du processus d’actualisation de la CDN lors d’un Conseil des ministres ▪ Mai – juin 2021 : réalisation d’une première série de consultations sectorielles pour statuer sur l’état d’avancement des actions d’atténuation et des objectifs d’adaptation inscrits dans la CDN 2015 et les principaux changements à apporter ▪ Juillet 2021 : échange élargi avecles diverses parties prenantes du secteur public, pourrecueillirlesdonnéesnécessairespour informer le processus technique d’actualisation de la CDN ▪ Fin juillet - début Aout 2021 :rédactionetprocessus de réajustement avec les secteurs publics ▪ Août2021 :restitutionofficielle delaCDNactualiséeau Réseau National des Points Focaux Changement Climatique, task-force qui inclut les représentants du secteur public, de la société civile et du secteur privé pour validation de la version provisoiredelaCDNactualisée.', 'Processus d’actualisation de la CDN Le processus d’actualisation de la CDN a été lancé,en 2021, il a comptéles principales étapes suivantes : ▪ Janvier – avril 2021 : phase préparatoire ▪ Avril 2021 : lancement officiel du processus d’actualisation de la CDN lors d’un Conseil des ministres ▪ Mai – juin 2021 : réalisation d’une première série de consultations sectorielles pour statuer sur l’état d’avancement des actions d’atténuation et des objectifs d’adaptation inscrits dans la CDN 2015 et les principaux changements à apporter ▪ Juillet 2021 : échange élargi avecles diverses parties prenantes du secteur public, pourrecueillirlesdonnéesnécessairespour informer le processus technique d’actualisation de la CDN ▪ Fin juillet - début Aout 2021 :rédactionetprocessus de réajustement avec les secteurs publics ▪ Août2021 :restitutionofficielle delaCDNactualiséeau Réseau National des Points Focaux Changement Climatique, task-force qui inclut les représentants du secteur public, de la société civile et du secteur privé pour validation de la version provisoiredelaCDNactualisée. ▪ Septembre 2021 : Atelier national de validation de la CDN y inclus réception des commentaires de certains PTF (Banque mondiale, UNICEF et FAO) et autres acteurs ▪ La consultation et la concertation avec les échelles infranationales (régionale et locale) n’ont pas pu être réalisées du fait des contraintes de temps et de budget.', '▪ Septembre 2021 : Atelier national de validation de la CDN y inclus réception des commentaires de certains PTF (Banque mondiale, UNICEF et FAO) et autres acteurs ▪ La consultation et la concertation avec les échelles infranationales (régionale et locale) n’ont pas pu être réalisées du fait des contraintes de temps et de budget. Cependant, un programme pour la diffusion et la promotion de la CDN actualisée à ces échelles aussitôt son adoption par le Conseil des ministres, au mois de septembre 2021,est élaboré par la DCEV.', 'Cependant, un programme pour la diffusion et la promotion de la CDN actualisée à ces échelles aussitôt son adoption par le Conseil des ministres, au mois de septembre 2021,est élaboré par la DCEV. Arrangementsinstitutionnelspourlamiseenœuvrede laCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE politiqueclimatique Dans un effort pour consolider les exigences de transparence de la CCNUCC, la Mauritanie a mis en place, en septembre 2020, une Direction du Climat et de l Economie Verte (DCEV), au sein du Ministère de l Environnement et du Développement Durable (MEDD) afin de coordonner l ensemble de son programme national sur le changement climatique. Cette instance est dirigée par un Directeur national, associé à un Directeur adjoint et à trois services nouvellement créés en charge respectivement de : la Vulnérabilité et l Adaptation ; Activités et stratégies ; et IGES et d atténuation.', 'Cette instance est dirigée par un Directeur national, associé à un Directeur adjoint et à trois services nouvellement créés en charge respectivement de : la Vulnérabilité et l Adaptation ; Activités et stratégies ; et IGES et d atténuation. La Direction dispose également d’une unité chargée du traitement et de l’archivage des données et informations collectées, incluant les études et rapports sectoriels et thématiques. La DCEV s appuie, par ailleurs, sur une task-force constituée par un réseau de points focaux sectoriels (PFS), représentants désignés des ministères de tutelle, de la société civile et des organisations du secteur privé. Ce réseau est composé de 38 membres dont 7 femmes. Des groupes de travail sectoriels ont été mise en place dans les ministères clés.', 'Des groupes de travail sectoriels ont été mise en place dans les ministères clés. Ils ont bénéficié de renforcement des capacités pour leur permettre de participer activement dans la préparation de l’actualisation de la CDN. Ce dispositif institutionnel est piloté par le point focal sectoriel au niveau ministériel et par la DCEV au niveau national. Le dispositif est complété par un réseau d’experts indépendants, issus du monde académique, pour contribuer à l’élaboration des études nécessaires ainsi que des rapports dus au titre de Partie à la CCNUCC. ii. Questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, le cas échéant : ii (a). Les circonstances nationales, telles que la géographie, le climat, l’économie, le développement durable et l’élimination de la pauvreté.', 'Les circonstances nationales, telles que la géographie, le climat, l’économie, le développement durable et l’élimination de la pauvreté. Position géographique La Mauritanie est un pays côtier du nord-ouest africain, situé entre les latitudes septentrionales de 15 à 27 degrés et les longitudes occidentales de 5 et 17 degrés, avec une superficie totale de 1 030 700 km2. Le pays compte depuis 2015, 15 provinces ou Wilayat qui sont subdivisées en Moughataa (i.e. départements) subdivisées à leur tour en 218 communes. Au plan physique, la Mauritanie se caractérise par la platitude de son relief, avec des altitudes faibles, souvent inférieures à 500 m à l’exception de la Kédia d’Idjil qui culmine à 915 m. Les paysages sont caractérisés par la monotonie des plateaux tabulaires et des immenses étendues caillouteuses ou sableuses.', 'Au plan physique, la Mauritanie se caractérise par la platitude de son relief, avec des altitudes faibles, souvent inférieures à 500 m à l’exception de la Kédia d’Idjil qui culmine à 915 m. Les paysages sont caractérisés par la monotonie des plateaux tabulaires et des immenses étendues caillouteuses ou sableuses. Pays à dominante désertique, la Mauritanie dispose de grandes étendues pastorales et de seulement 0,5 % de terres arables, avec une population estimée à 4,2 million en 2020 avec une proportion urbaine de plus en plus importante (52,8 % en 2020 contre 48,3 % en 2013).', 'Pays à dominante désertique, la Mauritanie dispose de grandes étendues pastorales et de seulement 0,5 % de terres arables, avec une population estimée à 4,2 million en 2020 avec une proportion urbaine de plus en plus importante (52,8 % en 2020 contre 48,3 % en 2013). La Mauritanie est totalement saharienne dans sa partie nord et sahélienne dans sa partie sud, elle se caractérise par un climat généralement chaud et sec marqué par des hivers relativement doux (avec des températuresCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE minimales moyennes de 19 à 23°C) et des périodes d’hivernage très courtes (environ trois mois). En saison sèche, les températures dépassent le seuil de 40°C dans la quasi-totalité des régions du pays (exception faite de Dakhlet Nouadhibou).', 'En saison sèche, les températures dépassent le seuil de 40°C dans la quasi-totalité des régions du pays (exception faite de Dakhlet Nouadhibou). Climat Saharien au Nord et sahélien au Sud, généralement chaud et sec, doux en bordure de l Océan Atlantique avec quatre mois de saison de pluie (de juin à septembre) Les précipitations annuelles moyennes varient entre 500 mm au Sud et moins de 50 mm au Nord du pays. Economie nationale La croissance économique a augmenté, de 3,6 % en 2018 à 6,3 % en 2019, sous l’effet du boom minier soutenu par une croissance modérée des secteurs non extractifs.', 'Economie nationale La croissance économique a augmenté, de 3,6 % en 2018 à 6,3 % en 2019, sous l’effet du boom minier soutenu par une croissance modérée des secteurs non extractifs. Cette croissance a subi une contraction de 3,6 % en 2020 en raison de l’impact économique de la pandémie mondiale de coronavirus (COVID-19), pour atteindre 2% et-6% entre le dernier semestre de 2020 et le premier de 2021. Les risques liés à la pandémie viennent exacerber les aléas climatiques, le retard dans les réformes structurelles et l’insécurité régionale. Malgré la réussite de la première phase de la SCAPP (2016-2020), ces obstacles entravent la poursuite des réformes engagées. Le pays compte cependant sur un avenir meilleur avec la mise en exploitation d’autres ressources particulièrement énergétiques (gisement gazier, énergies renouvelables, etc.).', 'Le pays compte cependant sur un avenir meilleur avec la mise en exploitation d’autres ressources particulièrement énergétiques (gisement gazier, énergies renouvelables, etc.). Développement durable La SCAPP est une stratégie parapluie qui englobe tous les secteurs de développement du pays ; elle constitue le cadre de référence et de cohérence des politiques de développement socio-économique durable du pays.', 'Développement durable La SCAPP est une stratégie parapluie qui englobe tous les secteurs de développement du pays ; elle constitue le cadre de référence et de cohérence des politiques de développement socio-économique durable du pays. Concomitamment, et depuis quelques années, plusieurs stratégies sectorielles ont intégré la problématique du changement climatique en alignement au cadre de programmation nationale qu’était le Cadre Stratégique de Lutte contre la Pauvreté (CLSP) qui a évolué, en 2016, en SCAPP dont, en particulier : ▪ La Stratégie nationale pour l’environnement et le développement durable (SNEDD) 2017-2021 ; ▪ La Stratégie de développement du secteur rural (SDSR) : ▪ Le Plan national de développement agricole (PNDA) ▪ Le Plan national de développement de l’élevage (PNDE) ▪ La Stratégie de développement du secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement (SNADEA, 2016-2030) ; ▪ La stratégie de gestion responsable pour un développement durable des pêches et de l’économie maritime, 2015-2019.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE ii (b).', 'Concomitamment, et depuis quelques années, plusieurs stratégies sectorielles ont intégré la problématique du changement climatique en alignement au cadre de programmation nationale qu’était le Cadre Stratégique de Lutte contre la Pauvreté (CLSP) qui a évolué, en 2016, en SCAPP dont, en particulier : ▪ La Stratégie nationale pour l’environnement et le développement durable (SNEDD) 2017-2021 ; ▪ La Stratégie de développement du secteur rural (SDSR) : ▪ Le Plan national de développement agricole (PNDA) ▪ Le Plan national de développement de l’élevage (PNDE) ▪ La Stratégie de développement du secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement (SNADEA, 2016-2030) ; ▪ La stratégie de gestion responsable pour un développement durable des pêches et de l’économie maritime, 2015-2019.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE ii (b). Meilleures pratiques et expérience liées à la préparation de la CDN.', 'Meilleures pratiques et expérience liées à la préparation de la CDN. La CDN a capitalisé sur les capacités analytiques, la pratique participative, l expérience, les outils et la base de connaissances qui ont été créés et améliorées durant les processus de préparation des documents habilitants du pays. Dans un cadre de concertation englobant l’ensemble des parties prenantes, 55 mesures d’atténuation sectorielles avec des objectifs quantifiables de réduction individuelle ont été identifiées. La mise en place et l’institutionnalisation du réseau national des points focaux sectoriels en2013 constitue une première étape dans la mise en œuvre d’un système MRV opérationneldevantpermettre le suivi et l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'La mise en place et l’institutionnalisation du réseau national des points focaux sectoriels en2013 constitue une première étape dans la mise en œuvre d’un système MRV opérationneldevantpermettre le suivi et l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Pour ce faire, le pays compte sur l’appui du FEM à travers le financement de la CBIT pour la mise en place de son MRV national.', 'Pour ce faire, le pays compte sur l’appui du FEM à travers le financement de la CBIT pour la mise en place de son MRV national. L’expérience partagée dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN initiale où le secteur de l’énergie alors émergent était secondaire par rapport au secteur AFAT (premier secteur de l’émission GES dans le pays) et la participation active des PFS dans le processus de révision de la CDN conduit la Mauritanie a misé sur la valorisation deses potentialités énergétiques et deses ressources propres dans lerespect des objectifs du développement durable de l’Agenda 2030 des Nations unies tels que priorisés par le pays10. ii (c). Autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris.', 'Autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris. b. Informations spécifiques applicables aux Parties, y compris les organisations d’intégration économique régionaleetleursÉtatsmembres,quisontp arvenusà un accord pour agir conjointement en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. La Mauritanie participe activement àl’initiative « Desert to Power » de la Banque africaine de développement (BAD/G5 Sahel). Par ailleurs, elle vient de signer un protocole d accord avec le -Global pour le développement de la nouvelle technologie d’hydrogène vert dans le cadre du programme « Aman », qui prévoit le développement de 30 GW d énergies solaire et éolienne. c.CommentlepayspartiepréparantsaCD Na-t-elleété informée par les résultats du bilan mondial, 4del’Accord deParis. Le rapport spécial du GIEC sur 1,5 degré a été utilisé comme référence dans le processus d’élaboration de la CDN actualisée.', 'Le rapport spécial du GIEC sur 1,5 degré a été utilisé comme référence dans le processus d’élaboration de la CDN actualisée. n et/ou des plans de diversification économique aboutissant à des co-avantages d’atténuation conformes au paragraphe7del’article4del’AccorddeParisàsoumettredesinformationssur: i.Commentlesconséquenceséconomiqu esetsociales desmesuresderéponseont- ellesétéprisesencompte dansledéveloppementdelaCDN. NA ii.Projets,mesuresetactivitésspécifique sàmettreen œuvre pour contribuer aux co-bénéfices d’atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d’adaptation qui produisent également des co-bénéfices Le pays a adhéré à l’initiative G5 SAHEL qui vise notamment le renforcement des capacités des pays membres àfaire face aux effets des changements climatiques ainsi que l’amélioration de la résilience des populations victimes d’insécurité alimentaire. 10Cf.', 'NA ii.Projets,mesuresetactivitésspécifique sàmettreen œuvre pour contribuer aux co-bénéfices d’atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d’adaptation qui produisent également des co-bénéfices Le pays a adhéré à l’initiative G5 SAHEL qui vise notamment le renforcement des capacités des pays membres àfaire face aux effets des changements climatiques ainsi que l’amélioration de la résilience des populations victimes d’insécurité alimentaire. 10Cf. en particulier la Revue nationale volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD présentée par la Mauritanie au Forum politique de haut niveau des Nations-unies en 2019.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE d’atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs clés, tels que l’énergie, les ressources, l’eau, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l’industrie, l’énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme,l’immobilier,l’agricultureetlapêc he.', 'en particulier la Revue nationale volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD présentée par la Mauritanie au Forum politique de haut niveau des Nations-unies en 2019.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE d’atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs clés, tels que l’énergie, les ressources, l’eau, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l’industrie, l’énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme,l’immobilier,l’agricultureetlapêc he. D’autres initiatives de développement durable sont coordonnées par le CILSS en particulier les programmes régionaux de développement du pastoralisme (PRAPS/WB) et le programme régional initiative Sahel (PARIIS/WB) qui vise l’amélioration de la maitrise de l’eau à travers l’irrigation.', 'D’autres initiatives de développement durable sont coordonnées par le CILSS en particulier les programmes régionaux de développement du pastoralisme (PRAPS/WB) et le programme régional initiative Sahel (PARIIS/WB) qui vise l’amélioration de la maitrise de l’eau à travers l’irrigation. Le CILSS coordonne aussi le programme régional sur la résilience au Sahel (P2RS/BAD) et celui sur la résilience, financé par la BID. Le MEDD contribue également au projet WACA (West Africa Coastal Area) pour un montant global de 30 millions de USD 5. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles permettant d’estimer et de comptabiliser les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions a. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiquesdegazàeffetdeserrecorresp ondantàla contribution déterminée au niveau national du pays adécision1/CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées parla CMA.', 'Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles permettant d’estimer et de comptabiliser les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions a. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiquesdegazàeffetdeserrecorresp ondantàla contribution déterminée au niveau national du pays adécision1/CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées parla CMA. La Mauritanie a comptabilisé les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques des GES conformément aux méthodes et aux paramètres de mesure communs évalués par le GIEC et adoptés par la Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion des Parties à l’Accord de Paris, en utilisant les lignesdirectrices2006duGIEC et le pouvoir de réchauffement global à 100 ans (PRG100) du 4e rapport d’évaluation du GIEC pour calculer les équivalents CO2 . Toutes les catégories ont été incluses dans les émissions de référence de l INDC conformément à la Décision 1/CP.21.', 'Toutes les catégories ont été incluses dans les émissions de référence de l INDC conformément à la Décision 1/CP.21. Il est prévu que l’approche figurant à l’annexe II de la décision 4 / CMA.1, sera utilisée durant l’actualisation de la CDN 2025 pour rendre compte des progrès accomplis dans l’atteinte de l’objectif de la CDN. b.Hypothèsesetapprochesméthodologiq uesutilisées pourrendrecomptedelamiseenœuvredes politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveaunational. La mise en œuvre prévue de la CBIT aboutira à la mise en place d’un MRV domestique en mesure de produire les indicateurs de progrès qui seront intégrés dans le rapport biennal sur la transparence.', 'La mise en œuvre prévue de la CBIT aboutira à la mise en place d’un MRV domestique en mesure de produire les indicateurs de progrès qui seront intégrés dans le rapport biennal sur la transparence. c.Lecaséchéant,desinformations le pays partie tiendra compte des méthodes et des orientations existantes au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de t. L’inventaire actuel de la Mauritanie est soumis à la CCNUCC avec le BUR II conformément à la décision 24 / CP.19 et utilise les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre et le Guide des bonnes pratiques 2003.', 'c.Lecaséchéant,desinformations le pays partie tiendra compte des méthodes et des orientations existantes au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de t. L’inventaire actuel de la Mauritanie est soumis à la CCNUCC avec le BUR II conformément à la décision 24 / CP.19 et utilise les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre et le Guide des bonnes pratiques 2003. Dans sa comptabilisation des émissions et des absorptions anthropiques correspondant à la CDN, la Mauritanie a fait de son maximum pour respecter les principes detransparence, exhaustivité, cohérence, comparabilité et exactitude, permettant de comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 14, de l Accord de Paris.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE d.Méthodologiesetparamètresutilisésp arGIECpour estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet deserre.', 'Dans sa comptabilisation des émissions et des absorptions anthropiques correspondant à la CDN, la Mauritanie a fait de son maximum pour respecter les principes detransparence, exhaustivité, cohérence, comparabilité et exactitude, permettant de comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 14, de l Accord de Paris.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE d.Méthodologiesetparamètresutilisésp arGIECpour estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet deserre. Méthodologies : les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC ont été utilisées pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions de GES. Métrique : Les valeurs de potentiel de réchauffement global pour un horizon de 100 ans (PRG100 ) utilisées pour calculer les équivalents CO2 , sont celles déterminées dans le quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (AR4) : = 1 (par convention); = 25. O = 298.', 'Métrique : Les valeurs de potentiel de réchauffement global pour un horizon de 100 ans (PRG100 ) utilisées pour calculer les équivalents CO2 , sont celles déterminées dans le quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (AR4) : = 1 (par convention); = 25. O = 298. PRG HFCs = 1.5 - 14 800. e.Hypothèses,méthodologiesetapprochespropresausecteur,àlacatégorieouàl’activité,conforméme ntaux orientationsduGIEC,lecaséchéant,ycompris : i.Approchepourtraiterlesémissionsetlesa bsorptions subséquentes des perturbations naturelles sur les terresgérées. Toutes les émissions et absorptions déclarées dans l’inventairedesGESdu BUR 2 de la Mauritaniesontprises en compte danslaCDN,cependant que le pays ne dispose pas de données nécessairespour traiterles émissions des perturbationsnaturelles. ii.Approcheutiliséepourtenircomptedesé missionset desabsorptionsdesproduitsligneuxréc oltés. NA iii.Approcheutiliséepourtraiterleseffetsde lastructure desclassesd’âgedanslesforêts. Les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts ne sont pas pris en compte.', 'Les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts ne sont pas pris en compte. f. Autres hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspondantes, notamment : i.Commentlesindicateursderéférence,le sniveauxde référenceet/oulesniveauxderéférence,y compris,le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence spécifiques au secteur,àlacatégorieouàl’activité,sontco nstruits,y compris, par exemple, les paramètres clés, les hypothèses,lesdéfinitions,méthodologie s,sourcesde données et modèlesutilisés. L’inventaire des émissions de GES de 2018 ainsi que les scénarios de référence et d’atténuation ont été réalisés suivant les lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006.', 'L’inventaire des émissions de GES de 2018 ainsi que les scénarios de référence et d’atténuation ont été réalisés suivant les lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006. Les scénarios de référence BAU et d’atténuation ont été élaborés en utilisant l’outil « Coût de réduction des gaz à effet de serre » (GreenhouseGasAbatementCost Mode GACMO) de la DTU à partir des données des Annuaires des statistiques nationales et sectorielles, des données sur les activités sectorielles et desanalysesprospectives socio-économiques et démographiques. ii. Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des éléments autres que les gaz à effet de serre, des informations sur les hypothèsesetlesapprochesméthodologi quesutilisées enrelationavecceséléments,lecaséchéa nt. NA iii.', 'Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des éléments autres que les gaz à effet de serre, des informations sur les hypothèsesetlesapprochesméthodologi quesutilisées enrelationavecceséléments,lecaséchéa nt. NA iii. Pour les forçeurs climatiques inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national non couvertes par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la manière dont les Pour les estimations des émissions de précurseurs, le guide d inventaire des émissions de polluants atmosphériques EMEP/EEA 2005 de l Agence européenne pour l environnement a été utilisé.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE forçeurs climatiques sont estimés. iv. Informations techniques complémentaires, si nécessaire. NA g. L’intention d’utiliser la coopération volontaire au titre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant. La Mauritanie entend recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l article 6 de l Accord de Paris pour atteindre une partie de son objectif. Cf.', 'La Mauritanie entend recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l article 6 de l Accord de Paris pour atteindre une partie de son objectif. Cf. ci-dessus Initiative « Desert to Power » de la BAD/G5 Sahel, et programme « Aman ». 