query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
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|---|---|---|---|---|
The second model of cybermat seen in The Wheel in Space was used for sabotage , able to listen to human brainwaves . | [
"The second model of cybermat seen in The Wheel in Space was used for sabotage , able to tune in on human brainwaves ."
] | [
"In their first appearance in the series , the only portions of their bodies that still seemed human were their hands ; by their next appearance in The Moonbase ( 1967 ) , their bodies were entirely covered up in their metallic suits , with their hands replaced by two finger claws , but they changed back to regular... | SimpleWiki | {
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They were created by Dr. Kit Pedler ( the unofficial scientific advisor to the program ) and Gerry Davis in 1966 , first appearing in the serial , The Tenth Planet , which was the last to feature William Hartnell as the First Doctor . | [
"They were created by Dr. Kit Pedler ( the unofficial scientific advisor to the program ) and Gerry Davis in 1966 , first appearing in the serial The Tenth Planet , the last to feature William Hartnell as the First Doctor ."
] | [
"She returned in the following serial Logopolis , in which the Fourth Doctor regenerated , and remained as a companion of the Fifth Doctor ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In Earthshock ( 1982 ) , the actors ' chins were vaguely visible through a clear perspex area on the helmet to suggest some kind of human face . | [
"In Earthshock ( 1982 ) , the actors ' chins were vaguely visible through a clear perspex area on the helmet to suggest some kind of organic matter ."
] | [
"Unlike the Doctor 's other foes , the Cybermen costumes have changed substantially in appearance over the years , looking more and more modern , although retaining certain commonalities of design , the most iconic being the `` handle bars '' attached to Cybermen heads that were supposed to aid with their hearing .... | SimpleWiki | {
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While the Doctor 's other old enemies the Daleks did not change during the original series 's twenty-six season run , the Cybermen were seen to change with almost every appearance . | [
"While the Doctor 's other old enemies , the Daleks , were on the whole unchanged during the original series ' twenty-six season run , the Cybermen were seen to change with almost every encounter ."
] | [
"She returned in the following serial Logopolis , in which the Fourth Doctor regenerated , and remained as a companion of the Fifth Doctor ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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They also appeared in the spin-off series Torchwood in the episode `` Cyberwoman '' . | [
"They also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood in its fourth episode , `` Cyberwoman '' ( 2006 ) ."
] | [
"The series was introduced in the first season Diff ` rent Strokes episode `` The Girls School '' ."
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The Second Doctor described them as a `` form of metallic life , '' . | [
"The Second Doctor described them as a `` form of metallic life , '' implying that they may be semi-organic like the Cybermen , and that they too attack by feeding off brain waves ."
] | [
"The platforms and elevators are guarded by creatures confusingly known as Zubs but each planet has a different sub-species - for example the first level 's Zub resembles a gyroscope whilst he fourth level 's is a fish ."
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Soul music is a kind of music that mixes rhythm and blues , gospel music and white pop music . | [
"Soul music has its roots in gospel music and rhythm and blues ."
] | [
"Since the 1960s , the electric bass is the standard bass instrument for rock and roll , jazz fusion ( and occasionally other forms of jazz ) , heavy metal , country , reggae and pop music ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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There are also firefighters who fight forest fires and grass fires . They are called wildland firefighters . | [
"In Portugal , the use of volunteer firefighters is standard , along with career firefighters ."
] | [
"In some locations , the rainfall led to flooding , which prevented farmers from harvesting crops ."
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These are called structural firefighters . | [
"Additionally , there are volunteer firefighters ( who are theoretically unpaid ) and retained firefighters ( sometimes called on call or auxiliary firefighters , who are paid for the specific time they are on duty , i.e. permanent part-time career firefighters ) on call 24 hours a day , 7 days a week . In such cou... | [
"These are commonly referred to as ice tubes ."
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Interstate 72 is an Interstate Highway in the United States . | [
"Interstate 72 ( I-72 ) is an Interstate Highway in the midwestern United States ."
] | [
"Interstate 43 ( I-43 ) is a 191.55 m intrastate Interstate Highway located entirely within the U.S. state of Wisconsin , connecting Interstate 39 and Interstate 90 in Beloit with Milwaukee and U.S. Route 41 and U.S. Route 141 in Green Bay . I-43 is the 5th longest intrastate Interstate Highway of the Interstate Hi... | SimpleWiki | {
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William II of England ( c. 1056 â `` 2 August 1100 ) was the second son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders . He was King of England from 1087 until 1100 . | [
"William II ( c. 1056 â `` 2 August 1100 ) , the third son of William I of England ( William the Conqueror ) , was King of England from 1087 until 1100 , with powers over Normandy , and influence in Scotland ."
