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This was a temporary designation for one legislative session only , and the capital was then moved to another temporary location , Cahawba , until the legislature selected Montgomery as the permanent location .
[ "The capital was then moved to another temporary location , Cahawba , until the legislature selected Montgomery as the permanent location ." ]
[ "Lancaster was capital of Pennsylvania again from 1799 to 1812 , after which the capital was moved to Harrisburg ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the description:", "neg": "Represent the description:" }
Huntsville 's quick growth was from wealth generated by the cotton and railroad industries .
[ "Huntsville 's quick growth was generated by the cotton and railroad industries ." ]
[ "In the 20th century the logging , farming and fishing industries declined , and the tourism and abalone industries grew ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia text about History:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text about History:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:" }
Huntsville initially opposed secession from the Union in 1861 , but provided many men for the Confederacy 's efforts .
[ "Huntsville firstly opposed secession from the Union in 1861 , but provided many men for the state 's defense ." ]
[ "Because the Chickasaw sided with the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War , they had to give up some of their land after the war ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the text about History:", "pos": "Represent the sentence about History:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
The 4th Alabama Infantry Regiment , led by Col. Egbert J. Jones of Huntsville , distinguished itself at the Battle of Manassas\/Bull Run , the first major encounter of the American Civil War .
[ "The 4th Alabama Infantry Regiment , led by Col. Egbert J. Jones of Huntsville , fought at the Battle of Manassas ." ]
[ "John C. Pemberton John Clifford Pemberton ( August 10 , 1814 -- July 13 , 1881 ) , was a career officer in the United States Army . He fought in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican -- American War ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia description about American Civil War:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about American Civil War:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
However , due to anti-British sentiment during this period , the name was changed to `` Huntsville '' to honor John Hunt , who had been forced to move to other land south of the new city .
[ "However , due to anti-English feeling during the War of 1812 , the town name was changed to Huntsville to honor John Hunt , who had been forced to move to other land south of the new city ." ]
[ "Its name is in honor of Captain William Butler , who was born in Virginia and fought in the Creek War ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence about History:", "pos": "Represent the sentence about History:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
The city is nicknamed `` The Rocket City '' for its close association with U.S. space missions .
[ "The city 's nickname is `` The Rocket City '' for its close history with U.S. space missions ." ]
[ "Alabama also makes aerospace and electronic things , mostly in the `` Huntsville '' area , location of NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the US Army Aviation and Missile Command , headquartered at `` Redstone Arsenal . ''" ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
In 1855 , the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was constructed through Huntsville , becoming the first railway to link the Atlantic seacoast with the lower Mississippi River .
[ "In 1855 , the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was built through Huntsville ." ]
[ "The National Road ( now part of U.S. Route 40 ) and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B&O ) connected the city with big markets in the Midwest ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the description:", "neg": "Represent the description:" }
Eight generals of the war were born in or near Huntsville , evenly split with four on each side .
[ "Eight generals of the war were born in or near Huntsville ." ]
[ "Six of the counties are named for locations in England , where many early Connecticut settlers were from ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the text about History:", "pos": "Represent the sentence about History:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
It grew across nearby hills north of the Tennessee River , adding textile mills , then munitions factories , NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center and the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command nearby at the Redstone Arsenal .
[ "Also in this city are NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center and the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command at the Redstone Arsenal ." ]
[ "The Cape Canaveral Air Force Station ( CCAFS ) is part of the United States Air Force Space Command . The Space Command 's 45th Space Wing is based at the nearby Patrick Air Force Base ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
The 44 delegates meeting there wrote a constitution for the new state of Alabama .
[ "The forty-four delegates who met in Huntsville wrote a constitution for the new state of Alabama ." ]
[ "The people who wanted to be part of the United States formed a group called the Hawaiian League ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the description:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence about History:" }
The city extends west into neighboring Limestone County .
[ "It extends west into Limestone county ." ]
[ "The district is bordered by the city line to the north and east ; Sinclair Lane , Erdman Avenue , and Pulaski Highway on the south ; and The Alameda on the west ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the description:", "pos": "Represent the text:", "neg": "Represent the text:" }
By 1940 , Huntsville was still a small , quiet town with a population of about 13,000 inhabitants .
[ "By 1940 , Huntsville was still a small quiet town with a population of only 13,150 inhabitants ." ]
[ "Humphrey spent most of his childhood in Doland , South Dakota , on the Dakota prairie ; the town 's population was about 600 people when he lived there ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
The Fourth Alabama Infantry , which contained two Huntsville companies , were the first Alabama troops to fight in the war and were present when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox in April 1865 .
