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{ "retrieved": [ "On the Equilibrium of Planes On the Equilibrium of Planes () is a treatise by Archimedes in two volumes. The first book establishes the law of the lever, and locates the centre of gravity of the triangle and the trapezoid. According to Pappus of Alexandria, Archimedes' work on levers caused him to remark: \"Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth.\" (). The second book, which contains ten propositions, examines the centres of gravity of parabolic segments. Book one contains fifteen propositions with seven postulates. In proposition six Archimedes establishes the law of the lever, concluding that \"Magnitudes are in equilibrium at distances reciprocally proportional to their weights.\" In propositions ten and fourteen, respectively, Archimedes locates the centre of gravity of the parallelogram and the triangle. Additionally, in proposition 15, he establishes the centre of gravity of the trapezium. The second book, which contains ten propositions, studies parabolic segments exclusively. It examines these segments by substituting them with rectangles of equal area; an exchange made possible by results obtained in the Quadrature of the Parabola. Archimedes' proof of the law of the lever is executed within proposition six. It is for commensurable magnitudes only, and relies upon propositions four, and five, and on postulate one. In postulate one Archimedes states that \"Equal weights at equal distances are in equilibrium\" (meaning one equal weight on either side of the lever arm). At propositions four, and five, he expands this observation to include the concept of the centre of gravity; wherein it is proven that the centre of gravity of any system consisting of an even number of equal weights, equally distributed, will be located at the midpoint between the two centre weights (hence introducing multiple weights on either side of the lever arm). Given two unequal, but commensurable, weights and a lever arm divided into two unequal, yet commensurable, portions (see sketch opposite) proposition six states simply that if the magnitudes A and B are applied at points E and D, respectively, the system will be in equilibrium if the weights are inversely proportional to the lengths: Therefore, assume that lines and weights are constructed to obey the rule using a common measure (or unit) N, and at a ratio of four to three (as per the sketch). Now, double the length of ED by duplicating the longer arm on the left, and the shorter arm on the right. For demonstration's sake, reorder the lines so that CD is adjacent to LE (the two red lines together), and juxtapose with the original (as below): It is clear then, that both lines are double the length of the original line ED, that LH has its centre at E (see adjacent red lines), and HK its centre at D. Note, additionally, that EH (which is equal to CD) carries the common divisor (or unit) N, an exact number of times, as does EC, and therefore, by inference, CH too. It remains then to prove that A applied at E, and B applied at D, will have their centre of gravity at C. Therefore, as the ratio of LH to HK is not four to three, but eight to six, similarly divide the magnitudes A and B (a transformation that conserves their original ratio of four to three), and align them as per the diagram opposite. A centred on E, and B centred on D. Now, since an even number of equal weights, equally spaced, have their centre of gravity between the two middle weights, A is in fact applied at E, and B at D, as the proposition requires. Further, the total system consists of an even number of equal weights equally distributed, and, therefore, following the same law, C must be the centre of gravity of the full system. Thus A applied at E, and B applied at D, have their centre of gravity at C. Whilst the authenticity of book two is not doubted, a number of researches have highlighted inconsistencies within book one's presentation. Berggren, in particular, questions the validity of book one as a whole; highlighting, inter alia, the redundancy of propositions one to three, eleven, and twelve. However, Berggren follows Dijksterhuis, in rejecting Mach's criticism of proposition six. Adding that its true significance lies in the fact that it demonstrates that \"if a system of weights suspended on a balance beam is in equilibrium when supported at a particular point, then any redistribution of these weights, that preserves their common centre of gravity, also preserves the equilibrium.\" Further, it should be noted that proposition seven is incomplete in its current form, so that book one demonstrates the law of the lever for commensurable magnitudes only. On the Equilibrium of Planes On the Equilibrium of Planes () is a treatise by Archimedes in two" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "\| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015) \n---\|---\n Chrissie is about to flee when she hears Bailey's screams, and decides to go back and save her. She finds her upstairs, but Hoyt catches her and brings her downstairs for dinner, along with Bailey and an unconscious Dean. Leatherface slits Bailey's throat and tries to take Chrissie to the basement, but she stabs him in the back with a screwdriver, and jumps out of a window. Dean regains consciousness and beats Hoyt before heading off to find Chrissie. Chrissie enters the slaughterhouse, and after noticing that Leatherface has followed her, she grabs a knife and cuts his face, but he overpowers her. Dean intervenes, but Leatherface kills him with the chainsaw. \n The Texas Chainsaw Massacre:The Beginning is a 2006 American horror film and a prequel to the 2003 film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. The sixth installment in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise was directed by Jonathan Liebesman and co-produced by Kim Henkel and Tobe Hooper (co-creators of the original 1974 film). The film went into release in North America on October 6, 2006. The film's story takes place four years before the timeline of the 2003 film. It stars Jordana Brewster, Diora Baird, Taylor Handley, Matt Bomer and R. Lee Ermey. \n At the house, Hoyt tortures Dean after finding out that he was going to forgo the Vietnam War draft. When Hoyt leaves, Eric breaks free from his restraints, and gets Dean to safety before sneaking into the house to free Bailey. Bailey escapes in Monty's truck, but Thomas stabs her with a meat hook, and drags her back to the house. When Dean attempts to run, he is caught in a bear trap, and Hoyt knocks Eric unconscious. Meanwhile, Holden and Chrissie arrive at the house, but part ways to search for their friends. While Chrissie finds Dean, Holden takes Hoyt hostage, and orders him to take him to Alex. Hoyt calls out to Thomas for help, and he kills Holden with the chainsaw. Chrissie finds Eric in the basement, but is unable to free him, and hides when Thomas returns. Thomas inspects Eric's face before killing him with the chainsaw. He then skins his face, and wears it as a mask. \n In 1969, Thomas, works in the slaughterhouse under the same manager that left him in the dumpster. When the plant is shut down by the health department, he refuses to leave until the manager makes him do so. Thomas later returns to murder his manager, and finds a chainsaw, which he takes with him. When Sheriff Hoyt attempts to arrest him, Luda Mae's son, Charlie Hewitt, kills him, and assumes his identity. He then takes his body back home to use for stew meat. \n In 1939, a woman dies while giving birth in a slaughterhouse, and the manager disposes of the baby by leaving him in a dumpster outside. When young Luda Mae Hewitt, finds the child, she takes him back to the Hewitt residence, names him Thomas, and raises him as her own son. \n The Texas Chainsaw Massacre:The Beginning was released on October 6, 2006 in 2,820 theaters, debuting at #2 at the box office, grossing $18,508,228 on its first weekend. Its second week saw a 59.6% drop in attendance, grossing only $7,485,290 and coming in at #5 at the box office. During its third week it grossed $3,779,829 and came in at #10 at the box office. The film dropped out of the top ten and into eighteenth place with $1,269,942. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre:The Beginning would fail to regain a top ten spot at the box office for the remainder of its theatrical run, ending with $51,764,406 in total gross. \n On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 12% approval rating based on 83 reviews and an average rating of 3.4/10. The site's consensus states:\"The Texas Chainsaw Massacre:The Beginning is full of blood and gore, but not enough scares or a coherent story to make for a successful horror film.\" Metacritic reports a 29 out of 100 rating, based on 18 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Peter Travers from Rolling Stone awarded the film zero stars, calling the film \"putridly written, directed and acted\", also criticizing the film's obvious plot turns. Nathan Lee from The New York Times panned the film calling it \"an invitation to hard-core sadism\". At the 27th Golden Raspberry Awards (2006), the film was nominated for a Worst Prequel or Sequel, but lost to Basic Instinct 2. \n \| This article is missing information about the film's production. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (June 2015) \n---\|---\n Originally, the film had the subtitle The Origin. New Line had to pay $3.1 million more than expected in order to keep the rights to the franchise after Dimension Films made a large offer to buy it from the original right-holders. The film grossed $51.8 million on a budget of $16 million. \n The Texas Chainsaw Massacre:The Beginning \n--- \nTheatrical release poster \nDirected by \| Jonathan Liebesman \nProduced by \| \n\n * Michael Bay \n * Mike Fleiss \n * Andrew Form \n * Brad Fuller \n * Tobe Hooper \n * Kim Henkel \n\n \nScreenplay by \| Sheldon Turner \nStory by \| \n\n * David J. Schow \n * Sheldon Turner \n\n \nBased on \| The Texas Chainsaw Massacre by Tobe Hooper and Kim Henkel \nStarring \| \n\n * Jordana Brewster \n * Taylor Handley \n * Diora Baird \n * Matt Bomer \n * Lee Tergesen \n * R. Lee Ermey \n\n \nNarrated by \| John Larroquette \nMusic by \| Steve Jablonsky \nCinematography \| Lukas Ettlin \nEdited by \| Jonathan Chibnall \nProduction company \| \n\n * Next Entertainment \n * Platinum Dunes \n\n \nDistributed by \| New Line Cinema \nRelease date \|", "* Michael Bay \n * Mike Fleiss \n * Andrew Form \n * Brad Fuller \n * Tobe Hooper \n * Kim Henkel \n\n \nScreenplay by \| Sheldon Turner \nStory by \| \n\n * David J. Schow \n * Sheldon Turner \n\n \nBased on \| The Texas Chainsaw Massacre by Tobe Hooper and Kim Henkel \nStarring \| \n\n * Jordana Brewster \n * Taylor Handley \n * Diora Baird \n * Matt Bomer \n * Lee Tergesen \n * R. Lee Ermey \n\n \nNarrated by \| John Larroquette \nMusic by \| Steve Jablonsky \nCinematography \| Lukas Ettlin \nEdited by \| Jonathan Chibnall \nProduction company \| \n\n * Next Entertainment \n * Platinum Dunes \n\n \nDistributed by \| New Line Cinema \nRelease date \| \n\n * October 6, 2006 (2006-10-06) \n * * * * \n \nRunning time \| 91 minutes \nCountry \| United States \nLanguage \| English \nBudget \| $16 million \nBox office \| $51.8 million \n Meanwhile, two brothers, Eric and Dean, are driving across the country with their girlfriends, Chrissie and Bailey, to enlist in the Vietnam War. At a diner, they meet a female biker named Alex, who follows them on her motorcycle. Alex soon draws a shotgun and orders the group to pull over. In the ensuing chaos, the car crashes, and Chrissie is thrown into a field out of sight. When Hoyt arrives he kills Alex, and makes them put her body in his car. Hoyt then forces the group in as well, and calls for Uncle Monty to tow the jeep, which Chrissie is hiding in. Hoyt drives them to the Hewitt house where he has Thomas butcher Alex's body. He then holds Eric, Dean, and Bailey captive. When Monty brings the wrecked car to the house, Chrissie runs back to the highway, and flags down Holden, Alex's boyfriend, who follows her back to the house. \n The Texas Chainsaw Massacre:The Beginning was released on DVD by New Line Home Video on January 16, 2007. This release included both theatrical and unrated versions of the film, as well as a double feature with the first film. EIV would release the film in the UK on February 19 that same year as both a two-disk uncut edition, a single-disk theatrical version, and as a part of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre collection. New Line would re-release the film in 2008 and 2009 before releasing the film on Blue-Ray on October 15, 2013. The film had previously been released for the first time on Blue-Ray by Ais on July 6, 2010. \n Chrissie escapes, hijacks an abandoned car, and drives off. She sees a state trooper in the distance, but as Chrissie pulls over, Leatherface appears in the backseat and impales her with the chainsaw, causing her to lose control and run over both the trooper, and the man he pulled over. Leatherface then exits the car and walks along the road back towards the Hewitt house. \n * Andrew Bryniarski as Thomas Hewitt/Leatherface \n * Jordana Brewster as Chrissie \n * Taylor Handley as Dean A. Hill \n * Diora Baird as Bailey \n * Matt Bomer as Eric Hill \n * Lee Tergesen as Holden \n * R. Lee Ermey as Charlie Hewitt Jr./Sheriff Hoyt \n * Marietta Marich as Luda Mae Hewitt \n * Allison Marich as young Luda Mae \n * Andrew Bryniarski as Thomas Hewitt/Leatherface \n * Terrence Evans as \"Monty\" Hewitt \n * Kathy Lamkin as Tea Lady Hewitt \n * Tim De Zarn as Slaughterhouse owner \n * Cyia Batten as Alex \n * Lew Temple as Sheriff Winston \n * John Larroquette as Narrator (uncredited)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Angus Tarnawsky Angus Tarnawsky is an Australian musician based in Brooklyn, New York. He was awarded a Bachelor of Music Performance (Honours) from the Victorian College of the Arts in 2009. That same year, he received the Dr. Phillip Law Music Scholarship and Foote Trust Travelling Scholarship from the University of Melbourne for his research into hybrid instrument design which facilitated a relocation from Melbourne to NYC in 2010. At this time, he joined the motorik influenced rock band, Apache Beat. He currently performs and produces material with his group Flowers of Evil alongside producing solo electronic works under his own name. In 2014, his debut EP was released by the Berlin-based record label Inner Surface Music. Recently completed work includes the long distance project \"Artifacts\" with pianist Nathan Liow for the Melbourne Next Wave Festival and \"Surface To Air\" with Ukrainian/Australian artist, Stanislava Pinchuk. Other frequent collaborators include drummer Brian Chase, saxophonist Sam Hillmer and pianist Richard Bennett. As a session drummer he has toured and recorded with Crocodiles, Haunted Hearts, Devin Therriault, Temples, Au.Ra, Cleopold, Splashh and Ballet School. In addition to his performance work, he curates the experimental record label In Context Music. Angus Tarnawsky Angus Tarnawsky" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Andy Earl (climber) Andy Earl (born 1976) is a professional climber and coach from the north-east of England. He is widely considered to be one of the best climbers in the country. He excels at both traditional climbing and bouldering having ascended both E9 and Font8b+ graded problems all over Europe. He is based in Newcastle, England where he runs a bouldering wall (Climb Newcastle). He was British bouldering champion from 2003-2006 and was on the team for five years. In 2004 he won the silver medal in bouldering at the European Championships in Birmingham. In 2007 he won the fourth stage of the Bouldering World Cup, in Réunion. Andy is the son of John Earl, a long term contributor to the Northumberland climbing scene. John took Andy out climbing at the age of four. Later in his childhood Andy would go sport climbing in the Yorkshire Dales at weekends but turned to bouldering in Northumberland as it was more convenient. After getting his degree in sport science from Sunderland University he toyed with the idea of becoming a physical education but was put off by stories of badly behaved kids, so instead lent his talents to coaching the junior climbing team where he learnt the skills needed to coach the best, which he then did when he got the job as coach of the senior bouldering team, which has shown significant improvements under his leadership but is held back by the lack of sponsorship. Although Andy himself does not have this problem as he is sponsored by Scarpa, E9, Camp and Rockworks. Bouldering: Traditional climbing: Climb Newcastle, opened in 2008, is one of the most extensive indoor climbing centres in the world and features an overhanging cave joining onto a training room complete with many fingerboards, a campus board, a couple of Swiss balls and written instructions on loads of exercises to get you strong. It has a massive pool complete with a large roof and two other overhanging walls. Alongside are two other corridors with technical slabs and a kids room. The centre is overseen by worldwide stars Chris Graham, Adam Watson, Andy Earl himself and many more. Andy Earl (climber) Andy Earl (born 1976) is a professional climber and coach from the north-east of England. He is widely considered to be one of the best climbers in the country. He excels at both traditional climbing and bouldering" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Common-mode rejection ratio In electronics, The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of a differential amplifier (or other device) is a metric used to quantify the ability of the device to reject common-mode signals, i.e., those that appear simultaneously and in-phase on both inputs. An ideal differential amplifier would have infinite CMRR, however this is not achievable in practice. A high CMRR is required when a differential signal must be amplified in the presence of a possibly large common-mode input, such as strong electromagnetic interference (EMI). An example is audio transmission over balanced line in sound reinforcement or recording. Ideally, a differential amplifier takes the voltages, formula_1 and formula_2 on its two inputs and produces an output voltage formula_3, where formula_4 is the differential gain. However, the output of a real differential amplifier is better described as where formula_6 is the common-\"mode gain\", which is typically much smaller than the differential gain. The CMRR is defined as the ratio of the powers of the differential gain over the common-mode gain, measured in positive decibels (thus using the 20 log rule): As differential gain should exceed common-mode gain, this will be a positive number, and the higher the better. The CMRR is a very important specification, as it indicates how much of the common-mode signal will appear in your measurement. The value of the CMRR often depends on signal frequency as well, and must be specified as a function thereof. It is often important in reducing noise on transmission lines. For example, when measuring the resistance of a thermocouple in a noisy environment, the noise from the environment appears as an offset on both input leads, making it a common-mode voltage signal. The CMRR of the measurement instrument determines the attenuation applied to the offset or noise. Common-mode rejection ratio In electronics," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi (ca. 1554 – 4 January 1609), was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods. He is known for his 1591 publication of \"balletti\" for five voices. Gastoldi was born at Caravaggio, Lombardy. In 1592 he succeeded Giaches de Wert as choirmaster at Santa Barbara's, and served until 1605 under the Dukes Guglielmo and Vincenzo Gonzaga. According to Filippo Lomazzo, Gastoldi became choirmaster at the Duomo, Milan, afterwards, but other considerations seem to make this point doubtful. Gastoldi composed several madrigals, a variety of sacred vocal music, and a few instrumental works. His two sets of \"balletti,\" a strophic vocal dance, however, are the most prominent and influential. These were written for five voices, and contained passages of nonsense syllables (e.g. \"fa la la\") which seemed to personify a type of lover and love-making. As a whole, Gastoldi's \"balletti\" were a musical \"commedia dell'arte\", and included the following compositions: \"Contento\" (The Lucky One), \"Premiato\" (The Winner), \"L'Inamorato\" (The Suitor), \"Piacere\" (Pleasure), \"La Bellezza\" (Beauty), \"Gloria d'Amore\" (Praise of Love), \"L'Acceso\" (The Ardent), \"Caccia d'Amore\" (Love-Chase), \"Il Martellato\" (The Disdained), \"Il Bell’humore\" (The Good Fellow), \"Amor Vittorioso\" (Love Victorious), and \"Speme Amorosa\" (Amorous Hope). His \"balleti\" music basically had a simple chordal texture, fast declamation and rhythmic accents at the expense of contrapuntal display, as is to be expected from their close relationship to dance music. Gastoldi's \"Balleti a Cinque Voci\" was published in Venice in 1591, and immediately became a \"best seller.\" Within a short time, the collection was reprinted ten times, not only by their original publisher but also in other countries as well. Composers like Vecchi, Banchieri, Hassler, and Morley were greatly captivated by this musical creation (compare Morley's \"ballett\" \"Now is the Month of Maying\" for a clear example of Gastoldi's influence). It is certain that many \"frottole\", \"villancicos\", and \"chansons francaises\" were intimately related to dance, but it seems true that Gastoldi was the first scholarly author, presumably since the thirteenth century, to compose songs for dancing which were modeled on instrumental patterns, and were perfectly apt for instrumental performance alone. The title page of the \"balletti\" bestows the title \"Maestro di Cappella del Serenissimo Signor Duca di Mantova\" to Gastoldi. However, this has no slightest intention of masking sophistication behind the spontaneous naivete of Gastoldi's works, because the entire content is a collection of simplicity, healthy playfulness, communicative carefreeness, and gaiety. The common trait is, of course, the Fa-la refrain, (which incidentally became \"lirum-lirum \"in \"Gloria d’amore\") with skipping rhythms, clear lines, and frank tonality. Gastoldi sought to vary his compositions from \"ballet\" to \"ballet\" by sometimes writing in triple time, in double or by the alternate use of major and minor. Otherwise, it cannot be said that he at all attempted a psychological differentiation between the several \"characters\" depicted. Gastoldi's Italian works were enormously popular in the Netherlands in Dutch \"contrefacta.\" Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi (ca. 1554 – 4 January 1609), was an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Our Lady of Perpetual Help (Glenview, Illinois) Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish, often abbreviated OLPH, is a Roman Catholic parish of the Archdiocese of Chicago located in suburban Glenview, Illinois, approximately north-northwest of downtown Chicago. Originally established in 1907 as the Mission of St. Joseph, Our Lady of Perpetual Help is now one of two Catholic parishes in Glenview along with St. Catherine Laboure. The parish numbers about 3,000 families. As a result, OLPH celebrates no fewer than seven Masses every weekend. Rev. Jeremiah \"Jerry\" Boland is the current pastor, and Rev. Thomas E. Hickey is pastor emeritus. In addition, OLPH has three associate pastors and two deacon couples. OLPH's history dates to the early 1900s. Although area Catholics at that time technically belonged to the parish of St. Joseph located in Grosse Pointe, now Wilmette, missionary priests often traveled to Glenview to minister to Catholics there. The original OLPH Church, located on the same site as the current structure, was dedicated in 1907 as the Mission of St. Joseph. In 1915, Rev. John Vattman renamed the parish Our Lady of Perpetual Help to commemorate a representation of the Virgin Mary that he had given to the church. OLPH’s resident pastor, Rev. Martin C. Schmidt, was installed in 1919, when Our Lady of Perpetual Help became a permanent parish. At the time, the small congregation was still considered a “county parish.” According to legend, upon his appointment as pastor, Fr. Schmidt admitted he did not know where Glenview was located. When Fr. Schmidt asked George W. Mundelein, then the Archbishop of Chicago, the Archbishop purportedly answered, “I don’t know. You’ll have to look it up.” The church continued to grow throughout the 20th century, acquiring land east of the church building to construct a school and convent. Rev. John J. Dussman served as OLPH’s pastor for approximately thirty-four years, from 1934 until his retirement in 1971. Fr. Dussman was succeeded by Rev. Myles P. McDonnell, who served the parish until 1989. Rev. John E. Flavin served as pastor between 1989 and 2007, when recent pastor Thomas E. Hickey, was appointed to the role. On July 15, 2007, OLPH marked its 100th anniversary with a concelebrated Mass of celebration with principal celebrant Francis Cardinal George, the archbishop of Chicago. Upon election of Pope Francis in March 2013, then-pastor Fr. Hickey expressed his support for the new pontiff, saying that although the choice was a \"surprise,\" he believed the choice reflected the growth of Catholicism in the southern hemisphere. The pastor also expressed hope that Pope Francis would \"convey a message of more openness and inclusiveness.\" OLPH considers itself to represent “a family of believers in Christ who strive to live according to his teachings” that “take as [their] mission in the world the living out of the Gospel of Jesus.” According to the parish website, OLPH ministries include care for the sick and bereaved, counseling services, a singles’ group, business network group, men’s and women’s clubs, and a youth organization. The parish is also actively involved in food drives and emergency meal assistance through its Meal Ministry. Beginning in 1929, the Sisters of Charity of Mallinckrodt founded and staffed the first school at Our Lady of Perpetual Help. In 1932, direction of the school changed to the School Sisters of St. Francis, who continue to minister at the school today. The co-educational school numbers approximately 900 students, teaching children from pre-school through eighth grade. Tuition ranges from $3,298 to $7,065 USD per child per year for those students enrolled in kindergarten through eighth grade, depending on the number of children enrolled in the school and the parents’ parishioner status. Our Lady of Perpetual Help (Glenview, Illinois) Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish, often abbreviated OLPH, is a Roman Catholic parish of the Archdiocese of Chicago located in suburban Glenview, Illinois, approximately north-northwest of downtown Chicago. Originally established in 1907 as the Mission of St. Joseph, Our Lady of Perpetual Help is now one of two Catholic parishes in Glenview along with St. Catherine Laboure. The parish numbers about 3,000 families. As a result, OLPH celebrates no fewer than seven Masses every weekend. Rev. Jeremiah \"Jerry\" Boland is the current pastor," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nicolaes Borremans Nicolaes Borremans (c. 1614 – 1679) became in 1649 a Remonstrant preacher in Nieuwkoop and in Maasland from 1650 till 1679 when, due to a disease, he asked to be dismissed after which he was pensioned off. Borremans was born in Amsterdam. Some of his poems are to be found in the anthology \"De Bloemkrans van verscheidene gedichten door eenige liefhebbers der poezy byeenverzameld\", published in Amsterdam in 1659. He also translated Matthaeus Vossius’ \"Annales Hollandaises et Zeelandaises\", known for their charming Latin style, as \"Historische Jaarboecken van Holland en Zeeland\" (published in Gorinchem in 1677) as well as several other theological works published under the pseudonym N.B.A, such as Gerard Brandt the Younger’s poems (\"Gedichten\") which he collected and which were published in 1640 in Rotterdam. Nicolaes Borremans Nicolaes Borremans (c. 1614 – 1679) became in 1649 a Remonstrant preacher in Nieuwkoop and in Maasland from 1650 till 1679 when, due to a disease, he asked to be dismissed after which he was pensioned off. Borremans was born in Amsterdam. Some of his poems are to be found in the anthology \"De Bloemkrans van verscheidene gedichten door eenige liefhebbers der poezy byeenverzameld\", published in Amsterdam in 1659." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Paul Collier (activist) Paul Henry Collier (died 9 March 2010) was an Australian disability activist and the founder of the Dignity for Disability party. Collier was a quadriplegic, having suffered serious spinal injuries in a car accident on the way to his twenty-first birthday celebrations. He held a DPhil from the University of Oxford, and held advisory roles with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and for the federal Minister for Disability. He founded the Dignity for Disability party in South Australia, standing as its candidate for the South Australian Legislative Council in 2006 and 2010. He died after suffering a brain haemorrhage a few weeks before the 2010 election, in which his party gained enough votes for a seat in the Council; this was taken by the second candidate on the ticket, Kelly Vincent. In 2013, a scholarship in Collier's name was set up to assist potential leaders with disabilities. Paul Collier (activist) Paul Henry Collier (died 9 March 2010) was an Australian disability activist and the founder of the Dignity for Disability party. Collier was a quadriplegic, having suffered serious spinal injuries in a car accident on the way to his twenty-first birthday celebrations. He held a DPhil from the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Peggle Nights Peggle Nights is a Windows, Mac OS X and Microsoft Xbox Live Arcade downloadable game from PopCap Games. It is the sequel to 2007's \"Peggle\". It is also unlockable in \"Peggle: Dual Shot\" for the Nintendo DS. However, in \"Peggle Dual Shot\", Marina is not unlockable. The gameplay between the two games has remained largely unchanged, with each featuring a colorful 2D background filled with different colored \"pegs\". The objective in each level is to clear all of the orange pegs by hitting them with a ball shot from the top of the screen. New to this version are 60 new levels, 60 additional challenges, the introduction of the new Peggle Master Marina the Electric Squid, and the addition of an \"Aced\" score for each level. In 2013 PopCap announced a sequel, Peggle 2. As of January 2010, three expansions have been released: a holiday theme, a spring theme and a pack with fan-art-based levels. All three come with extra adventure levels and challenges. While these extra levels are on the PC and Mac versions of Peggle Nights, they have not been patched into the iOS version of Peggle. The Xbox Live Arcade version of \"Peggle\" received \"Nights\" content in the form of a downloadable expansion for the game on November 18, 2009. The iPhone version of \"Peggle\" received \"Nights\" content as an In-App Purchase on October 4, 2010. Gameplay for \"Peggle Nights\" has remained similar to the original game, although additional types of style shots, such as off the wall,have been added. The primary gameplay addition to Peggle Nights is the new Peggle Master Marina. Marina is the final Peggle master of Peggle nights, and her power is a high risk, high reward shot. Lightning travels from the first peg touched to the center of the score bucket. The lighting eliminates all pegs in the path, including armored ones. Marina's power is best used late in the game when the score multiplier is highest. Despite being one of the strongest Peggle masters, Marina did not return for Peggle 2 - though Batrina in Peggle Blast has a similar power. As its opening theme, the game uses the classical piece \"Clair de lune\", the third movement from the piano suite Suite bergamasque by Claude Debussy. Peggle Nights Peggle Nights is a Windows, Mac OS X and Microsoft Xbox Live Arcade downloadable game from PopCap Games. It is the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Hoodlum Priest The Hoodlum Priest is a 1961 film by Irvin Kershner, based on the life of Father Charles \"Dismas\" Clark of St. Louis, who ministered to men in prison and men coming out of prison. During his career Fr. Clark earned the nickname \"The Hoodlum Priest.\" The film was entered into the 1961 Cannes Film Festival. The movie stars Don Murray who also co-produced and co-wrote the screenplay under the pseudonym Don Deer. Father Charles Dismas Clark, a Jesuit priest in St. Louis, dedicates his life to the rehabilitation of delinquents and ex-convicts. By meeting them on their own terms and talking their language, he wins their confidence and their trust. He is primarily concerned with a young thief, Billy Lee Jackson, recently released from the Missouri State Penitentiary. Father Clark helps clear the boy of some trumped-up charges and then gets him an honest job with a produce market. Billy's rehabilitation is further encouraged by Ellen Henley, a young socialite with whom he falls in love. Meanwhile, aided by Louis Rosen, a successful criminal lawyer, Father Clark raises enough funds to open Halfway House, a shelter for ex-convicts readjusting to civilian life. All goes well until Billy's employer fires him for a theft he did not commit. Embittered, he and a friend, Pio, attempt to rob the produce market. They are caught by one of the owners, and he attacks Billy with a crowbar. The panic-stricken boy grabs a gun and kills him. The police chase Billy to an abandoned house, and he hides there until Father Clark persuades him to surrender. Tried and convicted of murder, he is sentenced to death. Before Billy dies in the gas chamber, Father Clark reassures him by telling him of Dismas, the thief who died on the cross, and of how Christ promised him eternal life. After the execution, Father Clark returns to Halfway House and finds his first client, Pio, drunk and repentant. A.H. Weiler of \"The New York Times\" said: \"An unrelievedly grim, serious and action-filled case against an uncompromising attitude toward former convicts and capital punishment, it evolves, through an unpretentious, documentary treatment, as tough and persuasive, if disquieting, drama. ... There is no doubt, however, as to the film's sharp, authentic pictorial look, since it was photographed largely in St. Louis, whose lower depths rise strikingly before an audience. Its cheap saloons, alleys and slums, photographed in newsreel detail by Haskell Wexler, lend polish and support to the fast pace maintained by the director, Irvin Kershner, whose experience stems largely from television.\" The Hoodlum Priest The Hoodlum Priest is a 1961 film by Irvin Kershner, based on the life of Father Charles \"Dismas\" Clark of St. Louis, who ministered to men in prison and men coming out of prison. During his career Fr. Clark earned the nickname \"The Hoodlum Priest.\" The film was entered into the 1961 Cannes Film Festival. The movie stars Don Murray who also co-produced and co-wrote the screenplay under the pseudonym Don" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "North Bend Rail Trail The North Bend Rail Trail is a rail trail in north-central and western West Virginia in the United States. It is operated by West Virginia State Parks and is part of the American Discovery Trail. Running parallel to U.S. Route 50, the rail trail extends from the community of Wolf Summit west of Clarksburg at its eastern end to I-77 near Parkersburg at its western end, passing through Harrison, Doddridge, Ritchie and Wood Counties and the towns of Salem, West Union, Pennsboro, Ellenboro and Cairo, as well as North Bend State Park and numerous unincorporated communities. The North Bend Rail Trail was built on one of the most distinguished railroad lines in U.S. history. Chartered in 1851, the Northwestern Virginia Railroad built 103 miles from the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) mainline at Grafton, West Virginia, to the Ohio River at Parkersburg, West Virginia. The line was sold to the B&O upon completion on May 1, 1857 and became known as the B&O Parkersburg Branch. The Parkersburg Branch was built to high engineering standards with 23 tunnels and 52 bridges to minimize curvature and offer a maximum grade of 1.5%. During its prime years, the branch hosted the \"Metropolitan\", the \"Cincinnatian\" and \"National Limited\", the B&O's premiere passenger train between New York City and St. Louis, Missouri. However, with the rise of automobile ownership, ridership declined and the B&O ceased passenger operations in 1971 with the formation of Amtrak. After the Parkersburg Branch became part of the newly formed Chessie System in 1973, the mountainous route lost favor among railroad management. Amtrak, however, resurrected passenger trains in September 1971, though bypassed many of the sparsely populated towns along the line. Amtrak established the little-used \"West Virginian\", which linked Washington, D.C. to Parkersburg, in response to pressure from U.S. Congressman Harley Orrin Staggers, who used his political status to continually push for improved transportation service throughout West Virginia. Ridership remained low and Amtrak rechristened the train the \"Potomac Special\" (derisively called the \"Harley's Hornet\" or \"Staggers Special\") before eliminating it in 1973. Beginning in October 1976, another Amtrak train, the \"Shenandoah\", began utilizing the route, only to be discontinued in the fall of 1981 due to low ridership. Amtrak also rerouted the \"Capitol Limited\" over a B&O routing between Pittsburgh and Washington, a train originating in Chicago and continuing service to West Virginia communities east of Clarksburg, effectively bypassing the lightly-used Parkesburg Branch. By the time of Amtrak's retrenchment in 1981, local freight service was minimal. The Chessie System had already diverted long-distance freight trains to other routes and eliminated local service entirely by 1985. Two years later, the dormant Parkersburg Branch came under the stewardship of CSX Transportation, who abandoned the line between Walker and Wilsonburg and dismantled the tracks in September 1988. CSX Transportation initially demanded $1.5 million from prospective buyers for the railroad corridor but eventually sold it to the state of West Virginia for approximately $320,000. The state gradually developed plans to convert the line into a recreational trail and incorporate it into their state park system. Initial trail segments opened in 1991, with additional portions added over several years, encompassing some 60 miles of former railroad that included 50 bridges and 12 tunnels. In 1996, the state purchased the western portion of the abandoned corridor between Walker and Parkersburg, totaling 72 miles. Under the management of the state's Department of Natural Resources, the North Bend Rail Trail has become one of the most renowned recreational trails through the Appalachians. It is revered for its mountainous scenery and lengthy tunnels, including the 1,086-foot tunnel No. 2 a short distance east of Salem. North Bend Rail Trail The North Bend Rail Trail is a rail trail in north-central and western West Virginia in the United States. It is operated by West Virginia State Parks and is part of the American Discovery Trail. Running parallel to U.S. Route 50, the rail trail extends from the community of Wolf Summit west of Clarksburg at its eastern end to I-77 near Parkersburg at its western end, passing through Harrison, Doddridge, Ritchie and Wood Counties and the towns of Salem, West Union, Pennsboro, Ellenboro and Cairo, as well" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pursuit of the Sun & Allure of the Earth Pursuit of the Sun & Allure of the Earth is the first full-length album by the Canadian black metal band Woods of Ypres. It was recorded in 2004 at Spectre Sound in Tecumseh, Ontario. This marked Woods of Ypres' first release with David Gold on vocals and guitar as well as drums, along with the first appearance of keyboardist Jessica Rose. Steve Jones & Connor Sharpe supplied most of the lead guitar and bass work for this album, but were uncredited in the album booklet due to leaving Woods of Ypres before its release. Producer Glenn Fricker has since stated on his YouTube channel that the record “is the sound of a band disintegrating,” and characterized the sessions as “extremely difficult” due to one member, likely Gold, being “very unreasonable.” Four songs from this album were later re-issued in Woods of Ypres' 2009 compilation CD \"Independent Nature 2002-2007\". That same year, the band re-released their song \"Allure of the Earth\" from this album as a vinyl-only single, accompanied by a cover of it by Australian cellists Sebastian Simpson & Chris Doig. Songs from this album were not a frequent sight at recent Woods of Ypres concerts. Only \"The Sun Was in My Eyes (Part I)\" has been documented as a full setlist addition since 2009, though shortened versions of \"Summer's Envy\" & \"The Ghosts of Summers Past\" have been played in a medley style occasionally in the band's later years. Pursuit of the Sun & Allure of the Earth Pursuit of the Sun & Allure of the Earth is the first full-length album by the Canadian black metal band Woods of Ypres. It was recorded in 2004 at Spectre Sound in Tecumseh, Ontario. This marked Woods of Ypres' first release with" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Franklin Burghardt William Franklin \"Burgie\" Burghardt (February 4, 1912 – August 8, 1981) was an American football and basketball coach and former athlete. Burghardt was born and raised in the small town of Greenfield, Illinois, where his father and grandfather were barbers. He traced his family eight generations to an ancestor who fought in the American Revolution and was related to William Edward Burghardt \"W. E. B.\" Du Bois. Burghardt competed in football and track and field at Eureka College, where he was co-captain of the football team his senior year. At Eureka, he was on the football team with future president Ronald Reagan, who was two years ahead of him. In 1931, while playing a road trip against another small college in Illinois, a hotel refused to allow Burqhardt and the team's other black player to stay. The coach was angry and decided that the whole team would sleep on the bus. Reagan, Burqhardt later recalled, worried that this would cause the team's performance to suffer and thus humiliate the black players and harm their morale, and suggested instead that the coach tell the team that the hotel did not have enough rooms. Reagan paid for a taxi for Burqhardt and their teammate to Dixon, Illinois, to stay with his parents, Jack and Nelle Reagan, who warmly welcomed them. In Reagan's 1986 autobiography, \"Where's the Rest of Me?\", he told a story about a racist player on an opposing team who was \"filled with hatred and prejudice\" and \"played dirty\" while targeting Burghardt. Though Burghardt was injured, he refused to play dirty and astounded the other team with his strength and skill. At the end of the game, the defeated player turned around to shake Burghardt's hand, telling him he was the greatest human being he had ever met. On Martin Luther King Jr. Day in 1986, President Reagan shared the same story at a school in Washington, D.C. Reagan and Burqhardt remained friends, many decades later. Burqhardt served as the seventh head football coach at the North Carolina College for Negroes — now known as North Carolina Central University — in Durham, North Carolina and he held that position for five seasons, from 1937 until 1941, compiling a record of 22–17–4. Burghardt was also the head basketball coach at North Carolina Central from to 1937 to 1940, tallying a mark of 47–21. Burghardt later received his PhD and published articles on health and physical education. In 1971, he was inducted into the Eureka College Athletic Hall of Fame. Franklin Burghardt William Franklin \"Burgie\" Burghardt (February 4, 1912 – August 8, 1981) was an American football and basketball coach and former athlete. Burghardt was born and raised in the small town of Greenfield, Illinois, where his father and grandfather were barbers. He traced his family eight generations to an ancestor who fought in the American Revolution and was related to William Edward Burghardt \"W. E. B.\" Du Bois. Burghardt competed in football and track and field at Eureka College," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ditchers The Ditchers were a group of upper-class British people, so called because they were prepared to stand in a \"last-ditch\" attempt against the Liberal government reforms to the constitution. Many of the nobility were determined to prevent David Lloyd George introducing the Parliament Act 1911. The Lords had delayed the 'People's budget' of 1909, which the Chancellor of Exchequer had brought forward to increase taxation, and start some form of welfarism. The 1911 act presented a \"fait accompli\" to the Lords by certifying the Commons traditional conventional power to create finance bills. No longer could the Lords forestall Treasury legislation. The power to delay was commenced for a period of two years only. Lloyd George famously threatened to advise King George V to create five hundred Liberal peers if the Lords did not yield their ancient privileges. A music hall song alluded to these potential lords with the line \"Lloyd George knew my father, my father knew Lloyd George.\" Many of the \"Last Ditchers\" were Tory farmers and landowners, who refused to surrender the political power that went with social superiority. But the aristocracy had been in decline, since the inexorable rise of business and merchant middle-class capitalists during the Edwardian era. Their entry in the Commons, and enfranchisement of the working-classes in the 1884-5 reform acts had already marked a significant shift of power. Government interventionism from devolution was threatening stability without control over local finance. The Naval Arms \"Dreadnought\" Race was very costly: it had done nothing to prevent world war by 1914, and Irish terrorism since 1881. However, the Government of Ireland Bill was delayed its enactment in August 1914, the very day war broke out. Ditchers The Ditchers were a group of upper-class British people, so called because they were prepared to stand in a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Drawception Drawception is a multiplayer web-based drawing and guessing game. Considered similar to the telephone game, it was created by Jeremiah Freyholtz (aka \"Reed\") and released as an early beta on March 26, 2012. The game is currently owned by Freyholtz's company Blue Flame Labs, who also own MobyGames. \"Drawception\" is a combination of drawing with telephone game rules that is played by 12 to 24 random players. A game begins with a phrase, which is then drawn by a player. That drawing is then described by another player. This process repeats until 12 - 24 players have taken their turn. Once a game has been completed, the players are notified and can view the resulting chain of drawings and descriptions. Games often end completely differently from where they began and transform in unexpected ways. Players can also purchase cosmetic color palettes and tools from the game's virtual store. They are purchased with ducks, a virtual currency that they get from other players or with microtransactions, which, once made, gives the player access to Drawception Gold. Which gives a little golden D next to their profile, access to infinite free Draw First games, and the ability to award ducks to other players. \"Drawception\" has often been compared to games like \"Draw Something\" or \"Draw My Thing\", and is noted to \"combine the weird \"Pictionary\"-style guessing of \"Draw Something\" with the weird-to-weirder design of a game of Telephone\". It has been compared to \"Broken Picture Telephone\", an earlier online game that had been shut down. It received an honorable mention by Rock Paper Shotgun. Drawception Drawception is a multiplayer web-based drawing and guessing game. Considered similar to the telephone game, it was created by Jeremiah Freyholtz (aka \"Reed\") and released as an early beta on March 26, 2012. The game is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Illinois Traction System Mackinaw Depot The Illinois Traction System Mackinaw Depot is a former in use 1909 to 1953 Illinois Terminal Railroad interurban passenger depot in Mackinaw, Illinois that still stands. The Illinois Terminal Railroad (from 1896 to 1937 known as the Illinois Traction System) ran an over head trolley wire powered railroad from Peoria on the north to St.Louis on the south with branches to Champaign and Urbana. The brick depot and rotary converter \"substation\" was built in 1909 and designed in the Spanish Colonial Revival style. The station served regularly scheduled electric interurban passenger trains and electric locomotive powered freight trains. The Illinois Power and Light Company also used the building as an electrical substation from 1927 until 1955. Very high voltage alternating current was converted to 600 volt direct current for use by the interurban line's locomotives and interurban cars. Wires entered and left through the large holes in the upper portions of the depot. The station was one of several properties owned by the IT at Mackinaw along with adjacent mainline track and a number of rail sidings, but the other buildings and the track have since been demolished leaving the depot as the only surviving landmark from the era of electric interurban trolley service in the central Illinois area. The depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 30, 1978. Illinois Traction System Mackinaw Depot The Illinois Traction System Mackinaw Depot is a former in use 1909 to 1953 Illinois Terminal Railroad interurban passenger depot in Mackinaw, Illinois that still stands. The Illinois Terminal Railroad (from 1896 to 1937 known as the Illinois Traction System) ran an over head trolley wire powered railroad from Peoria on the north to St.Louis on the south with branches to Champaign and Urbana. The brick" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "FTF – Confederation of Professionals in Denmark FTF – Confederation of Professionals in Denmark (Danish: \"FTF\") was founded in 1952 and is an umbrella organisation (one of the three national trade union centers) for 86 Danish trade unions. The FTF has a membership of 450,000 and cooperates with the two other Danish trade union centers, i.e. the AC – The Danish Confederation of Professional Associations and the LO, The Danish Confederation of Trade Unions. Members of the 86 trade unions of the FTF are typically employees with a higher education and an academic degree (e.g. a bachelor's degree or a master's degree) or a first professional degree. Some members don't have a higher education but a vocational education (\"white-collar workers\"). A typical FTF-member occupies a middle or upper middle position in society as regards salary and pension benefits. Many FTF-members are leaders. FTF-members are e.g. pharmaconomists, journalists, medical laboratory scientists, teachers, bank employees, physical therapists, businesspersons, actors, dental hygienists, police officers, podiatrists, engineers, nurses, stage directors, social workers, radiographers etc. The FTF is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC) and the Council of Nordic Trade Unions (NFS). FTF – Confederation of Professionals in Denmark FTF – Confederation of Professionals in Denmark (Danish: \"FTF\") was founded in 1952 and is an umbrella organisation (one of the three national trade union centers) for 86 Danish trade unions. The FTF has a membership of 450,000 and cooperates with the two other Danish trade union centers, i.e. the AC – The Danish Confederation of Professional Associations and the LO, The Danish Confederation of Trade Unions. Members of the 86 trade unions of the FTF are typically employees with a higher education and an academic degree (e.g. a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hue (video game) Hue is a 2016 puzzle platformer video game designed by Henry Hoffman and Dan Da Rocha, developed by Fiddlesticks, and published by Curve Digital. The game was free for PlayStation Plus subscribers in October 2017. The game was released on August 30, 2016 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, however, was released on November 29, 2016 for PlayStation Vita. In \"Hue\", the player explores a grey land while searching for their missing mother. The player can uncover coloured pieces, which when matched against obstacles will cause them to disappear, revealing new puzzles. As the player progresses and unlocks more colours, the game's difficulty increased with more colours being needed to complete puzzles. There are eight colours to find in this game; Sky Blue, Dark Blue, Purple, Pink, Orange, Red, Yellow, Lime. \"Hue\" received \"generally favorable\" reviews on Metacritic. The site holds 79 on PC, 78 on Xbox One, and 77 on PS4 Hue (video game) Hue is a 2016 puzzle platformer video game designed by Henry Hoffman and Dan Da Rocha, developed by Fiddlesticks, and published by Curve Digital. The game was free for PlayStation Plus subscribers in October 2017. The game was released on" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Doris (sailing yacht) Doris is a sailing yacht, which has also been known as Astarte, Huntress and Vayu, in Deep River, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. She was designed by Nathanael Herreshoff, who designed five America's Cup defender yachts and who also was the main architect of the America's Cup rule change called the Universal Rule. That rule allowed for displacement as well as length and sail area to be included in a formula defining yacht eligibility, and enabled more \"sea-kindly\" and roomier yachts to be competitive. Previously, America Cup racers were often \"either sleek and fast, but had unseaworthy characteristics, or scow-like vessels which were cumbersome but safe and able passage-makers.\" \"Doris\" is believed to be the largest Herreshoff-designed sloop that was built and has survived. She is said to be the first boat built under the Universal Rule. Built in Bristol, Rhode Island, in 1905, by the Herreshoff Manufacturing Co., \"Doris\" is the largest all-wood vessel ever built by the firm. The ship was commissioned by S. Reed Anthony, a founding partner of investment banking firm Tucker, Anthony & Co., who paid $18,000. She soon proved her worth, as \"Doris\" \"... proved to be a sensation in the yachting world when she defeated \"Gloriana\", an earlier Herreshoff design built in 1891 and reported to be the fastest sailing vessel of her day, in a series of match races off Marblehead, Massachusetts.\" The ship is also unusual for two construction details. Herreshoff employed metal hanging knees instead of the more traditional sheer clamp, and \"Doris\" is the only boat to possess what Herreshoff called \"belt\" or \"web frames\", whereby oak frames were bent \"over the ceiling\". Although originally rigged as a gaff-sloop / cutter, the rigging was changed prior to the 1932 Bermuda Race. This proved to be advantageous, as the yacht led the race \"for a good part of the race before light winds gave favor to the smaller vessels.