] | [
"Berengaria of Navarre ( , ; c. 1165 â `` 1170 â `` 23 December 1230 ) was Queen of the English as the wife of King Richard I of England . She was the eldest daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The dead bodies of vertebrate animals and insects are sometimes called carcasses . | [
"The dead bodies of vertebrate animals , insects and humans are somet imes called carcasses ."
] | [
"The first use of the word was for the limbs of fish , but has been extended to include other animal limbs and man-made devices ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The body of a dead person is also called a corpse or cadaver . | [
"The dead body of a human is referred to as a cadaver , or corpse ."
] | [
"They were portrayed as evil , often feeding on the blood of the body after the soul had been escorted to Hades ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Gerty Theresa Cori ( August 15 , 1896 - October 26 , 1957 ) was an American biochemist who became the third woman , and first American woman , to win a Nobel Prize in science . | [
"Gerty Theresa Cori ( nà e Radnitz , August 15 , 1896 â `` October 26 , 1957 ) was an American biochemist who became the third womanâ '' and first American womanâ '' to win a Nobel Prize in science , and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ."
] | [
"Edward B. Lewis ( May 20 , 1918 â `` July 21 , 2004 ) was an American geneticist , a corecipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Shap is a village and civil parish in Cumbria , Engalnd . In 2001 there were 1,221 people living in Shap . | [
"The civil parish of Shap ( formerly Shap Urban Parish ) includes the hamlet of Keld and parts of the granite works and Corus limestone works , and has a population of 1,221 ."
] | [
"Worlingham is a suburb of Beccles . The combined population of Beccles and Worlingham in 2005 was estimated at 13,580 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Lavau is a commune of the Aube dà partement in the north-central part of France . | [
"Lavau is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France ."
] | [
"Brienne-le-Ch à cents teau is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Geography:",
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htaccess is a type of computer file for the configuring some web servers . . htaccess files can be used to create custom error pages , or to prevent visitors from directly linking pictures , also known as hot-linking to their own sites , costing the website owner money . | [
"htaccess files ."
] | [
"Web browsers and web proxy servers employ web caches to store previous responses from web servers , such as web pages ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Jodie Foster ( born November 19 , 1962 ) is an American actress . | [
"Alicia Christian `` Jodie '' Foster ( born November 19 , 1962 ) is an American actress , film director , producer as well as being a former child actress ."
] | [
"Swoosie Kurtz ( born September 6 , 1944 ) is an American actress ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The first episode aired in 1999 , and Dora the Explorer became a regular series in 2000 . | [
"Dora the Explorer became a regular series in 2000 ."
] | [
"During the return on SuperStuffed Nicktoons Weekend , a brand new Back at the Barnyard movie aired on November 29 , 2008 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Seneffe is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut . | [
"Seneffe is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut ."
] | [
"Thuin is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Marnay-sur-Seine is a commune of the Aube dà partement in the north-central part of France . | [
"Marnay-sur-Seine is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France ."
] | [
"Lignol-le-Ch à cents teau is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Some volume managers also implement snapshotting by applying copy-on-write ( COW ) to each PE . | [
"Some volume managers also implement snapshots by applying copy-on-write to each LE ."
] | [
"The client may make many changes to a datum in the cache , and then explicitly notify the cache to write back the datum ."
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A file system that can be resized online is recommended because it allows the system to adjust its storage on-the-fly without interrupting applications . | [
"A file system that can be resized online is recommended in that it allows the system to adjust its storage on-the-fly without interrupting applications ."
] | [
"Note that during the act of writing an object , a RAID storage device will usually be writing all redundant copies of the object in parallel , although overlapped or staggered writes are more common when a single RAID processor is responsible for multiple drives ."
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The volume manager starts with physical volumes or PVs , which can be hard disk partitions , RAID devices or SAN LUNs . | [
"They start with physical volumes ( PVs ) , which can be either hard disks , hard disk partitions , or LUNs of an external storage device ."
] | [
"The methods used to store data by various RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible , so that it may not be possible to read a RAID array on different hardware , with the exception of RAID 1 , which is typically represented as plain identical copies of the original data on each disk ."
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The pooled PEs can then be concatenated together into virtual disk partitions called logical volumes or LVs . | [
"The pooled LEs can then be concatenated together into virtual disk partitions called logical volumes or LVs ."