[ "The Fourth Alabama Infantry , which contained two Huntsville companies , were the first Alabama troops to fight in the war ." ]
[ "It started on April 12 , 1861 , shortly after Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States . It ended four years later on April 9 , 1865 ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
In accordance with the new state constitution , Huntsville became Alabama 's first capital when the state was admitted to the Union .
[ "The new state constitution said that Huntsville is Alabama 's first capital ." ]
[ "The Great Seal of the State of Montana is the official seal of the U.S. state of Montana . It was adopted in 1865 , when Montana was a United States Territory ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the description about History:", "pos": "Represent the sentence about History:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
The area was subsequently purchased by LeRoy Pope , who named the area Twickenham after the home village of his distant kinsman Alexander Pope .
[ "The town was named Twickenham after Alexander Pope 's home town at the request of Leroy Pope ." ]
[ "Spring Hill College moved to Oxford in 1886 . At that time it was renamed Mansfield College , in honor of its largest donors , George and Elizabeth Mansfield ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
However , the recognized `` birth '' year of the city is 1805 , the year of John Hunt 's arrival .
[ "However , the recognized `` birth '' year of the city is 1805 ." ]
[ "It was originally named `` Brownsville , '' it was forced to change its name due to that name already being used for a city in Linn County ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Twickenham was carefully planned , with streets laid out on the northeast to southwest direction based on the Big Spring .
[ "Twickenham was carefully planned ." ]
[ "It was developed in ancient Greece.It is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other , forming a grid ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:" }
Huntsville is a city located primarily in Madison County in the central part of the far northern region of the U.S. state of Alabama .
[ "It is in Madison County ." ]
[ "Sumiton is a city in Jefferson and Walker Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
On September 8 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicated the MSFC .
[ "On September 8 , 1960 , U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicated the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville ." ]
[ "On July 1 , 1993 , the school 's name changed to Delaware State University ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the text:", "neg": "Represent the text:" }
Madison County led Alabama in cotton production during this time .
[ "Madison County produced most cotton in Alabama during this time ." ]
[ "In 2008 , Clay County was one of the least populated counties in North Carolina ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Many wealthy planters moved into the area from Virginia , Georgia , and the Carolinas .
[ "Many rich planters moved to the area from Virginia , Georgia and the Carolinas ." ]
[ "Gore is descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century , and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
Winter temperatures in these areas can be quite low , below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) , forcing the animals underground into semi-hibernation , called brumation , living on fat reserves .
[ "The temperatures of these areas during winter can be quite low , below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) , forcing the animals underground into semi-hibernation , called brumation , and they live on fat reserves ." ]
[ "It eats mainly carrion and lives and breeds on crags in high mountains in southern Europe , the Caucasus , Africa , the Indian subcontinent , and Tibet . The females lay one or two eggs in mid-winter that hatch at the beginning of spring ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
Leopard geckos are crepuscular reptiles ; they are limited to the burrows during the day but become active at dawn and dusk when the temperature is favorable .
[ "Leopard geckos are crepuscular reptiles ; during the day they hide in burrows , but they are active at dawn and dusk when the temperature is favorable ." ]
[ "The aardwolf is nocturnal , resting in burrows during the day and coming out at night to eat ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the text:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
Leopard geckos feed on crickets , waxworms , mealworms , super worms , pinky mice , although these have fatty livers , and other insects .
[ "In the wild , Leopard geckos feed mainly on insects , fruits , spiders , snails , small lizards , birds , and bird eggs ." ]
[ "Captive oscars may be fed prepared fish food designed for large carnivorous fish , crayfish , worms , and insects ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
There are four species however that are exceptionally closely related to the leopard gecko , one of which was previously included as a subspecies of leopard gecko : In addition , there are five subspecies of leopard gecko : The native habitat of the leopard gecko is the rocky , dry grassland and desert regions of south...
[ "The Leopard gecko is found in dry rocky regions , dry grasslands and deserts of southern Central Asia , Afghanistan , Pakistan , northwest India , and parts of Iran ." ]
[ "It is found in steppes and mountains of Afghanistan , Egypt ( Sinaï ) , Turkestan , northeast Iran , SW Pakistan , the West Bank and Israel . Blanford 's fox has large ears ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
Leopard geckos have openings on either side of their head as ears .
[ "Like many lizards , the Leopard gecko has a tail that breaks off when grabbed by a predator ." ]
[ "The parietal eye , as it is called , is only visible in hatchlings . They have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the text:", "neg": "Represent the text:" }
Leopard geckos are large for a gecko .
[ "Leopard geckos reach sexual maturity at the age of one to three years ." ]
[ "Celestus microblepharis are a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence about Biology:" }
There are two theories of why leopard geckos do this .