6. Comment le pays partie considère que son CDN est juste et ambitieux à la lumière de sa situation nationale a.CommentlepaysPartieconsidèrequesaC DNestjusteetambitieuseàlalumièredesa situationnationale. La Mauritanie considère la mise à jour de la CDN comme suffisamment juste et ambitieuse pour contribuer à une économie à faible émission de carbone et résiliente au changement climatique d ici 2030, conformément à sa situation nationale et à la SCAPP d ici 2030.', 'La Mauritanie considère la mise à jour de la CDN comme suffisamment juste et ambitieuse pour contribuer à une économie à faible émission de carbone et résiliente au changement climatique d ici 2030, conformément à sa situation nationale et à la SCAPP d ici 2030. La vision de l’actuelle CDN porte un changement de base dans l’ambition de l’objectif de l’atténuation, passant d’un objectif de réduction des émissions GES de 22,3% dont 12% inconditionnel « CDN 2015 » vers une neutralité carbone d’ici 2030 dont 11%inconditionnel. b.Lesconsidérationsd’équité,ycomprislar éflexionsur l’équité. Équité La République Islamique de Mauritanie comme pays non annexe 1 moins avancée, contribue peu aux émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre. Cependant qu’elle est exposée à une grande vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique en raison de sa position géographique.', 'Cependant qu’elle est exposée à une grande vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique en raison de sa position géographique. Tenant compte des principes généraux et des dispositions de la Convention, en particulier ceux liés aux responsabilités communes mais différenciées et aux capacités respectives et à l accès équitable à l espace atmosphérique, la CDN de la Mauritanie est guidée par le souhait du pays de réduire la pauvreté, d atteindre une économie résiliente au climat à faible émission de carbone, ainsi que d’assurer un développement durable pour devenir un pays à revenu intermédiaire élevé et prospère d ici 2030, conformément à laVision stratégique du pays. La présente CDN constitue une contribution équitable au vu du contexte socio-économique et géographique particuliers au pays.', 'La présente CDN constitue une contribution équitable au vu du contexte socio-économique et géographique particuliers au pays. La réussite de la mise en œuvre de la CDN de la Mauritanie est conditionnelle et dépendante du niveau de soutien à fournir par le biais de la Convention et d autres accords multilatéraux et bilatéraux. c. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. Conformément aux articles 4.2 et 4.11 de Mauritanie présente une actualisation de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national (CDN 2) au titre de l’Accord de Paris pour la période 2021-2030, avec comme objectif la neutralité carbone.', 'Conformément aux articles 4.2 et 4.11 de Mauritanie présente une actualisation de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national (CDN 2) au titre de l’Accord de Paris pour la période 2021-2030, avec comme objectif la neutralité carbone. d. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord L’actualisation de la CDN de la Mauritanie représente une progression au-delà de sa CDN précédente, car elleCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE de Paris. focalise sur l’important potentiel du secteur de l’énergie en ressources renouvelables dans sa partie conditionnelle.', 'focalise sur l’important potentiel du secteur de l’énergie en ressources renouvelables dans sa partie conditionnelle. La partie non-conditionnelle de la CDN compte commeobjectifabsolula réduction des émissions à l’échelle de l’économie commestipulédansl’Article4del’AccorddeParis, alors que la composante d adaptation de la CDN, développe des actions devant permettre au pays le renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes humains et physiques ainsi que celles de leur adaptation. e. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. NA 7. Comment la CDN contribue-t-elle à la réalisation des objectifs de la Convention tels qu’énoncés en son article 2 a.CommentlaCDNcontribueàatteindrel’o bjectifdela Conventiontelqu’énoncéàsonarticle2. Les engagements nationaux dans l’actuelle CDN actualisée sont en conformitéavec l’objectif de la CCNUCC ainsi que l’objectif à long terme de l’Accord de Paris, comme expliqué aux points 6a et6b. b.', 'Les engagements nationaux dans l’actuelle CDN actualisée sont en conformitéavec l’objectif de la CCNUCC ainsi que l’objectif à long terme de l’Accord de Paris, comme expliqué aux points 6a et6b. b. Comment la CDN contribue à la réalisation de l’article 2, paragraphe 1 a), et de l’article 4, paragraphe 1, de l’Accord de Paris. l’actuelle CDN qui apportera une contribution à la réalisation de l’article2de l’Accord de Paris.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE IV- Composante adaptation de la CDN 4.1. Contexte de communication de l’action d’adaptation Pays faiblement émetteur de GES, la Mauritanie, de par sa position géographique et son niveau de développement, est particulièrement vulnérable aux effets négatifs du changement climatique.', 'Contexte de communication de l’action d’adaptation Pays faiblement émetteur de GES, la Mauritanie, de par sa position géographique et son niveau de développement, est particulièrement vulnérable aux effets négatifs du changement climatique. Tous les secteurs de son économie sont déjà fortement impactés par la variabilité climatique et les projections climatiques montrent une exacerbation de ces phénomènes à l’avenir. La Mauritanie a inscrit l’adaptation au changement climatique parmi les priorités de ses stratégies et programmes de développement. En 2020, la Mauritanie a entrepris l’élaboration de son Programme d’adaptation national (PAN). Plusieurs études ont été réalisées pour évaluer les lacunes dans les secteurs de développement et identifier les axes prioritaires d’adaptation.', 'Plusieurs études ont été réalisées pour évaluer les lacunes dans les secteurs de développement et identifier les axes prioritaires d’adaptation. Bien qu’une cartographie de la vulnérabilité au changement climatique n’ait pas encore été réalisée, les rapports sectoriels basés sur le jugement d’experts et la littérature mondiale attestent d’une forte vulnérabilité des populations et des écosystèmes du paysà la variabilité et au changement climatique. Cette vulnérabilité impose une réponse d’envergure et urgente de tous les secteurs de développement (cf. Tableau no.4).', 'Cette vulnérabilité impose une réponse d’envergure et urgente de tous les secteurs de développement (cf. Tableau no.4). Conformément à l’Article 7, Paragraphe 11 de l’Accord de Paris et des dispositions A à D de l’Annexe 1 de la Décision 9/CMA1, la Mauritanie choisit de communiquer ses efforts d’adaptation dans la CDN comme une contribution à l’évaluation globale pour (i) élever le profil de son action d’adaptation dans son Agenda de développement, (ii) spécifier les besoins de soutien, y compris en matière d’information, de technologie, de renforcement de capacités et de ressources financières et (iii) faire de la CDN un outil de planification de son action d’adaptation. Le processus d’actualisation de la CDN est lié au processus d’élaboration du PAN.', 'Le processus d’actualisation de la CDN est lié au processus d’élaboration du PAN. La gouvernance des deux processus est assurée par la Direction du climat et de l’économie verte ce qui en assurela synergie et la cohérence. La CDN actualisée constitue ainsi un outil de mise en œuvre de la planification stratégique de l’adaptation entreprise par le PNA qui est en cours. 4.2 Vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique En Mauritanie, les Changements Climatiques (CC) se sont imposés avec force ces dernières décennies en Mauritanie.', '4.2 Vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique En Mauritanie, les Changements Climatiques (CC) se sont imposés avec force ces dernières décennies en Mauritanie. Une irrégularité au niveau des précipitations et de leur répartition spatio-temporelle, des températures de l’air de plus en plus élevées, des épisodes de sécheresses et d’inondations plus fréquents, une diminution des apports en eau par le fleuve, une dégradation notable des terres, une plus grande fragilité des écosystèmes et de leur dynamique. Ce sont là quelques éléments qui montrent que le climat en Mauritanie change avec pour conséquence une amplification des problèmes environnementaux posés à ce pays sahélo-saharien. Ces changements climatiques menacent en premier lieu le secteur primaire, l`agriculture, l`élevage, la pêche et l`exploitation des forêts, des secteurs clefs pour l’économie du pays.', 'Ces changements climatiques menacent en premier lieu le secteur primaire, l`agriculture, l`élevage, la pêche et l`exploitation des forêts, des secteurs clefs pour l’économie du pays. En Mauritanie, la santé, les infrastructures et l`industrie se trouvent aussi exposés aux changements climatiques.Aussi, la vie des populations en Mauritanie est-elle tributaire de ces changements. Au niveau du littoral, les études sur le changement climatique mettent en évidence que les conséquences des changements climatiques, avec l élévation du niveau marin, se traduiraient par une exposition de grandes superficies de terres ainsi que les infrastructures qui y sont implantées aux risques d’inondation et de l’ensablement. Elle montre également que l’érosion côtière sera aggravée, notamment sur le littoral de Nouakchott où les modifications morphologiques sont déjà appréciables.', 'Elle montre également que l’érosion côtière sera aggravée, notamment sur le littoral de Nouakchott où les modifications morphologiques sont déjà appréciables. La vulnérabilité de la Mauritanie au changement climatique est surtout due à ses caractéristiques climatiques, géographiques et démographiques. En effet, le territoire mauritanien est dans son entièreté situé dans la zone aride avec 75% en zone saharienne.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Ceci est en partie une conséquence des effets des masses d’air qui balaient le pays. Ces masses d’air sont constituées de trois courants principaux qui soufflent tout au long de l’année : l’alizé maritime, l’alizé continental et la mousson estivale. Les masses d’air porteuses de précipitations sont l’alizé maritime et la mousson (FIT).', 'Les masses d’air porteuses de précipitations sont l’alizé maritime et la mousson (FIT). De cette situation découle deux grandes zones climatiques : le Sahara et le Sahel avec chacune une nuance littorale et une nuance continentale. La bordure côtière pour chaque zone climatique est caractérisée par une humidité relativement importante et des écarts diurnes et annuels faibles alors que la partie continentale présente des écarts de températures (diurnes et annuels) plus importants et une aridité de l’air, extrême ; surtout dans la région saharienne qui connaît une très faible pluviométrie et une forte évaporation. 4.3.', 'La bordure côtière pour chaque zone climatique est caractérisée par une humidité relativement importante et des écarts diurnes et annuels faibles alors que la partie continentale présente des écarts de températures (diurnes et annuels) plus importants et une aridité de l’air, extrême ; surtout dans la région saharienne qui connaît une très faible pluviométrie et une forte évaporation. 4.3. Evaluation de la mise en œuvre des actions d’adaptation de la CDN-2015 Partant des vulnérabilités constatées dans les secteurs, la première CDN-2015 a identifié une série de projets et programmes pour chaque secteur d’activités. La CDN de 2015 s’était fixée comme objectifs la mobilisation d’un montant de 9377,4 milliards de dollars (cf. Tableau no.7).', 'La CDN de 2015 s’était fixée comme objectifs la mobilisation d’un montant de 9377,4 milliards de dollars (cf. Tableau no.7). Tableau 8 : Répartition par secteur des besoins en financement de la CDN-2015 Secteurs Besoins en millions de dollars Eau et Assainissement 1500.00 Habitat, Urbanisme et Aménagement du Territoire 5000.00 Environnement et développement durable (Protection Nature) Pêche et Economie Maritime 1644.00 (Source CDN, 2015) La préparation du programme pays dans le cadre du Readiness du FVC a été l’occasion deréactualiser les projets prioritaires retenus par les différents secteurs. Ce programme a retenu 18 projets et programmes. A ces projets, s’ajoutent d’autres projets d’adaptation qui étaient en cours d’exécution.', 'A ces projets, s’ajoutent d’autres projets d’adaptation qui étaient en cours d’exécution. Ces projets se répartissent comme suit : ▪ Huit (08) projets en cours d’exécution ▪ Trois (03) projets en instance de démarrage ▪ Quatorze (14) projets en cours de formulation ou en conception L’enveloppe budgétaire de ces projets se répartit comme suit : ▪ Projets en cours :19,5 M. USD ▪ Projets en instance de démarrage : environ 6 M. USD D’autres projets sont en cours de formulation. Ce bilan montre qu’en termes de mobilisation de financement pour les besoins d’adaptation, l’objectif est loin d’être atteint. En effet, le financement climat mobilisé et mis en œuvre dans le domaine de l’environnement pour la période 2015-2020 est estimé à 157 millions USD.', 'En effet, le financement climat mobilisé et mis en œuvre dans le domaine de l’environnement pour la période 2015-2020 est estimé à 157 millions USD. Le financement des projets soumis au FVC et le résultat du Programme prioritaire élargi du Président de la République permettront sans nul doute d’améliorer ces résultats.', 'Le financement des projets soumis au FVC et le résultat du Programme prioritaire élargi du Président de la République permettront sans nul doute d’améliorer ces résultats. Tableau 9 : Projets d’adaptation en cours d’exécution Titre du Projet Source de Financement Secteur Projet d’investissement pour la résilience des BM/IDA EnvironnementCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE zones côtières, WACA, BM/IDA Projet Zones Humides, UICN/MEDD FPMA/FEM Environnement Projet Bassins Versants, FAO/MEDD FPMA/FEM Environnement Programme Régional d Appui au Sahel (PRAPS), CILSS/MA BM Elevage Programme d’appui régional initiative irrigation Sahel, PARISS BM Agriculture Programme de renforcement de la résilience à l insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle récurrente au Sahel (P2RS), MA BAD Agriculture Développement d’un système de Prestation Améliorée et Innovante pour les moyens de subsistance résiliente au changement climatique (DIMS), PNUE/MEDD FPMA/FEM Environnement Amélioration des investissements du secteur de l eau destinés à la résilience des ressources pastorales et forestières des régions méridionales de Mauritanie (REVUWI), BAD/MHA FPMA/FEM/MHA Eau et Assainissement Programme pour renforcer la résilience et l’adaptation aux phénomènes extrêmes et aux catastrophes liées au climat, OXFAM et ACF DFID Environnement Agence Nationale de la Grande Muraille Verte Etat Environnement Programme micro-financements Phase opérationnelle 6 du FEM,SGP-PNUD FEM Environnement Adaptation au CC des Villes côtières (ACCVC), GIZ/MEDD BMZ Environnement Adaptation au CC en Milieu Rural (ACCMR), GIZ/MEDD BMZ / UE Environnement Alliance Mondiale contre le CC, GIZ et PNUD/MEDD UE Environnement Amélioration de la résilience des communautés et de leur sécurité alimentaire face aux effets néfastes du changement climatique (PARSACC), PAM/MEDD Fonds pour l’Adaptation Environnement Renforcement des capacités, connaissances et technologies pour la résilience climatique des pays en développement vulnérables (STRC), PNUE/MEDD SCCF/FEM Projet de Développement Durable des Oasis, FIDA/MA SCCF/FEM Agriculture PASK II, FIDA/MA FPMA Agriculture (Source CCPNCC/MEDD) 4.4.', 'Tableau 9 : Projets d’adaptation en cours d’exécution Titre du Projet Source de Financement Secteur Projet d’investissement pour la résilience des BM/IDA EnvironnementCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE zones côtières, WACA, BM/IDA Projet Zones Humides, UICN/MEDD FPMA/FEM Environnement Projet Bassins Versants, FAO/MEDD FPMA/FEM Environnement Programme Régional d Appui au Sahel (PRAPS), CILSS/MA BM Elevage Programme d’appui régional initiative irrigation Sahel, PARISS BM Agriculture Programme de renforcement de la résilience à l insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle récurrente au Sahel (P2RS), MA BAD Agriculture Développement d’un système de Prestation Améliorée et Innovante pour les moyens de subsistance résiliente au changement climatique (DIMS), PNUE/MEDD FPMA/FEM Environnement Amélioration des investissements du secteur de l eau destinés à la résilience des ressources pastorales et forestières des régions méridionales de Mauritanie (REVUWI), BAD/MHA FPMA/FEM/MHA Eau et Assainissement Programme pour renforcer la résilience et l’adaptation aux phénomènes extrêmes et aux catastrophes liées au climat, OXFAM et ACF DFID Environnement Agence Nationale de la Grande Muraille Verte Etat Environnement Programme micro-financements Phase opérationnelle 6 du FEM,SGP-PNUD FEM Environnement Adaptation au CC des Villes côtières (ACCVC), GIZ/MEDD BMZ Environnement Adaptation au CC en Milieu Rural (ACCMR), GIZ/MEDD BMZ / UE Environnement Alliance Mondiale contre le CC, GIZ et PNUD/MEDD UE Environnement Amélioration de la résilience des communautés et de leur sécurité alimentaire face aux effets néfastes du changement climatique (PARSACC), PAM/MEDD Fonds pour l’Adaptation Environnement Renforcement des capacités, connaissances et technologies pour la résilience climatique des pays en développement vulnérables (STRC), PNUE/MEDD SCCF/FEM Projet de Développement Durable des Oasis, FIDA/MA SCCF/FEM Agriculture PASK II, FIDA/MA FPMA Agriculture (Source CCPNCC/MEDD) 4.4. Actions d’adaptation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée La proposition de projet de préparation de la Mauritanie (Readiness) élaboré avec le PNUE en 2018 a identifié un certain nombre de barrières institutionnelles à la planification de l’action d’adaptation.', 'Actions d’adaptation de la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée La proposition de projet de préparation de la Mauritanie (Readiness) élaboré avec le PNUE en 2018 a identifié un certain nombre de barrières institutionnelles à la planification de l’action d’adaptation. Parmi ces barrières, il convient de citer la collaboration limitée entre les départements sectoriels et les ministères et les autres parties-prenantes, le manque de clarté dans la définition des rôles et des responsabilités des différentes parties-prenantes,CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE l’absence d’une base de données centralisées pour un archivage systématique des données et des informations sur le changement climatique, l’absence d’une stratégie de financement.', 'Parmi ces barrières, il convient de citer la collaboration limitée entre les départements sectoriels et les ministères et les autres parties-prenantes, le manque de clarté dans la définition des rôles et des responsabilités des différentes parties-prenantes,CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE l’absence d’une base de données centralisées pour un archivage systématique des données et des informations sur le changement climatique, l’absence d’une stratégie de financement. Par ailleurs, les rapports sectoriels du processus PAN cités ci-dessus montrent que l’une des principales lacunes d’adaptation au changement climatique réside dans le peu d’intégration de cette problématique dans les stratégies et plans d’actions sectoriels.', 'Par ailleurs, les rapports sectoriels du processus PAN cités ci-dessus montrent que l’une des principales lacunes d’adaptation au changement climatique réside dans le peu d’intégration de cette problématique dans les stratégies et plans d’actions sectoriels. En effet et nonobstant la mention explicite de la prise en compte du changement climatique dans les documents stratégiques et les planifications sectorielles, cette intégration sur le plan opérationnel de mise en œuvre est peu effective.', 'En effet et nonobstant la mention explicite de la prise en compte du changement climatique dans les documents stratégiques et les planifications sectorielles, cette intégration sur le plan opérationnel de mise en œuvre est peu effective. Ces lacunes sont prises en compte dans l’élaboration du PNA qui identifie les priorités suivantes pour orienter les actions d’adaptation : ▪ Santé-climat ▪ Résilience Nouakchott / Incursions marines & Inondations ▪ Résilience villes côtières / Inondations ▪ Système assurances agriculteurs ▪ Développement périmètres villageois irrigués ▪ Promotion maraîchage et élevage ▪ Amélioration génétique des races locales ▪ Assurances pastorales et fonds calamités ▪ Zonage et couloirs de transhumance ▪ Résilience communautaire côtières ▪ Pêche continentale ▪ Eau & assainissement ▪ Eau potable 12 localités ▪ Eau potable 4 wilayas ▪ AEP / Postes eau 2580 localités de plus de 150 hab.', 'Ces lacunes sont prises en compte dans l’élaboration du PNA qui identifie les priorités suivantes pour orienter les actions d’adaptation : ▪ Santé-climat ▪ Résilience Nouakchott / Incursions marines & Inondations ▪ Résilience villes côtières / Inondations ▪ Système assurances agriculteurs ▪ Développement périmètres villageois irrigués ▪ Promotion maraîchage et élevage ▪ Amélioration génétique des races locales ▪ Assurances pastorales et fonds calamités ▪ Zonage et couloirs de transhumance ▪ Résilience communautaire côtières ▪ Pêche continentale ▪ Eau & assainissement ▪ Eau potable 12 localités ▪ Eau potable 4 wilayas ▪ AEP / Postes eau 2580 localités de plus de 150 hab. En partant de ces priorités et des stratégies et programmes sectoriels examinés, les actions d’adaptation ont été identifiées, elles sont décrites dans le Tableau no.3.', 'En partant de ces priorités et des stratégies et programmes sectoriels examinés, les actions d’adaptation ont été identifiées, elles sont décrites dans le Tableau no.3. Bien que classées par secteur, leur mise en œuvre est prévue dans une perspective interdisciplinaire et intersectorielle qui recoupent les vulnérabilités des différents secteurs. Ainsi et sur la base des projets identifiés par les secteurs, la CDN a pour ambition d’être le cadre de concertation et de dialogue entre les parties prenantes pour définir des programmes transformateurs qui renforcent la résilience des populations ou/et des écosystèmes face aux aléas climatiques identifiés à moyen et long termes en faisant converger les actions sectorielles vers des programmes de développement intégré, inclusif, et intelligent face au climat.', 'Ainsi et sur la base des projets identifiés par les secteurs, la CDN a pour ambition d’être le cadre de concertation et de dialogue entre les parties prenantes pour définir des programmes transformateurs qui renforcent la résilience des populations ou/et des écosystèmes face aux aléas climatiques identifiés à moyen et long termes en faisant converger les actions sectorielles vers des programmes de développement intégré, inclusif, et intelligent face au climat. Un certain nombre de ces programmes et projets sont inscrits dans le programme du pays du Fonds vert pour le climat 2020-2025. Ils constituent un portefeuille d’actions (readiness, préparation de projets, investissements) total de 188 millions de $US pour les deux premières années. 4.3.', 'Ils constituent un portefeuille d’actions (readiness, préparation de projets, investissements) total de 188 millions de $US pour les deux premières années. 4.3. Besoins en financement pour l’adaptation Tableau 10 : Les besoins en financement de la CDN 2021-2030 par secteur Secteurs Besoins en financement (en Millions $US) Inconditionnel Conditionnel TotalCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Habitat, Urbanisme et Aménagement du Territoire Les besoins en financement des actions d’adaptation sont de 10626,46millions de $USD dont 10174,63 millions conditionnels et 451,83 millions USD non- conditionnels.V- Les besoins en renforcement de capacités et en appui à la mise en œuvre 5.1.', 'Besoins en financement pour l’adaptation Tableau 10 : Les besoins en financement de la CDN 2021-2030 par secteur Secteurs Besoins en financement (en Millions $US) Inconditionnel Conditionnel TotalCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Habitat, Urbanisme et Aménagement du Territoire Les besoins en financement des actions d’adaptation sont de 10626,46millions de $USD dont 10174,63 millions conditionnels et 451,83 millions USD non- conditionnels.V- Les besoins en renforcement de capacités et en appui à la mise en œuvre 5.1. Besoins institutionnels, législatifs et gouvernance Au niveau institutionnel, les lacunes sont (i) la faible implication des acteurs clés dans la mise en œuvre de l’accord de Paris (ii) le manque de clarté dans le partage des rôles et responsabilités entres les différents intervenants aux différents niveaux créant parfois des conflits institutionnels latents (iii) l’insuffisance des actions de formation, d’information et de sensibilisation sur le climat.', 'Besoins institutionnels, législatifs et gouvernance Au niveau institutionnel, les lacunes sont (i) la faible implication des acteurs clés dans la mise en œuvre de l’accord de Paris (ii) le manque de clarté dans le partage des rôles et responsabilités entres les différents intervenants aux différents niveaux créant parfois des conflits institutionnels latents (iii) l’insuffisance des actions de formation, d’information et de sensibilisation sur le climat. Ces lacunes requièrent d’intervenir sur (i) la sensibilisation et la responsabilisation de tous les acteurs (ii) l’amélioration de la collaboration entre les acteurs à tous les niveaux (iii) l’amélioration et l’intensification des programmes de sensibilisation du public sur le climat. Le pays dispose maintenant de points focaux climat officiellement désignés au niveau de chaque département sectoriel ainsi que de points focaux genre.', 'Le pays dispose maintenant de points focaux climat officiellement désignés au niveau de chaque département sectoriel ainsi que de points focaux genre. Ces points focaux ont été au centre des consultations et des concertations menées au cours du processus d’actualisation de la CDN 2021. Le MEDD a été récemment restructurée ce qui a permis d’avoir une nouvelle direction dénommée direction du climat et de l’économie verte qui comprend un directeur adjoint ainsi que trois services (cf. Tableau no.3 – 4-a-i). Des projets Readiness dans le programme pays d’accès au financement du FVC sont prévus pour renforcer les capacités institutionnels, scientifiques et techniques de certains acteurs spécifiques pour renforcer la gouvernance de la politique climat du pays (météorologie et données climatiques, ressources en eau, secteur privé, société civile, etc.).', 'Des projets Readiness dans le programme pays d’accès au financement du FVC sont prévus pour renforcer les capacités institutionnels, scientifiques et techniques de certains acteurs spécifiques pour renforcer la gouvernance de la politique climat du pays (météorologie et données climatiques, ressources en eau, secteur privé, société civile, etc.). Le projet CBIT pour la mise en œuvre et l’opérationnalisation du système MNV permettra, par ailleurs et entre autres résultats attendus, de clarifier les responsabilités des acteurs notamment les départements ministériels autres que le MEDD dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN. 5.2. Besoins en transfert de technologies Les évaluations des besoins en transfert de technologies ont été réalisées en 2017.', 'Besoins en transfert de technologies Les évaluations des besoins en transfert de technologies ont été réalisées en 2017. Elles ont conduit à l’identification de deux secteurs prioritaires pour l’adaptation (agriculture, parcours et forêts) et deux secteurs prioritaires pour l’atténuation (énergie et déchets), les besoins relatifs à l’introduction et la maîtrise des technologies innovantes dans ces secteurs sont détaillés dans le tableau suivant. Elles devront être mises à jour au regard des nouvelles options d’atténuation et d’adaptation retenues dans la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée. 5.3. Besoins en financements 5.3.1.', 'Elles devront être mises à jour au regard des nouvelles options d’atténuation et d’adaptation retenues dans la CDN 2021-2030 actualisée. 