] | [
"The methods used to store data by various RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible , so that it may not be possible to read a RAID array on different hardware , with the exception of RAID 1 , which is typically represented as plain identical copies of the original data on each disk ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Snapshots can be useful for backing up self-consistent versions of volatile data like table files from a busy database , or for rolling back large changes in one swoop , such as an operating system upgrade . | [
"Snapshots can be useful for backing up self-consistent versions of volatile data like table files from a busy database , or for rolling back large changes ( such as an operating system upgrade ) in a single operation ."
] | [
"Consequently a non-disk hardware failure may require the use of identical hardware to recover the data , and furthermore an identical configuration has to be reassembled without triggering a rebuild and overwriting the data ."
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In practice , PVGs are usually chosen so that their PVs reside on different sets of disks and\/or data buses for maximum redundancy . | [
"PVGs are usually laid out so that they reside on different disks and\\/or data buses for maximum redundancy ."
] | [
"The coherence of caches is obtained if the following conditions are met :"
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In this scheme , the volume manager will copy a PE to a COW table just before it is written to . | [
"In this scheme , the volume manager will copy the LE to a copy-on-write table just before it is written to ."
] | [
"` Raw ' mode provides support for a file system that is corrupt , or that is n't officially supported , by capturing a complete image of all sectors on the disk ."
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Snapshots which are read-write are branching snapshots because they implicitly allow diverging versions of an LE . | [
"Read-write snapshots are branching snapshots because they implicitly allow diverging versions of an LV ."
] | [
"Hence an error that occurs during the process of writing may leave the redundant copies in different states , and furthermore may leave the copies in neither the old nor the new state ."
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The LVs can be grown by concatenating more PEs from the pool . Some volume managers allow LV shrinking ; some allow online resizing in either direction . | [
"Some volume managers allow the re-sizing of LVs in either direction while online ."
] | [
"Note that during the act of writing an object , a RAID storage device will usually be writing all redundant copies of the object in parallel , although overlapped or staggered writes are more common when a single RAID processor is responsible for multiple drives ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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These LVs behave just like hard disk partitions : mountable file systems can be created on them , or they can be used as raw block devices for swap . | [
"Systems can use LVs as raw block devices just like disk partitions : creating mountable file systems on them , or using them as swap storage ."
] | [
"The methods used to store data by various RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible , so that it may not be possible to read a RAID array on different hardware , with the exception of RAID 1 , which is typically represented as plain identical copies of the original data on each disk ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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This preserves an old version of the LEâ '' the snapshotâ '' which can later be reconstructed by overlaying the copy-on-write table on the current LE . | [
"This preserves an old version of the LVâ '' the snapshotâ '' which systems can later reconstruct by overlaying the copy-on-write table atop the current LV ."
] | [
"It is only active when replicating within a host , using a hosts ' resources and food ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Logical volume management is a method of allocating computer storage . | [
"In computer storage , logical volume management or LVM provides a method of allocating space on mass-storage devices that is more flexible than conventional partitioning schemes ."
] | [
"Software RAID has advantages and disadvantages compared to hardware RAID . The software must run on a host server attached to storage , and server 's processor must dedicate processing time to run the RAID software ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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PVs are split into small chunks of even size ( a default of 4 MB on HP-UX ) called physical extents or PEs . | [
"Volume management treats PVs as sequences of chunks called physical extents ( PEs ) . Some volume managers ( such as that in HP-UX and Linux ) have PEs of a uniform size ; others ( such as that in Veritas ) has variably-sized PEs that can be split and merged at will ."
] | [
"NCQ and PATA TCQ have a maximum queue length of 32 outstanding commands ( 31 in practice ) ."
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The Prince and the Pauper is a book written by Mark Twain , published in 1882 . | [
"The Prince and the Pauper is an English-language novel by American author Mark Twain . It was first published in 1881 in Canada before its 1882 publication in the United States ."
] | [
"Fig Pudding is a young adult novel written by Ralph Fletcher , first published in 1995 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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After Satan will be out of the pit , he will gather one man called Gog and Magog ( In the texts he is named God and Magog but also named Gog kind of Magog , in Jewish texts , the war of Gog and Magog means the attack of Gog kind of Magog to kill all the Jewish people , and God will kill him and his army . In Christiani... | [
"After being released from the abyss , Satan will gather Gog and Magog ( peoples of two specific nations ) from the four corners of the earth ."