[ "This method helps the Leopard gecko to escape when attacked ." ]
[ "They are held in place by a membrane that can not move . Crocodiles are unable to stick out their tongues ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Unlike most geckos , leopard geckos possess movable eyelids .
[ "Leopard geckos are around 7-9 inches ( 17.8-22 .9 cm ) long , with large heads , big eyes with oval-shaped pupils , thin toes , and , unlike other reptiles , they have eyelids ." ]
[ "Insects , spiders , crabs , shrimp , millipedes , and centipedes are all arthropods ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the description:", "neg": "Represent the description about Biology:" }
Non-ionizing ( or non-ionising ) radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum to ionize atoms or molecules-that is , to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule .
[ "in British English , non-ionising radiation ) means any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules - that is , to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule ." ]
[ "The beta particles emitted are a form of ionizing radiation sometimes called beta rays ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
The light from the Sun that reaches the earth is largely composed of non-ionizing radiation , since the ionizing far-ultraviolet rays have been filtered out by the gases in the atmosphere , particularly oxygen .
[ "The light from the Sun that reaches the earth is largely composed of non-ionizing radiation , with the notable exception of some ultraviolet rays ." ]
[ "Quantum mechanics developed from the study of electromagnetic waves , which include visible light seen in the colors of the rainbow , but also other waves including the more energetic and higher frequency waves like ultraviolet light , x-rays , and gamma rays plus the waves with longer wavelengths including infrar...
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Near ultraviolet , visible light , infrared , microwave , radio waves , and low-frequency radio frequency ( longwave ) are all examples of non-ionizing radiation .
[ "Visible light , near ultraviolet , infrared , microwave and radio waves are all examples of non-ionizing radiation , though visible and near ultraviolet can also ionize some molecules ." ]
[ "Quantum mechanics developed from the study of electromagnetic waves , which include visible light seen in the colors of the rainbow , but also other waves including the more energetic and higher frequency waves like ultraviolet light , x-rays , and gamma rays plus the waves with longer wavelengths including infrar...
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the text:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
The Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) is one of the three Major Junior ice hockey leagues which constitute the Canadian Hockey League .
[ "The Ontario Hockey League is one of the three Major Junior ice hockey leagues which is part of the Canadian Hockey League ." ]
[ "The Regina Pats are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1917 . They currently play in the Western Hockey League ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
The J. Ross Robertson Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the Championship Series .
[ "The main championship for the OHL is the J. Ross Robertson Cup which is awarded to the winner of the Ontario Hockey League playoff championship ." ]
[ "Before joining the NHL , Morenz was a very good player in the junior Ontario Hockey Association , where his team played for the Memorial Cup , the championship for junior ice hockey in Canada ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the description:", "neg": "Represent the description:" }
Gaston Coeurdoux and others made observations of the same type .
[ "Gaston Coeurdoux and others had made observations of the same type ." ]
[ "The name of the album is from the study of flags and their symbols ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:" }
However , neither Stephens 's nor Sassetti 's observations led to further scholarly inquiry .
[ "However , neither Stephens ' nor Sassetti 's observations led to further scholarly inquiry ." ]
[ "His ideas were not taken up through technical limitations and , according to proponents of his method , opposition from the champions of conventional fertilisers ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:" }
The hypothesis reappeared in 1786 when Sir William Jones first lectured on the striking similarities between three of the oldest languages known in his time : Latin , Greek , and Sanskrit , to which he tentatively added Gothic , Celtic , and Persian , though his classification contained some inaccuracies and omissions ...
[ "The hypothesis reappeared in 1786 when Sir William Jones first lectured on the striking similarities between three of the oldest languages known in his time : Latin , Greek , and Sanskrit , to which he tentatively added Gothic , Celtic , and Old Persian , though also committing some inaccuracies and omissions in h...
[ "In his discourses , he reinterpreted writings of religious traditions , mystics , and philosophers from around the world ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the description:", "neg": "Represent the description:" }
He included in his hypothesis Dutch , Albanian , Greek , Latin , Persian , and German , later adding Slavic , Celtic , and Baltic languages .
[ "He included in his hypothesis Dutch , Greek , Latin , Persian , and German , later adding Slavic , Celtic and Baltic languages ." ]
[ "Part of the language family shows a strong influence of Sanskrit and Arabic as the western part of the region has many followers of Buddhism , Hinduism , and , since the 10th century , Islam ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the description:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
In 1647 , Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn noted the similarity among Indo-European languages , and supposed that they derived from a primitive common language he called Scythian .
[ "In 1647 Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn noted the similarity among Indo-European languages , and supposed that they derived from a primitive common language ." ]
[ "Its origin is uncertain , but it may be derived from a Scandinavian type of language , rather than Celtic like the masculine name Brendan ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Franz Bopp 's Comparative Grammar , which appeared between 1833 and 1852 , is the beginning of Indo-European studies as an academic discipline .