5.3. Besoins en financements 5.3.1. Récapitulatif des besoins en financements de la CDN Tableau 11 : Récapitulatif des besoins en financements de la CDN Domaines CDN Financements Inconditionnels Financements Conditionnels Total par Domaine en million de $US Intégration genre et jeunesse Emplois et Education Renforcement des capacités Mise en place et opérationnalisation du système de mesure, vérification et notificationCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE 5.3.2. Schéma de financement En Mauritanie, il n’y a pas de système de financement entièrement dédié au changement climatique. Certaines institutions internationales des niveaux multilatéral et bilatéral interviennent dans le cadre du renforcement de la résilience au climat en Mauritanie. Il s’agit de projets/programmes qui interviennent au niveau des secteurs primaires.', 'Il s’agit de projets/programmes qui interviennent au niveau des secteurs primaires. Le pays bénéficie aussi de la possibilité de financements au niveau des fonds environnementaux spécifiques (fonds d’adaptation, fonds vert pour le climat, FEM, etc.). Le financement climat provient des ressources mobilisées par la sphère publique c est-à-dire l’État, ses PTF et d’autres intervenants dans le domaine du développement tels que les ONG, les opérateurs et le système financier international. Bien qu’une analyse approfondie ne soit pas disponible, il faut relever qu’il existe une forte dépendance vis-à-vis des ressources extérieures pour les actions climatiques. • Financement de l’Etat – Le budget de l’Etat est focalisé sur le fonctionnement des administrations, les aménagements et l’entretien des infrastructures.', '• Financement de l’Etat – Le budget de l’Etat est focalisé sur le fonctionnement des administrations, les aménagements et l’entretien des infrastructures. Certaines activités présentant un caractère spécial (commercialisation des récoltes, approvisionnement en intrants, travaux d’aménagement, etc.) sont financées. • Financement des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers –Nonobstant les efforts consentis, la coordination entre les PTF mériterait d’être renforcée pour assurer un impact plus important à plus long terme. • Le Fond vert climat (GCF, pour Green ClimateFund) dans le cadre d’un projet de préparation du pays au financement climatique Fond vert climat (readiness) un programme pays a été élaboré, il a permis de présenter un portefeuille de projets (cf.', '• Le Fond vert climat (GCF, pour Green ClimateFund) dans le cadre d’un projet de préparation du pays au financement climatique Fond vert climat (readiness) un programme pays a été élaboré, il a permis de présenter un portefeuille de projets (cf. tableau en annexe no.3) assortis de mesures d’accompagnement – readinesspour consolider les capacités nationales dans l’élaboration de projets bancables éligibles aux financements climatiques. • Financement des opérateurs et investisseurs privés- le secteur privé est très peu présent dans le financement climat. Une préparation du secteur à ce domaine est prévue dans le programme GCF du pays pour renforcer les capacités des entrepreneurs mauritaniens et leur permettre d’élaborer des investissements éligibles aux financements climatiques.', 'Une préparation du secteur à ce domaine est prévue dans le programme GCF du pays pour renforcer les capacités des entrepreneurs mauritaniens et leur permettre d’élaborer des investissements éligibles aux financements climatiques. • Système financier national : Le système financier existant est caractérisé par une faible contribution du système bancaire au financement du développement en général et du secteur rural, en particulier. • Système fiscal national :Il y a une absence de mécanismes s’appuyant sur la génération de ressources fiscales pour financer les actions climatiques dans le pays. Un renforcement de capacités dans ce domaine est fortement souhaité afin de contribuer à la mobilisation de ressources financières nationales pour des actions climat dans le pays.', 'Un renforcement de capacités dans ce domaine est fortement souhaité afin de contribuer à la mobilisation de ressources financières nationales pour des actions climat dans le pays. • Marchés internationaux : La Mauritanie entend recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l article 6 de l Accord de Paris pour atteindre une partie de son objectif d’atténuation en utilisant les mécanismes du marché carbone (tranformativecarbonassetfacility, etc.). Dans ce cadre, le pays envisage d’utiliser ces outils dans le développement et la gestion des projets NAMA sous le mécanisme MDP. VI.', 'Dans ce cadre, le pays envisage d’utiliser ces outils dans le développement et la gestion des projets NAMA sous le mécanisme MDP. VI. Mesure, Notification et Vérification (MNV - MRV en anglais : Monitoring, Reporting and Verification) et suivi-évaluation La Mauritanie a mis en place les structures institutionnelles nécessaires pour promouvoir, coordonner et renforcer son action d’atténuation et d’adaptation : mise en place d’une Direction du climat et de l’économie verte, task-force de points focaux sectoriels, de la société civile et du secteur privé, réseaux d’experts indépendants, élaboration de toutes les communications nationales, inventaires de GES et rapports biannuels, etc.', 'Mesure, Notification et Vérification (MNV - MRV en anglais : Monitoring, Reporting and Verification) et suivi-évaluation La Mauritanie a mis en place les structures institutionnelles nécessaires pour promouvoir, coordonner et renforcer son action d’atténuation et d’adaptation : mise en place d’une Direction du climat et de l’économie verte, task-force de points focaux sectoriels, de la société civile et du secteur privé, réseaux d’experts indépendants, élaboration de toutes les communications nationales, inventaires de GES et rapports biannuels, etc. requis dans le cadre du rapportage à la CCNUCC.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Nonobstant tous ces efforts, la transparence des rapports sur les émissions de GES et sur les impacts des politiques et actions climatiques, est entravée par les principales lacunes et barrières suivantes11 : ▪ Lacunes et barrières institutionnelles dans la coordination des activités de lutte contre la dégradation de l environnement et le changement climatique ; il convient de citer notamment l absence de procédures de partage des données et le manque d instructions en matière de protection des données ; les faiblesses de la coordination intersectorielle, régionale et nationale ainsi que les difficultés d intégration du changement climatique dans la prise de décision et les politiques de développement ; ▪ Lacunes et obstacles juridiques, réglementaires et procéduraux dans l établissement de mandats et d outils de mise en œuvre appropriés ; notamment l absence de mention du changement climatique dans le Code de l environnement mauritanien et ses textes d application ainsi que l absence de documents réglementaires pour attribuer les mandats et les responsabilités en matière de MRV ; ▪ Manque de données et d accès à l information pour un système de S&E robuste et détaillé ; plus important encore, le manque de données sur les activités pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions de sources sélectionnées et le manque de facteurs d émission spécifiques au pays ; ▪ Manque de capacités et d expertise technique ; dont, entre autres, la faible capacité des structures productrices et détentrices de données sur les activités, l insuffisance de l expertise technique nationale tant quantitativement que qualitativement, et le caractère obsolète des systèmes de collecte, de traitement, de stockage et de transfert des données ; ▪ Les contraintes financières et les coûts associés à un système MRV ; notamment la faible contribution de l État aux projets et initiatives sur le changement climatique et le manque de financement des projets de recherche liés au changement climatique ; Pour pallier ces lacunes et lever ces obstacles, la Mauritanie a élaboré une demande de financement au FEM pour mobiliser les ressources nécessaires en vue de l’institutionnalisation d’un MNV et le renforcement des capacités des secteurs et autres parties prenantes impliquées dans la collecte, le traitement et la gestion des données nécessaires.', 'requis dans le cadre du rapportage à la CCNUCC.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Nonobstant tous ces efforts, la transparence des rapports sur les émissions de GES et sur les impacts des politiques et actions climatiques, est entravée par les principales lacunes et barrières suivantes11 : ▪ Lacunes et barrières institutionnelles dans la coordination des activités de lutte contre la dégradation de l environnement et le changement climatique ; il convient de citer notamment l absence de procédures de partage des données et le manque d instructions en matière de protection des données ; les faiblesses de la coordination intersectorielle, régionale et nationale ainsi que les difficultés d intégration du changement climatique dans la prise de décision et les politiques de développement ; ▪ Lacunes et obstacles juridiques, réglementaires et procéduraux dans l établissement de mandats et d outils de mise en œuvre appropriés ; notamment l absence de mention du changement climatique dans le Code de l environnement mauritanien et ses textes d application ainsi que l absence de documents réglementaires pour attribuer les mandats et les responsabilités en matière de MRV ; ▪ Manque de données et d accès à l information pour un système de S&E robuste et détaillé ; plus important encore, le manque de données sur les activités pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions de sources sélectionnées et le manque de facteurs d émission spécifiques au pays ; ▪ Manque de capacités et d expertise technique ; dont, entre autres, la faible capacité des structures productrices et détentrices de données sur les activités, l insuffisance de l expertise technique nationale tant quantitativement que qualitativement, et le caractère obsolète des systèmes de collecte, de traitement, de stockage et de transfert des données ; ▪ Les contraintes financières et les coûts associés à un système MRV ; notamment la faible contribution de l État aux projets et initiatives sur le changement climatique et le manque de financement des projets de recherche liés au changement climatique ; Pour pallier ces lacunes et lever ces obstacles, la Mauritanie a élaboré une demande de financement au FEM pour mobiliser les ressources nécessaires en vue de l’institutionnalisation d’un MNV et le renforcement des capacités des secteurs et autres parties prenantes impliquées dans la collecte, le traitement et la gestion des données nécessaires. Ce projet est au stade de Project Identification Form (PIF) soumis au FEM-7 en août 2021.', 'Ce projet est au stade de Project Identification Form (PIF) soumis au FEM-7 en août 2021. Son coût total est évalué à 1 263 650 $US. VII. Synergie et mise en cohérence Les objectifs et résultats attendus des axes prioritaires de la CDN 2021 sont en parfait alignement avec les objectifs de développement durable du pays et des ODD à l’horizon 2030. Mis en œuvre dans un cadre concerté et partenarial, ils répondent parfaitement aux dispositions prévues dans les conventions issues du processus de Rio-1992 (changement climatique, biodiversité et lutte contre la désertification).', 'Mis en œuvre dans un cadre concerté et partenarial, ils répondent parfaitement aux dispositions prévues dans les conventions issues du processus de Rio-1992 (changement climatique, biodiversité et lutte contre la désertification). Le pays vient d’élaborer dans le cadre du projet PNA un Plan national de prévention des risques et catastrophes (PNPRC) en cours d’adoption qui s’inscrit parfaitement dans le cadre de Sendai pour la réduction des risques et catastrophes (2015-2030). Les co-bénéfices des mesures d’atténuation préconisées et des actions d’adaptation identifiées ainsi que leur synergie avec la mise en œuvre des ODD sont identifiés dans les tableaux no. 1 & 2 en dernière colonne.', '1 & 2 en dernière colonne. VII- Genre et jeunesse Les principaux risques liés aux changements climatiques et leurs impacts en particulier sur les femmes et les jeunes se résument comme suit12 : 11 Evaluation des lacunes et barrières du système MRV en Mauritanie, PIF document pour le FEM, août 2021CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE ▪ Les épidémies, les épizooties, et le risque sanitaire en général (626 décès pour ▪ L’insécurité alimentaire et le déficit agricole sont deux risques qui évoluent parallèlement avec le même impact et la même occurrence.', 'VII- Genre et jeunesse Les principaux risques liés aux changements climatiques et leurs impacts en particulier sur les femmes et les jeunes se résument comme suit12 : 11 Evaluation des lacunes et barrières du système MRV en Mauritanie, PIF document pour le FEM, août 2021CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE ▪ Les épidémies, les épizooties, et le risque sanitaire en général (626 décès pour ▪ L’insécurité alimentaire et le déficit agricole sont deux risques qui évoluent parallèlement avec le même impact et la même occurrence. ▪ La faiblesse du système éducatif et l’inadéquation entre la formation et le marché de l’emploi est une des tensions majeures identifiées comme source de risques pour le pays (56,8% des filles sont alphabétisées contre 70% des garçons) ▪ Les jeunes sans formations ni diplômes représentent 44% des jeunes mauritaniens ▪ Le chômage des femmes et des jeunes (parmi les jeunes, le chômage est presque deux fois plus élevé pour les femmes que pour les hommes : 20% contre 12%) ▪ Plus de 60% des chômeurs sont des jeunes ▪ L’occurrence des troubles sociaux liés à des problèmes de gouvernance ▪ L’urbanisation non maitrisée.', '▪ La faiblesse du système éducatif et l’inadéquation entre la formation et le marché de l’emploi est une des tensions majeures identifiées comme source de risques pour le pays (56,8% des filles sont alphabétisées contre 70% des garçons) ▪ Les jeunes sans formations ni diplômes représentent 44% des jeunes mauritaniens ▪ Le chômage des femmes et des jeunes (parmi les jeunes, le chômage est presque deux fois plus élevé pour les femmes que pour les hommes : 20% contre 12%) ▪ Plus de 60% des chômeurs sont des jeunes ▪ L’occurrence des troubles sociaux liés à des problèmes de gouvernance ▪ L’urbanisation non maitrisée. L’impact du changement climatique notamment la sécheresse et ses corollaires, l’exode rural massif et la pauvreté, conduit à une pression sans précèdent sur l’offre publique des services de base notamment par les femmes et les jeunes qu’il est nécessaire de satisfaire.', 'L’impact du changement climatique notamment la sécheresse et ses corollaires, l’exode rural massif et la pauvreté, conduit à une pression sans précèdent sur l’offre publique des services de base notamment par les femmes et les jeunes qu’il est nécessaire de satisfaire. C’est pour prendre en charge ces besoins que la Mauritanie s’est dotée, dès 2015, de la Stratégie nationale d’institutionnalisation du genre (SNIG) pour promouvoir l’équité entre les hommes et les femmes et créer les conditions favorables à leur épanouissement aux niveaux politique, économique et social. La SNIG a pour objectif de veiller sur l’intégration du genre dans tous les secteurs de développement du pays afin de garantir la promotion des femmes et l’équité de genre.', 'La SNIG a pour objectif de veiller sur l’intégration du genre dans tous les secteurs de développement du pays afin de garantir la promotion des femmes et l’équité de genre. Le pays a également adopté une nouvelle stratégie de la jeunesse 2020-2030 qui vise à créer les conditions favorables à l’épanouissement d’une jeunesse ancrée dans les valeurs civiques nationales, à son insertion dans tous les secteurs de la vie sociale afin qu’elle devienne un véritable acteur du développement durable. La stratégie s’inscrit dans l’approche nationale de décentralisation et s’oriente vers une optimisation des impacts avec un ciblage plus important pour les plus vulnérables.', 'La stratégie s’inscrit dans l’approche nationale de décentralisation et s’oriente vers une optimisation des impacts avec un ciblage plus important pour les plus vulnérables. La CDN entend renforcer la mise en œuvre de la SNIG et de la SNJ en veillant à la prise en compte de la dimension genre et jeunesse dans toutes les actions d’adaptation qui y sont préconisées. En particulier, les dimensions de Renforcement de la résilience des femmes rurales aux effets du changement climatique et de Développement d’approches communautaires d’adaptation au changement climatique doivent faire partie de toute action d’adaptation entreprise avec 10% minimum de la part du budget qui leur est imparti. Ainsi, l’intégration de la dimension genre et jeunesse requiert 1062,646 millions de $US (conditionnel et inconditionnel).', 'Ainsi, l’intégration de la dimension genre et jeunesse requiert 1062,646 millions de $US (conditionnel et inconditionnel). Par ailleurs, le MEDD s’est engagée à la mise en œuvre du Plan d’action de LIMA et ses quatre objectifs à intégrer dans la CDN et dans le processus même d’élaboration de la CDN.', 'Par ailleurs, le MEDD s’est engagée à la mise en œuvre du Plan d’action de LIMA et ses quatre objectifs à intégrer dans la CDN et dans le processus même d’élaboration de la CDN. Pour ce faire, un groupe de travail MEDD/MASEF/Expert genre de l’équipe a été mis en place au cours du processus d’actualisation de la CDN pour : ▪ Organiser une réunion d’information/sensibilisation et formation des experts thématiques et sectoriels sur la prise en compte de la dimension genre dans leur rapport sectoriel ▪ Lecture des rapports sectoriels pour voir si la dimension genre a bien été prise en compte ▪ Collaborer pour la collecte et le traitement de données.', 'Pour ce faire, un groupe de travail MEDD/MASEF/Expert genre de l’équipe a été mis en place au cours du processus d’actualisation de la CDN pour : ▪ Organiser une réunion d’information/sensibilisation et formation des experts thématiques et sectoriels sur la prise en compte de la dimension genre dans leur rapport sectoriel ▪ Lecture des rapports sectoriels pour voir si la dimension genre a bien été prise en compte ▪ Collaborer pour la collecte et le traitement de données. 12Rapport de la BM sur la situation économique de la Mauritanie, 2021 et Stratégie Nationale de JeunesseCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE VIII- Education et emplois Le marché du travail en Mauritanie souffre d’une transformation structurelle inversée où la main-d’œuvre s’est réorientée vers des secteurs peu productifs.', '12Rapport de la BM sur la situation économique de la Mauritanie, 2021 et Stratégie Nationale de JeunesseCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE VIII- Education et emplois Le marché du travail en Mauritanie souffre d’une transformation structurelle inversée où la main-d’œuvre s’est réorientée vers des secteurs peu productifs. La composition sectorielle de l’emploi est restée relativement inchangée au cours des dernières années. Selon les données de l’Enquête Nationale sur l’Emploi et le Secteur Informel en Mauritanie (ENESI) de 2012 et 2017, la population active totale était d’environ 735 000 personnes pour les deux années.', 'Selon les données de l’Enquête Nationale sur l’Emploi et le Secteur Informel en Mauritanie (ENESI) de 2012 et 2017, la population active totale était d’environ 735 000 personnes pour les deux années. En 2017, 30,4% de la population active travaillait dans le secteur primaire, 18.1% dans le secteur manufacturier, y compris les industries extractives et le BTP, et 51.4% dans Au regard de la vulnérabilité sociale et de l’emploi, la transition juste des emplois est prise en compte dans la CDN actualisée 2021-2030 à travers la réorientation de la main d’œuvre vers des secteurs plus productifs basée sur : ▪ les mesures d’atténuation notamment dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables qui sont porteuses d’un fort potentiel de développement de métiers verts et de transformation des emplois précaires, ▪ la mise en œuvre des actions planifiées dans la Stratégie Nationale de la Jeunesse (SNJ- 2020- 2030) relatives à : o la politique en faveur de la jeunesse sur la formation et la création d’emplois durable et la responsabilisation o la créationd’au moins 30 000 nouveaux emplois, par l’exploitation des nouvelles infrastructures de pêche, le développement et la diversification de l’agriculture et l’émergence d’une industrie substitution o la création de 100 000 emplois.', 'En 2017, 30,4% de la population active travaillait dans le secteur primaire, 18.1% dans le secteur manufacturier, y compris les industries extractives et le BTP, et 51.4% dans Au regard de la vulnérabilité sociale et de l’emploi, la transition juste des emplois est prise en compte dans la CDN actualisée 2021-2030 à travers la réorientation de la main d’œuvre vers des secteurs plus productifs basée sur : ▪ les mesures d’atténuation notamment dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables qui sont porteuses d’un fort potentiel de développement de métiers verts et de transformation des emplois précaires, ▪ la mise en œuvre des actions planifiées dans la Stratégie Nationale de la Jeunesse (SNJ- 2020- 2030) relatives à : o la politique en faveur de la jeunesse sur la formation et la création d’emplois durable et la responsabilisation o la créationd’au moins 30 000 nouveaux emplois, par l’exploitation des nouvelles infrastructures de pêche, le développement et la diversification de l’agriculture et l’émergence d’une industrie substitution o la création de 100 000 emplois. 13 Rapport sur la situation économique en Mauritanie – Renforcer l’éducation pour favoriser la cohésion sociale et soutenir le développement économique – Troisième édition – Juin 2020CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE ANNEXES Annexe no.', '13 Rapport sur la situation économique en Mauritanie – Renforcer l’éducation pour favoriser la cohésion sociale et soutenir le développement économique – Troisième édition – Juin 2020CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE ANNEXES Annexe no. 1 : Détails de mesures d’atténuation, conditionnées et non-conditionnées, par secteur N° Secteur Mesures Description 2020- millions de $US Agriculture Agriculture organique Agriculture conventionnelle – agriculture vivrière (6000 ha. 2 Supplément en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants Un régime alimentaire traditionnel pour ruminants, contient 1,5-3% de matière sèche (DM%) de matières grasses. Avec chaque 1% de matières grasses ajoutées, les émissions de CH4 sont réduites d environ 4% pour tous les ruminants. Les graisses supplémentaires peuvent augmenter le taux de croissance et le rendement laitier. Cette introduction sera dans l’ordre 4% de plus de matières grasses d’ici 2030.', 'Cette introduction sera dans l’ordre 4% de plus de matières grasses d’ici 2030. 