] | [
"While there may be some debate among religious scholars regarding the exact nature of the memitim , it is generally accepted that , as described in the Book of Job 33:22 , they are killers of some sort ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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After that war Satan ( or the Antichrist ) will be thrown to the bottomless pit , or Abyss for a 1,000 years , known as the Millennium Age . | [
"Then Satan will be put into the `` bottomless pit '' or abyss for 1,000 years , known as the Millennial Age ."
] | [
"During his last 3 hours on the cross , from noon to 3 p.m. , darkness falls over the whole land ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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This word comes from the Hebrew Har Megiddo ( '' ' `` ) , which means - Mountain of Megiddo . | [
"The word may come from Hebrew har mÉ giddà , meaning `` Mountain of Megiddo '' ."
] | [
"In the Hebrew Bible the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility to a large plain ( `` Kikkar ha-Yarden '' ) , and it is said to be like `` the garden of God '' ( Genesis ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Ø Ø Ù Ù , Latin : ArmagedÅ n ) is the place where the great war of the end of day will start . | [
"Mount Armageddon ( HarmagedÅ n , , Har Megiddo , Arabic Ù Ø Ù Ø Ø Ù Ù , Late Latin : ) is the site of an epic battle associated with the end time prophecies of the Abrahamic religions ."
] | [
"In the brief but autonomous companion narrative of the dragon ( 14:23 -30 ) , `` there was a great dragon , which the Babylonians revered . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation is a 1974 book written by psychiatrist Ian Stevenson on reincarnation research . | [
"Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation is a book written by psychiatrist Ian Stevenson on the phenomena of what he calls spontaneous recall of information about previous lives by young children ."
] | [
"Joseph Banks Rhine ( September 29 , 1895 -- February 20 , 1980 ) ( usually known as J. B. Rhine ) was a botanist who later developed an interest in parapsychology and psychology ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Scholars who learn Korean history learn hanja to read historical papers . | [
"Scholars who wish to study Korean history must study hanja in order to read historical documents ."
] | [
"As a result of his teachings in putting emphasis on literature as a fundamental form of human expression , Chinese writing would begin to thrive in Japan , becoming an accepted artistic pursuit ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Hanja-mal or hanja-eo is about words which can be written with hanja . Hanmun ( í ë ) is about the Chinese Classical writing , but hanja can sometimes be used to generally mean hanmun too . | [
"Hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words which can be written with hanja , and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing , although `` hanja '' is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts ."
] | [
"More specifically , it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Children in Korea still learn hanja , for many Korean words still have roots in hanja . | [
"Opinion surveys show that the South Korean public do not consider hanja literacy essential , a situation attributed to the fact that formal hanja education in South Korea does not begin until the seventh year of schooling . Hanja terms are also expressed through hangul , the standard script in the Korean language ... | [
"However Chinese characters should not be confused with Chinese words ; since most Chinese words are made up of two or more different characters , there are many times more Chinese words than there are characters ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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But until then , everyone mostly read and wrote in hanja , so most of the older books in Korean literature are written in hanja . | [
"Thus , until that time it was necessary to be fluent in reading and writing hanja in order to be literate in Korean , as the vast majority of Korean literature and most other Korean documents were written in hanja . Today , hanja plays a different role ."
] | [
"However Chinese characters should not be confused with Chinese words ; since most Chinese words are made up of two or more different characters , there are many times more Chinese words than there are characters ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It is about the Chinese characters that are borrowed from the Chinese language and used in the Korean language with Korean pronunciation . | [
"More specifically , it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation ."
] | [
"Opinion surveys show that the South Korean public do not consider hanja literacy essential , a situation attributed to the fact that formal hanja education in South Korea does not begin until the seventh year of schooling . Hanja terms are also expressed through hangul , the standard script in the Korean language ... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Only a few hanja characters are unique to Korea . | [
"Only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean ."
] | [
"They feature many letters that appear to have been borrowed from or influenced by the Greek alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Hanja is the Korean word for Chinese characters . | [
"Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters ."
] | [
"It is written in a longhand form called wenzi pu ( æ -- å -- è ) ( literally `` written notation '' ) , said to have been created by Yong Menzhou during the Warring States Period , which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Hanja was never very greatly changed , so many of the Chinese characters are often entirely the same as traditional Chinese . | [
"Because hanja never underwent major reform , they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese and kyÅ `` jitai characters ."