[ "Bopp 's Comparative Grammar , appearing between 1833 and 1852 , is the starting point of Indo-European studies as an academic discipline ." ]
[ "Proto-Indo-European language ( PIE ) is thought to be the ancestor of the Indo-European languages ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the description:", "pos": "Represent the description:", "neg": "Represent the description:" }
The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects .
[ "The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects , including most major languages of Europe , the Iranian plateau , and South Asia ." ]
[ "Uto-Aztecan or Uto-Aztekan is a language family of the Americas . It consists of over 30 languages ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the text:", "pos": "Represent the text:", "neg": "Represent the text:" }
Similarly , Mikhail Lomonosov compared different language groups of the world including Slavic , Baltic ( `` Kurlandic '' ) , Iranian ( `` Medic '' ) , Finnish , Chinese , `` Hottentot '' , and others .
[ "Similarly , Mikhail Lomonosov compared different languages groups of the world including Slavic , Baltic , Iranian , Finnish , Chinese , Hottentot and others ." ]
[ "The two other national languages that are Uralic languages as Finnish are Estonian and Hungarian ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:" }
Coeurdoux made a thorough comparison of Sanskrit , Latin and Greek conjugations in the late 1760s to suggest a relationship between them .
[ "Coeurdoux made a thorough comparison of Sanskrit , Latin and Greek conjugations in the late 1760s to suggest a relationship between them , about 20 years before William Jones ." ]
[ "Thomas Stephens S.J. an English Jesuit missionary in Goa , noticed similarities between Indian languages and Greek and Latin ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:" }
It was Thomas Young who in 1813 first used the term Indo-European , which became the standard scientific term through the work of Franz Bopp , whose systematic comparison of these and other old languages supported the theory .
[ "It was Thomas Young who first used the term Indo-European in 1813 , which became the standard scientific term ( except in Germany ) through the work of Franz Bopp ." ]
[ "As PIE was spoken by a prehistoric society , there are no genuine sample texts . Scholars have made various attempts to compose example texts for purposes of illustration ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the description:", "neg": "Represent the description:" }
Another account to mention the ancient language Sanskrit came from Filippo Sassetti ( born in Florence in 1540 ) , a merchant who traveled to the Indian subcontinent .
[ "The first account to mention Sanskrit came from Filippo Sassetti ( born Florence , Italy 1540 ) ." ]
[ "It was the center of pearl trading , when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the text:", "neg": "Represent the text:" }
In the 16th century , European visitors to India began to suggest similarities between Indian , Iranian and European languages .
[ "These are the main Indo-European language groups : Suggestions of similarities between Indian and European languages began to be made by European visitors to India in the 16th century ." ]
[ "Thomas Stephens S.J. an English Jesuit missionary in Goa , noticed similarities between Indian languages and Greek and Latin ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:" }
In 1583 , Thomas Stephens , an English Jesuit missionary in Goa , in a letter to his brother that was not published until the 20th century , noted similarities between Indian languages , specifically Sanskrit , and Greek and Latin .
[ "Thomas Stephens S.J. an English Jesuit missionary in Goa , noticed similarities between Indian languages and Greek and Latin ." ]
[ "Shortly before he left the United States , in January of 1918 , he re-wrote and re-titled Urbs Dei , after making big changes to the first verse to talk more about the huge losses that British soldiers were having in the war years ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the description about History:", "pos": "Represent the description about History:", "neg": "Represent the description:" }
Indo-European languages are spoken by almost 3 billion native speakers , the largest number by far for any recognized language family .
[ "The languages of the Indo-European group have about three billion native speakers ." ]
[ "Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language , which is a member of the Uralic language family ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Linguistics:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Linguistics:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:" }
In reconstructing the history of the Indo-European languages and the form of the Proto-Indo-European language , some languages have been of particular importance .
[ "Indo-European languages are the world 's largest group of languages ." ]
[ "As PIE was spoken by a prehistoric society , there are no genuine sample texts . Scholars have made various attempts to compose example texts for purposes of illustration ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
It is spoken as a first language by the majority populations of several sovereign states , including the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand and a number of Caribbean nations ; and it is an official language of almost 60 sovereign states .
[ "It is the first language of the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Republic of Ireland , New Zealand and a number of Caribbean nations ." ]
[ "Commonwealth countries which use this rank are Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Pakistan , India , Singapore , Sri Lanka and Kenya ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:" }
The Germanic languages Icelandic and Faroese also follow English in this respect , since , like English , they developed independent of German influences .