\" In 1934, under the ownership of Lawrence Lowell Reeve, she was converted to a Marconi-ketch. Over the years \"Doris\" has gone under a number of names. Under Lawrence Reeve she was referred to as \"Astarte\" from 1934. She was renamed \"Huntress\" in 1937 under new owners, and became \"Vayu\" when purchased by Richard Hart in 1940. James Mercanti purchased \"Vayu\" from Frederic B. Smith of Winthrop, Massachusetts. The ship remained as \"Vayu\" under the next owner, Jim Mercanti, who had the boat between 1957 and 1975, before coming into the possession David Revenaugh. Under Brian Amble, who owned the boat from 2001 until at least 2007, she was known once more by her original name, \"Doris\". At its NRHP listing in 1984, the yacht was located in the Connecticut River off River Rd., Deep River, Connecticut, but it was expected to be moved for an upcoming restoration. Latest information is that the ship is owned by Crocker's Boatyard in New London, Connecticut. According to the Herreshoff Registry, the ship \"is currently in poor condition and is in imminent danger of being cut up.\" Original construction drawings for much of the ship are preserved in the collection at the Hart Nautical Museum, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Doris (sailing yacht) Doris is a sailing yacht, which has also been known as Astarte, Huntress and Vayu, in Deep River, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. She was designed by Nathanael Herreshoff, who designed five America's Cup defender yachts and who also was the main architect of the America's Cup rule change called the Universal" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Port-Valais Port-Valais is a municipality of the district of Monthey in the French-speaking part of the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Port-Valais is first mentioned in 1180 as \"ad porvalesium\". The municipality was formerly known by its German name \"Portwallis\", however, that name is no longer used. Port-Valais has an area, , of . Of this area, or 23.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 53.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 11.8% is settled (buildings or roads), or 3.1% is either rivers or lakes and or 7.9% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.8%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.3% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.1%. Out of the forested land, 51.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 16.3% is used for growing crops and 2.6% is pastures, while 1.5% is used for orchards or vine crops and 3.0% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.5% is in lakes and 2.6% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 3.8% is unproductive vegetation and 4.0% is too rocky for vegetation. The municipality is located in the Monthey district, at the mouth of the Rhone into Lake Geneva. It consists of the villages of Le Bouveret and Les Evouettes and the hamlet of Port-Valais. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Per fess Azure Scales between four Mullets of Five in fess Or and Sable an Anchor Argent.\" Port-Valais has a population () of . , 28.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of 26.1%. It has changed at a rate of 27.9% due to migration and at a rate of 2.5% due to births and deaths. Most of the population () speaks French (1,903 or 80.5%) as their first language, German is the second most common (107 or 4.5%) and English is the third (54 or 2.3%). There are 32 people who speak Italian. , the population was 50.4% male and 49.6% female. The population was made up of 1,129 Swiss men (35.5% of the population) and 472 (14.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,138 Swiss women (35.8%) and 438 (13.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 677 or about 28.6% were born in Port-Valais and lived there in 2000. There were 343 or 14.5% who were born in the same canton, while 684 or 28.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 638 or 27.0% were born outside of Switzerland. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 63.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 11.2%. , there were 1,076 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,023 married individuals, 127 widows or widowers and 138 individuals who are divorced. , there were 922 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.2 persons per household. There were 357 households that consist of only one person and 45 households with five or more people. , a total of 715 apartments (64.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 383 apartments (34.3%) were seasonally occupied and 19 apartments (1.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.4%. The historical population is given in the following chart: In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 33.53% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (23.78%), the FDP (21.11%) and the SP (12.24%). In the federal election, a total of 881 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 49.6%. In the 2009 Conseil d'Etat/Staatsrat election a total of 790 votes were cast, of which 53 or about 6.7% were invalid. The voter participation was 43.7%, which is much less than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 852 votes were cast, of which 74 or about 8.7% were invalid. The voter participation was 48.5%, which is much less than the cantonal average of 59.88%. , Port-Valais had an unemployment rate of 4.4%. , there were 28 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 12 businesses involved in this sector. 134 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 22 businesses in this sector. 467 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 78 businesses in this sector. There were 1,061 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.4% of the workforce. , there were 374 workers who commuted into the municipality and 708 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 20.9% of the workforce coming into Port-Valais are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 8.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 74.4% used a private car. From the , 1,418 or 60.0% were Roman Catholic, while 442 or 18.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 32 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.35% of the population), there were 4 individuals (or about 0.17% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 46 individuals (or about 1.95% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 8 individuals (or about 0.34% of the population) who were Jewish, and 109 (or about 4.61% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 15 individuals who were Buddhist, 9 individuals who were Hindu and 8 individuals who belonged to another church. 255 (or about 10.79% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 39 individuals (or about 1.65% of the population) did not answer the question. In Port-Valais about 832 or (35.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 229 or (9.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\"). Of the 229 who completed tertiary schooling, 50.7% were Swiss men, 27.9% were Swiss women, 15.7% were non-Swiss men and 5.7% were non-Swiss women. , there were 16 students in Port-Valais who came from another municipality, while 125 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Port-Valais Port-Valais is a municipality of the district of Monthey in the French-speaking part of the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Port-Valais is first mentioned in 1180 as \"ad porvalesium\". The municipality was formerly known by its German name \"Portwallis\", however, that name is no longer used. Port-Valais has an area, , of . Of this area, or 23.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 53.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 11.8% is settled (buildings or roads), or 3.1% is either rivers or lakes and or 7.9%" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Namaqua dwarf chameleon The Namaqua dwarf chameleon or the Western dwarf chameleon (Bradypodion occidentale) occurs in beach vegetation, along the west coast of South Africa and Namibia. The Namaqua is relatively large for a Dwarf Chameleon, reaching up to 16 cm in length. It also has a relatively stocky build, and the shortest tail of its genus. It has several distinctive \"gular\" grooves under its chin, running from its mouth down to the top of its chest. In colour it is a dull, mottled brown-grey. This species occurs along the coastal regions of the far west of South Africa. It is found in a belt from Melkbosstrand (near Cape Town) in the south, up to Lüderitz, Namibia. In this range, it favours the coastal Strandveld vegetation and is only very rarely found further inland. In the south, near Cape Town, its range slightly overlaps with that of the Cape Dwarf Chameleon, but the two favour different habitats. They can also easily be distinguished as the Cape Dwarf Chameleon has far brighter colouration, with a lighter build, longer tail, and blunter nose and casque. In the vicinity of human habitation, they have a tendency to fall victim to domestic cats. They are also threatened by habitat loss, as coastal vegetation is increasingly disturbed for development. Namaqua dwarf chameleon The Namaqua dwarf chameleon or the Western dwarf chameleon (Bradypodion occidentale) occurs in beach vegetation, along the west coast of South Africa and Namibia. The Namaqua is relatively large for a Dwarf Chameleon, reaching up to 16 cm in length. It also has a relatively stocky build, and the shortest tail of its genus. It has several distinctive \"gular\" grooves under its chin, running from its mouth down to the top of its chest. In colour it is a dull, mottled brown-grey. This" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Brian Whittingham Brian Whittingham is a Scottish writer, editor and lecturer on creative writing. Brian Whittingham was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1950. He lived in a council tenement in Drumchapel until the early 1970s. Before becoming a full-time writer he worked as a steelworker/draftsman in Glasgow shipbuilding yards close to the Titan Crane. He worked on the squad that built the QE2, launched 1967 and attended a gala dinner on board in 2008 to mark the ship's retirement to become a floating hotel in Palm Jumeirah, Dubai. He has two children. He enjoys the Scottish climate and travel.He is an art fan with a preference for Post impressionists work. He recorded Edwin Morgan's poem, \"The Loch Ness Monster Song\" as a tribute along with other invited poets, to celebrate Edwin's 80th Birthday. His workshops have consisted of teenagers writing poems in the sand on the Normandy beaches, senior citizens writing their memories whilst sitting in tramcars in Glasgow's Transport Museum, youngsters writing plant poems in Glasgow's Winter Gardens and Hawaiian students writing dialect pieces in Seattle University. He has worked as Writer in Residence for East Lothian Council. He has enjoyed long term fellowships at Yaddo in Seattle and Robert Louis Stevenson Fellowship at Chevillon Grez in Paris. Brian Whittingham Brian Whittingham is a Scottish writer, editor and lecturer on creative writing. Brian Whittingham was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1950. He lived in a council tenement in Drumchapel until the early 1970s. Before becoming a full-time writer he worked as a steelworker/draftsman in Glasgow shipbuilding yards close to the Titan Crane. He worked on the squad that built the QE2, launched 1967 and attended a gala dinner on board in 2008 to mark the ship's retirement to become a floating hotel in Palm Jumeirah, Dubai. He has two" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Linda Hopper Linda Elizabeth Hopper is the vocalist for the Atlanta, Georgia-based rock group Magnapop. Her pop punk/power pop vocal style helped to define the band's sound and she has co-written their minor hit singles \"Slowly, Slowly\" and \"Open the Door\". Prior to the formation of Magnapop, Hopper was a member of the Athens, Georgia music scene in the early 1980s, which included R.E.M., The B-52s, and her own band Oh-OK. Hopper is a native of Marietta, Georgia who moved to Athens to attend the University of Georgia to study art in the late 1970s. There, she befriended Michael Stipe in an art design class and she introduced him to her friends. The two became involved in the early local music scene and formed the short-lived experimental music group Tanzplagen along with Stipe's sister Lynda and other local musicians. After a matter of months, the band split up and Michael Stipe formed R.E.M., while Hopper made Oh-OK with Lynda Stipe on bass guitar and drummer David McNair (a later line-up would also include Matthew Sweet.) Oh-OK opened for Stipe's noise music project 1066 Gaggle O'Sound and would go on to record two mini albums before disbanding in 1984, including 1983's \"Furthermore What\", which was produced by Michael Stipe with a cover that he made. She then briefly belonged to a band named Holiday, who released their only EP in 1987. In 1989, Hopper was introduced to Ruthie Morris—a guitarist who had recently moved from West Palm Beach, Florida to East Atlanta. The two became friends and began writing songs together, forming the core of what would become Magnapop. Michael Stipe saw their first public performance and offered to produce some demos for them in John Keane's Athens studio in December 1990. Their first high-profile show was at the July 1991 New York New Music Seminar along with three other bands that were introduced by Stipe. Their 1992 self-titled first album included four of the 1990 Stipe demos and was released on Caroline Records in the United States. The band established a following touring through Benelux in the 1990s and had two minor hit singles, but after the 1996 release of \"Rubbing Doesn't Help\", Magnapop found themselves dropped by their record label and unable to record for seven years due to contractual obligations. Hopper and Morris continued to play a few acoustic live shows as a duo into 1999, occasionally with accompaniment (such as Philadelphia bassist Billy Warburton and drummer Lance Crow) and attempted to record an EP for record label Vital Cog with a drum machine as backing, but ended up putting Magnapop on an indefinite hiatus. Hopper moved to Los Angeles and stopped performing live music until the early 2000s, when Hopper, Morris, and a group of Seattle musicians demoed some Hopper/Morris songs. The band officially re-formed in 2003 with bassist Scott Rowe and drummer Brian Fletcher to tour the European festival circuit and record an album. In The Netherlands, Hopper also performed vocals on R.E.M.'s cover of \"Favorite Writer\" at two of the group's concerts on June 21 and 22. In 2005, Magnapop released their first album in nine years—\"Mouthfeel\"—on Amy Ray's Daemon Records. The re-formed group toured to support the record throughout the United States and the festival circuit in Europe and has continued to perform and record through 2010. The self-released album \"Chase Park\" was made available in late 2009. Hopper is known for her pop-influenced vocals and its interaction with Morris' particularly aggressive guitar-playing. Reviewers have called Hopper's singing \"speak-in-tune\" (\"College Music Journal\") and \"bell-voiced\" (\"Billboard\".) In addition, the vocal harmony between the two singers has defined the Magnapop's sound, especially on later releases that feature more of Morris' vocals. Hopper's non-Magnapop releases include: Linda Hopper Linda Elizabeth Hopper is the vocalist for the Atlanta, Georgia-based rock group Magnapop. Her pop punk/power pop vocal style helped to define the band's sound and she has co-written their minor hit singles \"Slowly, Slowly\" and \"Open the Door\". Prior to the formation of Magnapop, Hopper was a member of the Athens, Georgia music scene in the early 1980s, which included R.E.M., The B-52s, and her own band Oh-OK. Hopper is a native of Marietta, Georgia who moved to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "British Columbia Medical Journal The British Columbia Medical Journal is a peer-reviewed general medical journal covering scientific research, review articles, and updates on contemporary clinical practices written by British Columbian physicians or focused on topics likely to be of interest to them, such as columns from the BC Centre for Disease Control and the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. Although published by the Doctors of BC professional association, it maintains distance from the association in order to encourage open debate. It hosts an online database of all issues from 2000. The current editor-in-chief is David R. Richardson. The journal publishes 10 issues per year, with combined issues in January/February and July/August. The journal was originally known as the \"Vancouver Medical Association Bulletin\" and was published by the Vancouver Medical Association (VMA) for 34 years, from October 1924 until January 1959. In its early years, the journal relied heavily on advertiser supporting. In 1957, as this income had begun to decline, the VMA and the BCMA entered into an agreement to restructure the publication, including its retitling, with BCMA paying to sustain the financially troubled journal. The first issue under the \"British Columbia Medical Journal\" title was released in January 1959. In January 1963, in response to continued decreasing advertiser support, the BCMA took over the journal completely. Jerry Wong has been the cover artist for the \"British Columbia Medical Journal\" since 1982. The \"British Columbia Medical Journal\" is an open access journal. All articles from 2000 onwards are archived on the journal's web site. The \"British Columbia Medical Journal\" welcomes article submissions from student authors, and each year awards a prize of $1000 for the best article written by a medical student in the province of British Columbia. The prize honors John Henry MacDermot (1883–1969), who became the editor of the \"Vancouver Medical Bulletin\" at its formation in 1924, remaining at the helm until 1967, when he retired. British Columbia Medical Journal The British Columbia Medical Journal is a peer-reviewed general medical journal covering scientific research, review articles, and updates on contemporary clinical practices written by British Columbian physicians or focused on topics likely to be of interest to them, such as columns from the BC Centre for Disease Control and the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. Although published by the Doctors of BC professional association, it maintains distance from the association in order to encourage open debate. It hosts" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2009 Algarve Cup The 2009 Algarve Cup was the sixteenth edition of the Algarve Cup, an invitational women's football tournament held annually in Portugal. It took place between 4 and 11 March 2009. It was won by Sweden who defeated holders the United States in a penalty shootout after a 1-1 draw in the final-game. The twelve invited teams were split into three groups that played a round-robin tournament. The entrants were almost identical to the previous year, but Iceland moved up into Group B from their previous ranking in 2008, replacing Italy who did not feature this time. Wales returned to the competition for the first time in five years, while Austria appeared in the competition for the first time. Groups A and B, containing the strongest ranked teams, were the only ones in contention to win the title. The group winners from A and B contested the final, with the runners-up playing for third place and those that finished third in these two groups playing for fifth place. The teams in Group C were playing for places 7-12, with the winner of Group C playing the team that finished fourth in Group A or B with the better record for seventh place and the Group C runner-up playing the team which came last in Group A or B with the worse record for ninth place. The third and fourth-placed teams in Group C played for eleventh place. Points awarded in the group stage follow the standard formula of three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a loss. In the case of two teams being tied on the same amount of points in a group, their head-to-head result determined the higher place. All times local (WET/UTC+0) All times local (WET/UTC+0) 2009 Algarve" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sidh, Gujrat Sidh is a village located in Tehsil Kharian, in the Gujrat District of Pakistan. Sidh is located approximately from Kharian and from Gujrat. Its neighbouring villages include Kohli, Jakharr, Bhaati and Udha. By election area It has UC-102, PP-115, NA-107. The majority of inhabitants of village are Sidhu Jatts; the name of the village is derived from their caste. Sidhus are martial race and they come from elite clan of warriors and were sought after soldiers in the history of sub-continent and subsequently during the British raj owing to their bravery and being expert in the skill of warfare. Total of 500 homes are situated in Sidh, of which more than 400 are Jatts. Katy's tends to use surname Chauhdhary. Others castes are Bhatti, Baig, Tarkhan, Darzi, Lohar & Syed. Sidh hosts five Mosques, a post office, an animal hospital, shops, a mill and many schools. The land surrounding the village is arid, production of crops is totally dependent on seasonal rainfall. As a result, agriculture has not been the main source of income for the local population. Many of the villagers have gone overseas to find work. Some people have settled in England, USA, Germany, UAE, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy and Greece etc. Sidh is also a very popular village amongst all the villages of Gujrat for its sports. Basic sports played in Sidh are Cricket, Football, Volleyball, Badminton and Kabaddi. Sidhu fighters Cricket Club is currently the most successful team of the village. It has recently won about 15 tournament in a very short time period of 16 months and they have not stopped yet. Sidh has produced many great players of the region in many sports. Shops & Plazas, Swimming Pool, Fertilized Land, Schools, Politary Farm, Post Office, Local Transport, Paved Streets, Graveyard, PTCL Landline, Vfone, DSL Internet, Telephone Exchange, Cable TV, Electricity, Animal Hospital, Religious Schools, Wide Play-Grounds, Welfare Foundation. Sidhnews.com is an official website of Sidh,Gujrat,Pakistan All Rights Reserved © Copyrights - 2015 - 2018 Sidh, Gujrat Sidh is a village located in Tehsil Kharian, in the Gujrat District of Pakistan. Sidh is located approximately from Kharian and from Gujrat. Its neighbouring villages include Kohli, Jakharr, Bhaati and Udha. By election area It has UC-102, PP-115, NA-107. The majority of inhabitants of village are Sidhu Jatts; the name of the village is derived from their caste. Sidhus are martial race and they come" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tylopilus albofarinaceus Tylopilus albofarinaceus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in China. It was described as new to science in 1948 by Wei-Fan Chiu as a species of \"Boletus\"; F.L. Tai transferred it to the genus \"Tylopilus\" in 1979. The fruit body has a convex, white cap that is up to in diameter. The tubes on the cap underside are 3 mm long, while the pores are about 0.7–1 mm wide. The flesh in the stipe is white and does not change color with injury. It has ellipsoid spores measuring 11–14 by 5–7 µm. The type collection was made in Kunming in August 1938. Tylopilus albofarinaceus Tylopilus albofarinaceus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in China. It was described as new to science in 1948 by Wei-Fan Chiu as a species of \"Boletus\"; F.L. Tai transferred it to the genus \"Tylopilus\" in 1979. The fruit body has a convex, white cap that is up to in diameter. The tubes on the cap underside are 3 mm long, while the pores are about 0.7–1 mm wide. The flesh in the stipe is white and does not change color with injury. It has ellipsoid spores measuring" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Steve Johnson (cricketer) John Stephen Johnson (born 7 July 1944) is a former English cricketer. Johnson was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Doncaster, Yorkshire. Johnson made his debut for Shropshire against Cambridgeshire in the 1967 Minor Counties Championship. He played Minor counties cricket for Bedfordshire from 1967 to 1991, making 178 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 7 MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances. He made his List A debut for Shropshire against Essex in the 1974 Gillette Cup. He made 6 further List A appearances for the county, the last of which came against Leicestershire in the 1989 NatWest Trophy. In his 7 List A matches for Shropshire, he scored 55 runs at an average of 7.85, with a high score of 27. Playing for Shropshire allowed him to represent a Minor counties cricket team in one form of another. He made 3 List A appearances in the 1978 Benson & Hedges Cup for Minor Counties East, scoring 30 runs at an average of 10.00, with a high score of 25. The following season he played for Minor Counties North in the 1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146 in the Minor Counties first-innings, while in their second-innings he was dismissed for 24 runs by Karsan Ghavri. Johnson later stood as an umpire in Minor counties and List A cricket. Steve" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "PS Rising Star PS \"Rising Star\" was a paddle steamer warship, nicknamed the \"Rising Sun\". The ship was seen as a revolutionary design that included twin funnels and an internal retractable paddle wheel. She was the first ever British steam warship to cross the Atlantic from east to west in 1821. \"Rising Star\" was built in Rotherhithe for Thomas Cochrane (later tenth Earl of Dundonald). Cochrane's reputation as a skilled naval commander led him to construct a warship that aimed to eliminate the differences in capability between the Chilean and the Spanish naval forces. Cochrane intended the vessel to be used as a steam warship within the Chilean War of Independence. He made efforts to conceal the ship's real purpose under the guise that it was to be used to sail to the North Pole. The PS \"Rising Star\" was driven by a centerline paddle wheel powered by steam engines consisting of twin cylinders which were constructed by Maudslay and Sons and Field. The prospect of a ship that did not have to depend on the wind for power drew much anticipation from Cochrane and he contributed ₤3000 of his own money into the venture. Edward Ellice, a South-America trader, supplied ₤4000. The \"Rising Star\" was inevitably a small warship, but made up for its size as with a conventional battery of twenty guns, which was distributed along its open spar deck, ten in each broadside. Due to delays in her construction (which took place in Kier's yard in 1820) the \"Rising Star\" was not built in time and only ran her trials on the Thames in June 1821. The ship managed six knots under steam. Although Cochrane had originally ordered the \"Rising Star\" to be constructed, when it was eventually fully finished he did not take the ship out himself; Major Hon. William Cochrane was given this task. \"Rising Star\" had not been properly designed and the engine was too small to propel her. Since the miscalculation could not be easily remedied, Alvarez Condarco, the Chilean Minister in London asked Cochrane to leave for Chile without delay, so that he could take immediate command of the First Chilean Navy Squadron. \"Rising Star\" eventually sailed from Gravesend on 22 October 1821, heading for Valparaíso. Just off the coast of Portugal she sprang a leak and had to be put into dock at Cork for repairs to the hull. Once repaired, \"Rising Star\" set off again for Valparaíso and this time made the voyage without interference, arriving on 22 April 1822. This late arrival meant the voyage that was intended to make it in time for the war ended up being six months later. PS \"Rising Star\" was eventually sold to Winter y Brittain of Buenos Aires