] | [
"The names of the earthly branches have no English counterparts and are not the Chinese translations of the animals ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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They include aluminium adjuvants , squalene , squalene and phosphate adjuvants . | [
"Most often aluminium adjuvants are used , but adjuvants like squalene are also used in some vaccines and more vaccines with squalene and phosphate adjuvants are being tested ."
] | [
"Cadmium sulfide is sometimes associted with sulfate reducing bacteria ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Thiomersal is more effective against bacteria , has better shelf life , and improves vaccine stability , potency , and safety , but in the U.S. , the European Union , and a few other rich countries , it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines , as a precautionary measure due to its mercury content . | [
"Thiomersal is more effective against bacteria , has better shelf life , and improves vaccine stability , potency , and safety , but in the U.S. , the European Union , and a few other affluent countries , it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines , as a precautionary measure due to its mercury co... | [
"Although the benefits of preventing suffering and death from serious infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare adverse effects following immunization , disputes have arisen over the morality , ethics , effectiveness , and safety of vaccination . Some vaccination critics say that vaccines are ineffecti... | SimpleWiki | {
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Solid oral vaccines have proven to be more stable and less likely to freeze ; this stability reduces the need for a `` cold chain '' : the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration , which , in turn , will decrease costs of vacc... | [
"Oral vaccines are likely to be solid which have proven to be more stable and less likely to freeze ; this stability reduces the need for a `` cold chain '' : the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration , which , in turn ,... | [
"In developing and developed countries who operate either commercial or industrial agriculture , food waste can occur at most stages of the food industry and in significant amounts . In subsistence agriculture , the amounts of food waste are unknown but are likely to be insignificant by comparison , due to the limi... | SimpleWiki | {
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Even if the host develops antibodies , the immune system might still not be able to defeat the infection . | [
"Even if the host develops antibodies , the human immune system is not perfect and in any case the immune system might still not be able to defeat the infection ."
] | [
"Throughout the lifetime of an animal these memory cells will â rememberâ each specific pathogen encountered , and are able to mount a strong and rapid response if the pathogen is detected again ."
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When two or more vaccines are mixed together in the same formulation , they can interfere as in live attenuated vaccines , where one of the vaccine components is more robust than the others and suppresses the growth and immune response to the other components . | [
"When two or more vaccines are mixed together in the same formulation , the two vaccines can interfere . This most frequently occurs with live attenuated vaccines , where one of the vaccine components is more robust than the others and suppresses the growth and immune response to the other components ."
] | [
"The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host 's immune system , resulting in the death of the host , while the II-R strain does n't have that protective capsule and is defeated by the host 's immune system ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The agent in the vaccine stimulates the body 's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign , destroy it , and `` remember '' it . Then the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms that it later encounters . | [
"The agent stimulates the body 's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign , destroy it , and `` remember '' it , so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters ."
] | [
"Throughout the lifetime of an animal these memory cells will â rememberâ each specific pathogen encountered , and are able to mount a strong and rapid response if the pathogen is detected again ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The microneedle , which is `` pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin '' . | [
"Finally , a microneedle approach , which is still in stages of development , seems to be the vaccine of the future , the microneedle , which is `` pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin '' ."
] | [
"The principal types of electrodes are : 1 ) simple solid conductors , such as discs and needles ( singles or arrays , often insulated except for the tip ) , 2 ) tracings on printed circuit boards , also insulated except for the tip , and 3 ) hollow tubes filled with an electrolyte , such as glass pipettes filled w... | SimpleWiki | {
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While the majority of vaccines are dead , inactivated or attenuated organisms , purified products derived from them , some vaccines are synthetic vaccines . | [
"Vaccines are dead or inactivated organisms or purified products derived from them ."
] | [
"Transformation may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells including animal and plant cells , however , because transformation has a special meaning in relation to animal cells indicating progression to a cancerous state , the term should be avoided for animal cells w... | SimpleWiki | {
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Cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important , compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs , due to greater productivitity and few problems with contamination . | [
"Cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important , compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs , due to greater productivitity and low incidence of problems with contamination ."
] | [
"Although this can conflict with efforts to reuse food waste ( such as in animal feed ) , safety regulations are in place to ensure the health of the consumer ; they are vitally important , especially in the processing of foodstuffs of animal origin ( e.g. meat and dairy products ) , as contaminated products from t... | SimpleWiki | {
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Adjuvants usually boost immune response . | [
"Adjuvants are typically used to boost immune response ."
] | [
"The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific â non-self â antigens , during a process known as antigen presentation ."