3 Couverture organique du sol / Agriculture de conservation Cultivé dans le but d absorber le surplus d azote restant après la récolte de la culture principale ; augmenter la teneur en carbone organique du sol en diminuant la perte de carbone du sol due à l érosion pendant la période de jachère ; réduction de la lixiviation du nitrogène (et des émissions de N2O subséquentes) et en réduisant la quantité de nitrogène qui doit être appliquée à la culture suivante (réduction de l utilisation de fertilisants synthétiques) L’application de cette technique sera dans l’ordre de 10000 ha/an en 2030CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE EE Ménages Climatiseur résidentiel efficace Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique des climatiseurs selon les règles de performance énergétique et la promotion de la climatisation éco- énergétiques.', '3 Couverture organique du sol / Agriculture de conservation Cultivé dans le but d absorber le surplus d azote restant après la récolte de la culture principale ; augmenter la teneur en carbone organique du sol en diminuant la perte de carbone du sol due à l érosion pendant la période de jachère ; réduction de la lixiviation du nitrogène (et des émissions de N2O subséquentes) et en réduisant la quantité de nitrogène qui doit être appliquée à la culture suivante (réduction de l utilisation de fertilisants synthétiques) L’application de cette technique sera dans l’ordre de 10000 ha/an en 2030CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE EE Ménages Climatiseur résidentiel efficace Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique des climatiseurs selon les règles de performance énergétique et la promotion de la climatisation éco- énergétiques. Remplacement de la puissance d entrée de 12000 Btu / h (1120 W) par celle de 9000 Btu / h (995 W) ou climatisation LED.', 'Remplacement de la puissance d entrée de 12000 Btu / h (1120 W) par celle de 9000 Btu / h (995 W) ou climatisation LED. Cette technologie est déjà présente dans le pays et pourra dominée la consommation en 2030 avec plus de 8000 unités. 5 Éclairage domestique efficace avec LFC Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage domestique efficace avec les ampoules fluo-compactes 6 Éclairage efficace avec LED Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage domestique avec les unité en 2030 7 Réfrigérateur efficace Promotion des appareils d efficacité énergétique selon les règles de performance énergétique avec 15000 réfrigérateurs éco-énergétiques. 8 Remplacement du LFC avec les LED dans l’éclairage domestique Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage domestique avec le ampoules fluo-compactes avec des ampoules LED de la nouvelle génération (140 Lumen / Watt).', '8 Remplacement du LFC avec les LED dans l’éclairage domestique Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage domestique avec le ampoules fluo-compactes avec des ampoules LED de la nouvelle génération (140 Lumen / Watt). 9 Poêles à charbon de bois efficaces (foyer amélioré) Diffusion de 150 000 foyers améliorés d’ici 2030 10 GPL remplaçant le bois Diffusion de 170 000 Poêles à GPL d’ici 2030 11 Poêles électriques efficaces Diffusion de 10 000 Poêles électriques efficaces d’ici 12 Climatiseur résidentiel efficace Mise en place d’un programme de promotion de la climatisation résidentiel efficace, le potentiel d’introduction de cette technique pourra atteindreCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE 15000 unités (soit 7000 unité de plus) 13 Réfrigérateur efficace Mise en place d’un programme de promotion de la réfrigération éco énergétiques dans le secteur résidentiel, le potentiel d’introduction de cette technique pourra atteindre unités de plus) Biogaz dans les fermes rurales substituant le bois et le charbon La technologie de bio digesteur est déjà présente dans la sous-région.', '9 Poêles à charbon de bois efficaces (foyer amélioré) Diffusion de 150 000 foyers améliorés d’ici 2030 10 GPL remplaçant le bois Diffusion de 170 000 Poêles à GPL d’ici 2030 11 Poêles électriques efficaces Diffusion de 10 000 Poêles électriques efficaces d’ici 12 Climatiseur résidentiel efficace Mise en place d’un programme de promotion de la climatisation résidentiel efficace, le potentiel d’introduction de cette technique pourra atteindreCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE 15000 unités (soit 7000 unité de plus) 13 Réfrigérateur efficace Mise en place d’un programme de promotion de la réfrigération éco énergétiques dans le secteur résidentiel, le potentiel d’introduction de cette technique pourra atteindre unités de plus) Biogaz dans les fermes rurales substituant le bois et le charbon La technologie de bio digesteur est déjà présente dans la sous-région. Une alimentation du bio digesteur principalement de la bouse de bétail et d autres déchets organiques produira du biogaz utilisable à des fins de cuisson et de chauffage de l eau chaude.', 'Une alimentation du bio digesteur principalement de la bouse de bétail et d autres déchets organiques produira du biogaz utilisable à des fins de cuisson et de chauffage de l eau chaude. La réalisation de 2000 Bio digesteurs à l’horizon 2030 EE Industrie Programme d’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur de l’industrie Réduction de la demande énergétique du secteur industriel de 10 % à l’horizon 2030. 16 Programme d’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur de l’industrie Réduction de la demande énergétique du secteur industriel de 20 % à l’horizon 2030.', '16 Programme d’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur de l’industrie Réduction de la demande énergétique du secteur industriel de 20 % à l’horizon 2030. EE service Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LFC Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage des bureaux avec les ampoules fluo-compactes 18 Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LED Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage des bureaux avec 5000 ampoules LED 19 Lampadaires efficaces - tubes LED Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage public (3000 tubes LED) 20 Efficacité énergétique en service Réduction de 20% de la demande énergétique des services particulièrement dans les nouveaux bâtiments (Nouvel immeuble à bureaux avec refroidissement central).CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE EE offre Passer du fioul lourd au gaz naturel dans la centrale thermique dual Remplacement du fioul par le gaz naturel dans la centrale thermique dual (fioul/gaz) 180 MW de Nouakchott en 2025 22 Nouvelle centrale électrique à gaz naturel Mise en service d’une centrale électrique à gaz naturel de 200MW en 2025 23 Nouvelle centrale électrique au gaz naturel L’installation d’une nouvelle centrale électrique à gaz naturel de 300MW Distribution d énergie Réseaux électriques efficaces Le programme de développement du réseau national électrique compte 4 lignes régionales moyenne tension et deux lignes transnationales de haute tension en cours d’exécution et d’autres lignes en programmation.', 'EE service Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LFC Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage des bureaux avec les ampoules fluo-compactes 18 Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LED Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage des bureaux avec 5000 ampoules LED 19 Lampadaires efficaces - tubes LED Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage public (3000 tubes LED) 20 Efficacité énergétique en service Réduction de 20% de la demande énergétique des services particulièrement dans les nouveaux bâtiments (Nouvel immeuble à bureaux avec refroidissement central).CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE EE offre Passer du fioul lourd au gaz naturel dans la centrale thermique dual Remplacement du fioul par le gaz naturel dans la centrale thermique dual (fioul/gaz) 180 MW de Nouakchott en 2025 22 Nouvelle centrale électrique à gaz naturel Mise en service d’une centrale électrique à gaz naturel de 200MW en 2025 23 Nouvelle centrale électrique au gaz naturel L’installation d’une nouvelle centrale électrique à gaz naturel de 300MW Distribution d énergie Réseaux électriques efficaces Le programme de développement du réseau national électrique compte 4 lignes régionales moyenne tension et deux lignes transnationales de haute tension en cours d’exécution et d’autres lignes en programmation. Avec une capacité d’économie d’énergie de 300 GWh.', 'Avec une capacité d’économie d’énergie de 300 GWh. 25 Connexion du réseau isolé au réseau central Le programme de développement du réseau national électrique vise la connexion de plus de 25 réseaux isolés au réseau central avec une économie d’énergie de 900GWh. 26 Réseaux électriques efficaces Avec un soutien international plus conséquent le programme de développement du réseau national pourrait réaliser à travers l’élargissement de la couverture une économie d’énergie de 500 GWh de plus. 27 Connexion du réseau isolé au réseau central Avec un soutien international plus conséquent le programme de développement du réseau national pourrait réaliser à travers la connexion des centrales isolées une économie d’énergie de 300 GWh de plus.', '27 Connexion du réseau isolé au réseau central Avec un soutien international plus conséquent le programme de développement du réseau national pourrait réaliser à travers la connexion des centrales isolées une économie d’énergie de 300 GWh de plus. Foreste rie Reboisement/Reforestation Augmenter annuellement les superficies reboisées pour atteindre l’objectif de 3000CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE ha/an (DRPEM 2000ha et 29 Régénération assistée des forêts Augmenter annuellement les superficies restaurées pour atteindre l’objectif de 5000 ha/an 30 Reboisement sylvopastoral Activités de restauration comportant des actionsbiologiques de reboisement et de régénération naturelle de 31 Reboisement Avec un soutien international plus conséquent les superficies reboisées peuvent atteindre l’objectif de 10000 ha/an de plus dans le cadre des programmes régionaux. 32 Régénération assistée des forêts Avec un soutien international plus conséquent les superficies restaurées peuvent atteindre l’objectif de 10000 ha/an de plus dans le cadre des programmes régionaux.', '32 Régénération assistée des forêts Avec un soutien international plus conséquent les superficies restaurées peuvent atteindre l’objectif de 10000 ha/an de plus dans le cadre des programmes régionaux. Hydro Quota du pays à l’OMVS Le quota de la Mauritanie dans la production hydroélectrique sera de l’ordre de 75MW avec l’entrée en service des nouvelles installations Déchés Recyclage des plastiques Le processus de recyclage du plastique comprend le lavage et la granulation. Cette technique est déjà présente, la production sera améliorée pour atteindre 2000 tonnes /an en 2030 35 Recyclage des plastiques Avec un soutien international plus conséquent la production du recyclage du plastique pourra atteindre 36 Installation d’une usine d´incinération L’usine d´incinération sera d’une capacité de 600 tonnes/jour, et pourra générer 12MW. Ce procédé consiste à la réalisation des opérations suivantes : tri mécanique et broyage, séchage en aérobie et incinération suivant les plusCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE récentes normes d’hygiène.', 'Ce procédé consiste à la réalisation des opérations suivantes : tri mécanique et broyage, séchage en aérobie et incinération suivant les plusCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE récentes normes d’hygiène. Solaire Chauffe-eau solaire, résidentiel Promotion d’installation des Chauffe-eau solaires résidentiels visant l’objectif de 4000 installation en 2030 38 PV solaires, grand réseau Poursuite et extension du programme solaire pour atteindre une capacité cumulée installée de 100 MW en 2030 39 PV solaire maison Poursuite et extension du programme solaire pour atteindre une capacité cumulée installée de 4000 kit-solaire/foyer en 2030 40 Mini-réseau hybride solaire/diesel Poursuite et extension du programme d’hybridation solaire des mini réseaux isolés pour atteindre une capacité cumulée installée 41 Lampes solaires à LED Diffusion d’environ 20000 lampes solaires à LED dans les zones rurales bénéficiant du programme PV solaire maison.', 'Solaire Chauffe-eau solaire, résidentiel Promotion d’installation des Chauffe-eau solaires résidentiels visant l’objectif de 4000 installation en 2030 38 PV solaires, grand réseau Poursuite et extension du programme solaire pour atteindre une capacité cumulée installée de 100 MW en 2030 39 PV solaire maison Poursuite et extension du programme solaire pour atteindre une capacité cumulée installée de 4000 kit-solaire/foyer en 2030 40 Mini-réseau hybride solaire/diesel Poursuite et extension du programme d’hybridation solaire des mini réseaux isolés pour atteindre une capacité cumulée installée 41 Lampes solaires à LED Diffusion d’environ 20000 lampes solaires à LED dans les zones rurales bénéficiant du programme PV solaire maison. 42 Lampadaires solaires Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage public avec la réalisation de 5000 Lampadaires solaires 43 Chauffe-eau solaire, résidentiel Avec un soutien international plus conséquent, la promotion d’installation des Chauffe-eau solaires résidentiels pourra atteindre un additif de 9000 unités de plus en 2030 44 PV solaires, grand réseau avec stockage (hydrogène vert) La Mauritanie vient de signer un protocole ambitieux de développement des ressources énergétiques renouvelable (programme hydrogène vert) avec la société américaine GWP Global.', '42 Lampadaires solaires Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’éclairage public avec la réalisation de 5000 Lampadaires solaires 43 Chauffe-eau solaire, résidentiel Avec un soutien international plus conséquent, la promotion d’installation des Chauffe-eau solaires résidentiels pourra atteindre un additif de 9000 unités de plus en 2030 44 PV solaires, grand réseau avec stockage (hydrogène vert) La Mauritanie vient de signer un protocole ambitieux de développement des ressources énergétiques renouvelable (programme hydrogène vert) avec la société américaine GWP Global. Dénommé « Aman », le projet prévoit le développement de 30 GW d énergies solaire et éolienne pour alimenter des électrolyseurs en Mauritanie. Les centrales solaires et éoliennes seront installéesCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE dans une zone désertique de 8500 km² dans le nord du pays.Un rapport examinant le potentiel de l hydrogène bleu et vert (hydrogène à faible teneur en carbone) est en cours depréparation dans le cadre du Projet PADG pour le gouvernement mauritanien.', 'Les centrales solaires et éoliennes seront installéesCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE dans une zone désertique de 8500 km² dans le nord du pays.Un rapport examinant le potentiel de l hydrogène bleu et vert (hydrogène à faible teneur en carbone) est en cours depréparation dans le cadre du Projet PADG pour le gouvernement mauritanien. Ce rapport évaluera le potentiel technique de la Mauritanie pour l hydrogène bleu/vert et fournira des données pour une feuille de route nationale sur l hydrogène à faible teneur en carbone, qui couvrira également les utilisations potentielles de l hydrogène produit dans le pays au niveau national (industrie, mines, transport lourd, agriculture (engrais), chalutiers) et international (exportations d ammoniac, etc.). Sur jugement consensuel de l’équipe (points focaux et experts) atteindre la capacité de 5GW solaire est envisageable en 2030. 45 PV solaire maison Avec un soutien international plus conséquent, le programme solaire pourra atteindre une capacité additive cumulée installée de 30000 kit-solaire/foyer en 2030.', '45 PV solaire maison Avec un soutien international plus conséquent, le programme solaire pourra atteindre une capacité additive cumulée installée de 30000 kit-solaire/foyer en 2030. Cette capacité trouve sa confirmation dans l initiative « Desert to Power » de la Banque Africaine de Développement et du G5. Transport Restriction à l importation de voitures d occasion La mise en application des restrictions pour limiter l’importation des véhicules de plus de 8 années en plus d’un système du bonus- malus exonérant les voitures peu émettrices de CO2 et pénalisant les modèles dépassant l’âge limite ainsi les modèles polluants.', 'Transport Restriction à l importation de voitures d occasion La mise en application des restrictions pour limiter l’importation des véhicules de plus de 8 années en plus d’un système du bonus- malus exonérant les voitures peu émettrices de CO2 et pénalisant les modèles dépassant l’âge limite ainsi les modèles polluants. 47 Voitures à essence plus efficaces 48 Voitures diesel plus efficacesCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE 49 Voitures au gaz naturel Promotion des voitures hybrides : dans ce cadre, la mise en exploitation du gisement gazier du pays prévue dans un proche avenir facilite la Pénétration des véhicules à gaz ainsi que des voitures électriques 51 Train du sahel (marchandise) L’étude du projet est en finalisation le recours au transport ferroviaire remplacera en majeur partie le transport des marchandises et des personnes sur route.', '47 Voitures à essence plus efficaces 48 Voitures diesel plus efficacesCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE 49 Voitures au gaz naturel Promotion des voitures hybrides : dans ce cadre, la mise en exploitation du gisement gazier du pays prévue dans un proche avenir facilite la Pénétration des véhicules à gaz ainsi que des voitures électriques 51 Train du sahel (marchandise) L’étude du projet est en finalisation le recours au transport ferroviaire remplacera en majeur partie le transport des marchandises et des personnes sur route. 53 Tramway de Nouakchott Dans le cadre d’amélioration du Transport Public Urbain et vue l’extension spatiale de la ville de Nouakchott, cette mesure est une solution de choix et présente une priorité. Éolien Turbine éolienne connectée au réseau principal - on- shore Il s’agit d’un projet Extension de la centrale éolienne de Nouakchott de 20 MW.', 'Éolien Turbine éolienne connectée au réseau principal - on- shore Il s’agit d’un projet Extension de la centrale éolienne de Nouakchott de 20 MW. 55 Éoliennes on-shore avec stockage Dans le cadre du programme « Aman », qui prévoit le développement de 30 GW d énergies solaire et éolienne pour alimenter des électrolyseurs en Mauritanie.', '55 Éoliennes on-shore avec stockage Dans le cadre du programme « Aman », qui prévoit le développement de 30 GW d énergies solaire et éolienne pour alimenter des électrolyseurs en Mauritanie. Sur jugement consensuel de l’équipe (points focaux et experts) atteindre la capacité de 5GW éoliennes est envisageable en 2030.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Annexe no.2 : Liste des actions d’adaptation proposées par les secteurs Secteur Environnement Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Programme National Intégré de Reboisement et de Gestion Durable des Terres ▪ Stratégie de la Grande Muraille verte 2022/2026 ▪ Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée ▪ Stratégie Nationale de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (SNEDD) et son Plan d’Action ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Conservation des Zones Humides en Mauritanie ▪ Plan Directeur d’Aménagement du Littoral Mauritanien ▪ Plan d’Actions National d’adaptation (PANA) au changement climatique ▪ Etude de la vulnérabilité et Plan d’adaptation de la Région de Nouakchott face au changement climatique ▪ Stratégie de développement du secteur rural Horizon 2025 Objectifs à Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes et conservation de la biodiversité : - Aménagement des forêts classées - Restauration et conservation sites d’intérêt écologique et biologique) - Mise en œuvre de l’approche Adaptation Fondée sur les écosystèmes (EbA en anglais) ; - Création d’emplois verts ; Neutralité de la dégradation des terres : - Lutte contre l’ensablement ; - Ensemencement aérien ; - Défense et restauration des sols Gestion durable et conservation des zones humides : - Aménagement des zones humides ; - Renforcement des rôles écologiques, biologiques et socioéconomiques des zones humides Protection du cordon dunaire du littoral, lutte contre l’érosion côtière et mise en place d’un système de veille sur les risques d’inondation des villes côtières - Fixation des dunes du cordon dunaire - Colmatage des brèches ; - Lutte contre l’érosion côtière (Ndiago, Nouakchott, Parc National du Banc d’Arguin et Nouadhibou) ; - Mise en place d’un système de veille sur les risques d’inondation des villes côtières Besoins en financements en millions de USD Conditionnels : 658,68 Non conditionnels : 26,21 Total : 684,89 Synergies ODD-13 / CNULCD (Neutralité de la dégradation des terres) ODD-15 / CBD / Cadre de Sendaï ODD-12 (Chaînes de valeur, produits forestiers et économie verte) Secteur Agriculture Politiques, ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la RépubliqueCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Déclaration de Politique Générale du Gouvernement.', 'Sur jugement consensuel de l’équipe (points focaux et experts) atteindre la capacité de 5GW éoliennes est envisageable en 2030.CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Annexe no.2 : Liste des actions d’adaptation proposées par les secteurs Secteur Environnement Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Programme National Intégré de Reboisement et de Gestion Durable des Terres ▪ Stratégie de la Grande Muraille verte 2022/2026 ▪ Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée ▪ Stratégie Nationale de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (SNEDD) et son Plan d’Action ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Conservation des Zones Humides en Mauritanie ▪ Plan Directeur d’Aménagement du Littoral Mauritanien ▪ Plan d’Actions National d’adaptation (PANA) au changement climatique ▪ Etude de la vulnérabilité et Plan d’adaptation de la Région de Nouakchott face au changement climatique ▪ Stratégie de développement du secteur rural Horizon 2025 Objectifs à Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes et conservation de la biodiversité : - Aménagement des forêts classées - Restauration et conservation sites d’intérêt écologique et biologique) - Mise en œuvre de l’approche Adaptation Fondée sur les écosystèmes (EbA en anglais) ; - Création d’emplois verts ; Neutralité de la dégradation des terres : - Lutte contre l’ensablement ; - Ensemencement aérien ; - Défense et restauration des sols Gestion durable et conservation des zones humides : - Aménagement des zones humides ; - Renforcement des rôles écologiques, biologiques et socioéconomiques des zones humides Protection du cordon dunaire du littoral, lutte contre l’érosion côtière et mise en place d’un système de veille sur les risques d’inondation des villes côtières - Fixation des dunes du cordon dunaire - Colmatage des brèches ; - Lutte contre l’érosion côtière (Ndiago, Nouakchott, Parc National du Banc d’Arguin et Nouadhibou) ; - Mise en place d’un système de veille sur les risques d’inondation des villes côtières Besoins en financements en millions de USD Conditionnels : 658,68 Non conditionnels : 26,21 Total : 684,89 Synergies ODD-13 / CNULCD (Neutralité de la dégradation des terres) ODD-15 / CBD / Cadre de Sendaï ODD-12 (Chaînes de valeur, produits forestiers et économie verte) Secteur Agriculture Politiques, ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la RépubliqueCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Déclaration de Politique Générale du Gouvernement. ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée (SCAPP) ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur Rural (SNDSR), ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Conservation des zones humides ▪ Plan d’Action National de Gestion des Risques de Catastrophes ▪ Plan d’Action National de renforcement des Capacités en Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes et Préparation et Réponse aux Urgences ▪ Plan National de Développement Agricole (PNDA) Objectifs à Amélioration de la productivité agricole et utilisation des services climatiques ▪ Intensification et diversification de la production agricole irriguée ▪ Mise en place d’un système d’assurance des agriculteurs contre les risques agro-climatiques ▪ Appui à la promotion du maraîchage ▪ Développement de la filière semencière ▪ Amélioration des systèmes de productions pluviales ▪ Développement des périmètres irrigués villageois, Restauration de la fertilité des terres agricoles ▪ Agriculture organique ; ▪ Agroforesterie ; Besoins en financements en millions de USD Non Conditionnels : 56,04 Total : 831,52 Synergies ODD 2.3 Secteur Elevage Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Plan National de Développement de l’Elevage ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée (SCAPP) ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur Rural (SNDSR), ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Sécurité Alimentaire (SNSA) ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Conservation des zones humides ▪ Plan d’Action National de Gestion des Risques de Catastrophes ▪ Plan d’Action National de renforcement des Capacités en Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes et Préparation et Réponse aux Urgences Objectifs à Amélioration de la santé et de la productivité animales ▪ Amélioration génétique ; ▪ Lutte contre les épizooties et les zoonoses ▪ Développement de filières ; ▪ Développement de la culture fourragère Aménagement et gestion des parcours : ▪ Gestion durable des ressources pastorales ▪ Aménagement des couloirs de transhumances ▪ Mise en place d’infrastructures Besoins en Conditionnels : 333,9CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE financements en millions de USD Non Conditionnels : 41,28 Total : 375,18 Synergies Secteur Pêche Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Gestion Responsable pour un Développement Durable du secteur des pêches et de l’économie ▪ Stratégie d’Aménagement et de Développement Durable et Intégré des Pêches Maritimes ▪ Stratégie de la Croissance Accélérée et de la Prospérité Partagée (SCAPP) ▪ Programme Elargi Prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Pro-pep pêche 202I Objectifs à Développement de la pêche et de la pisciculture en zone rurale ▪ Aménagement des petits plans d’eau sur des sites pilotes ; ▪ Promotion d’une pêche responsable sur le lac de FoumGleita ; ▪ Renforcement de la sécurité alimentaire et réduction de la pauvreté ▪ Création d’un centre piscicole national Renforcement des capacités pour le suivi et la gestion des pêches continentales ; ▪ Etudes stratégiques en appui au processus de réforme institutionnelle ; ▪ Renforcement des capacités nationales en matière d’expertise, de suivi et de recherche en pêche continentale ▪ Mise en place d’un système d’information sur les pêches continentales Besoins en financement en millions de USD Conditionnels : 763,88 Non conditionnels : 106,45 Total : 870,33 Secteur Eau et Assainissement Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Stratégie Nationale de la Protection Sociale en Mauritanie ▪ Stratégie Nationale d’Institutionnalisation du Genre ▪ Programme National pour le Développement Agricole, horizon ▪ Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Conservation des zones humides ▪ Stratégie nationale de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée ▪ Stratégie du Secteur de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement ▪ Plan National agricole de développement ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur Rural (SNDSR), ▪ Stratégie Nationale pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable Objectifs à Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau ▪ Adduction en eau potable HodhChargui, Hodh Gharbi, Kiffa,CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Nouadhibou… ▪ Adduction en eau potable AftoutEssahli et eau potable Nouakchott Assainissement des villes à haut risque d’inondation ▪ Assainissement de Nouakchott, Nouadhibou, Rosso, Atar et Kaédi Besoins en financement en millions de USD Non Conditionnels : 107, 15 Conditionnels : 4005,09 Total : 4112,24 Secteur Habitat, Urbanisme et Aménagement du Territoire Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Plan d’actions DGATAR, 2021, ▪ Plan d’actions DGHU, 2021 ▪ Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme de la Ville de Nouakchott ▪ Stratégie nationale de l’environnement et du développement durable et son plan d’action ▪ Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée ▪ Loi n°2008-07 du 17 Mars 2008, portant Le Code de l’Urbanisme ▪ Loi 001-2010, du 7 janvier 2010, portant approbation de la loi d’orientation de l’aménagement du territoire ▪ Décret 2020-11, du 12 février 2020 portant approbation du SDAU de Nouakchott, ▪ Etude de vulnérabilité et plan d’adaptation de la Région de Nouakchott face au changement climatique ▪ Evaluation des lacunes et besoins des stratégies, plans et programmes du secteur de l’Habitat, de l’Urbanisme et de l’Aménagement du Territoire en lien avec les enjeux de l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à Amélioration de l’accès au logement des groupes vulnérables ▪ Construction de logements avec des matériaux locaux résilients au climat ; ▪ Renforcement du regroupement des villages Mise en œuvre du schéma national d’aménagement du territoire ▪ Mise en place d’un système de planification et de gestion urbaine résilient au changement climatique ▪ Mise en place d’un schéma d’aménagement du territoire résilient au changement climatique ▪ Mise en œuvre du SDAU de la ville Nouakchott ; Besoins en financement en millions de USD Conditionnels : 3407,76 Non conditionnels : 65,77 Total : 3473,37 Santé Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le ▪ Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée ▪ Politique Nationale de Santé Horizon 2030 (PNS) ▪ Plan national de développement de la santé (PNDS) ▪ Plan National GDBMCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à Lutte contre les maladies à facteurs de risque commun ▪ Lutte contre les maladies cardio-vasculaires, ▪ Lutte contre les maladies respiratoires, Amélioration de la santé des personnes vulnérables aux effets du changement climatique ▪ Renforcement du Programme Elargi de Vaccination (PEV) ▪ Renforcement de la lutte contre la malnutrition et les déficiences en micronutriments ▪ Développement et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie de sante des femmes, des jeunes et des personnes âgées Besoins en financement en millions de USD Conditionnels : 230 Non conditionnels : 48,93 Total : 278,93 Synergie ODD 3 – ODD 10 Secteur Genre et Jeunesse Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Stratégie Nationale d’Intégration du Genre ▪ Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée (SCAPP) Objectifs à Renforcement de la résilience des femmes rurales aux effets du changement climatique ▪ Mise en place de mutuelles de santé communautaire au profit des femmes dans les wilayas de l’Assaba, du Brakna, du Gorgol et des deux Hodhs, conditionnelle ▪ Mise en place d’un fonds de financement d’AGR au profit des groupes vulnérables ; Développement d’approches communautaires d’adaptation au changement climatiques ▪ Employabilité des jeunes au niveau de neuf (9) Wilayas ; ▪ Prévention des risques et l’adoption de comportements responsables en matière de santé ; ▪ Lutte contre les pratiques addictives chez les jeunes ; ▪ Lutte contre l’exode rural et l’émigration Besoins en financement en millions de USD Conditionnels : 1017,463 Non conditionnels : 45,183 Total : 1062,646 Emplois et éducation Conditionnels : 337,75 Non conditionnels : -CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Total : 337,75 Renforcement des capacités Conditionnels : 279,37 Non conditionnels : Total : 279,37 MRV Conditionnels : 1,263650 (CBIT)CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Annexe no.3 : Portefeuille de projets GCF Portefeuille GCF ▪ Sécurité en eau écosystème montagneux ADRAR (OSS-GWP – 10 Mo $US) ▪ Information sur le climat et alerte précoce (ONU-Env.', '▪ Stratégie Nationale de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée (SCAPP) ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur Rural (SNDSR), ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Conservation des zones humides ▪ Plan d’Action National de Gestion des Risques de Catastrophes ▪ Plan d’Action National de renforcement des Capacités en Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes et Préparation et Réponse aux Urgences ▪ Plan National de Développement Agricole (PNDA) Objectifs à Amélioration de la productivité agricole et utilisation des services climatiques ▪ Intensification et diversification de la production agricole irriguée ▪ Mise en place d’un système d’assurance des agriculteurs contre les risques agro-climatiques ▪ Appui à la promotion du maraîchage ▪ Développement de la filière semencière ▪ Amélioration des systèmes de productions pluviales ▪ Développement des périmètres irrigués villageois, Restauration de la fertilité des terres agricoles ▪ Agriculture organique ; ▪ Agroforesterie ; Besoins en financements en millions de USD Non Conditionnels : 56,04 Total : 831,52 Synergies ODD 2.3 Secteur Elevage Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Plan National de Développement de l’Elevage ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée (SCAPP) ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur Rural (SNDSR), ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Sécurité Alimentaire (SNSA) ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Conservation des zones humides ▪ Plan d’Action National de Gestion des Risques de Catastrophes ▪ Plan d’Action National de renforcement des Capacités en Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes et Préparation et Réponse aux Urgences Objectifs à Amélioration de la santé et de la productivité animales ▪ Amélioration génétique ; ▪ Lutte contre les épizooties et les zoonoses ▪ Développement de filières ; ▪ Développement de la culture fourragère Aménagement et gestion des parcours : ▪ Gestion durable des ressources pastorales ▪ Aménagement des couloirs de transhumances ▪ Mise en place d’infrastructures Besoins en Conditionnels : 333,9CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE financements en millions de USD Non Conditionnels : 41,28 Total : 375,18 Synergies Secteur Pêche Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Gestion Responsable pour un Développement Durable du secteur des pêches et de l’économie ▪ Stratégie d’Aménagement et de Développement Durable et Intégré des Pêches Maritimes ▪ Stratégie de la Croissance Accélérée et de la Prospérité Partagée (SCAPP) ▪ Programme Elargi Prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Pro-pep pêche 202I Objectifs à Développement de la pêche et de la pisciculture en zone rurale ▪ Aménagement des petits plans d’eau sur des sites pilotes ; ▪ Promotion d’une pêche responsable sur le lac de FoumGleita ; ▪ Renforcement de la sécurité alimentaire et réduction de la pauvreté ▪ Création d’un centre piscicole national Renforcement des capacités pour le suivi et la gestion des pêches continentales ; ▪ Etudes stratégiques en appui au processus de réforme institutionnelle ; ▪ Renforcement des capacités nationales en matière d’expertise, de suivi et de recherche en pêche continentale ▪ Mise en place d’un système d’information sur les pêches continentales Besoins en financement en millions de USD Conditionnels : 763,88 Non conditionnels : 106,45 Total : 870,33 Secteur Eau et Assainissement Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Stratégie Nationale de la Protection Sociale en Mauritanie ▪ Stratégie Nationale d’Institutionnalisation du Genre ▪ Programme National pour le Développement Agricole, horizon ▪ Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Conservation des zones humides ▪ Stratégie nationale de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée ▪ Stratégie du Secteur de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement ▪ Plan National agricole de développement ▪ Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur Rural (SNDSR), ▪ Stratégie Nationale pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable Objectifs à Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau ▪ Adduction en eau potable HodhChargui, Hodh Gharbi, Kiffa,CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Nouadhibou… ▪ Adduction en eau potable AftoutEssahli et eau potable Nouakchott Assainissement des villes à haut risque d’inondation ▪ Assainissement de Nouakchott, Nouadhibou, Rosso, Atar et Kaédi Besoins en financement en millions de USD Non Conditionnels : 107, 15 Conditionnels : 4005,09 Total : 4112,24 Secteur Habitat, Urbanisme et Aménagement du Territoire Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Plan d’actions DGATAR, 2021, ▪ Plan d’actions DGHU, 2021 ▪ Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme de la Ville de Nouakchott ▪ Stratégie nationale de l’environnement et du développement durable et son plan d’action ▪ Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée ▪ Loi n°2008-07 du 17 Mars 2008, portant Le Code de l’Urbanisme ▪ Loi 001-2010, du 7 janvier 2010, portant approbation de la loi d’orientation de l’aménagement du territoire ▪ Décret 2020-11, du 12 février 2020 portant approbation du SDAU de Nouakchott, ▪ Etude de vulnérabilité et plan d’adaptation de la Région de Nouakchott face au changement climatique ▪ Evaluation des lacunes et besoins des stratégies, plans et programmes du secteur de l’Habitat, de l’Urbanisme et de l’Aménagement du Territoire en lien avec les enjeux de l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à Amélioration de l’accès au logement des groupes vulnérables ▪ Construction de logements avec des matériaux locaux résilients au climat ; ▪ Renforcement du regroupement des villages Mise en œuvre du schéma national d’aménagement du territoire ▪ Mise en place d’un système de planification et de gestion urbaine résilient au changement climatique ▪ Mise en place d’un schéma d’aménagement du territoire résilient au changement climatique ▪ Mise en œuvre du SDAU de la ville Nouakchott ; Besoins en financement en millions de USD Conditionnels : 3407,76 Non conditionnels : 65,77 Total : 3473,37 Santé Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le ▪ Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée ▪ Politique Nationale de Santé Horizon 2030 (PNS) ▪ Plan national de développement de la santé (PNDS) ▪ Plan National GDBMCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à Lutte contre les maladies à facteurs de risque commun ▪ Lutte contre les maladies cardio-vasculaires, ▪ Lutte contre les maladies respiratoires, Amélioration de la santé des personnes vulnérables aux effets du changement climatique ▪ Renforcement du Programme Elargi de Vaccination (PEV) ▪ Renforcement de la lutte contre la malnutrition et les déficiences en micronutriments ▪ Développement et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie de sante des femmes, des jeunes et des personnes âgées Besoins en financement en millions de USD Conditionnels : 230 Non conditionnels : 48,93 Total : 278,93 Synergie ODD 3 – ODD 10 Secteur Genre et Jeunesse Politiques, Stratégies, Programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la Résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique ▪ Programme Elargi prioritaire du Président de la République ▪ Stratégie Nationale d’Intégration du Genre ▪ Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Prospérité Partagée (SCAPP) Objectifs à Renforcement de la résilience des femmes rurales aux effets du changement climatique ▪ Mise en place de mutuelles de santé communautaire au profit des femmes dans les wilayas de l’Assaba, du Brakna, du Gorgol et des deux Hodhs, conditionnelle ▪ Mise en place d’un fonds de financement d’AGR au profit des groupes vulnérables ; Développement d’approches communautaires d’adaptation au changement climatiques ▪ Employabilité des jeunes au niveau de neuf (9) Wilayas ; ▪ Prévention des risques et l’adoption de comportements responsables en matière de santé ; ▪ Lutte contre les pratiques addictives chez les jeunes ; ▪ Lutte contre l’exode rural et l’émigration Besoins en financement en millions de USD Conditionnels : 1017,463 Non conditionnels : 45,183 Total : 1062,646 Emplois et éducation Conditionnels : 337,75 Non conditionnels : -CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Total : 337,75 Renforcement des capacités Conditionnels : 279,37 Non conditionnels : Total : 279,37 MRV Conditionnels : 1,263650 (CBIT)CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE Annexe no.3 : Portefeuille de projets GCF Portefeuille GCF ▪ Sécurité en eau écosystème montagneux ADRAR (OSS-GWP – 10 Mo $US) ▪ Information sur le climat et alerte précoce (ONU-Env. – 20 Mo $US) ▪ Résilience des écosystèmes et des populations dans 4 pôles régionaux du Nord (ONU-Env.', '– 20 Mo $US) ▪ Résilience des écosystèmes et des populations dans 4 pôles régionaux du Nord (ONU-Env. 22,5 Mo $US) ▪ Résilience des moyens de subsistance au CC et la sécurité alimentaire des communautés agro- sylvo-pastorales du Sud-Ouest (FAO, 34,5 Mo $US) ▪ Pôles verts résilience des écosystèmes et des systèmes de production agro-pastoraux (IUCN/5 Mo $US) ▪ Résilience des villes au CC et éco-construction (PNUD / 25 Mo $US) ▪ Gestion résiliente et approvisionnement en eau dans 2 Hodhs (PNUD / 23 Mo $US) ▪ Activité économique et fixation des populations dans les oasis (ADA-Maroc / 9,5 Mo $US) ▪ Résilience des populations autochtones dans le parc du banc d’Arguin (UICN) Programmes régionaux : ▪ Résilience des zones côtières, WACA/Res.', '22,5 Mo $US) ▪ Résilience des moyens de subsistance au CC et la sécurité alimentaire des communautés agro- sylvo-pastorales du Sud-Ouest (FAO, 34,5 Mo $US) ▪ Pôles verts résilience des écosystèmes et des systèmes de production agro-pastoraux (IUCN/5 Mo $US) ▪ Résilience des villes au CC et éco-construction (PNUD / 25 Mo $US) ▪ Gestion résiliente et approvisionnement en eau dans 2 Hodhs (PNUD / 23 Mo $US) ▪ Activité économique et fixation des populations dans les oasis (ADA-Maroc / 9,5 Mo $US) ▪ Résilience des populations autochtones dans le parc du banc d’Arguin (UICN) Programmes régionaux : ▪ Résilience des zones côtières, WACA/Res. IP – CCA, Banque Mondiale, 382 Mo $US ▪ Programme transfrontalier résilience des écosystèmes oasiens et moyens de subsistance, OSS, 60 Mo $US ▪ Projet régional électrification hors réseau, BIRD, 600 Mo$US ▪ Programme africain de financement des risques climatiques, FIDA, 421 Mo $US i(approche hybride pour définir des engagements climatiques internationaux, en fonction des circonstances nationales CDN).']"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"fr-FR"}}},{"rowIdx":199,"cells":{"Unnamed: 0":{"kind":"number","value":199,"string":"199"},"country_code":{"kind":"string","value":"MUS"},"country":{"kind":"string","value":"Mauritius"},"type_of_document":{"kind":"string","value":"1st NDC"},"date":{"kind":"string","value":"2016-04-22 00:00:00"},"backend_status":{"kind":"null"},"current":{"kind":"null"},"version_number":{"kind":"string","value":"NDC 1.0"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Final%20INDC%20for%20Mauritius%2028%20Sept%202015.pdf"},"comment":{"kind":"null"},"annex_type":{"kind":"string","value":"Non-Annex I"},"income_group":{"kind":"string","value":"Middle-income"},"region":{"kind":"string","value":"Africa"},"eu27":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"ghg_total":{"kind":"number","value":4.3317959943,"string":"4.331796"},"ghg_transport":{"kind":"number","value":1.15688694,"string":"1.156887"},"mena":{"kind":"string","value":"0"},"valid":{"kind":"bool","value":true,"string":"true"},"document_path":{"kind":"string","value":"../data/downloaded_documents/64aa98d1eb0a5743d5fb3139cdd255f342665714ea92d02a323d1ae9b3bb94f4.pdf"},"para_list":{"kind":"string","value":"['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FOR THE REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUSAs a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), Mauritius is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and its adverse impacts on socio-economic development. We know that the global greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from major big country polluters are responsible for climate change. While SIDS contribute only 1% of the global GHG emission, they are the ones to suffer most from the adverse impacts of climate change. In fact, according to the latest World Risk Report (2014), Mauritius is ranked as the 14th country with the highest disaster risk and ranked 7th on the list of countries most exposed to natural hazard.Mauritius has a Climate Change Action Plan for addressing these threats.', 'In fact, according to the latest World Risk Report (2014), Mauritius is ranked as the 14th country with the highest disaster risk and ranked 7th on the list of countries most exposed to natural hazard.Mauritius has a Climate Change Action Plan for addressing these threats. To date, Mauritius has invested significant resources in both adaptation and mitigation measures, despite its limited means. In addition, Mauritius is proposing to enact a Climate Change Act with a view to implementing policies, strategies and plans to further mitigate the effects of climate change and promote adaptation measures.', 'In addition, Mauritius is proposing to enact a Climate Change Act with a view to implementing policies, strategies and plans to further mitigate the effects of climate change and promote adaptation measures. This document presents the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Mauritius in response to decisions adopted at the 19th and 20th sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which invites Parties to communicate to the Secretariat their INDCs, towards achieving the objective of the UNFCCC as set out in Article 2 of the Convention. The INDC of Mauritius has been elaborated on the basis of participatory multi-stakeholder and cross-sectoral consultative processes involving all relevant partners.', 'The INDC of Mauritius has been elaborated on the basis of participatory multi-stakeholder and cross-sectoral consultative processes involving all relevant partners. The INDC is in line with the vision of the Honourable Prime Minister of the Republic of Mauritius, announced in August 2015, which aims at taking Mauritius further along the pathway of sustainable development. 1.1 National Circumstances The Republic of Mauritius comprises a group of islands in the South West Indian Ocean, consisting of the main island of Mauritius and the outer islands of Rodrigues, Agalega, Saint Brandon, Tromelin and the Chagos Archipelago. The total land area is 2,040 square kilometres and the country has jurisdiction over an Exclusive Economic Zone of about 2.3 million square kilometres.', 'The total land area is 2,040 square kilometres and the country has jurisdiction over an Exclusive Economic Zone of about 2.3 million square kilometres. The country is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, manifesting itself in several ways, including among others, intense cyclones, abnormal tidal surges, prolonged droughts, flash floods and increase of sea surface temperature. As most SIDS, Mauritius has limited natural resources, which are under constant pressure and strain to satisfy the increasing socio-economic development needs. There is severe competition among economic operators on land use. In the coastal zones, land is mainly utilized to cater for the tourism industry.', 'In the coastal zones, land is mainly utilized to cater for the tourism industry. With the reduction in sugarcane cultivation, agricultural land is being converted to other forms of small agricultural practices, such as bio-farming and to non-agricultural uses such as property development. Approximately 25% of the total land area is under forest cover, including about 2% of native forest areas, but the planted forest area is gradually decreasing due to demographic and development pressures. Mauritius faces multi-faceted environmental challenges, such as changes in rainfall patterns both temporally and spatially. Agricultural production may decline in the medium and longer term due to increased rainfall variability.', 'Agricultural production may decline in the medium and longer term due to increased rainfall variability. Furthermore, the ecosystem and natural habitat of fish and other marine species are being rapidly eroded due to adverse impacts of climate change, with some coral reefs under the threat of extinction, and natural assets, such as beaches, which are vital to the tourism industry may deteriorate, posing threat to some $50 million in value from the sector by 2050.1.2 Climate change trends Meteorological observations have confirmed a change in the climate parameters of the Republic of Mauritius. Average temperature rise of 0.74 0C over mainland and 1.1 0C over Agalega have been recorded. Precipitation has also decreased by 8% between 1950 and 2008.', 'Precipitation has also decreased by 8% between 1950 and 2008. The frequency of extreme climatic events is on the rise as well as the extent of damage to infrastructure and toll on human life. The functioning of the ecosystem is also suffering in terms of episodes of coral bleaching and accentuated beach erosion. The low-lying areas of the Republic of Mauritius, in particular Agalega, is consequently vulnerable to sea level rise and Rodrigues is more exposed to long periods of water scarcity. The intensification of cyclones in shorter periods of time has also been observed. Climate change model projections show that large variations exist in annual rainfall patterns. The temperature trends indicate an increase of the mean annual temperature of up 3.8°C by 2100.', 'The temperature trends indicate an increase of the mean annual temperature of up 3.8°C by 2100. In order to address climate change threats, the Republic of Mauritius is developing a pragmatic approach to develop its resilience.', 'In order to address climate change threats, the Republic of Mauritius is developing a pragmatic approach to develop its resilience. 2.0 Mitigation contributions Mauritius will promote and implement the following mitigation activities: smart use of marine resources; expansion in solar, wind and biomass energy production and other renewable energy sources; sustainable consumption and production in all sectors of the economy; gradual shift towards the use of cleaner energy technologies, such as LNG, among others; modernisation of the national electricity grid through the use of smart technologies, which is a prerequisite to accelerate the uptake of renewable energy; efficient use of energy through the deployment of appropriate technologies in all sectors of the economy and awareness raising on energy conservation; sustainable transportation, including promotion of energy efficient mass transportation systems based on hybrid technologies and cleaner energy sources; climate smart agriculture including bio-farming; sustainable and integrated waste management, including waste to energy; sustained tree planting programme within the context of the cleaner, greener and safer initiative; and leapfrog to low global warming potential refrigerants.', '2.0 Mitigation contributions Mauritius will promote and implement the following mitigation activities: smart use of marine resources; expansion in solar, wind and biomass energy production and other renewable energy sources; sustainable consumption and production in all sectors of the economy; gradual shift towards the use of cleaner energy technologies, such as LNG, among others; modernisation of the national electricity grid through the use of smart technologies, which is a prerequisite to accelerate the uptake of renewable energy; efficient use of energy through the deployment of appropriate technologies in all sectors of the economy and awareness raising on energy conservation; sustainable transportation, including promotion of energy efficient mass transportation systems based on hybrid technologies and cleaner energy sources; climate smart agriculture including bio-farming; sustainable and integrated waste management, including waste to energy; sustained tree planting programme within the context of the cleaner, greener and safer initiative; and leapfrog to low global warming potential refrigerants. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding: Timeframe for implementation The timeframe for implementation of the INDC is up to 2030.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding: Timeframe for implementation The timeframe for implementation of the INDC is up to 2030. Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and Short Lived Climate Forces (SLCF) The Republic of Mauritius imperatively needs international technical and financial support to enable it to abate its greenhouse gas emissions by 30%, by the year 2030, relative to the business as usual scenario of 7 million metric equivalent.Sectors covered by the contribution The contribution is from the major sectors: Energy, Transportation, Industry, Agriculture, Forestry, land use and solid waste management. Assumptions and methodological approaches Source for GHG emissions Projections made from historical data from Statistics Mauritius.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches Source for GHG emissions Projections made from historical data from Statistics Mauritius. Global warming potentials The carbon dioxide equivalent calculated using the locally determined emission factor and IPCC Guidelines Approaches to land sector emissions This includes emissions from the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector based on IPCC Guidelines. Mauritius is currently preparing the Third National communication that will further refine the figures for LULUCF emission values. BAU emissions in the target year Business-as-usual (BAU) emissions are estimated to be 7 MtCO2 e) by2030. BAU projection methodology The BAU projection was made using the simple extrapolation method given current information constraint.', 'BAU projection methodology The BAU projection was made using the simple extrapolation method given current information constraint. 3.0 Adaptation Measures The Republic of Mauritius is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and climate variability which are seriously impacting on the sustainable development of the country and has, therefore, developed comprehensive action plans to adapt to these. However, the costs of such adaptation measures are so exorbitant that Mauritius can only achieve its targets if financial support in terms of grant and technical support from partners is made available to enable it to implement the plans to protect life and property and mitigate any propensity of migration of its population.', 'However, the costs of such adaptation measures are so exorbitant that Mauritius can only achieve its targets if financial support in terms of grant and technical support from partners is made available to enable it to implement the plans to protect life and property and mitigate any propensity of migration of its population. Sector Priority Adaptation Actions Infrastructure Protection of infrastructure will be enhanced against climate change calamities Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy Objective is to understand disaster risk, implement disaster risk strategy, strengthen management of related governance and invest in resilience. Coastal Zone Management Improve awareness, enhance rehabilitation and strengthen regulatory framework for protection of beach, dunes and vegetation.', 'Coastal Zone Management Improve awareness, enhance rehabilitation and strengthen regulatory framework for protection of beach, dunes and vegetation. Water Resources Management Improve forecasting, management, protection and quality of water resources, including upgrading and building of new treatment plants and reservoirs and reducing water losses in the distribution system. Rainwater Harvesting Procurement and installation of rainwater harvesting systems and improvement in policy, legal and regulatory water framework in mainland Mauritius, Rodrigues and other outer islands. Desalination Small desalination projects, especially for Rodrigues island.Integrated Pest and Disease Management Develop an integrated strategy and policy to foster adoption of Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) practices including the review of policy and regulatory framework to facilitate the upscaling of IPDM technology and regulate the use and disposal of pesticides.', 'Desalination Small desalination projects, especially for Rodrigues island.Integrated Pest and Disease Management Develop an integrated strategy and policy to foster adoption of Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) practices including the review of policy and regulatory framework to facilitate the upscaling of IPDM technology and regulate the use and disposal of pesticides. Efficient Irrigation Techniques Development Investment in water infrastructure to support irrigation projects and development of a policy framework to enhance access to, and productive use of, water in the agricultural sector. Promote climate smart agriculture practices Climate Smart Fisheries Development and implementation of sustainable fishing management plans, strengthening of institutional capacity and adaptation of infrastructure (quay) to climate change (sea level rise).', 'Promote climate smart agriculture practices Climate Smart Fisheries Development and implementation of sustainable fishing management plans, strengthening of institutional capacity and adaptation of infrastructure (quay) to climate change (sea level rise). Improve Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity Resilience Improvement of the management of marine and terrestrial protected areas and expansion of protected area network including rehabilitation of wetlands, sea-grass, mangrove plantation, increase in tree coverage areas and coral reef rehabilitation/farming. Health Sector Mainstream climate change adaptation in health sector to respond to population increase and its additional climate-related health burden. Develop and implement a communication, education and awareness strategy with respect to climate change risks and impacts on human health. Improve surveillance of diseases associated with climate change and develop and implement a decentralized alert and rapid response mechanism.', 'Improve surveillance of diseases associated with climate change and develop and implement a decentralized alert and rapid response mechanism. Transportation Acquisition of hybrid and electric means of mass transportation 4.0 Equity in Environmental Obligations In 2014, the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the Republic of Mauritius was approximately 5.1 million tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent, up from 4 .8MtC02e in 2010. This is relatively very small, representing just 0.015% of global emissions in 2010. In terms of absolute emissions, Mauritius ranks 128th out of 216 states and territories. The threats of climate change are in atmospheric temperature and sea level rise, rainfall patterns, tropical cyclone intensity, storm surges, droughts and floods which impact adversely on many economic sectors, and human health.', 'The threats of climate change are in atmospheric temperature and sea level rise, rainfall patterns, tropical cyclone intensity, storm surges, droughts and floods which impact adversely on many economic sectors, and human health. The Government of the Republic of Mauritius will adopt a responsible and environmentally sustainable policy regarding energy production, waste management and physical infrastructural development, in addition to mainstreaming climate change education for sustainable development. However, Mauritius has limited resources and is challenged by many pressing priorities such as free education, health care and eradication of poverty. A Marshall Plan on poverty alleviation is presently under preparation. Notwithstanding the above, Mauritius is working towards mitigating its emissions and implementing adaptation actions.', 'Notwithstanding the above, Mauritius is working towards mitigating its emissions and implementing adaptation actions. However, the proposed adaptation and mitigation activities can only be implemented in the medium and long term with necessary support from international fundingagencies, grants from climate funds, transfer of appropriate and affordable adaptation and mitigation technologies, technical assistance and capacity development. 5.0 Means of Implementation The Ministry of Environment, Sustainable Development, and Disaster and Beach Management (MOESDDBM) is the focal point for UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.', '5.0 Means of Implementation The Ministry of Environment, Sustainable Development, and Disaster and Beach Management (MOESDDBM) is the focal point for UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It coordinates the country’s actions on climate change through its Climate Change Division (CCD) that has put in place a system to monitor and assess vulnerability and adaptation to climate change that allows for the monitoring of climate vulnerability and the results of adaptation actions, taking into account gender issues. The planning process for climate change will be reinforced with the proposed introduction of a Climate Change Bill.', 'The planning process for climate change will be reinforced with the proposed introduction of a Climate Change Bill. Coordination of the INDC plans, programmes and projects for both adaptation and mitigation actions will be under the responsibility of MOESDDBM and will involve the participation of all stakeholders (Sectoral Ministries, Private Sector, CBOs/NGOs, Women’s Organisations, etc.). With a view to optimising resources and capitalising on collaboration/information-sharing, MOESDDBM will coordinate implementation of its INDC with those of other IOC countries. The Republic of Mauritius will require international support in its efforts to transition towards a low- carbon development path through greater utilisation of renewable sources of energy (biomass, solar and wind), and to adapt to the negative impacts of climate change that affect several sectors of the economy.', 'The Republic of Mauritius will require international support in its efforts to transition towards a low- carbon development path through greater utilisation of renewable sources of energy (biomass, solar and wind), and to adapt to the negative impacts of climate change that affect several sectors of the economy. The implementation of the INDC of the Republic of Mauritius will require over USD 1.5 billion for mitigation measures and about USD 4 billion for adaptation measures across all the sectors up to 2030 in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building to fully realize its intended contribution. Mauritius has an excellent track record in managing international grant support for the implementation of development programmes.', 'Mauritius has an excellent track record in managing international grant support for the implementation of development programmes. With regard to capacity development, education, awareness, research, development and implementation of adaptation and mitigation actions, these will be coordinated and reported upon by MOESDDBM in collaboration with the concerned stakeholders.']"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"en-US"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":1,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":378,"offset":100,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc3NjQ0MzYxMywic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL210eXJyZWxsL05EQ19kb2N1bWVudHNfbWFzdGVyIiwiZXhwIjoxNzc2NDQ3MjEzLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.6bafEHRxHGXxZg6EPeG26zj5c6Ru-Od5U4Ar9AZua7vdPcUwENP1Mr5vdp90x0wQE0h4U2NKgq3CgggZMOJJBQ","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":378,"numBytesParquet":17363727}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
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100 | EGY | Egypt | Updated NDC | 2022-07-07 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-07/Egypt%20Updated%20NDC.pdf.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 255.368568 | 48.100174 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/a70ee0b3f31384835f65703f1197dfc285a83ed81ef06b96bf528bf5986009df.pdf | ['Egypt s First Updated Nationally Determined ContributionsEGYPT S FIRST UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONSEgypt s First Updated Nationally Determined Contributions I. NATIONAL CONTEXT Introduction • Egypt ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994 to be among the first... | en-US |
101 | SLV | El Salvador | 1st NDC | 2017-03-27 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/EL%20SALVADOR-INTENDED%20NATIONALLY%20DETERMINED%20CONTRIBUTION.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 7.146298 | 3.123833 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/18064bccb5f05482c1afa80ff469635df5f8ae8c1de23a1964725b50204e48c1.pdf | ['Gobierno de El Salvador Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) CONTRIBUCION PREVISTA Y DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL DE EL SALVADOR San SalvadorMarco General El Salvador presenta esta Contribución Prevista Nacionalmente Determinada (CPND), en base a la premisa de que la negociación del acuerdo de 201... | es-ES |
102 | SLV | El Salvador | Updated NDC | 2022-01-04 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/El%20Salvador%20NDC-%20Updated%20Dic.2021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 7.146298 | 3.123833 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/ec122d83dc7d8425f342bb691b5f8b71996e0fe81ff637429e1655540b2a1271.pdf | ['Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas de El Salvador El Salvador, 2021MINISTERIO DE MEDIO AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALES El Salvador, 2021 Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas de El SalvadorNayib Armando Bukele Ortez Presidente de la República de El Salvador Félix Augusto Antonio Ulloa Garay Vicepresidente de... | es-ES |
103 | GNQ | Equatorial Guinea | 1st NDC | 2018-10-30 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Rep%C3%BAblica%20de%20Guinea%20Ecuatorial_INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 3.474559 | 0.400883 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d9ea77d4fa901047526c4cb412b8a51a4aaeac41d6cdca0a7377362b67a23321.pdf | ['República de Guinea Ecuatorial MINISTERIO DE PESCA Y MEDIO AMBIENTE CONTRIBUCIONES PREVISTAS Y DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL (CONTRIBUCIONES NACIONALES) (CPDN) Malabo, Septiembre de 2015Una de las exigencias de la decimonovena Conferencia de las Partes (CoP-19) de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Camb... | es-ES |
104 | GNQ | Equatorial Guinea | Updated NDC | 2022-10-24 00:00:00 | missing | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-10/CND-GuineaEcuatorial-Version2022-Actualizada.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 3.474559 | 0.400883 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0ef354ab1b1cff8e630d9b668b841320b73c4125349163cc65b52ec3af8c5fdd.pdf | ['República de Guinea Ecuatorial MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA, GANADERIA, BOSQUES Y MEDIO AMBIENTE CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL (CDN) PRIMERA EDICION EN 2015 PRIMERA ACTUALIZACION 2021 Malabo, junio de 2022Tabla de contenido ACRONIMOS . 1 RESUMEN . 2 2. PROCESO DE PARTICIPACION PUBLICA . 4 2.1. Arreglos In... | es-ES |
105 | ERI | Eritrea | 1st NDC | 2018-06-19 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NRC%20Eritrea.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 0.746813 | 0.203222 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/8116bf0739c30ce6236e2c56b3b66dd992bfa977d9df20ff4e346336dae48eff.pdf | ['~ 1 ~ The State of Eritrea Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Report to UNFCCC (Final) Asmara, Eritrea~ 2 ~ Contents Foreword . Error! Bookmark not defined.', '~ 1 ~ The State of Eritrea Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Report to UNFCCC (Final) Asmara, Eritrea~ 2 ~ Contents Foreword . Error! Bookmar... | en-US |
106 | SWZ | Eswatini | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Eswatini%27s%20INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 1.143187 | 0.378649 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/ab9fb1a11d34ab1f02805f385c4d935d3b5a1ae757895f0e95be4e148067a232.pdf | ['Introduction The Kingdom of Swaziland is a landlocked, culturally 1.25 million Swazi people. As a developing, lower improve its world standing in terms of measureable indices of human development. Underlying this vision is a focus on sustainable economic development employment creation, gender equity, social integrat... | en-US |
107 | SWZ | Eswatini | Updated NDC | 2021-12-10 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Eswatini's%20Revised%20NDC%2012%20Oct%202021.docx | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 1.143187 | 0.378649 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d777d436e9c2d14b2a3ba3bed0210deede5a816d75f7554a6e0e50cb61d0fae4.pdf | [] | az-AZ |
108 | ETH | Ethiopia | 1st NDC | 2017-03-09 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC-Ethiopia-100615.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 18.252484 | 6.732194 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/28a11898627ce15335166dfc07f0d5114b4dfda39e5a5190801fc14a06900943.pdf | ['FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopia intends to limit its net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2030 to 145 Mt CO2e or lower. This would constitute a 255 MtCO2e reduction from the projected ‘business-\xad‐as-... | en-US |
109 | ETH | Ethiopia | Updated NDC | 2021-07-23 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Ethiopia's%20updated%20NDC%20JULY%202021%20Submission_.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 18.252484 | 6.732194 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/ebf2c98c3004eee6e20a5b28832420f083e32a762bbf3c06b8cd7bd8b41a7a67.pdf | [] | az-AZ |
110 | EUU | European Union | 1st NDC | 2016-10-05 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/LV-03-06-EU%20INDC.pdf | null | Annex I | null | Europe | 0 | 2,939.068446 | 780.165397 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/7393329bfa87e80179ba609856efce8281e12e742ca0d664add811c4c0823b9d.pdf | ['SUBMISSION BY LATVIA AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION ON BEHALF OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES Subject: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the EU and its Member States Introduction 1. The EU and its 28 Member States are fully committed to the UNFCCC negotiating process with a view to adopting a gl... | en-US |
111 | EEU | European Union | Updated NDC | 2020-12-18 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/EU_NDC_Submission_December%202020.pdf | null | Annex I | null | Europe | 0 | 2,939.068446 | 780.165397 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/274e9ec17af9fa6636e383477d48939bdc883b49e89d0a9689413808f9f637c6.pdf | ['Update of the NDC of the European Union and its Member States SUBMISSION BY GERMANY AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION ON BEHALF OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES Subject: The update of the nationally determined contribution of the European Union and its Member States This submission consists of three parts: the I... | en-US |
112 | EEU | European Union | LTS | 2018-11-28 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0773&from=EN | null | Annex I | null | Europe | 0 | 2,939.068446 | 780.165397 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/258b5e20429d69cb61d71c1651dbc76835ad7de4d08a6a8185748b1d01952da9.pdf | ['EN EN EUROPEAN COMMISSION COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK A Clean Planet for all A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, co... | en-US |
113 | FJI | Fiji | 1st NDC | 2016-04-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/FIJI_iNDC_Final_051115.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 1.360766 | 0.662192 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/7ddd8a133cab37feb57b97bc60f2dc81ae9c3394bd155a09babd5f9396e423e9.pdf | ['Fiji’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution1.0 National Circumstances Fiji lies between 177° E and 178° W Longitude and 12° to 22° S Latitude with a land area of 18,333 km2 and an exclusive economic zone of 1.3 million square kilometers. This includes 332 islands of which about a third are inhabited. The major... | en-US |
114 | FJI | Fiji | LTS | 2019-02-25 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Fiji_Low%20Emission%20Development%20%20Strategy%202018%20-%202050.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 1.360766 | 0.662192 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/c9781b933bccfcce67eb5eee16928fb315a16d7be179c95df439a1569df2f847.pdf | ['FIJI LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENTFIJI LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2018-2050 I 3 2 I FIJI LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2018-2050 LIVING DOCUMENT The Fiji Low Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) 2018-2050 shall be considered a “living” document in that information expressed in this publication represents the Fi... | en-US |
115 | FJI | Fiji | Updated NDC | 2020-12-31 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Republic%20of%20Fiji's%20Updated%20NDC%2020201.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 1.360766 | 0.662192 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/3780e765b1816f3185d31392716c17ab092e239fa2c925c583892f522fcf0db2.pdf | ['Fiji’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction The Fijian Government is committed to the full, effective and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Na- tions Framework Convention on C... | en-US |
116 | FIN | Finland | LTS | 2020-06-10 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS_Finland_Oct2020.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 43.414879 | 10.54357 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0f6a869ceeefeabc81ef2f936a15bfb06b433ae72879a0c816128144f1bb8c14.pdf | ['Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment Finland’s long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy Unofficial translationContents 1 OVERVIEW AND PROCESS FOR ESTABLISHING THE PLAN . 2 1.1 Executive summary 2 1.2 Legal and policy context 3 1.3 Public consultation . 4 2 TOTAL GHG EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND EN... | en-US |
117 | FRA | France | LTS | 2021-08-02 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/en_SNBC-2_complete.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 314.735789 | 118.946286 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/2cd245eeee102aee269ea736b1e966346501ba05c31c0dabbaa73adcd24e18b3.pdf | ['The ecological and inclusive transition towards carbon neutrality National low carbon strategy - March 2020 1/176Table of contents Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Context and key issues 5 1.1. France aims to make an ambitious and fair contribution to combating climate change 5 1.2. Looking back: progress made so far. . 5 1... | en-US |
118 | GAB | Gabon | 1st NDC | 2016-11-02 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/20150331%20INDC%20Gabon.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 3.484953 | 0.84017 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/8473c1fe52d5a4b548d3d75b841e160c98e57e13046af05bff5b7a9c98eeb6f2.pdf | ['Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national – Conférence des Parties 21 1 République Gabonaise Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national – Conférence des Parties 21 Contribution de la République Gabonaise Conformément aux décisions 1/CP.19 et 1/CP.20 et à son plan stratégique de développement le Gabon c... | fr-FR |
119 | GAB | Gabon | Updated NDC | 2022-07-06 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-07/20220706_Gabon_Updated%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 3.484953 | 0.84017 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/cecd45d7e4d8a0dbc58f9389f4ac81b49a13f6b0658ce7376e30465c3b9641cc.pdf | ['République Gabonaise CONSEIL NATIONAL CLIMAT SECONDE CONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL (2nde CDN)République Gabonaise Seconde contribution déterminée au niveau national Conformément aux décisions 1/CP.19 et 1/CP.20 et à son plan stratégique de développement, le Gabon communique, à travers ce document, sa deu... | fr-FR |
120 | GMB | Gambia (Republic of The) | 1st NDC | 2016-11-07 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/The%20INDC%20OF%20THE%20GAMBIA.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 0.592455 | 0.290732 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/4265079903c444df9c9f95bfb16b00dab826490ff6850e833c0e1c7c3c988902.pdf | ['Department of Water Resources, Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Forestry, Water and Wildlife, 7, Marina Parade Banjul, The Gambia Message from Honourable Pa Ousman Jarju, Minister, Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Forestry, Water and Wildlife The Republic of The Gambia is fully committed to the multil... | en-US |