and sank 1830 in the Irish Sea. PS Rising Star PS \"Rising Star\" was a paddle steamer warship, nicknamed the \"Rising Sun\". The ship was seen as a revolutionary design that included twin funnels and an internal retractable paddle wheel. She was the first" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2017 West Texas A&M Buffaloes football team The 2017 West Texas A&M Buffaloes football team representedWest Texas A&M University in the 2017 NCAA Division II football season. They were led by first-year head coach Hunter Hughes. The Buffaloes played their home games at Kimbrough Memorial Stadium and were members of the Lone Star Conference. West Texas A&M announced its 2017 football schedule on January 5, 2017. The schedule consists of seven home and four away games in the regular season. The Buffaloes will host LSC foes Eastern New Mexico, Texas-Permian Basin, Texas A&M-Commerce, and Western New Mexico and will travel to Angelo State, Midwestern State, Tarleton State, Texas A&M-Kingsville. The Buffaloes will host all three non-conference games against Adams State from the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC), Azusa Pacific from the Pacific West Conference and Colorado State-Pueblo also from the RMAC. 2017 West Texas A&M Buffaloes football team The 2017 West Texas A&M Buffaloes football team representedWest Texas A&M University in the 2017 NCAA Division II football season. They were led by first-year head coach Hunter Hughes. The Buffaloes played their home games at Kimbrough Memorial Stadium and were members of the Lone Star Conference. West Texas A&M announced its" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stenoma lapilella Stenoma lapilella is a moth in the Depressariidae family. It was described by August Busck in 1914. It is found in Panama and Brazil. The wingspan is about 14 mm. The forewings are whitish grey with the costa and termen narrowly rather dark grey. From the dorsum near the base, a rather dark grey streak is found parallel to the costa to near the middle and there is a somewhat oblique-transverse streak of brown suffusion about the middle of the disc. The plical and second discal stigmata are moderate and blackish, a blackish dot above and before the latter, another beneath and beyond, and a few black specks around it. There is an indistinct spot of blackish suffusion on the middle of the costa and a curved blackish-grey shade from the costa at two-thirds to the tornus. The hindwings are pale grey closely irrorated dark grey. Stenoma lapilella Stenoma lapilella is a moth in the Depressariidae family. It was described by August Busck in 1914. It is found in Panama and Brazil. The wingspan is about 14 mm. The forewings are whitish grey with the costa and termen narrowly rather dark grey. From the dorsum near the base," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Math Book The Math Book (Sterling Publishing, 2009. ) is a book by American author Clifford A. Pickover. The book contains 250 one-page articles on milestones in the history of math. Each article is followed by a related full-page color image. Pickover states, “The Latin translation [of Al-Khuwarizmi's Algebra] introduced the decimal positional number system to Europe” (84). Later, Pickover writes that Fibonacci's Liber Abaci \"introduced the Hindu-Arabic numerals and decimal system to Western Europe\" (100). The book has consistently received good reviews. The book has been praised by Martin Gardner. The book is the winner of the Von Neumann Prize. The book has been praised by Boing Boing. The Math Book The Math Book (Sterling Publishing, 2009. ) is a book by American author Clifford A. Pickover. The book contains 250 one-page articles on milestones in the history of math. Each article is followed by a related full-page color image. Pickover states, “The Latin translation [of Al-Khuwarizmi's Algebra] introduced the decimal positional number system to Europe” (84). Later, Pickover writes that Fibonacci's Liber Abaci \"introduced the Hindu-Arabic numerals and decimal system to Western Europe\" (100). The book has consistently received good reviews. The book has been praised by" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Revell Grange Revell Grange is a Grade II listed English country house situated on Bingley Lane in the suburb of Stannington overlooking the Rivelin valley within the City of Sheffield, England. The house played an important role as a focal point of early Catholicism within the city and still houses a private chapel to this day. The original house is thought to date from 1495 but was considerably altered in the middle part of the 18th century with a new frontage and refacing added to the earlier core. The Revell family moved to the house in 1742, they had previously lived at Nethergate Hall, one mile to the east in the centre of what is now Stannington village. The family remained at the Grange until the mid-1950s but due to the failure of the direct male line, continued there under the names of Broomhead, Wright and then Sutton. The Revells were Roman Catholics and built a chapel at the Grange when they first occupied it for their own use and the small surrounding congregation. The chapel was used for mass until February 1828 when it was closed by the Right Reverend Thomas Smith because of a shortage of priests and a dwindling congregation. After the widowed Mistress Wright had re-married Mr. Sutton in 1854, it was agreed that the chapel should be reopened and on December 17 of that year Father Burke of St Vincent's Church, Sheffield conducted mass for the first time in almost 27 years and revived the tradition of flying a white sheet as a signal to the local populace that mass was to be celebrated in the Grange. In 1858 a new chapel was built on the site of the old one and was opened by John Briggs Bishop of Beverley and was dedicated to St Mary of the Assumption. Revell Grange continued to be occupied by the Sutton family until 1954 when the last descendent, Captain Revell Sutton died. Today the Grange continues as a private house. The Grange has adjacent outbuildings which were constructed in the late 18th or early 19th century, these consist of a barn and a coach house which has been converted into a cottage. Both outbuildings are grade two listed. The Grange is constructed from ashlar Gritstone with a Welsh slate roof. It consists of two storeys with five bays, the ten windows to the front of the house are 20 paned sashes. The chapel stands in the west wing of the Grange, it is higher than the main house and features Gothic detail in contrast to the classical character of the main house. Revell Grange Revell Grange is a Grade II listed English country house situated on Bingley Lane in the suburb of Stannington overlooking the Rivelin valley within the City of Sheffield, England. The house played an important role as a focal point of early Catholicism within the city and still houses a private chapel to this day. The original house is thought to date from 1495 but" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Love Streams (album) Love Streams is the eighth studio album by Canadian electronic music musician Tim Hecker, released on April 8, 2016 on 4AD and Paper Bag Records. The album was recorded throughout 2014 and 2015 at Greenhouse Studios in Reykjavík, Iceland, where parts of Hecker's last two albums \"Virgins\" (2013) and \"Ravedeath, 1972\" (2011) were recorded. The album features Kara-Lis Coverdale and Grímur Helgason, who were both collaborators on Hecker's last album \"Virgins\", as well as contributions from the Icelandic Choir Ensemble, whose vocal arrangements were scored by Icelandic composer Jóhann Jóhannsson. Hecker professed to having thought about ideas like \"liturgical aesthetics after \"Yeezus\"\" and the \"transcendental voice in the age of auto-tune\" during its creation. \"Love Streams\" has received universal acclaim from critics. On the aggregate score site Metacritic, the album scored at 83/100, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8.2/10, writing that \"Love Streams marks a subtle shift in Tim Hecker's habitual style, a pivot away from his hazy trademark.\" PopMatters gave the album nine stars out of ten, stating that \"Love Streams is at once familiar and totally alien; a work of art that reminds us why we need art in the first place.\" Love Streams (album) Love Streams is the eighth studio album by Canadian electronic music musician Tim Hecker, released on April 8, 2016 on 4AD and Paper Bag Records. The album was recorded throughout 2014 and 2015 at Greenhouse Studios in Reykjavík, Iceland, where parts of Hecker's last two albums \"Virgins\" (2013) and \"Ravedeath, 1972\" (2011) were recorded. The album features Kara-Lis Coverdale and Grímur Helgason, who were both collaborators on Hecker's last album \"Virgins\", as well as contributions from the Icelandic Choir Ensemble, whose vocal arrangements were scored by Icelandic composer Jóhann Jóhannsson. Hecker professed to having thought" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1984 Atlantic hurricane season The 1984 Atlantic hurricane season was the busiest since 1971. It officially began on June 1, 1984, and lasted until November 30, 1984. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The 1984 season was an active one in terms of named storms, but most of them were weak and stayed at sea. Most of the cyclones tracked through the northwest subtropical Atlantic west of the 50th meridian to near the Eastern coast of the United States between mid-August and early October. The most damaging storm was Hurricane Diana, which caused $65.5 million (1984 dollars) in damage in North Carolina. Diana was the first hurricane to strike a nuclear power plant without incident; it was also the first major hurricane to strike the U.S. East Coast in nearly 20 years. Also of note was Hurricane Lili, which lasted well after the official end of the season. It was downgraded from a named storm on December 24. Damage overall from the tropical cyclones in 1984 totaled $228.7 million (1984 USD). Unusually, no hurricanes developed from tropical waves in 1984, which usually are the source of the strongest storms in an Atlantic hurricane season. Six storms during the season had subtropical characteristics at some point in their track, those being Subtropical Storm One, Tropical Storm Cesar, Hurricane Hortense, Hurricane Josephine, Hurricane Klaus, and Hurricane Lili. The season's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 84, which is classified as \"near normal\". ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Although officially, subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total, the figure above includes periods when storms were in a subtropical phase. By June 11, an upper level low caused thunderstorm development off the Florida coast, which caused the formation of a tropical depression. Moving westward, the depression moved into St. Augustine, causing a total of of rainfall at Jacksonville Beach, Florida as its main thunderstorm activity was concentrated north of the center. It dissipated as a tropical cyclone on June 14 while moving through the Florida panhandle. The small remnant low continued moving westward inland of the Gulf coast, causing occasional redevelopment of thunderstorm activity as the system moved into Louisiana, before both the thunderstorm activity and low pressure area dissipated by June 17. An upper level low moving across the southern Gulf of Mexico spawned an area of thunderstorm activity over the Mexican isthmus on June 16. The thunderstorm area moved northwest, pulsing in intensity, until flaring up into a larger area of deeper convection early in the morning of June 18. A surface low formed, and the system was considered well-enough organized to be a tropical depression, the second of the season, while located southeast of Brownsville, Texas. On June 19, vertical wind shear from the west-southwest halted further development, and the tropical depression began a general weakening trend which continued past its landfall point in northeast Mexico. By early morning of June 20, the system completely dissipated. A tropical depression formed on July 25 and moved westward, producing rainfall up to six inches in Barbados on July 26. The depression dissipated on July 26. Two commercial fisherman were reported missing near St. Lucia. A weak front generated a low pressure system that organized into a subtropical depression north of Bermuda on August 18. The depression headed northeast and strengthened to a subtropical storm. It is believed to have merged with a front on August 21. The history of Subtropical Storm One is not entirely certain, as satellite images were largely unavailable due to a failure of the VISSR unit on GOES EAST (then GOES-5), and this system remained at the fringe of the GOES WEST and Meteosat throughout its existence. Winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) was reported on the southwest coast of Newfoundland. In addition, a weather office on the island reported rainfall at . The 1984 season's first named storm occurred later than usual, forming on August 28. Arthur formed east of the Windward Islands and tracked generally northwest. It was downgraded to a depression on September 1 after being negatively impacted by vertical wind shear, and dissipated several days later. Arthur was a minimal tropical storm, and caused no significant weather on land. Bertha was a short-lived tropical storm that formed in the mid-Atlantic on August 31, in close proximity to the east of Arthur. The storm took a parabolic path to the north and northeast before merging with a cold front on September 4. Bertha never approached land and caused no reported damage. A second storm formed on August 31 as a non-tropical low strengthened into Tropical Storm Cesar off the East Coast of the United States. Cesar traveled east-northeast and strengthened gradually until it became extratropical and merged with another system off the coast of Newfoundland on September 2. A tropical wave moved across Central America into the far eastern north Pacific Ocean by August 28. The system moved westward with no signs of development until September 1, when an upper level low to its north across the Gulf of Mexico caused an area of thunderstorms to form just south of the Mexican coastline. An upper trough developed across the southern Plains of the United States, which slowly lured the northern portion of this increasingly large disturbance northward through the Mexican Isthmus. The southern portion moved westward, developing into Hurricane Marie. For a short while, Marie acted as a source of vertical wind shear from the west for this system, halting further development. By September 6, the disturbance had emerged into the southwest Gulf of Mexico and consolidated into a smaller system which had enough organization to be classified as a tropical depression, the seventh of the season. The depression moved north-northwest into northeast Mexico on the afternoon of September 7, dissipating completely on September 8. On September 8, an extratropical cyclone organized into Tropical Storm Diana north of the Bahamas. Diana proved difficult for meteorologists to forecast, initially moving westward towards Cape Canaveral, but then turned to the north and paralleled the coastline. On September 11, the storm reached hurricane strength, and continued to intensify to a Category 4 hurricane. Diana moved north-northeast, and performed a small anti-cyclonic loop before striking near Cape Fear as a minimal Category 2 hurricane on September 13. A weakened Tropical Storm Diana curved back out to sea and headed northeast until it became extratropical near Newfoundland on September 16. Damage estimates were set at $65.5 million. Three indirect deaths were associated with Diana. Diana was the first hurricane to strike a nuclear power plant — the Carolina Power and Light Brunswick Nuclear Power Plant recorded sustained hurricane-force winds, but there was no damage to the facility. The origins of Tropical Storm Edouard are unclear, but an area of persistent organized storms formed in the Bay of Campeche, which strengthened into a tropical storm on September 14. Edouard rapidly intensified, with wind speeds reaching 65 mph (100 km/h) in 18 hours as a faint eye feature became visible. Following its strengthening, Edouard dissipated even more quickly, degenerating into an area of thunderstorms the next day. The remnants of Edouard moved over land near the port of Veracruz. On September 14, a well-defined tropical wave exited the coast of Africa. The next day, it had rapidly organized into a tropical", "strike a nuclear power plant — the Carolina Power and Light Brunswick Nuclear Power Plant recorded sustained hurricane-force winds, but there was no damage to the facility. The origins of Tropical Storm Edouard are unclear, but an area of persistent organized storms formed in the Bay of Campeche, which strengthened into a tropical storm on September 14. Edouard rapidly intensified, with wind speeds reaching 65 mph (100 km/h) in 18 hours as a faint eye feature became visible. Following its strengthening, Edouard dissipated even more quickly, degenerating into an area of thunderstorms the next day. The remnants of Edouard moved over land near the port of Veracruz. On September 14, a well-defined tropical wave exited the coast of Africa. The next day, it had rapidly organized into a tropical depression. On the afternoon of September 16 the depression attained tropical storm strength, and it was given the name Fran. It turned to the northwest, and passed very near the Cape Verde. 31 people were killed in the country. Fran continued between the northwest and west-northwest on September 17–18 as it continued to organize. During this period satellite imagery indicated that Fran peaked with winds of and a minimum surface pressure of . As Fran passed the Cape Verde islands weather stations reported winds, which is tropical depression force. During the period of September 19–20 Fran turned towards westward and began to encounter strong upper level wind shear, which caused Fran to dissipate on September 20. Gustav spent most of its life as a well-organized tropical depression, which formed on September 16 in the open Atlantic south of Bermuda. The depression moved north, and its motion stalled over Bermuda on September 17. A day later, the depression had strengthened to a tropical storm and was named Gustav. Tropical Storm Gustav headed northeast until it was absorbed by a front on September 19. A large frontal system spawned a subtropical depression early on September 23, about 385 miles (620 km) east of Bermuda. Ship and satellite data confirmed its development, and indicated the system intensified into a subtropical storm later on September 23. Initially the cyclone moved toward the south-southwest, although on September 24 it turned to the west. That day, the Hurricane Hunters reported that the system transitioned into a tropical cyclone; as such, it was named Tropical Storm Hortense. The newly-tropical storm quickly intensified while turning to the northwest, and late on September 25 Hortense attained hurricane status, about 300 miles (475 km) southeast of Bermuda. Twelve hours after reaching hurricane status, Hortense began a sharp weakening trend while passing east of Bermuda. By September 27 it was a minimal tropical storm, and subsequently it executed a clockwise loop to the southwest. The intensity of Hortense fluctuated slightly over the subsequent few days, although it never regained its former intensity. On September 30, after turning to the west and later to the north, the storm passed just 7 mi (11 km) west of Bermuda. As the storm was so weak, the island only reported winds of 18 mph (30 km/h). Hortense accelerated to the northeast, moving rapidly across the north Atlantic before being absorbed by a larger extratropical storm late on October 2, northwest of the Azores. A tropical depression formed on September 25 off the southeastern Bahamas. The depression headed west, and was upgraded to a tropical storm in the central Bahamas on September 26. It struck the US coast near Jupiter, Florida. Retaining tropical storm strength, Isidore curved to the northeast, emerging over water near Jacksonville, Florida. Isidore continued northeast until it was absorbed by a front on October 1. Total damages were estimated at over $750,000 (1984 US dollars). One death from electrocution was reported. Josephine became a named storm on October 8 while northeast of Puerto Rico. It briefly moved west then turned almost due north. While it stayed well away from the U.S. coast, Josephine was a large storm and sustained tropical storm winds were measured at the Diamond Shoals of Cape Hatteras. When it passed 36°N latitude (roughly level with Norfolk, Virginia), Josephine curved to the southeast, then back to the northeast. It continued on this path until it made a cyclonic loop beginning on October 17 while becoming extratropical. The storm lost its identity on October 21. The hurricane caused wave damage to coastal areas, but primarily posed a threat to the shipping lanes of the North Atlantic. Offshore, a sailboat with six crewmen on it became disabled due to high waves, estimated to have exceeded , produced by the hurricane. All of the people on the ship were quickly rescued after issuing a distress signal by a nearby tanker vessel. In Massachusetts, one man drowned after falling off his boat on North River amidst large swells produced by the storm. In Long Island, New York and parts of New Jersey, tides between above normal resulted in minor coastal flooding. This system was recognized as the seventeenth tropical depression of the season by the National Hurricane Center after the season ended. A retrograding upper-level low spurred the development of a low east of the Bahamas on October 25. The system tracked westward with limited shower and thunderstorm activity, crossing Florida on October 26 before moving into the Gulf of Mexico. Once the system moved into the north-central Gulf, deep convection began to develop near its center, expanding in intensity and coverage near and after landfall in extreme southeast Mississippi. The small system accelerated rapidly to the north and northeast ahead of an approaching cold front, moving across the Tennessee Valley and central Appalachians before linking up with the front and becoming a weak extratropical cyclone. The nontropical cyclone then moved through coastal New England. Forming from a broad area of low pressure on November 5, Klaus maintained a northeast movement throughout much of its path. After making landfall on extreme eastern Puerto Rico, it passed to the north of the Leeward Islands, resulting in strong southwesterly winds and rough seas. Klaus attained hurricane status and reached peak winds of 90 mph (145 km/h) before becoming extratropical over cooler waters on November 13. The storm dropped heavy rainfall in Puerto Rico, causing minor flooding and light damage. Klaus caused heavy marine damage in the Leeward Islands, including wrecking at least three ships. The Virgin Islands experienced heavy damage, as well. Damage from the storm totaled to $152 million (1984 USD), and the hurricane killed two on Dominica. A low pressure system formed east of Florida on November 22 and rode up the East Coast of the United States producing heavy rain before curving back out to sea and dissipating on November 26. The storm left one fatality and $7.4 million (1984 USD) in damage. There has been evidence that the November storm may have become a subtropical cyclone east of Bermuda. The remnants of the cyclone contributed to the Late November 1984 Nor'easter. Hurricane Lili was one of only four Atlantic tropical cyclones on record to reach hurricane status in the month of December. Lili developed as a subtropical cyclone which originated from a frontal trough to the south of Bermuda on December 12. It tracked southeastward, then northward, slowly attaining tropical characteristics and becoming a hurricane on December 20. Lili turned to the south and southwest, briefly threatening the northern Caribbean islands before weakening and dissipating near the coast of the Dominican Republic. Lili was the longest lasting tropical cyclone outside of the Atlantic hurricane season, as well as the strongest hurricane to form during the month of December. It briefly threatened to pass through the Leeward Islands as a minimal hurricane, though upon passing through the area as a dissipating tropical depression Lili produced light rainfall", "hurricane status in the month of December. Lili developed as a subtropical cyclone which originated from a frontal trough to the south of Bermuda on December 12. It tracked southeastward, then northward, slowly attaining tropical characteristics and becoming a hurricane on December 20. Lili turned to the south and southwest, briefly threatening the northern Caribbean islands before weakening and dissipating near the coast of the Dominican Republic. Lili was the longest lasting tropical cyclone outside of the Atlantic hurricane season, as well as the strongest hurricane to form during the month of December. It briefly threatened to pass through the Leeward Islands as a minimal hurricane, though upon passing through the area as a dissipating tropical depression Lili produced light rainfall and no reported damage. The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1984. No names were retired, so the same list of names was used again in the 1990 season. This is the first time these names were used since the post-1978 naming change, except for Bertha and Fran which were previously used in 1957 and 1973. Names that were not assigned are marked in . The World Meteorological Organization did not retire any names used in the 1984 season. This is a table of the storms in 1984 and their landfall(s), if any. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still storm-related. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low. 1984 Atlantic hurricane season The 1984 Atlantic hurricane season was the busiest since 1971. It officially began on June 1, 1984, and lasted until November 30, 1984." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2003 Harrogate Borough Council election The 2003 Harrogate Council election took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Harrogate Borough Council in North Yorkshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control. After the election, the composition of the council was Before the election the Liberal Democrats had 27 seats on the council, the Conservatives 26 and there was 1 independent. The campaign saw the national leaders of the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties, Iain Duncan Smith and Charles Kennedy, visit Harrogate to support their parties. The Liberal Democrats defended their record in control of the council, pointing to an improvement in the council finances, providing new facilities for the area, keeping Harrogates portion of the council tax rises low and tackling anti-social behaviour. However the Conservatives attacked \"over intensive housing development\" for causing traffic congestion, said they were the only party opposed to congestion charging, proposed to provide an hours free parking for residents and to work with police to tackle anti-social behaviour. The results saw no party win a majority on the council, but the Conservatives became the largest party with 27 seats, compared to 25 for the Liberal Democrats and 2 independents. The Conservatives gained Bilton and High Harrogate wards from the Liberal Democrats, the latter by 656 votes to 610 after a recount. These gains came despite the Liberal Democrats winning slightly more votes overall in the election, 46.5% compared to 44.7% for the Conservatives. However the Conservatives did lose one seats in Ripon Moorside, which was taken by independent Charles Powell. Meanwhile, Labour failed to win any seats and only came second in Woodfield ward. Overall turnout in the election was 34.7%. Following the election the Conservatives took control of the council, with Conservative Mike Gardner becoming council leader, replacing Liberal Democrat Geoff Webber. Meanwhile, the outgoing mayor of Harrogate Alan Skidmore quit the Liberal Democrats after the election to become an independent, criticising the party both nationally and locally. 