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The term derives from the Latin vaccÄ `` n-us ( from vacca cow ) ; in 1796 Edward Jenner used cows infected with cowpox ( variolae vaccinae ) to protect people against smallpox . | [
"The term vaccine derives from Edward Jenner 's 1796 use of the term cow pox ( Latin variolà vaccinà , adapted from the Latin vaccÄ `` n-us , from vacca cow ) , which , when administered to humans , provided them protection against smallpox ."
] | [
"The name comes from the Ancient Greek aÄ `` dÄ `` s , meaning `` unpleasant '' or `` odious '' , so called because of the diseases this type of mosquito transmits , including dengue fever and yellow fever ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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A multivalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism , or against two or more microorganisms . | [
"A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism , or against two or more microorganisms ."
] | [
"When the adaptive immune system of a vertebrate encounters a virus , it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and render it non-infectious ."
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New delivery technologies have resulted in oral vaccines , as a polio vaccine . | [
"The latest developments in vaccine delivery technologies have resulted in oral vaccines ."
] | [
"In the 1970s , antibiotic treatments and vaccines for leprosy were developed using armadillos , then given to humans ."
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While the majority of vaccines are dead , inactivated or attenuated organisms , purified products derived from them , some vaccines are synthetic vaccines . The latter are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides , carbohydrates or antigens . | [
"While most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from micro-organisms , synthetic vaccines are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides , carbohydrates or antigens ."
] | [
"A DNA construct may express wildtype protein , prevent the expression of certain genes by expressing competitors or inhibitors , or express mutant proteins , such as deletion mutations or missense mutations ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In 1950s the polio vaccine was developed . | [
"Major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s ."
] | [
"His first crusade there was in 1973 , during which he openly denounced apartheid ."
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In response , concern has been raised about the medical risks of vaccines , increased rates of life-threatening infections . | [
"In response , concern has been raised that spreading unfounded information about the medical risks of vaccines increases rates of life-threatening infections , not only in the children whose parents refused vaccinations , but also in other children , perhaps too young for vaccines , who could contract infections f... | [
"Similarly , physical trauma is not accepted as a cause for cervical cancer , breast cancer , or brain cancer ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases , because there is little revenue potential , the financial and other risks are great . | [
"Pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases , because there is little revenue potential ."
] | [
"In recent years , public health programs providing vaccinations have made incredible strides in promoting health , including the eradication of smallpox , a disease that plagued humanity for thousands of years ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In the 20th century vaccines were introduced against diphtheria , measles , mumps , and rubella . | [
"The twentieth century saw the introduction of several successful vaccines , including those against diphtheria , measles , mumps , and rubella ."
] | [
"These personal tragedies inspired Pasteur to try to find cures for diseases such as typhoid ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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Vaccines may be monovalent or multivalent . | [
"Vaccines may be monovalent ( also called univalent ) or multivalent ( also called polyvalent ) ."
] | [
"An estimated 270-300 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is not known to cause disease in other animals . No vaccine against hepatitis C is currently available ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Preservatives in vaccines , such as thiomersal , phenoxyethanol , and formaldehyde , prevent serious adverse effects . | [
"Several preservatives are available , including thiomersal , phenoxyethanol , and formaldehyde ."
] | [
"Chronic chloroform exposure can damage the liver ( where chloroform is metabolized to phosgene ) and to the kidneys , and some people develop sores when the skin is immersed in chloroform ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Although the benefits of using vaccines in preventing suffering and death from infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare adverse effects following administration of vaccines , disputes have arisen over the morality , ethics , effectiveness , safety of using vaccines and their effectiveness or that vaccine ... | [
"Although the benefits of preventing suffering and death from serious infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare adverse effects following immunization , disputes have arisen over the morality , ethics , effectiveness , and safety of vaccination . Some vaccination critics say that vaccines are ineffecti... | [
"Thiomersal is more effective against bacteria , has better shelf life , and improves vaccine stability , potency , and safety , but in the U.S. , the European Union , and a few other affluent countries , it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines , as a precautionary measure due to its mercury co... | SimpleWiki | {
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Some religious groups do not allow uses of vaccines , and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty . | [
"Some religious groups do not allow vaccination , and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty ."
] | [
"On the other side of the debate , those in favor of animal testing held that experiments on animals were necessary to advance medical and biological knowledge ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Most vaccine development to date has relied on governments , universities and non-profit organizations . | [
"Most vaccine development to date has relied on `` push '' funding by government , universities and non-profit organizations ."