[ "Their languages were Germanic languages , like Old English ." ]
[ "This is because the last `` t '' in her name was a feminine ( female ) suffix which is known to have been dropped in speech in the last stages of the Egyptian language ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
The category of newly industrialized country ( NIC ) is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists .
[ "The term newly industrialized country ( NIC ) is a socioeconomic classification used by political scientists and economists to talk about several countries around the world ." ]
[ "The theory of comparative advantage was the forerunner of the push towards globalization via increased international trade , the guiding theme in economic policy currently promoted by the OECD and the World Trade Organization ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the text:", "pos": "Represent the description:", "neg": "Represent the description:" }
Schubert wrote over 600 songs , some of them in sequences or song cycles that relate a story-adventure of the soul rather than the body .
[ "Schubert wrote over 600 songs ." ]
[ "In its style and content it is a genre with a lot of variety of expression around its central themes of love and separation ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
The Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition ( FPMT ) is an organization which was founded in 1975 by Lama Thubten Yeshe and Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche , who began teaching Buddhism to Western students in Nepal .
[ "Founded in 1975 by Lama Thubten Yeshe and Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche , who began teaching Buddhism to Western students in Nepal , the FPMT has grown to encompass 150 teaching centers , projects , and social services in 33 countries ." ]
[ "He took his monks vows at Dungkar Monastery in Tibet and has received teachings from many high lamas ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:" }
In the 1999 Giro d'Italia , he was expelled due to his irregular blood values .
[ "He failed a test in the 1999 Giro d'Italia ." ]
[ "Godefroot brought in Danish rider Bjarne Riis , the third place finisher of the 1995 Tour and he went on to win the 1996 Tour de France , with the then 22-year old German support rider Jan Ullrich finishing in second place ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the text:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence about Sports:" }
In 786 , Cynewulf , king of Wessex , was killed by the exiled noble Cyneheard , brother of the former King Sigeberht .
[ "In 786 , Cynewulf , king of Wessex , was killed by Cyneheard , brother of the former King Sigeberht ." ]
[ "So in 884 Baldwin married Ælfthryth , a daughter of King Alfred the Great of England ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Beorhtric ( also Brihtric ; meaning ` Magnificent ruler ' ) was the King of Wessex from 786 to 802 .
[ "Beorhtric ( also Brihtric ; meaning ` Magnificent ruler ' ) ( † 802 ) was the King of Wessex from 786 to 802 ." ]
[ "Ine ( † 728 ) was a West Saxon nobleman who was King of Wessex from 688 to 726 ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Beorhtric was buried at Wareham in 802 , possibly at the church of Lady St. Mary .
[ "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Beorhtric was buried at Wareham in 802 ." ]
[ "The first Bishop of Wells was Athelm ( circa 909 ) , who crowned King Athelstan ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the description:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
The only two West Saxon coins to have survived from Beorhtric 's reign were produced at this time , suggesting that he had established a new mint .
[ "Three West Saxon coins have survived from Beorhtric 's reign ." ]
[ "If the kingdom did fragment following Cenwalh 's death , it was reunited during Centwine 's reign ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
In 787 , he held the Synod of Chelsea jointly with Offa , and in 789 he married one of Offa 's daughters , Eadburh .
[ "In 787 , he held the Synod of Chelsea jointly with Offa ." ]
[ "Arnulf , born c. 890 , was the son of count Baldwin II , Count of Flanders and Ælfthryth of Wessex . She was a daughter of Alfred the Great ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
After Offa 's death in 796 , Mercian power over England was weakened , and Beorhtric may have exercised more independence during this period .
[ "After Offa 's death in 796 , Mercian power over England was weakened ." ]
[ "His son , Ecgfrith , lasted only 141 days as king ." ]
altlex
{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Ferdinand II served as the latter 's regent during her absence in the Netherlands , ruled by her husband Archduke Philip .
[ "Ferdinand served as the latter 's regent during her absence in the Netherlands , ruled by her husband Archduke Philip ." ]
[ "The second post carve-up duke Albert I is already usually counted as the first , although before 1180 he had one predecessor of the same name , his grandfather Albert the Bear ." ]
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The latter part of Ferdinand 's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive Kings of France over control of Italy , the so-called Italian Wars .
[ "The latter part of Ferdinand 's life was largely taken up with the so-called Italian Wars , disputes over control of Italy with successive Kings of France ." ]
[ "The succession of his grandson Charles , who inherited not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents , but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family , would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent ." ]
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Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso 's son , Ferdinand , on the Neapolitan throne .
[ "Ferdinand 's alliance with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I , expelled the French by 1496 and installed Alfonso 's son , Ferdinand , on the Neapolitan throne ." ]
[ "Margherita was regent of Plaisance in 1635 and regent of the entire duchy in 1646 after the death of her husband ." ]
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Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello , the League of Cambrai soon fell apart , as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions .
[ "Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello , the League soon fell apart , as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions ." ]
[ "The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River , which had been conquered by the State of the Church in 1512 ." ]
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In 1494 , Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II , who was Ferdinand 's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand 's sister , from the throne of Naples .
[ "In 1494 , Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Ferdinand 's cousin , Alfonso II , from the throne of Naples ." ]
[ "Mariana Victoria of Spain ( 31 March 1718 - 15 January 1781 ) sometimes Maria Anna Victoria was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I . The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese , she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of ...
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After Philip 's death in 1506 , with Joanna supposedly mentally unstable , and her and Philip 's son , the future Emperor Charles V , was only six years old , Ferdinand resumed the regency , ruling through Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros , the Chancellor of the Kingdom .
[ "After Philip 's death in 1506 , with Joanna mentally unstable , and her and Philip 's son Charles of Ghent only six years old , Ferdinand resumed the regency , ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros , the Chancellor of the Kingdom ." ]
[ "The mother of Maria I of Portugal she also acted as regent of Portugal during the last months of her husbands life and acted as advisor to her daughter in her reign ." ]
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When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479 , the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit referred to as España ( Spain ) , the root of which is the ancient name Hispan...
[ "Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479 and the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union ." ]
[ "The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland which had been separate states before , with separate legislatures but with the same monarch into a single Kingdom of Great Britain ." ]
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He married Infanta Isabella , the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile , on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid .
[ "He married Infanta Isabella , the sister by a different mother and heiress of Henry IV of Castile , on October 19 , 1469 in Ocaña ." ]
[ "Anne of Bohemia ( 11 May 1366 -- 7 June 1394 ) was the queen of Richard II of England ." ]
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The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan of Castile ( also known as Juana la Beltraneja ) , the purported daughter of Henry IV , and were swiftly successful .
[ "The two young monarchs had initially to fight a civil war against Juana , princess of Castile ( also known as Juana la Beltraneja ) , the purported daughter of Henry IV ." ]
[ "Initially , Bathilde was considered as a possible bride for a distant cousin , Ferdinand , Duke of Parma , the favourite grandson of King Louis XV of France , however , that marriage never materialised ." ]
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The agreement soon fell apart and , over the next several years , Ferdinand 's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French , finally succeeding by 1504 .
[ "The agreement soon fell apart , and over the next several years , Ferdinand 's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples from the French , by 1504 ." ]
[ "Initially , Bathilde was considered as a possible bride for a distant cousin , Ferdinand , Duke of Parma , the favourite grandson of King Louis XV of France , however , that marriage never materialised ." ]
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In 1508 war resumed in Italy , this time against the Republic of Venice , which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula , including Louis XII , Ferdinand II , Maximilian , and Pope Julius II joined together against as the ` League of Cambrai ' .
[ "All the other powers on the peninsula , including Louis XII , Ferdinand , Maximilian , and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai ." ]
[ "In later life , he tried to have Anna Maria Luisa recognized as heiress of Tuscany , but Charles VI , Holy Roman Emperor , would not allow it ." ]
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His grandson and successor Charles , was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents , but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family , which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and , with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere , of th...
[ "The succession of his grandson Charles , who inherited not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents , but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family , would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent ." ]
[ "The latter part of Ferdinand 's life was largely taken up with the so-called Italian Wars , disputes over control of Italy with successive Kings of France ." ]
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In 1501 , following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and accession of his uncle Frederick , Ferdinand signed an agreement with Charles VIII 's successor , Louis XII , who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan , to partition Naples between them , with Campania and the Abruzzi , including Nap...
[ "Louis had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan , and they agreed to partition Naples between them , with Campania and the Abruzzi , including Naples itself , going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria ." ]
[ "Her third son became Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , while his elder brother Infante Charles was groomed in Spain to inherit the Spanish crown ." ]
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He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474 to be crowned as Queen Isabella I of Castile .
[ "He became Ferdinand V of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474 ." ]
[ "Maria Francisca again became Queen of Portugal for the second time when Peter succeeded his brother as Peter II in 1683 ." ]
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After Isabella I 's death in 1504 , her kingdom went to their daughter Joanna .
[ "After Isabella 's death , her kingdom went to her daughter Joanna ." ]
[ "His older brother , the Prince of Piedmont died in 1715 and then Charles Emmanuel became Heir apparent ." ]
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Instead , the ` Holy League ' was formed , in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France .