2003 Harrogate Borough Council election The 2003 Harrogate Council election took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Harrogate Borough Council in North Yorkshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control. After the election, the composition of the council was Before the election the Liberal Democrats had 27 seats on" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hansraj Gupta Hansraj Gupta (9 October 1902 – 23 November 1988) was an Indian mathematician specialising in number theory, in particular the study of the partition function. Gupta was born 9 October 1902 in Rawalpindi, then part of British India. His father was Gulraj Gupta, an executive engineer with the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway. He studied at the Panjab University in Lahore, where he graduated with a M.A. in 1925. In 1928 he became a lecturer at the Government College in Hoshiarpur. He received his Ph.D. from the Panjab University in 1936. By then he had already published several papers on partitions. Gupta was elected a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) in 1950. He became head of the Panjab University's new department of mathematics in 1954. He served as President of the Indian Mathematical Society (IMS) for the term 1963–4. He retired as director of the Centre of Advanced Study in Mathematics in 1966, by which time he was already travelling North America as a visiting professor: at the University of Colorado at Boulder (1962), the University of Arizona (1966), and the University of Alberta (1969). He represented the INSA at the 1974 International Congress of Mathematicians in Vancouver. He continued actively researching and publishing mathematics for many years after retirement. Gupta died 23 November 1988. Since 1990 the annual IMS conference has included a lecture in his honour, the Hansraj Gupta Memorial Award Lecture. Hansraj Gupta Hansraj Gupta (9 October 1902 – 23 November 1988) was an Indian mathematician specialising in number theory, in particular the study of the partition function. Gupta was born 9 October 1902 in Rawalpindi, then part of British India. His father was Gulraj Gupta, an executive engineer with the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway. He studied at the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dynamic epistemic logic Dynamic epistemic logic (DEL) is a logical framework dealing with knowledge and information change. Typically, DEL focuses on situations involving multiple agents and studies how their knowledge changes when events occur. These events can change factual properties of the actual world (they are called \"ontic events\"): for example a red card is painted in blue. They can also bring about changes of knowledge without changing factual properties of the world (they are called \"epistemic events\"): for example a card is revealed publicly (or privately) to be red. Originally, DEL focused on epistemic events. We only present in this entry some of the basic ideas of the original DEL framework; more details about DEL in general can be found in the references. Due to the nature of its object of study and its abstract approach, DEL is related and has applications to numerous research areas, such as computer science (artificial intelligence), philosophy (formal epistemology), economics (game theory) and cognitive science. In computer science, DEL is for example very much related to multi-agent systems, which are systems where multiple intelligent agents interact and exchange information. As a combination of dynamic logic and epistemic logic, dynamic epistemic logic is a young field of research. It really started in 1989 with Plaza’s logic of public announcement. Independently, Gerbrandy and Groeneveld proposed a system dealing moreover with private announcement and that was inspired by the work of Veltman. Another system was proposed by van Ditmarsch whose main inspiration was the Cluedo game. But the most influential and original system was the system proposed by Baltag, Moss and Solecki. This system can deal with all the types of situations studied in the works above and its underlying methodology is conceptually grounded. We will present in this entry some of its basic ideas. Formally, DEL extends ordinary epistemic logic by the inclusion of event models to describe actions, and a product update operator that defines how epistemic models are updated as the consequence of executing actions described through event models. Epistemic logic will first be recalled. Then, actions and events will enter into the picture and we will introduce the DEL framework. Epistemic logic is a modal logic dealing with the notions of knowledge and belief. As a logic, it is concerned with understanding the process of \"reasoning\" about knowledge and belief: which principles relating the notions of knowledge and belief are intuitively plausible? Like epistemology, it stems from the Greek word formula_1 or ‘episteme’ meaning knowledge. Epistemology is nevertheless more concerned with analyzing the very \"nature\" and \"scope\" of knowledge, addressing questions such as “What is the definition of knowledge?” or “How is knowledge acquired?”. In fact, epistemic logic grew out of epistemology in the Middle Ages thanks to the efforts of Burley and Ockham. The formal work, based on modal logic, that inaugurated contemporary research into epistemic logic dates back only to 1962 and is due to Hintikka. It then sparked in the 1960s discussions about the principles of knowledge and belief and many axioms for these notions were proposed and discussed. For example, the interaction axioms formula_2 and formula_3 are often considered to be intuitive principles: if an agent Knows formula_4 then (s)he also Believes formula_4, or if an agent Believes formula_4, then (s)he Knows that (s)he Believes formula_4. More recently, these kinds of philosophical theories were taken up by researchers in economics, artificial intelligence and theoretical computer science where reasoning about knowledge is a central topic. Due to the new setting in which epistemic logic was used, new perspectives and new features such as computability issues were then added to the research agenda of epistemic logic. In the sequel, formula_8 is a finite set whose elements are called agents and formula_9 is a set of propositional letters. The epistemic language is an extension of the basic multi-modal language of modal logic with a common knowledge operator formula_10 and a distributed knowledge operator formula_11. Formally, the epistemic language formula_12 is defined inductively by the following grammar in BNF: formula_13 where formula_14, formula_15 and formula_16. The basic epistemic language formula_17 is the language formula_18 without the common knowledge and distributed knowledge operators. The formula formula_19 is an abbreviation for formula_20 (for a given formula_14), formula_22 is an abbreviation for formula_23, formula_24 is an abbreviation for formula_25 and formula_26 an abbreviation for formula_27. Group notions: general, common and distributed knowledge. In a multi-agent setting there are three important epistemic concepts: general knowledge, distributed knowledge and common knowledge. The notion of common knowledge was first studied by Lewis in the context of conventions. It was then applied to distributed systems and to game theory, where it allows to express that the rationality of the players, the rules of the game and the set of players are commonly known. \"General knowledge.\" General knowledge of formula_28 means that everybody in the group of agents formula_29 knows that formula_28. Formally, this corresponds to the following formula: formula_31 \"Common knowledge.\" Common knowledge of formula_28 means that everybody knows formula_28 but also that everybody knows that everybody knows formula_28, that everybody knows that everybody knows that everybody knows formula_28, and so on \"ad infinitum\". Formally, this corresponds to the following formula formula_36 As we do not allow infinite conjunction the notion of common knowledge will have to be introduced as a primitive in our language. Before defining the language with this new operator, we are going to give an example introduced by Lewis that illustrates the difference between the notions of general knowledge and common knowledge. Lewis wanted to know what kind of knowledge is needed so that the statement formula_4: “every driver must drive on the right” be a convention among a group of agents. In other words, he wanted to know what kind of knowledge is needed so that everybody feels safe to drive on the right. Suppose there are only two agents formula_38 and formula_39. Then everybody knowing formula_4 (formally formula_41) is not enough. Indeed, it might still be possible that the agent formula_38 considers possible that the agent formula_39 does not know formula_4 (formally formula_45). In that case the agent formula_38 will not feel safe to drive on the right because he might consider that the agent formula_39, not knowing formula_4, could drive on the left. To avoid this problem, we could then assume that everybody knows that everybody knows that formula_4 (formally formula_50). This is again not enough to ensure that everybody feels safe to drive on the right. Indeed, it might still be possible that agent formula_38 considers possible that agent formula_39 considers possible that agent formula_38 does not know formula_4 (formally formula_55). In that case and from formula_38’s point of view, formula_39 considers possible that formula_38, not knowing formula_4, will drive on the left. So from formula_38’s point of view, formula_39 might drive on the left as well (by the same argument as above). So formula_38 will not feel safe to drive on the right. Reasoning by induction, Lewis showed that for any formula_63, formula_64 is not enough for the drivers to feel safe to drive on the right. In fact what we need is an infinite conjunction. In other words, we need common knowledge of formula_4: formula_66. \"Distributed knowledge.\" Distributed knowledge of formula_28 means that if the agents pulled their knowledge altogether, they would know that formula_28 holds. In other words, the knowledge of formula_28 is \"distributed\" among the agents. The", "and from formula_38’s point of view, formula_39 considers possible that formula_38, not knowing formula_4, will drive on the left. So from formula_38’s point of view, formula_39 might drive on the left as well (by the same argument as above). So formula_38 will not feel safe to drive on the right. Reasoning by induction, Lewis showed that for any formula_63, formula_64 is not enough for the drivers to feel safe to drive on the right. In fact what we need is an infinite conjunction. In other words, we need common knowledge of formula_4: formula_66. \"Distributed knowledge.\" Distributed knowledge of formula_28 means that if the agents pulled their knowledge altogether, they would know that formula_28 holds. In other words, the knowledge of formula_28 is \"distributed\" among the agents. The formula formula_70 reads as ‘it is distributed knowledge among the set of agents formula_71 that formula_28 holds’. Epistemic logic is a modal logic. So, what we call an epistemic model formula_73 is just a Kripke model as defined in modal logic. The set formula_74 is a non-empty set whose elements are called \"possible worlds\" and the \"interpretation\" formula_75 is a function specifying which propositional facts (such as ‘Ann has the red card’) are true in each of these worlds. The \"accessibility relations\" formula_76 are binary relations for each agent formula_77; they are intended to capture the uncertainty of each agent (about the actual world and about the other agents' uncertainty). Intuitively, we have formula_78 when the world formula_79 is compatible with agent formula_39’s information in world formula_81 or, in other words, when agent formula_39 considers that world formula_79 might correspond to the world formula_81 (from this standpoint). We abusively write formula_85 for formula_86 and formula_87 denotes the set of worlds formula_88. Intuitively, a pointed epistemic model formula_89, where formula_85, represents from an external point of view how the actual world formula_81 is perceived by the agents formula_29. For every epistemic model formula_93, every formula_94 and every formula_95, we define formula_96 inductively by the following truth conditions: where formula_97 is the transitive closure of formula_98: we have that formula_99 if, and only if, there are formula_100 and formula_101 such that formula_102 and for all formula_103, formula_104. Despite the fact that the notion of common belief has to be introduced as a primitive in the language, we can notice that the definition of epistemic models does not have to be modified in order to give truth value to the common knowledge and distributed knowledge operators. Card Example: Players formula_71, formula_106 and formula_107 (standing for Ann, Bob and Claire) play a card game with three cards: a red one, a green one and a blue one. Each of them has a single card but they do not know the cards of the other players. Ann has the red card, Bob has the green card and Claire has the blue card. This example is depicted in the pointed epistemic model formula_108 represented below. In this example, formula_109 and formula_110. Each world is labelled by the propositional letters which are true in this world and formula_81 corresponds to the actual world. There is an arrow indexed by agent formula_112 from a possible world formula_113 to a possible world formula_79 when formula_115. Reflexive arrows are omitted, which means that for all formula_116 and all formula_117, we have that formula_118. formula_119 stands for : \"formula_71 has the red card<nowiki>\"</nowiki> formula_121 stand for: \"formula_107 has the blue card<nowiki>\"</nowiki> formula_123 stands for: \"formula_106 has the green card<nowiki>\"</nowiki> and so on... When accessibility relations are equivalence relations (like in this example) and we have that formula_78, we say that agent formula_39 \"cannot distinguish\" world formula_81 from world formula_79 (or world formula_81 is indistinguishable from world formula_79 for agent formula_39). So, for example, formula_132 cannot distinguish the actual world formula_81 from the possible world where formula_106 has the blue card (formula_135), formula_107 has the green card (formula_137) and formula_71 still has the red card (formula_119). In particular, the following statements hold: formula_140 'All the agents know the color of their card'. formula_141 'formula_71 knows that formula_106 has either the blue or the green card and that formula_107 has either the blue or the green card'. formula_145 'Everybody knows that formula_71 has either the red, green or blue card and this is even common knowledge among all agents'. We use the same notation formula_147 for both knowledge and belief. Hence, depending on the context, formula_148 will either read ‘the agent formula_39 \"K\"nows that formula_28 holds’ or ‘the agent formula_39 \"B\"elieves that formula_28 holds’. A crucial difference is that, unlike knowledge, beliefs can be \"wrong\": the axiom formula_153 holds only for knowledge, but not necessarily for belief. This axiom called axiom T (for Truth) states that if the agent knows a proposition, then this proposition is true. It is often considered to be the hallmark of knowledge and it has not been subjected to any serious attack ever since its introduction in the Theaetetus by Plato. The notion of knowledge might comply to some other constraints (or axioms) such as formula_154: if agent formula_39 knows something, she knows that she knows it. These constraints might affect the nature of the accessibility relations formula_156 which may then comply to some extra properties. So, we are now going to define some particular classes of epistemic models that all add some extra constraints on the accessibility relations formula_156. These constraints are matched by particular axioms for the knowledge operator formula_147. Below each property, we give the axiom which \"defines\" the class of epistemic frames that fulfill this property. (formula_159 stands for formula_148 for any formula_77.) We discuss the axioms above. Axiom 4 states that if the agent knows a proposition, then she knows that she knows it (this axiom is also known as the “KK-principle”or “KK-thesis”). In epistemology, axiom 4 tends to be accepted by internalists, but not by externalists. Axiom 4 is nevertheless widely accepted by computer scientists (but also by many philosophers, including Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Spinoza and Schopenhauer, as Hintikka recalls ). A more controversial axiom for the logic of knowledge is axiom 5 for Euclidicity: this axiom states that if the agent does not know a proposition, then she knows that she does not know it. Most philosophers (including Hintikka) have attacked this axiom, since numerous examples from everyday life seem to invalidate it. In general, axiom 5 is invalidated when the agent has mistaken beliefs, which can be due for example to misperceptions, lies or other forms of deception. Axiom B states that it cannot be the case that the agent considers it possible that she knows a false proposition (that is, formula_162). If we assume that axioms T and 4 are valid, then axiom B falls prey to the same attack as the one for axiom 5 since this axiom is derivable. Axiom D states that the agent’s beliefs are consistent. In combination with axiom K (where the knowledge operator is replaced by a belief operator), axiom D is in fact equivalent to a simpler axiom D' which conveys, maybe more explicitly, the fact that the agent’s beliefs cannot be inconsistent: formula_163. The other intricate axioms .2, .3, .3.2 and .4 have been introduced by epistemic logicians such as Lenzen and Kutchera in the 1970s and presented for some of them as key axioms of epistemic logic. They can be characterized in terms of intuitive interaction axioms relating knowledge and beliefs. The Hilbert proof system K for the basic modal logic is defined by the following axioms and inference rules: for all formula_77, The axioms of an", "one for axiom 5 since this axiom is derivable. Axiom D states that the agent’s beliefs are consistent. In combination with axiom K (where the knowledge operator is replaced by a belief operator), axiom D is in fact equivalent to a simpler axiom D' which conveys, maybe more explicitly, the fact that the agent’s beliefs cannot be inconsistent: formula_163. The other intricate axioms .2, .3, .3.2 and .4 have been introduced by epistemic logicians such as Lenzen and Kutchera in the 1970s and presented for some of them as key axioms of epistemic logic. They can be characterized in terms of intuitive interaction axioms relating knowledge and beliefs. The Hilbert proof system K for the basic modal logic is defined by the following axioms and inference rules: for all formula_77, The axioms of an epistemic logic obviously display the way the agents reason. For example, the axiom K together with the rule of inference Nec entail that if I know formula_28 (formula_159) and I know that formula_28 implies formula_168 (formula_169 then I know that formula_168 (formula_171). Stronger constraints can be added. The following proof systems for formula_172 are often used in the literature. We define the set of proof systems formula_173. Moreover, for all formula_174, we define the proof system formula_175 by adding the following axiom schemes and rules of inference to those of formula_176. For all formula_177, The relative strength of the proof systems for knowledge is as follows: formula_178 So, all the theorems of formula_179 are also theorems of formula_180 and formula_181. Many philosophers claim that in the most general cases, the logic of knowledge is formula_179 or formula_183. Typically, in computer science and in many of the theories developed in artificial intelligence, the logic of belief (\"doxastic\" logic) is taken to be formula_184 and the logic of knowledge (\"epistemic\" logic) is taken to be formula_181, even if formula_181 is only suitable for situations where the agents do not have mistaken beliefs. formula_187 has been propounded by Floridi as the logic of the notion of 'being informed’ which mainly differs from the logic of knowledge by the absence of introspection for the agents. For all formula_174, the class of formula_176–models or formula_175–models is the class of epistemic models whose accessibility relations satisfy the properties listed above defined by the axioms of formula_176 or formula_175. Then, for all formula_174, formula_176 is sound and strongly complete for formula_172 w.r.t. the class of formula_176–models, and formula_175 is sound and strongly complete for formula_198 w.r.t. the class of formula_175–models. The satisfiability problem for all the logics introduced is decidable. We list below the computational complexity of the satisfiability problem for each of them. Note that it becomes linear in time if there are only finitely many propositional letters in the language. For formula_200, if we restrict to finite nesting, then the satisfiability problem is NP-complete for all the modal logics considered. If we then further restrict the language to having only finitely many primitive propositions, the complexity goes down to linear in time in all cases. The computational complexity of the model checking problem is in P in all cases. Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL) is a logical framework for modeling epistemic situations involving several agents, and changes that occur to these situations as a result of incoming information or more generally incoming action. The methodology of DEL is such that it splits the task of representing the agents’ beliefs and knowledge into three parts: Typically, an informative event can be a public announcement to all the agents of a formula formula_168: this public announcement and correlative update constitute the dynamic part. However, epistemic events can be much more complex than simple public announcement, including hiding information for some of the agents, cheating, lying, bluffing, \"etc.\" This complexity is dealt with when we introduce the notion of event model. We will first focus on public announcements to get an intuition of the main underlying ideas of DEL. In this section, we assume that all events are public. We start by giving a concrete example where DEL can be used, to better understand what is going on. This example is called the muddy children puzzle. Then, we will present a formalization of this puzzle in a logic called Public Announcement Logic (PAL). The muddy children puzzle is one of the most well known puzzles that played a role in the development of DEL. Other significant puzzles include the sum and product puzzle, the Monty Hall dilemma, the Russian cards problem, the two envelopes problem, Moore's paradox, the hangman paradox, \"etc\". Muddy Children Example: We have two children, A and B, both dirty. A can see B but not himself, and B can see A but not herself. Let formula_4 be the proposition stating that A is dirty, and formula_203 be the proposition stating that B is dirty. Public announcement logic (PAL): We present the syntax and semantic of Public Announcement Logic (PAL), which combines features of epistemic logic and propositional dynamic logic. We define the language formula_215 inductively by the following grammar in BNF: formula_216 where formula_77. The language formula_215 is interpreted over epistemic models. The truth conditions for the connectives of the epistemic language are the same as in epistemic logic (see above). The truth condition for the new dynamic action modality formula_219 is defined as follows: where formula_220 with formula_221, formula_222 for all formula_223 and formula_224. The formula formula_219 intuitively means that after a truthful announcement of formula_168, formula_28 holds. A public announcement of a proposition formula_168 changes the current epistemic model like in the figure below. The proof system formula_229 defined below is sound and strongly complete for formula_215 w.r.t. the class of all pointed epistemic models. The axioms Red 1 - Red 4 are called \"reduction axioms\" because they allow to reduce any formula of formula_215 to a provably equivalent formula of formula_17 in formula_229. The formula formula_234 is a theorem provable in formula_229. It states that after a public announcement of formula_203, the agent knows that formula_203 holds. PAL is decidable, its model checking problem is solvable in polynomial time and its satisfiability problem is PSPACE-complete. Muddy children puzzle formalized with PAL: Here are some of the statements that hold in the muddy children puzzle formalized in PAL. formula_238 'In the initial situation, A is dirty and B is dirty'. formula_239 'In the initial situation, A does not know whether he is dirty and B neither'. formula_240 'After the public announcement that at least one of the children A and B is dirty, both of then know that at least one of them is dirty'. However: formula_241 'After the public announcement that at least one of the children A and B is dirty, they still do not know that they are dirty'. Moreover: formula_242 'After the successive public announcements that at least one of the children A and B is dirty and that they still do not know whether they are dirty, A and B then both know that they are dirty'. In this last statement, we see at work an interesting feature of the update process: a formula is not necessarily true after being announced. That is what we technically call “self-persistence” and this problem arises for epistemic formulas (unlike propositional formulas). One must not confuse the announcement and the update induced by this announcement, which might cancel some of the information encoded in the announcement. In this section, we assume that events are not necessarily public and we focus on items 2 and 3 above, namely on how to represent events and on how to update an epistemic model with such a representation of events by means of a product update. Epistemic", "and B is dirty and that they still do not know whether they are dirty, A and B then both know that they are dirty'. In this last statement, we see at work an interesting feature of the update process: a formula is not necessarily true after being announced. That is what we technically call “self-persistence” and this problem arises for epistemic formulas (unlike propositional formulas). One must not confuse the announcement and the update induced by this announcement, which might cancel some of the information encoded in the announcement. In this section, we assume that events are not necessarily public and we focus on items 2 and 3 above, namely on how to represent events and on how to update an epistemic model with such a representation of events by means of a product update. Epistemic models are used to model how agents perceive the actual world. Their perception can also be described in terms of knowledge and beliefs about the world and about the other agents’ beliefs. The insight of the DEL approach is that one can describe how an event is perceived by the agents in a very similar way. Indeed, the agents’ perception of an event can also be described in terms of knowledge and beliefs. For example, the private announcement of formula_71 to formula_106 that her card is red can also be described in terms of knowledge and beliefs: while formula_71 tells formula_106 that her card is red (event formula_247) formula_107 \"believes\" that nothing happens (event formula_249). This leads to define the notion of event model whose definition is very similar to that of an epistemic model. A pointed event model formula_250 represents how the actual event represented by formula_247 is perceived by the agents. Intuitively, formula_252 means that while the possible event represented by formula_247 is occurring, agent formula_39 considers possible that the possible event represented by formula_249 is actually occurring. An event model is a tuple formula_256 where: formula_263 denotes the set formula_264 .We write formula_265 for formula_266, and formula_250 is called a pointed event model (formula_247 often represents the actual event). Card Example: Let us resume the card example and assume that players formula_71 and formula_106 show their card to each other. As it turns out, formula_107 noticed that formula_71 showed her card to formula_106 but did not notice that formula_106 did so to formula_71. Players formula_71 and formula_106 know this. This event is represented below in the event model formula_250. The possible event formula_247 corresponds to the actual event ‘players formula_71 and formula_106 show their and cards respectively to each other’ (with precondition formula_282), formula_249 stands for the event ‘player formula_71 shows her green card’ (with precondition formula_285) and formula_286 stands for the atomic event ‘player formula_71 shows her red card’ (with precondition formula_119). Players formula_71 and formula_106 show their cards to each other, players formula_71 and formula_106 know this and consider it possible, while player formula_107 considers possible that player formula_71 shows her red card and also considers possible that player formula_71 shows her green card, since he does not know her card. In fact, that is all that player formula_107 considers possible because she did not notice that formula_297 showed her card. Another example of event model is given below. This second example corresponds to the event whereby Player formula_71 shows her red card publicly to everybody. Player formula_71 shows her red card, players formula_71, formula_106 and formula_107 ‘know’ it, players formula_71, formula_106 and formula_107 ‘know’ that each of them ‘knows’ it, \"etc.