] | [
"As a political organization , the World Bank must meet the demands of donor and borrowing governments , private capital markets , and other international organizations ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The filing of patents on vaccine development processes can be viewed as an obstacle to the development of new vaccines . | [
"The filing of patents on vaccine development processes can also be viewed as an obstacle to the development of new vaccines ."
] | [
"Oral vaccines are likely to be solid which have proven to be more stable and less likely to freeze ; this stability reduces the need for a `` cold chain '' : the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration , which , in turn ,... | SimpleWiki | {
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One challenge in vaccine development is economic . The diseases most demanding a vaccine , HIV , malaria and tuberculosis , exist principally in poor countries . | [
"One challenge in vaccine development is economic : many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine , including HIV , malaria and tuberculosis , exist principally in poor countries ."
] | [
"In response , concern has been raised that spreading unfounded information about the medical risks of vaccines increases rates of life-threatening infections , not only in the children whose parents refused vaccinations , but also in other children , perhaps too young for vaccines , who could contract infections f... | SimpleWiki | {
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Nodaway is a city of Iowa in the United States . | [
"Nodaway is a city in Nodaway Township , Adams County , Iowa , United States ."
] | [
"Cairo is a city in Alexander County , Illinois in the United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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Every year one of the biggest shows at Brunstad Conference Center is the Arctic Equestrian Games , Norway 's biggest horse show . | [
"The largest horse show in Norway , the Arctic Equestrian Games , is held at the Brunstad Conference Center ."
] | [
"Joinville is the host city in July to the widely acclaimed `` Joinville Dance Festival '' , the annual `` Festival of Flowers '' in November which showcases orchids produced in the region , and several business events in its Convention Center ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Brunstad has several restaurants , a cafeteria style restaurant , a large coffee bar , and a grocery store . | [
"Brunstad has several fast food restaurants , a cafeteria-style restaurant , coffee bar , and its own grocery store ."
] | [
"There are also two shops , a chemist , a Chinese take away , a butcher and a post office and florist ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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It was first held in February , 2006 . | [
"The first event was held in February 2006 ."
] | [
"The album was issued on November 7 , 2006 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The old meeting hall which seated 4,700 was replaced by a new meeting hall , with space for 6,800 people , and a tent camp with over 600 caravan spots was fixed and replaced with just as many cabins , which were rented by the members of the church . | [
"The updated hall increased seating capacity from 4,700 to 6,800 persons and the tent camp with over 600 caravan spots were replaced with the same number of cabins , which members of the church have the option to lease ."
] | [
"A newer , more modern building was erected with a main reading room on the lower floor and a browsing room above ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Instead , BCC was able to buy property on Syningen in Hallingdal . | [
"As compensation , BCC bought property on Syningen in Hallingdal ."
] | [
"He offered 5000 s of the Mau Plateau in what is today Kenya and Uganda ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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BCC is now a modern location for events and conferences . | [
"BCC is marketed as a modern location for conventions and conferences ."
] | [
"As well as functioning as a football stadium , the Emirates Stadium also operates as a conference center and music venue ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Brunstad Conference Center ( BCC ) is a conference center in Stokke , Vestfold in Norway . | [
"Brunstad Conference Center ( BCC ) is located in Stokke , Vestfold ."
] | [
"Drammen is a city in Buskerud County , Norway ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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BCC got a lot of stories in the media in 2004 when BCC bought à stre Bolà rne island from the Norwegian Military . | [
"In 2004 BCC purchased the à stre Bolà rne island from the Norwegian military , but agreed to cancel the transaction after a media frenzy ."
] | [
"On May 24 , 2005 Lafontaine left the SPD ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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People have grown orchids for a great number of years . They grow orchids for show , for science , or for food ( for example , vanilla ) . | [
"Orchids can grow according to two patterns :"
] | [
"Radishes have numerous varieties , varying in size , color and duration of required cultivation time . There are some radishes that are grown for their seeds ; oilseed radishes are grown , as the name implies , for oil production ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Smart Technologies is a company that was started in Calgary , Alberta , Canada in 1987 . | [
"Smart Technologies is a publicly traded company headquartered in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Founded in 1987 , Smart Technologies is best known as the developer of the Smart Board ."
] | [
"Pizza Pizza opened its first store in Halifax , Nova Scotia in June 2010 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Smart Technologies has received over 15 awards , including the 2009 EdNET Pioneer Award . | [
"As of November , 2009 , Smart Technologies has received more than 15 awards , including the 2009 EdNET Pioneer Award and the 2009 Communicator Award ."