[ "Instead , the Holy League was formed , in which all the powers now joined together against France ." ]
[ "However , the following year , a detachment of soldiers from Britain ( they had been drafted to Italy to suppress brigands ) denounced Perennis to the emperor as plotting to make his own son emperor . They had been enabled to do so by Cleander , who was seeking to dispose of his rival ." ]
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Ferdinand II ( 10 March 1452 - 23 January 1516 ) , called the Catholic , was in his own right the King of Sicily from 1468 and King of Aragon from 1479 .
[ "Ferdinand II the Catholic ( Spanish : Fernando V de Castilla , March 10 , 1452 - January 23 , 1516 ) was king of Aragon ( 1479-1516 ) , Castile , Sicily ( 1468-1516 ) , Naples ( 1504-1516 ) , Valencia , Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona ." ]
[ "( born 7 October 1748 in Stockholm , Sweden , dead 5 February 1818 in , was a Swedish monarch . He was the King of Sweden ( as `` Charles XIII '' ) from 1809 and King of Norway ( as `` Charles II '' ) from 1814 until his 1818 death ." ]
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In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile ( Spain ) for conquest and dominion purposes - by a north-south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean .
[ "By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 , the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean ." ]
[ "The word pre-Columbian refers to the era before Christopher Columbus , but sometimes it can include the history of American indigenous cultures as they continued to develop after the Christopher Columbus ' first landing in 1492 , until they were conquered or influenced by Europeans , even if this happened decades ...
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text about History:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:" }
In November 1511 Ferdinand II and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster , pledging mutual aid between the two against Navarre and France ahead of the Castilian invasion of Navarre as of July 1512 .
[ "In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster , pledging mutual aid between the two against France ." ]
[ "Initially , Bathilde was considered as a possible bride for a distant cousin , Ferdinand , Duke of Parma , the favourite grandson of King Louis XV of France , however , that marriage never materialised ." ]
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Ferdinand II died in 1516 in Madrigalejo , Extremadura .
[ "Ferdinand died in 1516 in Madrigalejo , Cáceres , Extremadura ." ]
[ "Ibarra was married to Corina Parral de Velasco Ibarra until his death in 1979 ." ]
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The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella 's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Nasrid dynasty of the Emirate of Granada ( Moorish Kingdom of Granada ) , the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula , completed in 1492 .
[ "The first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella 's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada , the last Muslim enclave in the Iberian peninsula ." ]
[ "It is named after Abu l-Hasan Ali , or `` Muley Hacén '' as he is known in Spanish , the last-but-one Muslim King of Granada in the 15th century , who according to legend was buried on the summit of the mountain ." ]
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In antiquity , it was known as the Thracian Chersonese ( Latin : Chersonesus Thracica , Greek : Θρακική Χερσόνησος ) .
[ "In antiquity , it was called the Thracian Chersonese ( Latin : Chersonesus Thracica , Greek : Θρακική Χερσόνησος ) ." ]
[ "The term is also found in Greek references to the mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan as Καύκασος Ινδικός ( Caucasus Indicus ) ." ]
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Gallipoli became a major encampment for British and French forces in 1854 during the Crimean War , and the harbor was also a stopping-off point on the way to Constantinople .
[ "It was a big military camp for the British and French forces during the Crimean War ( 1854 ) ." ]
[ "Shortly after the war began , Japan 's Naval General Staff wanted to invade Northern Australia . The goal was to prevent Australia from being used as a base to threaten Japan 's defenses in the South Pacific ." ]
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Legault decided to replace the Champ Car race with races from the Grand American Road Racing Association 's Rolex Series and NASCAR 's Nationwide Series , respectively - the latter series ' first race north of the Canada-United States border .
[ "Legault decided to replace the Champ Car race with races from the Grand American Road Racing Association 's Rolex Series and NASCAR 's Nationwide Series ." ]
[ "In August , he competed in the NASCAR Nationwide Series race at the Watkins Glen International road course . He finished seventh in his first start in the series ." ]
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A particularly famous part of the circuit is the wall on the outside of the exit of the final chicane before the start\/finish straight .
[ "A famous part of the circuit is the wall on the outside of the exit of the final chicane ." ]
[ "Ratzenberger , in his first year as a Formula One driver , ran over a kerb at the `` Acque Minerali '' corner on his previous lap , causing a fault in his front wing ." ]
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The Circuit Gilles Villeneuve is a motor racing circuit in Montreal , Quebec , Canada .
[ "The Circuit Gilles Villeneuve is a motor racing circuit ." ]
[ "Bankers Life Fieldhouse is a sports arena located in Indianapolis , Indiana , USA ." ]
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As part of Parc Jean-Drapeau , the Circuit is open to visitors , between races , for walking , running , biking , in-line skating , and of course , driving .