\" In other words, there is \"common knowledge\" among players formula_71, formula_106 and formula_107 that player formula_71 shows her red card. The DEL product update is defined below. This update yields a new pointed epistemic model formula_310 representing how the new situation which was previously represented by formula_89 is perceived by the agents after the occurrence of the event represented by formula_250. Let formula_313 be an epistemic model and let formula_314 be an event model. The product update of formula_93 and formula_316 is the epistemic model formula_317 defined as follows: for all formula_318 and all formula_319, If formula_86 and formula_321 are such that formula_322 then formula_323 denotes the pointed epistemic model formula_324. This definition of the product update is conceptually grounded. Card Example: As a result of the first event described above (Players formula_71 and formula_106 show their cards to each other in front of player formula_107), the agents update their beliefs. We get the situation represented in the pointed epistemic model formula_323 below. In this pointed epistemic model, the following statement holds: formula_329 It states that player formula_71 knows that player formula_106 has the card but player formula_107 'believes' that it is not the case. The result of the second event is represented below. In this pointed epistemic model, the following statement holds: formula_333. It states that there is common knowledge among formula_106 and formula_107 that they know the true state of the world (namely formula_71 has the red card, formula_106 has the green card and formula_107 has the blue card), but formula_71 does not know it. Based on these three components (epistemic model, event model and product update), Baltag, Moss and Solecki defined a general logical language inspired from the logical language of propositional dynamic logic to reason about information and knowledge change. Dynamic epistemic logic Dynamic epistemic logic (DEL) is a logical framework dealing with knowledge and information change. Typically, DEL focuses on situations involving multiple agents and studies how their knowledge changes when events occur. These events can change factual properties of the actual world (they are called \"ontic events\"): for example a red card is painted in blue. They can" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Michael Fearnley Michael Carruthers Fearnley (21 August 1936 – 7 July 1979) was an English first-class cricketer, who played three matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club from 1962 to 1964, against Essex, Surrey and Warwickshire respectively. Born in Horsforth, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, Fearnley was a right-armed medium pacer, who took six wickets at 22.16, with a best of 3 for 56 on his debut against Essex. A left-handed bat, he scored 19 runs at 9.50, with a top score of 11 not out, also in his debut match. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI from 1959 to 1966, Nottinghamshire Second XI in 1960 and a Bradford League representative side in 1967. His brother, Duncan Fearnley, played 97 games for Worcestershire, and founded the cricket bat manufacturing company while his nephew, Paul Fearnley, played several Second XI cricket matches for Worcestershire. Fearnley died in July 1979 in East Bierley, Bradford, aged 42, while playing in a Bradford League match for Farsley Cricket Club, which he captained with distinction. He held the record for the number of wickets in a career in the Bradford League, beating the old record of 1273 wickets in 1978, the year before he died. He was Chairman of the Association of Cricket Coaches, the Director of the Centre of Excellence for Cricket in Leeds, and was assistant coach with Yorkshire for 13 years. Michael Fearnley Michael Carruthers Fearnley (21 August 1936 – 7 July 1979) was an English first-class cricketer, who played three matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club from 1962 to 1964, against Essex, Surrey and Warwickshire respectively. Born in Horsforth, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, Fearnley was a right-armed medium pacer, who took six wickets at 22.16, with a best of 3 for 56 on his debut against Essex. A left-handed bat, he scored 19 runs" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Aster Data Systems Aster Data Systems was a data management and analysis software company headquartered in San Carlos, California. It was founded in 2005 and acquired by Teradata in 2011. Aster Data was co-founded in 2005 by Stanford University graduate students George Candea, Mayank Bawa and Tasso Argyros. It received funding from First Round Capital, Sequoia Capital, Institutional Venture Partners, Cambrian Ventures, Jafco Ventures as well as angel investors including Rajeev Motwani, Ron Conway and David Cheriton. It received first round of funding of $5 million in 2005, then a second round of $17 million in February 2009, and third round of $30 million in September 2010. Aster was mentioned in 2010 by Intelligent Enterprise' editor. It was ranked seventh in 2011 of venture-funded companies by the \"Wall Street Journal\". Argyros (chief technical officer at the time) was listed as a technology pioneer of information technologies and new media by the World Economic Forum in 2011. Teradata had acquired an 11 percent ownership interest in Aster Data Systems in September 2010. On March 3, 2011, Teradata agreed to pay an additional $263 million for the remaining ownership interest, net of debt and other expenses. The acquisition completed in April 2011. In September 2011 a computer appliance version of the product was announced, with pre-configured software bundled with hardware. Aster Data hosted a \"Data Analytics Summit\" trade show through 2012, made up of regional events. In October 2012, Aster announced a second version of its appliance. In addition to the Aster database software, another appliance was available with nodes running the Hortonworks distribution of Apache Hadoop. In October 2013, version 6 of Aster database software was announced. It supported graph database technology, and a file system that the company said was compatible with the Hadoop distributed file system. After Bawa left the company, in 2014 he was named a young achiever by Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (from which he graduated in 1999). In June 2014, Teradata announced a product using the R programming language. In February 2015, Teradata announced an \"AppCenter\" using Aster technology. In October, 2015 Teradata announced a set of analytics techniques and applications to run on Apache Hadoop, marketed for the Internet of things.In 2016, Aster Analytics was made available on Amazon AWS Marketplace for self-service, DIY customers. It became available at Microsoft Azure Marketplace in 2017 Aster Data Systems Aster Data Systems was a data management" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "EL34 The EL34 is a thermionic valve or vacuum tube of the power pentode type. It has an international octal base (indicated by the '3' in the part number) and is found mainly in the final output stages of audio amplification circuits and was designed to be suitable as a series regulator by virtue of its high permissible voltage between heater and cathode and other parameters. The American RETMA tube designation number for this tube is 6CA7. The USSR analog was 6P27S (Cyrillic: 6П27C). In common with all 'E' prefix tubes, using the Mullard–Philips tube designation, the EL34 has a heater voltage of 6.3 V. According to the data sheets found in old vacuum tube reference manuals, a pair of EL34s with 800 V plate voltage can produce 90 watts output in class AB1 in push–pull configuration. However, this configuration is rarely found. One application of this type was in \"Australian Sound\" public address amplifiers commonly used in government schools in Australia in the 1950s, using four EL34s for ≈200 watts. More commonly found is a pair of EL34s running class AB1 in push–pull around 375–450 V plate voltage and producing 50 watts output (if fixed bias is used), while a quad of EL34s running class AB1 in push–pull typically run anywhere from 425 to 500 V plate voltage and produces 100 watts output. This configuration is typically found in guitar amplifiers. The EL34 is a pentode, while the 6L6, which delivers a similar range of power output, is a beam tetrode which RCA referred to as a \"beam power tube\". Although power pentodes and beam tetrodes have some differences in their principles of operation (the beam forming plates of the beam tetrode or fifth electrode (3rd grid) of the pentode, both serving to hinder the return of unabsorbed electrons from the anode (or plate) to the 4th electrode (2nd grid)) and have some internal construction differences, they are functionally closely equivalent. Unlike the 6L6, (EIA base 7AC) the EL34 has its grid 3 connection brought out to a separate Pin (Pin 1) (EIA base 8ET) and its heater draws 1.5 Amps compared to the 0.9 Amp heater in the 6L6. However, Sylvania (and possibly GE) marketed a tube as 6CA7 which was not only in a markedly different 'fat boy' envelope, but used a beam forming plate much like a 6L6. Examining the mica spacer on the top of the tube will confirm the lack of a suppressor grid. Although these tubes have similar (but not identical) characteristics, they are made very differently. The EL34 was introduced in 1949 by Philips the parent company of Mullard and, although no longer made by them, is manufactured by JJ Electronic, Shuguang, Svetlana and Reflector (Sovtek, Electro-Harmonix, Tung-Sol and some brands), amongst others. Some firms make a related tube called an E34L which is rated to require a higher grid bias voltage, but which may be interchangeable in some equipment. The EL34 was widely used in higher-powered audio amplifiers of the 1960s and 1970s, such as the very popular Dynaco Stereo 70 and the Leak TL25(mono) and Stereo 60, and is also widely used in high-end guitar amplifiers because it is characterized by greater distortion (considered desirable in this application) at lower power than other octal tubes such as 6L6, KT88 or 6550. The EL34 is found in many British guitar amps and is associated with the \"British Tone\" (Vox (musical equipment), Marshall, Hiwatt, Orange) as compared to the 6L6 which is generally associated with the \"American Tone\" (Fender/Mesa Boogie, and the earlier classic Marshall \"Plexi\" amps used the KT 66, a beam tetrode similar to the 6L6, as well). EL34 The EL34 is a thermionic valve or vacuum tube of the power pentode type. It has an international octal base (indicated by the '3' in the part number) and is found mainly in the final output stages of audio amplification circuits and was designed to be suitable as a series regulator by virtue of its high permissible voltage between heater and cathode and other parameters. The American RETMA tube designation number for this tube is 6CA7. The USSR analog was 6P27S (Cyrillic: 6П27C). In common with all 'E' prefix tubes, using" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lucy M. Lewis Lucy Martin Lewis (1890/8–March 12, 1992) was a Native American potter from Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico. She is known for her black-on-white decorative ceramics made using traditional techniques. Lucy Martin Lewis was born in Sky City, a mesa in Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico to Lola Santiago and Martin Ortiz. Though she celebrated her birthday on November 2, her birth year, while unknown, was probably in the 1890s. Lewis began making pottery at age eight, after studying with her great aunt, Helice Vallo. Both of her parents occasionally worked in the nearby town, Grants. Her early pottery was made for tourists. The ash-bowls were easily made and sold for five or ten cents. In the late 1910s, Lewis married Toribio 'Haskaya' Luis. The family name was changed to Lewis when the oldest son, Ivan, went into the marines during World War II. She had nine children, seven of which went on to become potters. Lewis' daughter, Dolores Lewis Garcia, once noted:\"My mother, Lucy M. Lewis, began making pottery at about age seven and attracted public attention for her work in the 1950s...Our family would buy books to look up the old pottery designs and Dr. Kenneth Chapman from the Museum of New Mexico suggested to us to use the Mimbres designs and they have become very popular for us today. I was the first to use the Mimbres designs, then my sisters Emma and Mary began to use them. We have helped with publicity for other Acoma potters to bring more attention to the pottery of the Pueblo.\"Lewis' designs were inspired by Ancestral Pueblos (Anasazi), including the Mimbres designs of the Mogollon as well as the Chacoan culture. Her work began to be recognized in 1950 when she won the a blue ribbon at the annual Gallup Intertribal Ceremonial. After the Gallup prize, Lewis began to sign her work, an act which created controversy within the Pueblo community. Four pieces of her pottery were featured on an episode of Antiques Roadshow and were appraised for between $10,000 to $18,000 for the set. Lewis's pottery is made from a gray clay body and formed by hand using coils. After the pot is shaped and dried, a white slip is applied. Without the slip the mineral paints would run off the pot. Next, the design is applied using mineral paints and a brush made from yucca. Yucca holds more paint and makes finer lines than regular brushes bought at a store. Finally, on a day when the weather is right for firing, a small number of finished pieces are carefully pit-fired. Results are rarely 100%. Some pieces will end up cracked, the background on others will be gray rather than white (these will need to be re-fired), but a few will be wonderful. After going through this process one learns why these pieces should be well taken care of and carefully preserved. Lewis's pottery featured innovative designs, and she has been compared to Pablo Picasso. Lewis was known for the animals, and line designs she drew on her pottery. Her work is influenced by the color of the sky, along with her Native American culture. Lewis was mostly self-taught and her art was natural and innate. Lewis specialized in small pots that were usually six to twelve inches in height. In 1992, the price range for her pottery was listed as between one hundred and several thousand dollars. Lewis' tribe, Acoma Pueblo, considered the clay she used for her pottery to be sacred. The creation of a single pot could take as long as two to three weeks. In addition, Native American pottery making is passed down the matriarchal line—mothers, grandmothers, and aunts teach the next generation. In 1977, Lewis was invited to the White House and in 1983 she received New Mexico's Governor's Award for outstanding personal contribution to the art of the state. Her final art show was the 1991 SWAIA Indian Market in Santa Fe, New Mexico. After a long illness, Lucy M. Lewis died on March 12, 1992 in a Acoma Pueblo hospital. Her work is in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum of the American Indian, Cooper Hewitt, the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, Lowell D. Holmes Museum of Anthropology, National Museum of Women in the Arts, the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology at Brown University, and the Spurlock Museum at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Lucy M. Lewis Lucy Martin Lewis (1890/8–March 12, 1992) was a Native American potter from Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico. She is known for her black-on-white decorative ceramics made using traditional techniques. Lucy Martin Lewis was born in Sky City, a mesa in Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico to Lola Santiago and Martin Ortiz. Though she celebrated her birthday on November 2, her birth year, while" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wilhelmina-ring The Wilhelmina-ring is a bi-annual lifetime achievement award granted to a prominent . The price is initiated in 1998 by the Foundation Wilhelmina-ring to memorize that year Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was inaugurated as queen 100 years earlier. By awarding the prize the Foundation Wilhelmina-ring want to encourage the interest in Dutch sculpture. The prize consists of a specially designed ring, an exhibition at the CODA art center in Apeldoorn, and a commission by the municipality of Apeldoorn to produce an sculpture, to be placed in the Sprengen Park. In the years 2002 and 2004 also a prestigious prize was awarded. Wilhelmina-ring The Wilhelmina-ring is a bi-annual lifetime achievement award granted to a prominent . The price is initiated in 1998 by the Foundation Wilhelmina-ring to memorize that year Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was inaugurated as queen 100 years earlier. By awarding the prize the Foundation Wilhelmina-ring want to encourage the interest in Dutch sculpture. The prize consists of a specially designed ring, an exhibition at the CODA art center in Apeldoorn, and a commission by the municipality of Apeldoorn to produce an sculpture, to be placed in the Sprengen Park. In the years 2002 and 2004 also a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mhand n'Ifrutant Sidi Mhand n'Ifrutant was a Moroccan military leader active during the Zaian War. N'Ifrutant's force of 1,500 tribesmen was engaged in battle on 9 August 1918 by French Colonel Paul Doury at Gaouz. As the French force entered a thickly vegetated oasis, n'Ifrutant's men attacked and, in a closely fought action, inflicted losses of 238 killed and 68 wounded - the worst losses since the Battle of El Herri in 1914. Doury's commander, Hubert Lyautey chastised him for his rash actions and failed to believe his report that he had \"almost annihilated\" n'Ifrutant's troops. French General Joseph-François Poeymirau defeated n'Ifrutant in battle at Meski on 15 January 1919, but was seriously wounded in the chest by the accidental explosion of an artillery shell and forced to hand command to Colonel Antoine Huré. N'Ifrutant's tomb, in the lower valley of the Ragg river, was venerated by members of the Ait Atta tribe. Mhand n'Ifrutant Sidi Mhand n'Ifrutant was a Moroccan military leader active during the Zaian War. N'Ifrutant's force of 1,500 tribesmen was engaged in battle on 9 August 1918 by French Colonel Paul Doury at Gaouz. As the French force entered a thickly vegetated oasis, n'Ifrutant's men attacked" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mühlsteinbrüche The Mühlsteinbrüche (\"Millstone Quarries\") south of Jonsdorf in the Zittau Mountains in Saxony are a region of bizarre rock formations, which have been formed by the quarrying of sandstone for millstones and also by weathering processes. They are a popular hiking and climbing area. An educational trail runs through the region which has an area of about 35 hectares. The Mühlsteinbrüche are located south of Jonsdorf at a height of 480 to 560 metres. To the southwest they are adjoined by the Jonsdorfer Felsenstadt. About 600 metres to the south is the border with the Czech Republic. The sandstone in the Mühlsteinbrüche region was formed in the geological age of the Middle Turonian and, based on its formation, belongs to the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. It is characterised by several special features. For example, the sandstone, which was formed by sedimentation, has been breached multiple times by basaltic and phonolitic intrusions as a result of contact with occurrences of Tertiary volcanism in North Bohemia. Often, in these cases, the rock has been exposed to thermal changes (contact with magma and hydrothermal fluids), which has led to vitrification of the rock (a melting of mineral grains at their grain boundaries). The sandstone retains its porosity, is hardened by the strength of its grain structure and thus its abrasion resistance is increased. The area of Mühlsteinbrüche has as additional geological feature: its pronounced columnar sandstone. Its best known rock formation is the \"Große und Kleine Orgel\" (\"Great and Little Organ\"), whose appearance is easily confused with that of columnar basalt. The columns, which are completely atypical for sandstone, have a diameter of up to 15 centimetres and are bundled vertically on a solid, non-columnar sandstone block. They have been formed by thermal processes as a result of contact with magma. In 1852 Alexander von Humboldt sent an artist and two geologists here to study this phenomenon. The use of sandstone in the Zittau Mountains for the production of millstones was already under way from the 16th century. The Jonsdorf Mühlsteinbrüche were one of more than 40 quarrying sites in the surrounding region. In 1560, quarrying began in Jonsdorf itself. Over 350 years, sandstone was quarried here and made into millstones with a diameter of up to 2.70 metres. To do this, the millstones were initially hewn out of one piece of rock. From about 1850, millstones were assembled from several pieces as there were no longer any sufficiently large and homogeneous sandstone blocks being quarried. Production was maintained until 1918. The main markets were in Russia and England. Moscow and Saint Petersburg had their own offices for the millstone trade. In the 1950s, a nature trail was laid out by friends of nature and local history. From 1990, a restoration of the quarries was begun in order to make them accessible. In 2002, a demonstration workshop was built in the \"Schwarzer Loch\" (\"Black Hole\"). Today the Mühlsteinbrüche are a major attraction in the Zittau Mountains. Mühlsteinbrüche The Mühlsteinbrüche (\"Millstone Quarries\") south of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Passionate Eye The Passionate Eye is a Canadian documentary television series, which airs on CBC News Network. It has been airing since 1992 and has had a website since 2002. The series presents documentary programming from around the world. The program's former host was Michaëlle Jean, who was appointed the new Governor General of Canada effective September 27, 2005. She was not replaced by a permanent host; the series continued under a hostless format until 2015, when Wendy Mesley became the series host. The show formerly also aired on CBC Television's main network, but was replaced there by \"Doc Zone\" and later \"Firsthand\". \"The Passionate Eye\" continues to air on CBC News Network several times a week. It was originally a Sunday-debuting show for years but dropped \"Sunday\" from its website URL as it began to air episodes more regularly in its third decade. The Passionate Eye The Passionate Eye is a Canadian documentary television series, which airs on CBC News Network. It has been airing since 1992 and has had a website since 2002. The series presents documentary programming from around the world. The program's former host was Michaëlle Jean, who was appointed the new Governor General of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart\" was halved before Motown issued it in May 1967. In 1986, two unreleased tracks from the \"Rodgers & Hart\" sessions were included in the \"Diana Ross & the Supremes' 25th Anniversary\" collection. Several more were included alongside the original twelve LP tracks on \"The Rodgers & Hart Collection\", an expanded compact disc collection released by Motown in 1987. All of the sessions, including a bonus live recording, were included on the 2002 Motown/Universal release \"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart: The Complete Recordings.