] | [
"The invention , under the heading Bridging the Island of the Colourblind Project , won a British award in Innovation ( Submerge 2004 ) and a European award in Content Tools and Interface Design ( Europrix 2004 ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Soulac-sur-Mer is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France . | [
"Soulac-sur-Mer is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France ."
] | [
"Hourtin is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France ."
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This template will categorise articles ( except this template ) into Category : Office protected . | [
"This template will categorise articles ( except this template ) into : Category : Wikipedia Office-protected pages ."
] | [
"It displays a notice on the page and includes it in the : Category : Human name disambiguation pages , a subcategory of : Category : Disambiguation ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Massoins is a commune . | [
"Massoins is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France ."
] | [
"Chà cents tillon-la-Palud is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text about Geography:",
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Wingles is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France . | [
"Wingles is a commune and in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France ."
] | [
"Samer is a commune and in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
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It looks blackish glossed blue , green and purple . | [
"The plumage is of blackish glossed blue , green and purple ."
] | [
"Its normal coloring consists of brown and white stripes or spots ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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They diet eat fruits and arthropods . | [
"The diet consists mainly of fruits and arthropods ."
] | [
"Those that do not are called similar folds ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The Trumpet Manucode ( Manucodia keraudrenii ) is a medium-sized bird of paradise about 31cm long with an long horn-like head tufts and loose neck feathers . | [
"Trumpet Manucode ( Manucodia keraudrenii ) is species of medium-sized , approximately 31 cm long bird in the family Paradisaeidae . It has elongated horn-like head tufts and loose neck feathers ."
] | [
"The species gets its name from the adult male 's iridescent blue throat patch ( gorget ) , but the female lacks this , having a plain gray throat ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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They are found in lowland rain forests of northeastern Australia , New Guinea and nearby islands . | [
"The Trumpet Manucode is widely distributed throughout lowland rainforests of northeastern Australia , New Guinea and nearby islands ."
] | [
"The Common Basilisk ( Basiliscus basiliscus ) is a lizard found in Central and South American rainforests near rivers and streams ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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Charlie Beech born 21 July , 1987 in Stevenage , England is a rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership . | [
"Charlie Beech ( born 21 July , 1987 in Stevenage , England ) is a rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership ."
] | [
"Hugo Ellis born 4 February 1988 in Isleworth , London , England is a rugby union player for Newport Gwent Dragons in the Magners League ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Turks and Caicos Islands are two groups of islands that are owned by the British . | [
"The Turks and Caicos Islands are divided into six administrative districts ( two in the Turks Islands and four in the Caicos Islands ) , headed by district commissioners . For the House of Assembly , the Turks and Caicos Islands are divided into 15 electoral districts ( four in the Turks Islands and eleven in the ... | [
"San Salvador Island , also known as Watling Island , is an island and district of the Bahamas ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Aulnay is a commune of the Aube dà partement in the north-central part of France . | [
"Aulnay is a commune in the Aube department in northern-central France ."
] | [
"Les Croà '' tes is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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With increasing recognition , the trio was invited to write parts of the 2005 MTV Movie Awards , which Jimmy Fallon was hosting . | [
"With increasing recognition , the trio was invited to write sections of the 2005 MTV Movie Awards , which Jimmy Fallon hosted ."
] | [
"Developed from three stage shows and a six episode radio series , it has since spawned a total of twenty television episodes for BBC Three and two live tours of the UK , as well as two live shows in the United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Impressed with their material , he brought them to the attention of Lorne Michaels , the producer of Saturday Night Live , who agreed to see them . | [
"Impressed with the group 's material , he brought the trio to the attention of Lorne Michaels , the producer of Saturday Night Live , who agreed to see them ."
] | [
"After moving to Los Angeles , Keenan met Adam Jones who had heard him singing on a demo in college . Impressed with Keenan 's vocals , Jones suggested that they form a band ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Since their arrival on SNL , the group has written some of the most popular bits in recent SNL history , most notably , the SNL Digital Shorts . | [
"Since their arrival , the group has written some of the most popular bits in recent SNL history , most notably , the SNL Digital Shorts and MacGruber ."
] | [
"The character was created by SNL star Molly Shannon and appeared as a recurring character on SNL in numerous skits ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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They are from Berkley , California , but are now based in New York City . They work for Saturday Night Live . | [
"The group is from Berkeley , California , and is currently based in New York City , where they are currently working on Saturday Night Live ."
] | [
"They are now based in Portland , Oregon ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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