121 | GEO | Georgia | 1st NDC | 2017-05-08 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_of_Georgia.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 13.473723 | 3.87745 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/168a7127ead6546b510d08863e4f7f96cb900ab3c3b121524354315820a0aafe.pdf | ['GEORGIA’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION SUBMISSION TO THE UNFCCC Georgia is pleased to communicate its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC), elaborated by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection of Georgia in close cooperation with the key ministries and other relevant... | en-US |
122 | GEO | Georgia | Updated NDC | 2021-05-05 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20Georgia_ENG%20WEB-approved.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 13.473723 | 3.87745 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/390d9cc7c30e73f1bff14af7fbb1e2f49acfbb3536585a8cf48fd15e6c291d02.pdf | ['GEORGIA’S UPDATED Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)In accordance with the decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 24 of UNFCCC COP 21, Georgia is pleased to communicate its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), as well as additional information to facilitate the clarity, transparency, and understanding of the c... | en-US |
123 | DEU | Germany | LTS | 2016-11-17 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Klimaschutzplan_2050_eng_bf.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 702.599962 | 152.605478 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/74e088b9d7e68bd7de9ade15a555d4cfcb3c21463863feaa2e2ed109427707a9.pdf | ['Climate Action Plan 2050 Principles and goals of the German government climate policy CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2050 Contents 2 Climate action as a strategy to modernise our economy 16 3 International context (global and EU) 20 3.3 The Climate Action Plan 2050 in the context of European climate policies 24 4 The path towar... | de-DE |
124 | GHA | Ghana | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/GH_INDC_2392015.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 16.837459 | 8.575976 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/9fd966efa2ad167bd1a305c93de120640f0b6ca30981cea7f9722df2acefcdce.pdf | ['GH – INDC Republic of Ghana Ghana’s intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) and accompanying explanatory noteIn preparing and submitting its INDC, Ghana is mindful of its international obligations as a Party to the UNFCCC while simultaneously pursuing a national development agenda that seeks to achieve the... | en-US |
125 | GHA | Ghana | Updated NDC | 2021-10-15 00:00:00 | uploaded | null | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Ghana_Transmittal%20Letter_Interim%20Updated%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 16.837459 | 8.575976 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/5a12011193ca0a3297fa2390453b80eb8c978c290a0a154b6e74253587bf4fda.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF CHANA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGYAND INNOVATION P. O. Box M232, Ministries - Accra Digital Address : GA-1 07-3073 Kindly quote this number and date on all correspondence 1. 5. 2. J. 4. My Ret. No. Your Ref No TRANSMITTAL OF INTERIM UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERM I N ED CONTRIBUTION You recall.... | en-US |
126 | GHA | Ghana | Updated NDC | 2021-11-04 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.2 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Ghana's%20Updated%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20to%20the%20UNFCCC_2021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 16.837459 | 8.575976 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/a069fc7d5944c3962430b9b2d4b6620ddc6fe3d445ec1b0eacd96ef2d1012caf.pdf | ['Ghana Updated Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement (2020 - 2030) Source: Gbanu near Nanton in the Nanton District in the Northern Region of GhanaInside the front cover is BLANKRepublic of Ghana Ghana Updated Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement (2020 - 2030)© 2021 Envir... | en-US |
127 | GRD | Grenada | 1st NDC | 2016-04-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Grenada%20INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 0.228624 | 0.076587 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/184d6575ae8fad1458d185dabc0ab6a7bce86b1741508ee9e3d98a0949213614.pdf | ['GRENADA Grenada is pleased to present its iNDC pursuant to decision 1 CP/19 and decision 1 CP/20 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Introduction Grenada is a small island developing state located in the south eastern Caribbean, made up of several islands all with its own individual characte... | en-US |
128 | GRD | Grenada | 2nd NDC | 2020-01-12 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 2.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/GrenadaSecondNDC2020%20-%2001-12-20.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 0.228624 | 0.076587 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/f8278d022fdd05c03c2a077c27f02b16cc861a9b4c59563cf35a7c950ad7de62.pdf | ['SECOND NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONINTRODUCTION Grenada’s second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement represents its continued commitment to the objectives of the Paris Agreement towards holding the increase of the global average temperature to well below 2oC abo... | en-US |
129 | GTM | Guatemala | LTS | 2021-06-07 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Guatemala.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 21.196003 | 8.108892 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/b652b94707fc48018d505ac7fa58ad56ebe3753268347543b4329e116add7899.pdf | ['www.marn.gob.gt MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALESESTRATEGIA NACIONAL DE DESARROLLO CON BAJAS EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO Cartas de presentación 1. Resumen Ejecutivo 3. El Proceso 4. Línea Base 5. Resumen Sectorial 1. Sector Energía: Generación y consumo 2. Sector Transporte y Urbanismo 3. Secto... | es-ES |
130 | GTM | Guatemala | 1st NDC | 2017-01-25 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Contribuci%C3%B3n%20Nacionalmente%20Determinada%20Guatemala.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 21.196003 | 8.108892 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/4f007d4bd72be715fa5d2b010f8278224193491dad38240cb7663ef73677b941.pdf | ['CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA GUATEMALA 2021CONTENIDO AVANCE INSTITUCIONAL 5 SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS.7 1.', 'CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA GUATEMALA 2021CONTENIDO AVANCE INSTITUCIONAL 5 SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS.7 1. CIRCUNSTANCIAS NACIONALES E INTERNACIONALES.14 1.1 Contexto sobre los compromisos mundial... | es-ES |
131 | GTM | Guatemala | Updated NDC | 2022-04-01 00:00:00 | uploaded | null | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Contribuci%C3%B3n%20Nacionalmente%20Determinada%20Guatemala.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 21.196003 | 8.108892 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/4f007d4bd72be715fa5d2b010f8278224193491dad38240cb7663ef73677b941.pdf | ['CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA GUATEMALA 2021CONTENIDO AVANCE INSTITUCIONAL 5 SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS.7 1.', 'CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA GUATEMALA 2021CONTENIDO AVANCE INSTITUCIONAL 5 SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS.7 1. CIRCUNSTANCIAS NACIONALES E INTERNACIONALES.14 1.1 Contexto sobre los compromisos mundial... | es-ES |
132 | GTM | Guatemala | Updated NDC | 2022-05-23 00:00:00 | missing | x | NDC 1.2 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2022-06/NDC%20-%20Guatemala%202021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 21.196003 | 8.108892 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/874c4fcbe8f73e0aaefc72ab0b7ff04beb1e22bdae1c0c4369da3805f2d0ed93.pdf | ['CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA, GUATEMALA 2021CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA, GUATEMALA 2021CONTENIDO AVANCE INSTITUCIONAL 5 SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS.7 1.', 'CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA, GUATEMALA 2021CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA, GUATEMALA 2021CONTENIDO AVANCE INSTITUCIONAL 5 SIGLAS... | es-ES |
133 | GIN | Guinea | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_Guinea_english_version%20UNFCCC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 2.920972 | 1.333532 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/a0fba9c8be50d16308ccac4e8840be2808a36509f9fab6b4ebb4f62c822ee9c3.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF GUINEA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)Table of contents LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ___________________________________ 3 SUMMARY ________________________________________________________ 4 1. NATIONAL CONTEX... | en-US |
134 | GIN | Guinea | Updated NDC | 2021-07-28 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN%20GUINEE%202021_REVISION_VF.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 2.920972 | 1.333532 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/5d912beff1f04f5dc585f21fa2b5dfbbe9cab1dac60399f769115cdd7c08ecdf.pdf | ['Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) de la République de GuinéeTable des matières I. Résumé exécutif 2 II. Révision de la CDN de la République de Guinée 4 a. Contexte international 4 b. Circonstances Nationales 6 c. Processus de planification pour la révision de la CDN 8 d. Application des dispositions de... | fr-FR |
135 | GNB | Guinea Bissau | 1st NDC | 2018-10-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/GUINEA-BISSAU_INDC_Version%20to%20the%20UNFCCC%20%28eng%29.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 0.437235 | 0.214145 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/3c29eed6ec819b470141a04f2500f59a3c7f03094113ebb680f2cc34a7887e5e.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF GUINEA-BISSAU --------------- Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)Development of national goals and priorities, the context of climate change INTRODUCTION In his quality of Party Non Annex I (NAI) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), also as a Least Develop... | en-US |
136 | GNB | Guinea Bissau | Updated NDC | 2021-12-10 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC-Guinea%20Bissau-12102021.Final.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 0.437235 | 0.214145 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0ab2542c4a9071a27f6bb2bebf617e1fbb56596b25f6ddb60e6973efd9e5047c.pdf | ['Guinea-Bissau: 2020 Updated NDC UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT REPUBLIC OF GUINEA-BISSAUGuinea-Bissau: 2020 Updated NDC Bissau, October 2021 This Updated NDC has been possible with the support of the following international climate partners Disclaimer The vi... | en-US |
137 | GUY | Guyana | 1st NDC | 2016-05-20 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Guyana%27s%20revised%20NDC%20-%20Final.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 1.522409 | 0.461366 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/b0e7e216c8ccdf5a4cf6097bfb5102a4b6d94609f78d0cc43678a22954a8c38f.pdf | ['GUYANA‟S REVISED INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Introduction People can build a future that is more prosperous, more just, and more secure. Our report, Our Common Future, is not a prediction of ever increasing environmental decay, poverty, and hardship in an ever more polluted world among ever decreasing... | en-US |
138 | HTI | Haiti | 1st NDC | 2017-07-31 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CPDN_Republique%20d%27Haiti.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 3.576691 | 1.44342 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/5ac99397d655a6ae52792e3586723ad0df1ec9425f5bf12027f9eb88a1cc542c.pdf | ['REPUBLIQUE D’HAÏTI MINISTERE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau Nationali Sommaire Préambule . ii Tableau résumé de la Contribution d’Haiti . iii 2. Méthodologie d’élaboration de la contribution d’haiti . 1 3. Situation de référence des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) en Haïti . 2 1.1... | fr-FR |
139 | HTI | Haiti | Updated NDC | 1st June 2022 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN%20Revisee%20Haiti%202022.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 3.576691 | 1.44342 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/fcd01d9713c5b409aec2fc2b766742092df749293ca7c501021079bca04a836b.pdf | ['Contribution Déterminée au niveau National de la République d’Haïti PREMIERE ACTUALISATION - 2021PNUD HAITICONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE D’HAÏTI PREMIERE ACTUALISATION - 2021Table des matières TABLEAU RÉSUMÉ DE LA CONTRIBUTION D’HAÏTI 8 2. MÉTHODOLOGIE D’ÉLABORATION DE LA CONTRIBUTION DÉ... | fr-FR |
140 | HND | Honduras | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Honduras%20INDC_esp.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 10.356497 | 3.958681 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/f4f6a9054f9cddd298ed0a144925660bf05ae02a35b745da09ca1161baa9511d.pdf | ['Septiembre 2015 INDC-Honduras Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional de la República de Honduras 1 CONTRIBUCIÓN PREVISTA Y DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL INDC-Honduras Contexto nacional Por su ubicación geográfica en la parte más ancha del istmo centroamericano, la República de Honduras se encuentra perma... | es-ES |
141 | HND | Honduras | Updated NDC | 2021-05-19 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20de%20Honduras_%20Primera%20Actualizaci%C3%B3n.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 10.356497 | 3.958681 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0fe24d0adebf6d4e02dd02b834cbec57884e49017b0ebd212821bf5188100947.pdf | ['iii La elaboración de la primera actualización de la Contribución Nacional Determinada de Honduras (NDC-HN) fue coordinada por la Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente (MiAMbiente+) a través de la Dirección Nacional de Cambio Climático. Para la elaboración de esta publicación se contó con el apoyo técnico y fin... | es-ES |
142 | HUN | Hungary | LTS | 2021-09-17 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS_1_Hungary_2021_EN.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 53.182599 | 13.776103 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/b6765ba1b135d73b6621c7518681f5b395c7068c591d9a0b871a6eadd43fb610.pdf | ['National Clean Development Strategy MINISTRY FOR INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION AT WORKNational Clean Development Strategy Table of Contents Foreword . 7 Executive Summary 8 1. Long-term Vision and Guiding Principles of the National Climate Strategy . 18 2. Policy and Legal Context 21 3. Process of Concept Deve... | en-US |
143 | ISL | Iceland | LTS | 2021-10-28 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Iceland_LTS1_2021.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 3.925399 | 0.82081 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0f8f8d29848a6f7f9c40303109909a6530b289dcb72085b3c8e93da1269a7877.pdf | ['On the Path to Climate Neutrality Iceland’s Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy Government of Iceland Ministry for the Environment and Natural ResourcesOn the Path to Climate Neutrality October 2021 Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources Skuggasund 1 – 101 Reykjavík – Iceland © 2021 Ministry for t... | en-US |
144 | ISL | Iceland | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC-ICELAND.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 3.925399 | 0.82081 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/5f8707e731765df2822463939a81e4102f20ef8bc156f8066fd037c166e134a1.pdf | ['Submission by Iceland to the ADP Iceland’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction Iceland is committed to the UNFCCC negotiation process towards adopting a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention, applicable to all Parties, in line with the objec... | en-US |
145 | ISL | Iceland | Updated NDC | 2021-02-18 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Iceland_updated_NDC_Submission_Feb_2021.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 3.925399 | 0.82081 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/ac16ad83bbe51cf12942ead37131792a15e90a6d32752d8d33a43596a57fa43a.pdf | ['Update of the Nationally Determined Contribution of Iceland Communicated to the UNFCCC on February 18, 2021 This submission consists of four parts: 1) the Introduction, 2) Iceland’s updated and enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), 3) Annex I, with the information provided to facilitate clarity, transpar... | en-US |
146 | IND | India | LTS | 2022-11-14 00:00:00 | missing | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/India_LTLEDS.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 2,597.35988 | 306.825466 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d04d8e50929faa408614dcc9f7485e6e0c0c55709211468db70a786e9983e358.pdf | ['Submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change India’s Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategy Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Government of IndiaPage iiPage iii Page | 2 India’s long-term low-carbon development strategy India’s long-term low-carbon development strategyPa... | en-US |
147 | IND | India | 1st NDC | 2016-10-02 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 2,597.35988 | 306.825466 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/313b037e4534239c97bc2ac1ec797f412f13457a7d2fd98f2cbad1b6ac7c23a8.pdf | ['INDIA’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION: WORKING TOWARDS CLIMATE JUSTICE “Om dyauh śāntir antariksam śāntih prithvi śāntih āpah śāntih osadhayah śāntih” -- Yajur Veda 36.17 {{Unto Heaven be Peace, Unto the Sky and the Earth be Peace, Peace be unto the Water, Unto the Herbs and Trees be Peace}} INTRODUCTIO... | en-US |
148 | IND | India | Updated NDC | 2022-08-26 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-08/India%20Updated%20First%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contrib.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 2,597.35988 | 306.825466 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/53775c7ef06c24f6cdb4f34de0dc8077d0c0db3a383c48b574241f349db8e4a8.pdf | ['India’s Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution Under Paris Agreement August 2022 Submission to UNFCCC Government of IndiaP a g e | 1 of 3 INDIA’S UPDATED FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION WORKING TOWARDS CLIMATE JUSTICE Pursuant to decision 1/CP.20, India submitted its Intended Nationally Determined ... | en-US |
149 | IDN | Indonesia | 1st NDC | 2016-11-06 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/First%20NDC%20Indonesia_submitted%20to%20UNFCCC%20Set_November%20%202016.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 625.663006 | 141.04814 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/ec28fc1c7f1f94205f06e63caae45ed8a2d97a241bf9b4da3956824dda3d1835.pdf | ['FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION REPUBLIC OF INDONESIAFIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA 1. NATIONAL CONTEXT Indonesia is a nascent yet stable democracy and the fourth most populous country in the world. Despite continuous, multi-decade economic growth, approximately 11% of Indones... | en-US |
150 | IDN | Indonesia | Updated NDC | 2021-07-22 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Updated%20NDC%20Indonesia%202021%20-%20corrected%20version.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 625.663006 | 141.04814 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/23cc288529c33744f7305df47148647d73af79b75b013228c48f71bb19fdfed2.pdf | ['MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CLIMATE CHANGE Mahtgala Wahabakti Building 12th floor Block Vlt, Jalan Gatot Subroto - Senayan, lakarta 10270 Vebsite : h Ref. : t. ,4f/? ?t/nst\\/ptto/7/@tl Ms. Patricia Espinosa Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC D-53153 Bonn, Germany Email: sessions@unfccc... | en-US |
151 | IDN | Indonesia | Updated NDC | 2022-09-23 00:00:00 | missing | x | NDC 1.2 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/ENDC%20Indonesia.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 625.663006 | 141.04814 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/367e52232a6fdaf079b6ea28cec056e70c55e1c4572bc4034586eb5d0f2969cc.pdf | ['ENHANCED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION REPUBLIC OF INDONESIAE N H A N C E D N A T I O N A L L Y D E T E R M I N E D C O N T R I B U T I O N R E P U B L I C O F I N D O N E S I A SUMMARY Indonesia submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Ch... | en-US |
152 | IDN | Indonesia | LTS | 2021-07-22 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Indonesia_LTS-LCCR_2021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 625.663006 | 141.04814 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/dcadcdeb10ce7969f73ef1a62657c7146969de560cb85d692b1a84c7f03c3633.pdf | ['- 2021 - INDONESIA Long-Term Strategy for Low Carbon and Climate Resilience 2050INDONESIA Long-Term Strategy for Low Carbon and Climate Resilience 2050 (Indonesia LTS-LCCR 2050) - 2021 -i INDONESIA LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR LOW CARBON AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE 2050 (INDONESIA LTS-LCCR 2050) FOREWORD Climate change is recog... | en-US |
153 | IRQ | Iraq | Updated NDC | 2021-10-15 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Iraq%20NDC%20Document.docx | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 197.612244 | 25.713511 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/1e494c9edae7a63a7bc4a5688997804f3820b66cb2aae88e36e3892f26c519e9.pdf | [] | az-AZ |
154 | ISR | Israel | 1st NDC | 2016-11-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Israel%20INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 68.328974 | 18.479303 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/1543906ba72793bfc4257b7612756b48e51d986a25d698cd7c8b96daf1363cf0.pdf | ['ISRAEL S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) Submission to the ADP In accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, Israel hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to contribute to the global effort for achieving the objective of the United Nations Framework Conventio... | en-US |
155 | ISR | Israel | Updated NDC | 2021-07-29 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20update%20as%20submitted%20to%20the%20UNFCCC.docx | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 68.328974 | 18.479303 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/b9c5eca3581648a0c7ff4e537b27ddfdeea3d251d6e9d75e3f683cb9271f222a.pdf | [] | az-AZ |
156 | JAM | Jamaica | 1st NDC | 2017-04-10 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Jamaica%27s%20INDC_2015-11-25.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 7.441497 | 1.66609 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/b2450e5809c49e20c31bdabeb85f21e577e1f3b37cd682ea9dfc0b706304fe00.pdf | ['Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Jamaica Communicated to the UNFCCC 1. The National Context Jamaica is a member of the group of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). An island nation in the Caribbean Sea, it is part of the group of islands known as the Greater Antilles that also includes Cuba, Puerto R... | en-US |
157 | JAM | Jamaica | Updated NDC | 2020-07-01 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Updated%20NDC%20Jamaica%20-%20ICTU%20Guidance.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 7.441497 | 1.66609 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/c51fcfbb44064b26c49796088e8f7f64b71167ef45cd8ac9a49f556da3b3c600.pdf | ['Update of Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Jamaica Page | 1 Cover pictures courtesy of: The Forestry Department and Wigton Wind Farm Jamaica Limited Top The Cockpit Country, Jamaica Bottom Wind turbines of the completed three phased Wigton Windfarm ProjectUpdate of Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) ... | en-US |
158 | JPN | Japan | Archived LTS | 2019-06-26 00:00:00 | uploaded | null | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/The%20Long-term%20Strategy%20under%20the%20Paris%20Agreement.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 1,153.716984 | 187.234889 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/1cb913ab80f6f87f2b1112b32771151a67613f22aed922f0ec7b5cbcbf004d86.pdf | ['The Long-term Strategy under the Paris Agreement (Cabinet decision, June 11, 2019) The Government of JapanTable of Contents SUMMARY . - 1 - Introduction: Recent Situation on Climate Change, Economy and Society - 9 - (1) Situation on Climate Change - 9 - (2) Trends in Climate Change in the International Community . - ... | en-US |
159 | JPN | Japan | LTS | 2021-10-29 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | LTS 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Japan_LTS2021.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 1,153.716984 | 187.234889 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/fc9132af5c0406c676062ae1cac2f2310439093b3f86c1a879c5e0e5e50d4a3f.pdf | ['The Long-Term Strategy under the Paris Agreement (Cabinet decision, October 22, 2021) The Government of JapanTable of Contents Introduction. - 1 - Chapter 1: Basic Concepts . - 3 - 1. Intent and Purpose of Formulating this Strategy - 3 - 2. Japan’s Long-term Vision - 3 - 3. Six Perspectives on the Net-Zero by 2050. -... | en-US |