\" All tracks written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, produced by Berry Gordy and Gil Askey. The following Rodgers/Hart compositions were also recorded by the Supremes for this album: Numbers 1 and 2 were first issued on the compilation \"Diana Ross & the Supremes' 25th Anniversary\" in 1986, while 3 through 12 were first issued on \"The Rodgers & Hart Collection\" in 1987. This collection sequenced the songs in order from slowest tempo to fastest, concluding with \"Johnny One Note\", and all the tracks were given new stereo mixes. All of these songs, plus a live medley of \"The Lady is a Tramp/Let's Get Away from It All\" recorded at the Copacabana in May 1967, were included in the collection \"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart: The Complete Recordings\" in 2002. The versions of \"You Took Advantage of Me\" and \"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered\" included on the 2002 collection are alternate recordings to those previously issued. \"I Could Write A Book\" was previously unreleased and included on the 2002 collection. \"Manhattan\" was done as a duet with Florence Ballard and Diana Ross. They promoted the album as special guest stars in an hour-long tribute to Rodgers & Hart on a network television special. The album reached the Top 20 of the \"Billboard\" Top 200 and a peak of #3 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Album chart. The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \"The Supremes" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tayfour Bathaii Tayfour Bathaii(born March 8, 1947), writer, film director, activist, was born in Sanandaj, Iran. After finishing high school in Sanandaj, he started his 2-year mandatory military services as a teacher. From 1969 to 1972, he attended the Tehran School of Television and Cinema to become a TV cameraman. In the 70's, due to his leftist tendencies and alleged affiliation with the \"Group of 12\" accused of plotting to kidnap Farah Pahlavi, the Queen of Iran, and the crown prince, he was tried and sentenced to life in prison. During the revolution of 1979 in Iran, along with other political prisoners, he was released and returned to Sanandaj, a Provence of Kurdistan, Iran. He joined the Democratic Party of Kurdistan and was a member of this party until 1985. He has continued his life in Sweden since then as a political activist, writer, sculptor, and film director. He also teaches cinema and documentary cinematography. Tayfour was the 5th child of 8, born in the Jorabad neighborhood of Sanandaj, Iran. The son of a school teacher and a home maker, he attended 15 Bahman Elementary School and Avicenna and Shahpour High Schools. After finishing high school, he served in the military as a Teacher (Sepah Danesh) in Turkmen Sahra for two years. This is followed by passing the entrance exam into Tehran School of Television and Cinema in 1969. He then went on to work for Shiraz TV where he met Keramat Daneshian, another student of Tehran School of Cinema, who introduced Tayfour to armed struggle customary of the 1960s and 1970s. A group spearheaded by Samakar and Allamehzadeh, suggested the plot of taking the Queen of Iran and her son hostage in exchange for political prisoners. While contemplating the idea and making preparations, Tayfour and his friend, Keramat, were given up to the authorities by Amir Hossein Fetanat who was in contact with Keramat. The group (except for Fetanat) was arrested in 1973. During interrogations, another group who was plotting to attack the King of Iran, were discovered and the two groups were put on trial together without having any relationships with each other. The accused, known as the group of 12, were: Tayfour Bathaii, Khosrow Golsorkhi, Monouchehr Moghadam Salimi, Keramat Daneshian, Abbas Samakar, Reza Alamehzadeh, Iraj Jamshidi, Shokooh Mirzadegi, Mortezah Siahpoosh, Maryam Etehadieh, Ibrahim Farhang, and Farhad Ghaysari. In the first trial, Tayfour along with Keramat Daneshian, Abbas Samakar, Reza Alamehzadeh, and Khosrow Golsorkhi were sentenced to be executed while the rest of the group received lesser sentences. The same sentences were handed down in the second trial but after the final trial only Keramat Daneshian and Khosrow Golsorkhi were executed due to their ideological arguments and the others' death sentences were reduced to life in prison. After 5 years of captivity, Tayfour along with other political prisoners were released from prison a few months before the 1979 revolution in Iran. He returned to his hometown of Sanandaj where he joined the Democratic Party of Kurdistan of Iran (PDKI). In the winter of 1982, during the 5th congress, he was elected to the central committee of PDKI where he became the head of the Youth Organization in the party. During his time with the party, he made a four-part documentary movie that depicted the life and struggles of the Kurds. \"Naan va Azadi\" (bread and freedom), was the most famous film which was featured, along with his other films, in the Exile Film Festival. Tayfour resigned from the party in 1985 following the conflict escalation between PDKI and Komala (another Kurdish party) that resulted in clashes between the two parties. Currently, he lives in Sweden where he spends most of his time writing. Tayfour Bathaii Tayfour Bathaii(born March 8, 1947), writer, film director, activist, was born in Sanandaj, Iran. After finishing high school in Sanandaj, he started his 2-year mandatory military services as a teacher. From 1969 to 1972, he attended the Tehran School of Television and Cinema to become a TV cameraman. In the 70's, due to his leftist tendencies and alleged affiliation with the \"Group of 12\" accused of plotting to kidnap Farah Pahlavi, the Queen of Iran, and the crown prince, he was tried and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Scott Aldred Scott Phillip Aldred (born June 12, 1968) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher and current Minor League pitching coach. Aldred was born in Flint, Michigan. He graduated in 1986 from Hill McCloy High School in Montrose, Michigan, a rural town just north of Flint. Aldred was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the 16th round of the 1986 Major League Baseball Draft. In his first professional season, Aldred compiled an 8–7 record with a 3.57 ERA and 91 strikeouts in 110 innings with the Fayetteville Generals in 1987. Following this performance, he was seen as the best pitching prospect in the organization. Aldred struck out 102 batters in innings with the Lakeland Tigers in 1988. Aldred was 10–6 with 3.84 ERA and 97 strikeouts in 122 innings with the London Tigers in 1989 despite being sidelined in mid-season with a hand injury. Aldred was promoted to the Major Leagues for the first time in September 1990 after compiling 6–15 mark and 4.90 ERA with the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, ranking third in the International League in strikeouts (133 in 158 innings). He played for the Detroit Tigers through 1992. After the 1992 season, Aldred was taken by the Colorado Rockies in the 1992 Major League Baseball expansion draft. He was selected off waivers by the Montreal Expos in April 1993. He experienced a sore arm, underwent Tommy John surgery, missed all of 1994 season, and returned to the Tigers organization in 1995. Aldred started on the home opener for the Tigers in 1996. He pitched for the Minnesota Twins (1996–1997), Tampa Bay Devil Rays (1998–1999), and the Philadelphia Phillies (1999–2000). In 2001, Aldred pitched for the Double-A Norwich Navigators of the New York Yankees organization. In 2002, he pitched for the Los Angeles Dodgers Triple-A affiliate, the Las Vegas 51s. In 2003, he pitched for the Double-A Portland Sea Dogs and Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox of the Boston Red Sox organization. After he was released during the 2003 season, he pitched for the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball in 2003 and 2004 before retiring due to elbow trouble. Aldred held the Major League record for most appearances in a single season without a decision (earning a win or being charged with a loss) with 48 until 2007 when it was broken by Trever Miller. He accomplished this feat in 1998 with the Devil Rays. In between, Aldred played winter ball with the Águilas del Zulia, Cardenales de Lara and Leones del Caracas clubs of the Venezuelan League during four seasons spanning 1990–2003. He posted a 15–12 record and a 3.37 ERA in 46 pitching appearances (35 starts), striking out 114 batters while walking 91 in innings of work. Aldred was the pitching coach of the New York Yankees Double-A affiliate, the Trenton Thunder, in 2007 and 2008. Since 2009, he has been the pitching coach of the Yankees Triple-A affiliate, the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders. Scott Aldred Scott Phillip Aldred (born June 12, 1968) is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918 The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918 was an Act of the British Parliament passed in 1918. This act made provision and offered guidance as regards how the British Government would determine that the First World War had come to an end. Discretion was granted to His Majesty in Council to issue orders, which would legally determine the matter. Thus the war between the British Empire and the following states ended with respect to: For all other purposes, the war was declared to have ended on 31 August 1921. Many soldiers had enlisted on a \"short service\" basis as introduced by Kitchener. This meant they had signed up for three years or the \"duration of the war\", which ever was the longer. This act had an impact as regards how the \"duration of the war\" was understood. Thus the \"Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918\" was quoted by the War Office in conjunction with the Army of India on 9 May 1919, following the start of the third Anglo-Afghan War. This document explained the armistice of November 1918 was merely a suspension of hostilities, This meant that the Territorials serving in India would be required to remain there until the war itself had ended. This led to enquiries from a number of units as regards whether the new war with Afghanistan would be a factor in continuing the war. This was a particular concern to the lorry drivers of the Royal Army Service Corps, 600 of whom promptly went on strike in Karachi, and refused to entrain for departure to the North West Frontier. Brigadier General William Anderson at first proposed to imprison the strikers and send them back to Great Britain. Termination of the Present War (Definition)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dahomeyan Democratic Union The Dahomeyan Democratic Union (, UDD) was a political party in French Dahomey. The UDD was established in 1955 by a merger of the Dahomeyan Progressive Union (UPD) and the African People's Bloc (BPA). It aimed to be a nationwide party, but despite initially gaining support from across the country, it quickly became identified as the party of the Fon of Abomey and Cotonou. The party failed to win a seat in the French National Assembly in the 1956 elections, and split into two factions later in the year over the issue of affiliation with the African Democratic Rally (RDA); former BPA leader Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin became head of the dominant RDA faction, whilst Alexandre Adandé and former UPD leader Émile Derlin Zinsou headed the smaller UDD-Convention. Despite its internal problems and regionalised support base, the UDD emerged as the second-largest party in the 1957 Territorial Assembly elections, winning seven seats. However, the 1959 elections produced an unbalanced result; although the UDD received 44% of the vote, more than any other party, it won just 11 of the 70 seats in the Territorial Assembly, whilst the Dahomeyan Democratic Rally (RDD) won 22 seats with 17% of the vote and the Republican Party of Dahomey (PRD) took 37 seats, more than three times the number of the UDD. Following the elections, accusations of fraud led to an agreement being reached with the PRD to redistribute nine seats. Although this increased the UDD's seat tally to 20, it was still the smallest party in the Assembly. In elections held the following year, the Dahomeyan Unity Party, a merger of the PRD and the RDD, won every seat after President Hubert Maga changed the electoral system, leaving the UDD without parliamentary representation. Following the elections, the UDD was banned on 11 April 1961 and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was imprisoned. Dahomeyan Democratic Union The Dahomeyan Democratic Union (, UDD) was a political party in French Dahomey. The UDD was established in 1955 by a merger of the Dahomeyan Progressive Union (UPD) and the African People's Bloc (BPA). It aimed to be a nationwide party, but despite initially gaining support from across the country, it quickly became identified as the party of the Fon of Abomey and Cotonou. The party failed to win a seat in the French National Assembly in the 1956 elections, and split into two factions later in the year over the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Essex skipper The Essex skipper (\"Thymelicus lineola\") is a butterfly in family Hesperiidae. In North America, it is known as the European skipper. With a wingspan of 2.5 to 2.9 cm, it is very similar in appearance to the small skipper \"Thymelicus sylvestris\". They can be told apart by the undersides of the tips of their antennae: the Essex skipper's antennae are black, whereas those of the small skipper are orange. This butterfly occurs throughout much of the Palaearctic region. Its range is from southern Scandinavia through Europe to North Africa and east to Central Asia It was only identified in the UK in 1889, and its range is expanding both in England and in northern Europe. In North America, this butterfly was accidentally introduced in 1910 via London, Ontario and has spread across southern Canada and into several northern US states. Eggs are laid in strings on the stems of grasses where they remain over the winter. The Essex skipper's favoured foodplant is cock's-foot (\"Dactylis glomerata\"), and it rarely uses the small skipper's favoured foodplant Yorkshire fog. Essex skippers' other foods include creeping soft grass (\"Holcus mollis\"), couch grass (\"Elymus repens\"), timothy-grass (\"Phleum pratense\"), meadow foxtail (\"Alopecurus pratensis\"), false brome (\"Brachypodium sylvaticum\") and tor-grass (\"Brachypodium pinnatum\"). This skipper's caterpillars emerge in the spring and feed until June before forming shelters from leaves tied with silk at the base of the foodplant to pupate. Adults fly from July through August. Like most skippers, they are fairly strictly diurnal, though individuals are very rarely encountered during the night. This skipper's oval eggs are pale greenish-yellow, flattened above and below with slightly depressed tops. Caterpillars are green, with yellowish incisions between their rings; each with a dorsal, darker green stripe and yellow lateral lines. A larva's head is pale brown striped with darker brown. Elongate chrysalids are yellowish-green, and each has a dark dorsal stripe seen in caterpillars. Essex skipper The Essex skipper (\"Thymelicus lineola\") is a butterfly in family Hesperiidae. In North America, it is known as the European skipper. With a wingspan of 2.5 to 2.9 cm, it is very similar in appearance to the small skipper \"Thymelicus sylvestris\". They can be told apart by the undersides of the tips of their antennae: the Essex skipper's antennae are black, whereas those of the small skipper are orange. This butterfly occurs throughout much of the Palaearctic region. Its range is from" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Affine combination In mathematics, a linear combination of vectors is called an affine combination of when the sum of the coefficients is 1, that is, Here the vectors are elements of a given vector space over a field , and the coefficients formula_3 are scalars in . This concept is important, for example, in Euclidean geometry. The affine combinations commute with any affine transformation in the sense that In particular, any affine combination of the fixed points of a given affine transformation formula_5 is also a fixed point of formula_5, so the set of fixed points of formula_5 forms an affine subspace (in 3D: a line or a plane, and the trivial cases, a point or the whole space). When a stochastic matrix, , acts on a column vector, ', the result is a column vector whose entries are affine combinations of ' with coefficients from the rows in . Affine combination In mathematics, a linear combination of vectors is called an affine combination of when the sum of the coefficients is 1, that is, Here the vectors are elements of a given vector space over a field , and the coefficients formula_3 are scalars in . This concept is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kimpton George Hotel The Kimpton Hotel George is a 139-room boutique hotel on E Street Northwest, between North Capitol Street and New Jersey Avenue in Washington, D.C. Hotel George is one of 10 Kimpton hotel properties in the Washington Metropolitan Area and is located one block west of Union Station and three blocks north of the United States Capitol. Opening in February 1998 and named after George Washington, the Hotel George was the first modern boutique hotel built in Washington, D.C. Kimpton Hotel George's building was originally constructed in 1928. An acid green painting of George Washington by artist Steve Kaufman hangs in the lobby with replicas hanging in each of the guest rooms. Kimpton Hotel George's restaurant, Bistro Bis, is a French cuisine establishment operated by chefs Jeffrey and Sallie Buben. Kimpton George Hotel The Kimpton Hotel George is a 139-room boutique hotel on E Street Northwest, between North Capitol Street and New Jersey Avenue in Washington, D.C. Hotel George is one of 10 Kimpton hotel properties in the Washington Metropolitan Area and is located one block west of Union Station and three blocks north of the United States Capitol. Opening in February 1998 and named after George Washington," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Villars-sur-Glâne Villars-sur-Glâne is a municipality in the district of Sarine in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Villars-sur-Glâne has an area, , of . Of this area, or 29.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 17.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 51.5% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.3% is either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 4.9% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 27.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 13.8%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 2.7% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 16.8% is used for growing crops and 12.0% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Azure a Saltire Argent and in chief a Fleur de lis of the same.\" Villars-sur-Glâne has a population () of . , 29.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 22.6%. Migration accounted for 14.5%, while births and deaths accounted for 8.1%. Most of the population () speaks French (7,211 or 77.2%) as their first language, German is the second most common (1,022 or 10.9%) and Portuguese is the third (216 or 2.3%). There are 185 people who speak Italian and 3 people who speak Romansh. , the population was 49.4% male and 50.6% female. The population was made up of 3,627 Swiss men (32.6% of the population) and 1,864 (16.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 4,057 Swiss women (36.5%) and 1,572 (14.1%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 1,760 or about 18.8% were born in Villars-sur-Glâne and lived there in 2000. There were 3,367 or 36.1% who were born in the same canton, while 1,500 or 16.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,405 or 25.8% were born outside of Switzerland. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 63.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 10.9%. , there were 4,119 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 4,355 married individuals, 418 widows or widowers and 447 individuals who are divorced. , there were 3,644 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 1,089 households that consist of only one person and 291 households with five or more people. , a total of 3,548 apartments (91.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 222 apartments (5.7%) were seasonally occupied and 125 apartments (3.2%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 6.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.76%. The historical population is given in the following chart: The Farm House \"De La Campagne De Chollet Au Guintzet\", the Pont (bridge) de la Glâne (shared with Hauterive) and the bridge and chapel of Sainte-Apolline (also shared with Hauterive) are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 33.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (18.7%), the SVP (13.6%) and the FDP (11.2%). The SPS received about the same percentage of the vote as they did in the 2007 Federal election (32.8% in 2007 vs 33.4% in 2011). The CVP retained about the same popularity (23.4% in 2007), the SVP retained about the same popularity (14.4% in 2007) and the FDP retained about the same popularity (13.3% in 2007). A total of 3,154 votes were cast in this election, of which 70 or 2.2% were invalid. , Villars-sur-Glâne had an unemployment rate of 5.1%. , there were 15 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 2,130 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 69 businesses in this sector. 5,501 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 327 businesses in this sector. There were 4,764 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.1% of the workforce. , there were 4,728 workers who commuted into the municipality and 3,504 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 29.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 54.5% used a private car. From the , 6,633 or 71.0% were Roman Catholic, while 727 or 7.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 107 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.15% of the population), there were 13 individuals (or about 0.14% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 220 individuals (or about 2.36% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 14 individuals (or about 0.15% of the population) who were Jewish, and 500 (or about 5.35% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 24 individuals who were Buddhist, 47 individuals who were Hindu and 9 individuals who belonged to another church. 640 (or about 6.85% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 510 individuals (or about 5.46% of the population) did not answer the question. In Villars-sur-Glâne about 2,794 or (29.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 1,707 or (18.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\"). Of the 1,707 who completed tertiary schooling, 54.8% were Swiss men, 27.6% were Swiss women, 10.4% were non-Swiss men and 7.2% were non-Swiss women. The Canton of Fribourg school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school. The upper Secondary school is divided into gymnasium (university preparatory) and vocational programs. After they finish the upper Secondary program, students may choose to attend a Tertiary school or continue their apprenticeship. During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 1,325 students attending 90 classes in Villars-sur-Glâne. A total of 2,153 students from the municipality attended any school, either in the municipality or outside of it. There were 13 kindergarten classes with a total of 269 students in the municipality. The municipality had 38 primary classes and 731 students. During the same year, there were no lower secondary classes in the municipality, but 438 students attended lower secondary school in a neighboring municipality. There were no upper Secondary classes or vocational classes, but there were 331 upper Secondary students and 233 upper Secondary vocational students who attended classes in another municipality. The municipality had 39 special Tertiary classes, with 325 specialized Tertiary students. , there were 202 students in Villars-sur-Glâne who came from another municipality, while 933 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Villars-sur-Glâne Villars-sur-Glâne is a municipality in the district of Sarine in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Villars-sur-Glâne has an area, , of . Of this area, or 29.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 17.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 51.5% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.3% is either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 4.9% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 27.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 13.8%. Power and water" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Blown for Good Blown for Good: Behind the Iron Curtain of Scientology is a memoir written by Marc Headley, a former Scientologist and Sea Org member, about his life and experiences in the Church of Scientology. It was self-published in the United States on November 5, 2009. Marc Headley was raised in Los Angeles, California. Headley's mother was a Scientologist, and she raised him within the church from an early age. He began work as an employee for the church at age 16. Headley soon after joined the Sea Org and worked at the international headquarters of Scientology in Hemet, California, for 15 years. Headley escaped from the international headquarters of the organization in 2006. He was escorted to the safety of a car rental shop by the police during his escape from the organization. In \"Headley v. Church of Scientology International\", the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals wrote, \"The record overwhelmingly shows that the Headleys joined and voluntarily worked for the [Sea Organization] because they believed that it was the right thing to do, because they enjoyed it, and because they thought that by working they were honoring the commitment that they each made and to which they adhered.\" The court also noted that the Headleys had private quarters outside the base, and had access to vehicles and multiple opportunities to leave. After leaving the organization, Headley wrote about his experiences in Scientology. His writings were published in the media including news magazines, publications on the internet and other websites. In 2008, Headley was invited to speak in Hamburg, Germany, at a conference discussing abuses within Scientology, alongside actor and former Scientologist Jason Beghe. In 2009, Headley lived in Los Angeles, California, with his wife and two children, where he opened a furniture business.. Headley continues to speak out about his experiences in Scientology . The book's title is a reference to the Scientology terms \"blow\" or \"blown,\" which describe one who leaves Scientology without prior authorization from the organization. Headley recounts episodes from his years as a member of the Church of Scientology, most of that time as part of the order called the Sea Organization, or Sea Org. He details his experiences while working hundred-hour weeks at Scientology's secluded international headquarters known as Gold Base (or \"Int Base\") at Gilman Hot Springs, California, about eighty miles southeast of Los Angeles. The book includes a forward written by former high-ranking Scientology official Mark Rathbun. Headley worked out of the film-production studio facilities of Scientology from 1989 through 2005. He held multiple positions while employed by Scientology at Gold Base, mainly focused on the production of video and audio materials to disseminate the message of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard. He helped originate scripts of videos to introduce new members to Scientology methodology. He also supervised large scale Scientology public events presided over by Scientology's leader David Miscavige. Headley reproduced thousands of copies of audio recordings of speeches by Hubbard. The author describes a 2004 event where Tom Cruise was awarded the organization's Medal of Valor from David Miscavige, the video of which was leaked to the Internet in January 2008. Initially, the video intended for the event featured Cruise and other celebrities including Will Smith appearing on camera and praising the actor. Miscavige disapproved and instructed Scientology staff to create a video where Cruise would speak about himself and his views on being a Scientologist. \"Dave Miscavige later said that his Tom Cruise video was one of the most important videos that had ever been produced,\" writes Headley. Headley states he gained approval to sell old Scientology materials on eBay to recoup money for the organization – he was later accused of embezzlement for doing this. In 2005, when he knew he would be faced with being sent to the organization's prison-like program the Rehabilitation Project Force, Headley decided to leave. Headley worried that leaving Scientology would mean becoming separated from his wife Claire, to whom he had been married for 13 years, and other family members in accordance with the Scientology practice of disconnection. Headley alleges that he left Gold Base on his motorcycle but was followed by Scientology security guards, which resulted in Headley falling off his bike by the side of the road. Riverside County, California Sheriff's arrived, and they helped Headley safely get further away from the Scientology compound. From there he traveled to his father in Kansas City. He was later reunited with his wife who had also been an employee at Gold Base. Prior to his wife's departure from Gold Base, she was monitored closely day and night by the organization. The author credits multiple sources for introducing doubts about his conditions while living at Gold Base. He writes that he listened to \"The John and Ken Show\" on KFI, and that their discussion of Scientology allowed him to think more critically during his time at the compound. He says that viewing Conan O'Brien make fun of Scientology celebrities changed his views on individuals that the organization had only spoken of internally with reverence. When Headley and a Danish film crew went to the Gold Base, Headley was confronted by several members of Gold staff, including base spokesperson Catherine Fraser, who said Headley's account of his escape was untrue.