[ "As part of Parc Jean-Drapeau , the Circuit is open to visitors , between races , for walking , running , biking , in-line skating , etc. ." ]
[ "In summer , the main activities are hiking , climbing , mountain biking , 4x4 trails , and canyoning ." ]
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On November 27 , 2009 , Quebec 's officials and Canadian Grand Prix organisers announced a settlement with Formula One Administration and signed a new five-year contract spanning the 2010-2014 seasons .
[ "On 27 November 2009 , Quebec 's officials and Canadian Grand Prix organisers announced an agreement with Formula One and signed a new five-year contract ." ]
[ "A full Concorde Agreement was not in place for the 2008 season , with the Memorandum and other individual teams acting as a temporary solution ." ]
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In 1982 , it was renamed in honor of Canadian Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , father of Jacques Villeneuve , following his death in 1982 .
[ "It was renamed in honor of Canadian Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , following his death in 1982 ." ]
[ "Charles de Tornaco ( June 7 , 1927 - September 18 , 1953 ) was a race car driver from Belgium ." ]
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The circuit lies on Île Notre-Dame , a man-made island in the St. Lawrence River most of which was originally built up for the Expo .
[ "The circuit is located on Île Notre-Dame , a man-made island in the St. Lawrence River ." ]
[ "Port Zante , in the center of the bay , is on 15 acres ( 61,000 m2 ) of land reclaimed from the sea in 1995 ." ]
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On August 4 , 2007 , Kevin Harvick made history by winning the first NASCAR Busch Series ( now Nationwide Series ) race at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in what was one of the most controversial NASCAR races ever , as Robby Gordon claimed to have won the race .
[ "On 4 August 2007 , Kevin Harvick made history by winning the first Nationwide Series ( then Busch Series ) race at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve ." ]
[ "After driving for a few teams , Dale Earnhardt , Jr. called Keselowski asking him to drive his # 88 United States Navy Chevrolet for JR Motorsports for the rest of the year ." ]
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The NASCAR races have affected the circuit layout .
[ "The NASCAR races have changed the circuit layout ." ]
[ "A limited budget and the effects of the Depression limited the project ." ]
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The Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One racing , which had taken place for 30 years at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve , was dropped from the 2009 Formula One calendar and replaced with the inaugural Abu Dhabi Grand Prix .
[ "In 2009 , the race was dropped from the Formula One calendar and replaced with the new Abu Dhabi Grand Prix ." ]
[ "The Hungaroring is a Formula One racing circuit in Mogyoród , near Budapest , Hungary where the Hungarian Grand Prix is held ." ]
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It has previously hosted the FIA World Sportscar Championship , the Champ Car World Series , the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series , the NASCAR Nationwide Series and the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series .
[ "It is the location the Formula One Canadian Grand Prix , NASCAR Canadian Tire Series , NASCAR Nationwide Series and Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series ." ]
[ "Edward `` Eddie '' McKay Cheever , Jr. ( born January 10 , 1958 in Phoenix , Arizona ) is an American racing driver . He raced for almost thirty years in Formula One , Sports cars , CART and the Indy Racing League ." ]
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On June 23 , 2006 , the Canadian Press reported that the city of Montreal has awarded exclusive rights to stage the two allowed race weekends on the track to Normand Legault , promoter of the Formula One Canadian Grand Prix .
[ "On 23 June 2006 , Canadian Press reported that the city of Montreal had awarded Normand Legault the right to stage the race weekends on the track ." ]
[ "In the past the track has hosted the FIA GT Championship , and a one-time Bahrain Superprix involving Formula Three cars , following from the failure of the Korea Super Prix ." ]
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An expansion of the pit lane took place , since a NASCAR pit lane must accommodate a minimum of 43 cars .
[ "NASCAR pit lane must handle at least 43 cars ." ]
[ "They are on two levels , both below ground , with 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower ." ]
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The curbs were made higher and more difficult for the drivers to see , making it even more challenging .
[ "The new curbs were more difficult for the drivers to see , making the chicane even more challenging ." ]
[ "The boys , too , become more respectful of rules and law : they drove within the speed limit , for example , even in pursuit of a villain ." ]
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Originally named the Île Notre-Dame Circuit , the circuit was built and finished in 1978 .
[ "It is part of the city of Montreal , was originally named the Île Notre-Dame Circuit ." ]
[ "The Circus was constructed in the beginning of the 19th century , and was designed by John Nash ." ]
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The Hyundai Grandeur ( Korean : 현대 그랜저 ) is a mid-size luxury car ( initially full-size car ) produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 1986 .
[ "The Hyundai Grandeur is a car made by Hyundai Motor Company ." ]
[ "The Opel Corsa is a small car . It has been produced by the German car manufacturer Opel since 1982 ." ]
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