160 | JPN | Japan | 1st NDC | 2016-11-08 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/20150717_Japan%27s%20INDC.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 1,153.716984 | 187.234889 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/f3b91ca9f5e21a1238399ee03d6f802cef57c9b9ea9cf92e24e0437f7a946e5b.pdf | ['Submission of Japan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Japan is pleased to communicate its intended nationally determined contribution, as well as information to facilitate the clarity, transparency, and understanding of the contribution. Climate change is a global challenge. To solve the problem, i... | en-US |
161 | JPN | Japan | Updated NDC | 2020-03-31 00:00:00 | uploaded | null | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/SUBMISSION%20OF%20JAPAN'S%20NATIONALLY%20DETERMINED%20CONTRIBUTION%20(NDC).PDF | null | Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 1,153.716984 | 187.234889 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/005e51572ec07b56020e0fc39a0bacedf04228b0f76977c4ddcc82c8e9956d0d.pdf | ['Submission of Japan’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Japan submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on July 17, 2015 (as per the attached document). In order to contribute more ambitiously toward... | en-US |
162 | JPN | Japan | Updated NDC | 2021-10-12 00:00:00 | uploaded | null | NDC 1.2 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/JAPAN_FIRST%20NDC%20(INTERIM-UPDATED%20SUBMISSION).pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 1,153.716984 | 187.234889 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/996d571a48be5581076195a06b9a5d22de456d19689e9a86fd41efd4e310b1fe.pdf | ['<Interim Version> Japan’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Japan’s Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Target Japan aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 46 percent in fiscal year 2030 from its fiscal year 2013 levels, setting an ambitious target which is aligned with the long- term goal of achieving n... | en-US |
163 | JPN | Japan | Updated NDC | 2021-10-22 00:00:00 | missing | x | NDC 1.3 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/JAPAN_FIRST%20NDC%20(UPDATED%20SUBMISSION).pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 1,153.716984 | 187.234889 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/175ebdcdb6db40ce0e2cd70b1f42d9bea79eb5d9594eb1fdba278fae3bf5fd99.pdf | ['Japan’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Japan’s Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Target Japan aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 46 percent in fiscal year 2030 from its fiscal year 2013 levels, setting an ambitious target which is aligned with the long- term goal of achieving net-zero by 2050. F... | en-US |
164 | JOR | Jordan | 1st NDC | 2016-11-04 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Jordan%20INDCs%20Final.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 28.340053 | 7.109928 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/dd26bef345e3cdc6318285875d9ae18043cadc8e1efca95094ed6c30ac30014d.pdf | ['Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) 1. Welcoming Remarks to Jordanâ\x80\x99s INDCs The Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (GoJ) welcomes you to Jordanâ\x80\x99s diversified (a wide rainbow of combination of outcomes and actions) INDC. Jordan believes that such con... | ar-SA |
165 | KAZ | Kazakhstan | 1st NDC | 2016-12-06 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Kz_eng.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 277.364668 | 16.709754 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/a9b8c7776b975694a2ff939990ae5bf9c7222e4fb29ac6df51aa93a723da3c4c.pdf | ['Intended Nationally Determined Contribution - Submission of the Republic of Kazakhstan The Republic of Kazakhstan is fully committed to the UNFCCC negotiation process with a view to adopting a global legally binding agreement applicable to all parties at the Paris Conference in December 2015, with the ultimate aim of... | en-US |
166 | KEN | Kenya | 1st NDC | 2016-12-28 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Kenya_NDC_20150723.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 19.813011 | 9.746337 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/4383b75928140ec037f2ede13b4ce9471994d5330e412876de9b3734ec6f2c62.pdf | ['MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Kenya’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Kenya, like other countries in the region, is bearing the brunt of climate change impacts and the associated socio-economic losses. The situation is exacerbated by the high dependence on climate sensitive natural ... | en-US |
167 | KEN | Kenya | Updated NDC | 2020-12-28 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Kenya's%20First%20%20NDC%20(updated%20version).pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 19.813011 | 9.746337 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/f2a4cd01828a66e64df3d10789c889e25526cceea9951de4a7c11bc20f592298.pdf | [] | az-AZ |
168 | KIR | Kiribati | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_KIRIBATI.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.033622 | 0.017488 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d854455275a3401e3140cdb0bbfbc3efe3fe31c6f3a49918ce214459e2e62322.pdf | ['INDC KIRIBATI 1 | P a g e REPUBLIC OF KIRIBATI INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONINDC KIRIBATI 2 | P a g e Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . 3 Situation Analysis 3 Issues and challenges . 4 MITIGATION . 6 Current status 8 Planned Actions . 8 Policy Planning and Coordination . Error! Bookmark not defined.', 'I... | en-US |
169 | KWT | Kuwait | 1st NDC | 2018-04-23 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Kuwait%20First%20NDC_English.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 98.952521 | 10.916658 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/447f17c32051a32784308d36a8cadf5f8c9b010956480fdd12889ec1428ed17d.pdf | ['Intended Nationally Determined Contributions The State of Kuwait - November 2015 Introduction The State of Kuwait is considered one of the first countries to sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; it joined the Convention on 28 Dec.1994 and entered into force on 28 Mar. 1995, and the state of... | en-US |
170 | KWT | Kuwait | Updated NDC | 2021-12-10 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Kuwait%20updating%20the%20first%20NDC-English.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 98.952521 | 10.916658 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/76ca4cd8c779eb0471fb9a8f020248010949269ed83ae4ede8e9a48de515c953.pdf | ['Nationally Determined Contributions State of Kuwait - October 2021 ((updating the first NDC))The document index: Subject Page number National circumstances of the state of Kuwait 5 Effects of climate change on the State of Kuwait 5 Distribution of greenhouse gas emissions 7 Avoiding of greenhouse gas emissions 8 The ... | en-US |
171 | KGZ | Kyrgyzstan | 1st NDC | 2020-02-18 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Kyrgyzstan%20INDC%20_ENG_%20final.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 11.921389 | 2.973083 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d77dfe1104a756af0bb169d23865a91c9302c578aa9f041d2dac17788e46fe09.pdf | ['The Kyrgyz Republic Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Climate change is the greatest challenge and the most universal objective for the humanity. This global problem requires the immediate consistent actions by the world community. The Kyrgyz Republic belongs to the furthermost vulnerable countries to clima... | en-US |
172 | KGZ | Kyrgyzstan | Updated NDC | 2021-09-10 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A3%D0%92%20ENG%20%D0%BE%D1%82%2008102021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 11.921389 | 2.973083 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d2906d8bf1a992b0c2d3f6deb332a1aa363ced0b5128705a1998ac6850913232.pdf | ['Updated Nationally Determined Contribution The Kyrgyz RepublicThe stripes on the cover represent the «Warming Stripes» for the Kyrgyz Republic for the period 1901 to 2020. Source: is extremely vulnerable to climate change and economically dependent on the most climate-sensitive sectors of its economy due to geographi... | en-US |
173 | LAO | Lao Peopleâs Democratic Republic | 1st NDC | 2016-09-07 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Lao%20People%27s%20Democratic%20Republic%20First%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 6.783368 | 0.146497 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/18cfe7d3822e57504ecf96eb0c05b837f867d71ccb42fd599f49922929a34011.pdf | ['Lao People’s Democratic Republic Peace Independence Democracy Unity and Prosperity Intended Nationally Determined ContributionContents 1 National Context 2 2.1 Mitigation Contribution 3 2.2 Ambitious and Fair 4 4 INDC Development Process and Implementation Plan . 7 Annex 1: Mitigation Measures 10 Annex 2: Adaptation ... | en-US |
174 | LAO | Lao Peopleâs Democratic Republic | Updated NDC | 2021-09-05 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%202020%20of%20Lao%20PDR%20(English),%2009%20April%202021%20(1).pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 6.783368 | 0.146497 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/378b7888faf589a3741e024bee9b269b29dd6ab3d59c72e46a9d3558831485bc.pdf | ['Lao People s Democratic Republic Peace Independence Democracy Unity Prosperity Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)Table of Contents 2.1. National context 2 2.2. Summary of the scenario analysis . 3 2.3. Baseline scenario . 3 2.4. Estimated national GHG emissions in 2020 and NDC implementation progress. 3 2.5. 20... | en-US |
175 | LVA | Latvia | LTS | 2020-09-12 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Latvia.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 8.37937 | 3.283713 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/4a6be95d7a32c59a1dafd72f676fec8ff1172d94e0aec696e053a53cfe910474.pdf | ['1. Objective, Indicators, and Directions for Action 9 1.1. Overarching Objective and Intermediate Objectives of the Strategy . 9 1.3. Action Directions . 11 1.4. General Principles for the Implementation of LCD and the Strategy 12 2. Basic Assumptions . 14 3. Linkage of the Strategy with Existing Legal Acts and Polic... | lv-LV |
176 | LBN | Lebanon | 1st NDC | 2020-02-05 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Republic%20of%20Lebanon%20-%20INDC%20-%20September%202015.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 27.437067 | 6.155751 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/eb48b68bbd12232fd6546515f1f8e6665b15b134cf67609a0c40830792c1be6b.pdf | ['Republic of Lebanon Lebanon’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeTable of Contents 2. National Circumstances 1 5. Fair and Ambitious 7 6. Means of Implementation 8Lebanon presents its INDC in a situation of development challenges, including, amon... | en-US |
177 | LBN | Lebanon | Updated NDC | 2021-03-16 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Lebanon's%202020%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20Update.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 27.437067 | 6.155751 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/8d6b15bc1fc7e2f9f226428a51a8f225d0b48ae1d1d36871d68ba7cb0bb4969b.pdf | ['Lebanon’s Nationally Determined Contribution Updated 2020 VersionTable of Contents Table of Contents Executive Summary . 1. National Circumstances 1 2. Climate Action for Sustainable Development and a Green Economy 2 3. Climate Action Enablers 3 4. Mitigation Contribution 5 Impacts of Climate Change in Lebanon 7 Adap... | en-US |
178 | LSO | Lesotho | 1st NDC | 2017-01-20 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Lesotho%27s%20INDC%20Report%20%20-%20September%202015.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 0.754273 | 0.373825 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/7d482379248dcf2b1a6e60a37f95c6c0f09f786ae2ace417f37b4690307f2180.pdf | ['Foreword The Lima Call for Climate Action (Decision 1/CP.20)1 reiterated the invitation to all Parties to develop and communicate Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) as their ‘contributions’ toward achieving the ultimate objective of Article 2 of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC... | en-US |
179 | LBR | Liberia | 1st NDC | 2018-08-27 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Final%20Submission%20Sept%2030%202015%20Liberia.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 1.20753 | 0.545631 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/78df7d90994d80a800a8c46f7c40408d6c847bd94b212ee577e2fd2ece630eeb.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (INDC) Preamble Liberia’s INDC presents a context for the global effort to create a new international climate agreement by the end of the Paris Climate Summit in December 2015, in order to limit temperature increase to 2°C. Liberia recognizes the curren... | en-US |
180 | LBR | Liberia | Updated NDC | 2021-08-04 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Liberia's%20Updated%20NDC_RL_FINAL%20(002).pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 1.20753 | 0.545631 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/661a8b32f563671624a890ccf7d2ecd0d75305baada4f21a39aa0894b5b30139.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA Liberia’s Revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Environment Protection Agency Republic of Liberiaii FOREWORDiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to support provided from the NDC Partnership through the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP), the NDC Coordinator, and key support partne... | en-US |
181 | LIE | Liechtenstein | 1st NDC | 2017-09-20 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/150422_INDC_FL.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/e9e9aae567ea79ed3cfd02cee2bc0eb421282a69078f870e6bf7cdc6f9c14884.pdf | ['G O V ER N M EN T PR I N C I PA LI TY O F LI EC H TEN STEI N Postfach 684 | 9490 Vaduz | Fürstentum Liechtenstein | www.au.llv.li Liechtenstein’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Submission of 22 April 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC The content of Liecht... | en-US |
182 | LTU | Lithuania | LTS | 2022-03-17 00:00:00 | missing | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Lithuanian%20Climate%20Change%20Management%20Agenda%202021%20EN.docx | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 13.771914 | 5.7612 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/12c6023a78da026f02f7ca02208a3eda8726959a75f5bdf1c869550839e732d3.pdf | [] | az-AZ |
183 | LUX | Luxembourg | LTS | 2021-11-02 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LUX_LTS_2021.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 9.739865 | 6.216492 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d49e31c0c09f63ba8ac69433ccc427e4b03290b16ae8c0d94088cf01b5b48e05.pdf | ['Stratégie nationale à long terme en matière d’action climat « Vers la neutralité climatique en 2050 »Vers la neutralité climatique en 2050 2 / 97 Table des matières 2.1 Contexte international et européen . 9 2.2 Contexte national 11 3 Relevé de la situation nationale 15 3.1 Evolution des émissions sectorielles de gaz... | fr-FR |
184 | MDG | Madagascar | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Madagascar%20INDC%20Eng.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 4.198763 | 1.229995 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/722abb163c16c276d3555346ddebd3db5734616de2b8e93d6e00562034187802.pdf | ['MADAGASCAR’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NATIONAL CONTEXT AND PRIORITIES Madagascar is among the top-ten countries of the world having important and extensive coastal zones. Due to its geographical position, the island frequently experiences extreme weather events that significantly affect its nationa... | en-US |
185 | MWI | Malawi | 1st NDC | 2017-06-29 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/MALAWI%20INDC%20SUBMITTED%20TO%20UNFCCC%20REV.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 1.616148 | 0.562809 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/23392db6b5b347ac12c45b838c18ae3188d065c9e45ef571b4786d0d904a7688.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF MALAWI INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 1.1 National Circumstances Malawi is a land-locked and densely populated country located in sub-Saharan Africa. The country lies at the southern end of the Great East African Rift Valley system. It is bordered by Tanzania to the north, Zambia to the west ... | en-US |
186 | MWI | Malawi | Updated NDC | 2021-07-30 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Malawi%20Updated%20NDC%20July%202021%20submitted.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 1.616148 | 0.562809 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d255aabc53ed8cb18a2111f8ecd73e2c6f08e5bc60ebff0e92ac223d4679a45e.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF MALAWI UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONSMALAWI’S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION I Foreword Climate Change is recognized as one the biggest challenges humanity is facing today. It has implications for economic development, food security and poverty eradication for developing countries... | en-US |
187 | MYS | Malaysia | 1st NDC | 2016-11-16 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Malaysia%20Final%2027%20November%202015%20Revised%20Final%20UNFCCC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 248.83266 | 63.284846 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/e567e1406bda8fdf1bff097fd1a063b46eb51d6a549a80753e05535b41373bd5.pdf | ['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA In accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the UNFCCC, the Government of Malaysia is pleased to communicate its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), together with relevant clarifying information. MALAYSIA’S INTENDED NATI... | en-US |
188 | MYS | Malaysia | Updated NDC | 2021-07-30 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Malaysia%20NDC%20Updated%20Submission%20to%20UNFCCC%20July%202021%20final.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 248.83266 | 63.284846 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/a5700749b5e8ee5f3c3be464d629c806939c79d53ea4be0f9181337b7ead9d69.pdf | ['MALAYSIA’S UPDATE OF ITS FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION In accordance with paragraph 2(b) of decision 1/CP.19, Malaysia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat on 27th November 2015. The submitted INDC... | en-US |
189 | MDV | Maldives | 1st NDC | 2016-04-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Maldives%20INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 0.912805 | 0.480655 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/b50f54d177406335d0e99bc7a3ea0a3b30ddf22fc8fdf75fe54522a03118c84a.pdf | ['Maldivesâ\x80\x99 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Vision To recognize the status of Maldives as a nation suffering from the adverse impacts of climate change and to build its capacity to ensure a safe, sustainable and resilient and prosperous future National Circumstances and Challenges The Maldives is a ... | af-ZA |
190 | MDV | Maldives | Updated NDC | 2020-12-28 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Maldives%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%202020.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 0.912805 | 0.480655 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/b9e122edb8477a00d2b06ac4e3d79e14a87cd52c6fc22bb5d835d2b690400661.pdf | ['Update of Nationally Determined Contribution of Maldives Ministry of EnvironmentForeword Climate change remains an existential threat to the Maldives. We are in fact, one of the most vulnerable countries to the adverse impacts of it. This is mainly due to our unique geographical setting such as the small, low lying a... | en-US |
191 | MLI | Mali | 1st NDC | 2016-09-23 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Mali_revised%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 1.031354 | 0.344225 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/53949b8ef1e26be94f5f2b4d1fb89c619d749d5736e3b3e6b2bc9fa29308bd04.pdf | ['MISSION PERMANENTE DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALl AUPRES DES NATIONS UNIES 111 East 69th Street, New York, N.Y. 10021 E-mail: malionu@aol.com Website: WVvW.un.inVmali I La Mission permanente de Ia Republique du Mali aupres de ! Organisation des Nations Unies presente ses compliments au Bureau des Affaires juridiques de ! O... | fr-FR |
192 | MLI | Mali | Updated NDC | 2021-11-10 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/MALI%20First%20NDC%20update.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 1.031354 | 0.344225 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/6b230390538becae490e9380b40f1aacb7277eec9d07a07483ee67f937f08e4a.pdf | ['Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National réviséeContribution Déterminée au Niveau National révisée 3Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National réviséeContribution Déterminée au Niveau National révisée 5Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National réviséeContribution Déterminée au Niveau National révisée 7Contribution... | fr-FR |
193 | MLT | Malta | LTS | 2021-11-12 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/MLT_LTS_Nov2021.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 1.043602 | 0.346944 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0b0122eb02a90a2e0bfaaf27b346f4adb82933bd4bbf3b45e95c42a7a065906d.pdf | ['Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy Contents Foreword - Minister for the Environment, Climate Change and Planning 6 List of Abbreviations 9 Executive Summary 14 1. Overview And Process For Developing Strategies 19 1.2. Legal and policy context 22 1.3. Public consultation and stakeholder engagement 23 2. Abatement O... | en-US |
194 | MHL | Marshall Islands | 1st NDC | 2016-04-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/150721%20RMI%20INDC%20JULY%202015%20FINAL%20SUBMITTED.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/3106228e3bf6df1e95722b97863b3c8c475a1ffd788de886007db64adad221cc.pdf | ['Republic of the Marshall Islands Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the UNFCCC on 21 July 2015 Introduction The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is committed to the successful conclusion of negotiations under the Ad-Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) in o... | en-US |
195 | MHL | Marshall Islands | LTS | 2018-01-09 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/20181122%20Marshall%20Islands%20NDC%20to%20UNFCCC%2022%20November%202018%20FINAL.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/6059fb1352ee97d91ccc03c64666bc4224b97793fc25861a6d386e63c8026038.pdf | ['The Republic of the Marshall Islands Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to th... | en-US |
196 | MHL | Marshall Islands | 2nd NDC | 2018-11-22 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 2.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/20181122%20Marshall%20Islands%20NDC%20to%20UNFCCC%2022%20November%202018%20FINAL.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/6059fb1352ee97d91ccc03c64666bc4224b97793fc25861a6d386e63c8026038.pdf | ['The Republic of the Marshall Islands Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to th... | en-US |
197 | MRT | Mauritania | 1st NDC | 2017-02-27 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20MAURITANIA.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 7.659442 | 1.355645 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/6ec1f81159a3199f3b3e3c1316355834fd3850ffc60e0ed67e52afaa54fb35b9.pdf | ['RAPPORT NATIONAL CPDN REPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE DE MAURITANIE Honneur - Fraternité - Justice Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable CONTRIBUTION PRÉVUE DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA MAURITANIE A LA CONVENTION CADRE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES (CCNUCC) 21ème Conférence des Part... | fr-FR |
198 | MRT | Mauritania | Updated NDC | 2021-12-10 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN-actualis%C3%A9%202021_%20Mauritania.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 7.659442 | 1.355645 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0bb0f19be9535cf4ed147b78c14933dc2e1b06bb77b35e8a3bacb07e3be0ab9d.pdf | ['CONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIECONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN MAURITANIE VISION DE LA CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE NATIONALE (CDN) ACTUALISEE DE LA MAURITANIE Promouvoir un développement résilient au climat Et la création d’emplois verts durablesCONTRIBUTION DENTERMINEE AU NIVEA... | fr-FR |
199 | MUS | Mauritius | 1st NDC | 2016-04-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Final%20INDC%20for%20Mauritius%2028%20Sept%202015.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 4.331796 | 1.156887 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/64aa98d1eb0a5743d5fb3139cdd255f342665714ea92d02a323d1ae9b3bb94f4.pdf | ['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FOR THE REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUSAs a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), Mauritius is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and its adverse impacts on socio-economic development. We know that the global greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from major big country poll... | en-US |
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