\"Marc lived in another place, not even on the property, another place altogether,\" Fraser said in one of the [video clips of the incident]. \"And that day when I explained that to the sheriff -- the sheriff looked at me and said, 'Oh, you mean he could have left at any time?' I said, 'Yes, he could have left at any time and he did.'\" After reviewing the evidence, the 9th Circuit agreed with the Scientologists that the Headleys lived outside the base, they had many opportunities to leave the Gold staff, and they had no problem leaving on their first try. In an interview on \"The John and Ken Show\" on KFI, Headley was asked if he experienced retaliation from Scientology for speaking critically about the organization. He said that he had been issued a declaration that he was to be considered a \"Suppressive Person\" by members of the organization, and explained, \"That's basically the thing that goes out to anyone and everyone who is in Scientology, saying, 'This person is a Suppressive Person, and you can no longer speak to him ever again.' If you are in Scientology, and you speak to somebody who is a Suppressive Person, you yourself can be declared a Suppressive Person.\" Headley said when he left Scientology the organization gave him a \"freeloader statement\", a bill for US$62,000, for courses he had received in Scientology. \"It's actually illegal, because they are basically charging me for on-the-job training – in California you can't charge somebody for on-the-job training. It's of no real value, but you don't know that, when you're in Scientology. You think, 'Are they going to garnish my wages, are they going to sue me?' You don't know,\" said Headley. The book was self-published November 5, 2009, and was made available through the author's website at www.blownforgood.com and on Amazon.com. \"Blown for Good\" was selected as a finalist in the 2009 \"Book of the Year Awards\", by \"ForeWord Magazine\". The Editor in chief of \"The Village Voice\", Tony Ortega, described the book as a \"remarkable account\". Ortega noted, \"Headley's story provides a damning account of life working for Scientology ...\" He concluded the review by commenting, \"Perhaps the best service that Headley provides with \"Blown for Good\" is giving non-Scientologists the sense of what it's really like to work, day in and day out, in such a strange organization, from the lowliest laborer mucking out excrement in a Gold Base pond (Headley says shit was coming out of his ears and pores", "book was self-published November 5, 2009, and was made available through the author's website at www.blownforgood.com and on Amazon.com. \"Blown for Good\" was selected as a finalist in the 2009 \"Book of the Year Awards\", by \"ForeWord Magazine\". The Editor in chief of \"The Village Voice\", Tony Ortega, described the book as a \"remarkable account\". Ortega noted, \"Headley's story provides a damning account of life working for Scientology ...\" He concluded the review by commenting, \"Perhaps the best service that Headley provides with \"Blown for Good\" is giving non-Scientologists the sense of what it's really like to work, day in and day out, in such a strange organization, from the lowliest laborer mucking out excrement in a Gold Base pond (Headley says shit was coming out of his ears and pores for days) to what kind of luxuries the celebrities and high-ranking members enjoy.\" On the KFI talk radio program \"The John and Ken Show\", commentators John Kobylt and Ken Chiampou talked about \"Blown for Good\" and discussed Scientology. Paul Beaumont, Toni O'Loughlin, and Paul Harris of \"The Observer\" commented that Headley's book, \"details – as others have – allegations of systematic abuse and bizarre episodes\" of experiences in Scientology. They noted, \"Headley's book follows a year in which Scientology has been plagued by unwelcome revelations from high-profile defectors and fresh media investigation into its practices.\" \"Catholic Online\" associate editor and former Archbishop of the Charismatic Episcopal Church, Randy Sly, characterized \"Blown for Good\" as \"a bold insider memoir\". Sly reported on criticism of Scientology in the Australian Senate by Senator Nick Xenophon, and commented, \"Headley provides vivid accountings of activities within Scientology that confirm the Australian Senator’s concerns.\" Sly noted, \"A number of comments left on the Amazon.com website were from those who indicated they were ex-Scientologists and confirmed the author’s accounts.\" Ian Punnett of \"Coast to Coast AM\" commented that the song \"We Gotta Get out of This Place\", \"certainly would be a theme of several of the chapters of \"Blown for Good\"\". Hamilton Nolan of \"Gawker\" described the book's design as \"featuring a dramatic, action-scene-type cover\", and called the work \"a new tell-all book\". \"Star\" described \"Blown for Good\" as an \"explosive new book\". Pete Samson of \"The Sun\" called the book \"a revealing account of goings-on within the church\". The Flemish daily newspaper published in Belgium, \"De Standaard\", noted the book discusses \"remarkable experiences\" the author underwent as a Scientology staff member. In a 2010 article in \"New Humanist\", Paul Sims noted, \"Since its release at the end of last year, \"Blown for Good\" has made the kind of impact its author hoped. Having built up an online buzz courtesy of Anonymous, and sold thousands of copies in the US, Headley says he has been receiving letters and emails from Scientologists, many of whom have said the revelations in his book have confirmed their suspicions about the inner workings of the Church.\" Blown for Good Blown for Good: Behind the Iron Curtain of Scientology is a memoir written by Marc Headley, a former Scientologist and Sea Org member, about his life and experiences in the Church of Scientology. It was self-published in the United States on November 5, 2009. Marc Headley" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Gallant Blade The Gallant Blade is a 1948 American adventure film directed by Henry Levin and starring Larry Parks as a peasant hero of France in the 17th century after the Thirty Years War. Columbia announced in 1945 they would make \"The Gallant Blade\" based on a short story by Alexander Dumas. It was to be a follow up to \"The Fighting Guardsman\". It was part of a boom in swashbuckling pictures in 1945. The film was not made immediately. In 1947 Irving Starr was announced as producer and Charles Vidor as director. Then Vidor was replaced by Henry Levin. Larry Parks was signed to star. He had just made a swashbuckler for Columbia, \"The Swordsman\", then initiated legal proceedings against the studio in July to get out of this contract with them. Parks had refused payment since then; he agreed to be paid for \"The Gallant Blade\" on the proviso it did not affect his legal actions. Filming started 1 December 1947. It was also known as \"The Gay Blade\". The Gallant Blade The Gallant Blade is a 1948 American adventure film directed by Henry Levin and starring Larry Parks as a peasant hero of France in the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Marjolein Kriek Marjolein Kriek (born 22 November 1973) is a Dutch clinical geneticist at the Leiden University Medical Center. In 2008, at age 34, she became the first woman and probably the first European to have her total DNA genome sequenced. Leiden University announced the completion of the nine-month-long sequencing of Dr. Kriek's genome on 26 May 2008, though the results of the study were published later. The study was initiated by Gert-Jan van Ommen of the LUMC team and director of the Center for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB), to gain insight in X-chromosome variability. The data set contained significant redundancy, as each base pair was sampled an average of seven to eight times. At the time Dr. Kriek was one of five or six people to have their entire genome sequenced, the others being James D. Watson, Craig Venter, two Yoruba-African men and possibly Dan Stoicescu of Switzerland. Dr. Kriek was born in Leiden and obtained her doctorate in Biomedical Science at Leiden University in 2002. Her graduate studies included mutation screening in the mentally retarded. Dr. Kriek's subsequent research interests similarly focussed on the diagnosis and clinical significance of genomic imbalances and micro rearrangements as the causes of developmental delay, mental retardation and congenital syndromes. Marjolein Kriek Marjolein Kriek (born 22 November 1973) is a Dutch clinical geneticist at the Leiden University Medical Center. In 2008, at age 34, she became the first woman and probably the first European to have her total DNA genome sequenced. Leiden University announced the completion of the nine-month-long sequencing of Dr. Kriek's genome on 26 May 2008, though the results of the study were published later. The study was initiated by Gert-Jan van Ommen of the LUMC team and director of the Center for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB), to gain insight in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Brugmansia versicolor Brugmansia versicolor is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family, commonly known as “angel’s trumpets”. They are endemic to Ecuador. Since March 2014, they have been listed as Extinct in the Wild by the IUCN. \"Brugmansia versicolor\" is a bush or small tree reaching in height. It has an alternate insertion of elliptic/oblong leaves that are entire with smooth edges. One of the most prominent characteristics of \"B. versicolor\" is the presence of giant drooping flowers which hang upside down, which is where it gets its common name of Angel's Trumpet. The flowers are the largest of all \"Brugmansia\" at in length. They open first white, but then may age to turn peach, pink, apricot or remain white. There are currently 7 distinct species of \"Brugmansia\" recognized, and they are very similar to their close relative \"Datura\". For this reason the two genera were commonly mistaken for one another. “It was not until the discovery of the New World that Brugmansias appeared in the documented floras and later in gardens of the Old World. Initially Brugmansias were grouped with Daturas by the famous botanist Carl Linné, who documented them in 1753 from a drawing and not from live plant material. In 1805, the South African taxonomist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon created a separate genus for Brugmansia, but it was not until 1973 that Tom E. Lockwood created a final division between the two genera. The different genera of the family Solanaceae include many crop plants such as potatoes and tomatoes, as well as several other poisonous plants. \"Brugmansia\" species are native to the western part of South America, originating from Guayaquil Basin and south of the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador. They are usually found growing in flat areas at elevations up to , but are also frequently cultivated at low elevations throughout the tropics. \"Brugmansia versicolor\" is a hermaphrodite that reproduces perennially. It has long, narrow, fusiform berries that are up to in length. Brugmansia reproduce by the production of seeds. The major pollinators are thought to be various species of insects, though this has yet to be proven. \"Brugmansia\" can withstand a wide range of temperatures including those that are slightly below freezing. A moderate frost will damage the plant in colder climates. \"Brugmansia\" will grow well if placed in a partially shaded or fully lit position. The plants tend to wilt in hot temperatures, but quickly recover in the evening as their flowers begin to open. They tolerate thrive in very fertile soils and average humidity. Clones can easily be made from stem cuttings, and \"Brugmansia\" grow readily from viable seeds, however the plant will not self pollinate. According to Dr. Russell, of North Carolina State University, \"Brugmansia versicolor\" is exceptionally poisonous if ingested in large quantities. It contains various alkaloids that have toxic properties which affect the mind and body. Some of these alkaloids include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. No matter if swallowed or inhaled, the flowers, leaves, and seeds of \"Brugmansia\" will most likely cause symptoms of hallucinations, dry mouth, muscle weakness, increased blood pressure, increased pulse, fever, dilated pupils, temporary insanity, and paralysis. Brugmansia versicolor Brugmansia versicolor is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family, commonly known as “angel’s trumpets”. They are endemic to Ecuador. Since March 2014, they have been listed as Extinct in the Wild by the IUCN. \"Brugmansia versicolor\" is a bush or small tree reaching in height. It has an alternate insertion of elliptic/oblong leaves that are entire with smooth edges. One of the most prominent characteristics of \"B. versicolor\" is the presence of giant drooping flowers" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kissling Motorsport Kissling Motorsport is a German auto racing team based in Münstereifel, Germany. The team has raced in the multiple series' around the world, as well as having a close cooperation with Opel and Opel Performance Center. Having developed several Opel racing cars, amongst them are the Opel Omega 3000 24V Evo that raced the 1993 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft, the Opel Astra TCR that was raced in the 2016 TCR International Series. The team have also developed several Opel Cup car amongst them the Opel Calibra Cup and Opel Astra Cup cars. Having originally teamed up with 2015 TCR Teams' Champions Target Competition, to run the Opel Astra TCR in 2016. However, following the first round of the championship, Opel and Kissling Motorsport decided to withdraw the car from competition after poor results. The car returned for a one-off reappearance in the series in Singpore with Jordi Oriola again piloting the car, with Kissling Motorsport running the car themselves. Kissling Motorsport Kissling Motorsport is a German auto racing team based in Münstereifel, Germany. The team has raced in the multiple series' around the world, as well as having a close cooperation with Opel and Opel Performance Center. Having developed" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "KNSS-FM KNSS-FM (98.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a talk format in Wichita, Kansas. The station is licensed to Clearwater, Kansas and is currently owned by Entercom. The station's studios are located in the Old Ruffin Building (formerly the Pizza Hut headquarters) near Douglass and Webb in Wichita, while the transmitter is located outside Conway Springs, Kansas. The KFH-FM call letters were reprised from those of the Wichita station that began broadcasting on September 19, 1948, at 100.3 mHz as a simulcast partner of sister station KFH (AM) (1330 kHz). Around 1967, KFH-FM moved to 97.9 MHz and became known as \"Channel 97.\" Channel 97 broadcast with the \"progressive rock\" music format. It was also affiliated with ABC's American FM Radio Network. In late 1971, KFH-FM dropped the progressive rock format and switched to a \"beautiful music\" format and the call letters KBRA. (That station is now KRBB, and owned by iHeartMedia, Inc..) The KFH-FM calls were retired on October 12, 2016. 98.7 FM was issued a construction permit on March 27, 1992, issued as KSQB. The station signed on July 4, 1995 with a Country format as KSPG, \"The Kansas Pig\", and then a satellite-fed Hot AC format as KAYY. On March 24, 2000, 98.7 became the new home of Smooth Jazz KWSJ. The format was moved from its temporary frequency at 92.7 and was originally on 105.3 (Now Hot AC KFBZ-FM). KWSJ's Smooth Jazz format was dropped on March 25, 2002, and flipped to a simulcast with AM sister station KFH. On May 9, 2011, KFH AM and -FM changed their format to sports talk. During the summer of 2016, KFH-AM began simulcasting on translator K248CY 97.5 FM in Wichita, enabling the station to be heard on 3 separate frequencies (97.5/98.7 FM & 1240 AM). However, it offered a more stable signal in the eastern part of the Wichita Metropolitan Area. Entercom announced in October of that year that KNSS would be taking over the 98.7 frequency, giving Wichita its first full-power FM news/talk station since May 2011, when KFH dropped News/Talk in favor of a Sports format. The switch has not come without controversy, though, as listeners in the Anthony, Harper, Hutchinson and Winfield/Arkansas City areas are not able to receive the 97.5 frequency well, if at all. Its weekday talk line-up consists of the local Steve & Ted in The Morning from 6-9AM followed by the syndicated Glenn Beck Program. KNSS is Wichita's station for the syndicated Rush Limbaugh Show from 11AM-2PM weekdays followed by Sean Hannity from 2-5PM, Mark Levin from 5-8PM & John Batchelor from 8PM-Midnight. KNSS is also Wichita's home for Coast to Coast AM from Midnight-5 AM. KNSS-FM KNSS-FM (98.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a talk format in Wichita, Kansas. The station is licensed to Clearwater, Kansas and is currently owned by Entercom. The station's studios are located in the Old Ruffin Building (formerly the Pizza Hut headquarters) near Douglass and Webb in Wichita, while the transmitter is located" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Panamalai Panamalai (Tamil: பனமலை) lies 23 kilometers from Gingee, Vilupuram in Tamil Nadu, India. The site is known as a location to various ancient structural temples built during the Pallava dynasty. One of them is the Talagirisvara Temple. Narasimhavarman II, also known as Rajasimha or Rajamalla, is credited with constructing structural temples of Pallava dynasty namely the Shore Temple at Mamallapuram, Kailsanatha Temple and Talagirisvara temple at Panamalai. The temple is built on a small hillock overlooking the Panamalai lake. This 7th Century structure has a Vimana which resembles that of Kailasanatha temple of Kanchipuram. The garbhagriha houses a \"Dharalingam\" and as in Pallava temples of that time, there is a Somaskanda panel on rear wall of the sanctum. There is an \"Ardhamandapam\" (half Mandapam). On the walls of the \"Ardhamandapam\" one can see panels of deities such as Brahma with Saraswati and Vishnu with Lakshmi on either side. The shrine faces east and the garbhagriha is surrounded on all the three sides by sub-shrines (Anga Kovil or Limb Shrines – which are attached to the main shrine). A few more sub-shrines and a \"Mahamandapam\" (a big Mandapam) have been added to the structure at much later period. The Vimana is three tiered and the top tier has been reconstructed. The pillars with squatting lions, a typical Pallava signature can also be found. The sub-shrine to the north, has a small section of mural painting which has survived over the years, bearing testimony to the Pallavas' mastery of the art. Latitude 12.1010300 N Longitude 79.3823500 E Panamalai Panamalai (Tamil: பனமலை) lies 23 kilometers from Gingee, Vilupuram in Tamil Nadu, India. The site is known as a location to various ancient structural temples built during the Pallava dynasty. One of them is the Talagirisvara Temple. Narasimhavarman II, also known as Rajasimha" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Port Vell Aerial Tramway The Port Vell Aerial Tramway (, ) is an aerial tramway in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It crosses Port Vell, Barcelona's old harbour, connecting the Montjuïc hill with the seaside suburb of Barceloneta. The aerial tramway first opened in 1931 and is principally a tourist attraction, used on account of its excellent views of the city and its port. It is operated by \"Teleféricos de Barcelona S.A.\" and is not part of Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM) integrated fare network. Separate tickets must be purchased prior to boarding. The aerial tramway should not be confused with the Montjuïc Cable Car, a gondola lift that links the upper terminus of the Montjuïc funicular with Montjuïc Castle. The tramway starts at \"Miramar\" station halfway down the hill of Montjuïc at an altitude of , passes through the peak of Torre Jaume I which is high and ends at the top of Torre Sant Sebastià at , from where an elevator descends to the streets of Barceloneta. The ride offers a fine view over Barcelona, the nearby \"Plaça del Portal de la Pau\" with the Columbus Monument, Port Vell with its Balearic ferries and the World Trade Centre, and Barceloneta with its Mediterranean beaches. The tower Torre Jaume I was the world's highest aerial lift pylon until 1966, when the Glacial Aerial Tramway Kaprun III opened. The tramway was intended to be an attraction at the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition, a World's fair. The \"Air Rail San Sebastian-Miramar, S.A.\" was incorporated and obtained the royal licence to build and operate the tramway. The manager of the project was \"Juan Rodriguez Roda\". The towers were designed by the architect Carles Buigas and built by \"Material para Ferrocarriles y Construcciones S.A.\". The tramway was built by Bleichert, at that time a company with a worldwide reputation, which had just completed the Aeri de Montserrat. However, the size of the project was underestimated and the tramway did not open until 12 September 1931. Initially, the tramway consisted of two sections with two cars each. The cabins travelled from the terminal stations to Torre Jaume I and back, with one haul rope for the total length to move all four cabins. All hopes for a commercial success of the venture were annihilated in the Great Depression and in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Torre Jaume I was used as a look-out and a machine gun post. The tramway was heavily damaged and reduced to the rusting towers. One of the two surviving cabins was transferred to \"Aeri de Montserrat\", which started to operate again in 1940. There were discussions to demolish the installation completely. Eventually, \"Friedrich Gründel\", Bleichert's chief engineer during construction, succeeded in establishing \"Teleféricos de Barcelona, S.A.\". In 1960, Torre Sebastià reopened with a new restaurant at its top, followed two years later by Torre Jaume I. In 1963 the tramway reopened with only two cabins, which travelled along the total length and through the top of Torre Jaume I. After Gründel's death ownership changed several times, commercial returns diminished and the technical status deteriorated. The authorities had decided to close it, when, in 1996, Barcelona decided to redevelop Port Vell and to build the World Trade Centre. The tramway was also renovated and it reopened in 2000. The line is long, with sections of and . The original cabins, which are still in use, take 20 passengers each plus the cabin attendant, and have an empty weight of . The tramway was built by Bleichert on the \"Bleichert-Zuegg\" system with track ropes of and a haul rope of . There was also an auxiliary rope of for a small open service vehicle, which could be used to evacuate the cabins. The cable speed is , driven by an electric motor in \"Miramar\" station, with tension weights in the \"Torre Sant Sebastià\". \"Jaume I\" is the Catalan name of James I of Aragon (1208–1276), King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona. \"Sant Sebastià\" is the Catalan name of San Sebastián, the Spanish town where in 1907, Leonardo Torres Quevedo had opened his first public aerial tramway on Monte Ulia. Port Vell Aerial Tramway The Port Vell Aerial Tramway (, ) is an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "University of Siena The University of Siena (, abbreviation: UNISI) in Siena, Tuscany is one of the oldest and first publicly funded universities in Italy. Originally called \"Studium Senese\", the institution was founded in 1240. It had around 20,000 students in 2006, nearly half of Siena's total population of around 54,000. Today, the University of Siena is best known for its Schools of Law, Medicine, and Economics and Management. On December 26, 1240, Ildebrandino Cacciaconti, the then podestà of Siena, signed a decree imposing a tax on citizens of Siena who rented rooms to students of the local \"\"Studium Senese\"\". The money from this tax went to pay for the salaries of the \"maestri\" (teachers) of this new studium. The studium was further supported when, in 1252, Pope Innocent IV declared both its teachers and students completely immune from taxes and forced labour levied on their person or property by the city of Siena. Moreover, the commune exempted teachers of law and Latin from military service and teachers of Latin were also excused from their duties as night watchmen. By the early 14th century, there were five teachers of Latin, logic and law and two doctors of natural sciences (medicine). One of the most notable maestri of the School of Medicine was Pietro Ispano (Pope John XXI). Ispano was an illustrious philosopher, personal doctor to Emperor Frederick II, and in 1276 became Pope John XXI. In 1321, the studium was able to attract a larger number or pupils due to a mass exodus from the prestigious neighbouring University of Bologna when one of its students was sentenced to death by Bologna's magistrates for supposedly kidnapping a young woman. Partly at the instigation of their law lecturer Guglielmo Tolomei, the student body there unleashed a great protest at the Bolognese authority and Siena, supported by generous funding from the local commune, was able to accommodate the students resigning from the \"Studium Bolognese\". The studium of Siena was eventually promoted to the status of \"\"Studium Generale\"\" by Charles IV, shortly after his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in 1355. This both placed the teachers and students under the safeguard of the imperial authority (protecting them from the local magistracy) and also meant that the licences (\"licentiae docendi\") granted by the university were licences \"ubique docendi\". These licences entitled the person receiving them to teach throughout Christendom. The \"Casa della Sapienza\" was built in the early 15th century as a center combining classrooms and housing for those enrolled in the Studium. It had been proposed by bishop Mormille in 1392, was completed twenty years later, and its first occupants took up residence in 1416. Room and board in 1416 cost fifty gold florins for a semester. By the mid-14th century, Siena had declined as a power in Tuscany, eclipsed by the rise in power of Florence, who defeated the Republic of Siena in 1555. The city authorities, however, successfully asked the Medici (the hereditary dukes of Florence at the time) to preserve the academy. Francesco and later Grand Duke Ferdinando I, reforms were made with new statutes and new preogatives. The post of \"Rettore\" (Rector), elected by students and city magistrates, was also instituted. In 1737, the Medici line became extinct and the rule of Tuscany passed to the French House of Lorraine. In this period, the Tuscan economist Sallustio Bandini, seemingly determined to \"improve the intellectual stimulation of his native Siena\" solicited scholarships from rich patrons for the university and also set up a large library, which he eventually bequeathed to the university. In 1808, when the Napoleonic forces occupied Tuscany, they eliminated the \"Studium Senese\" and the doors of the University were not opened again until after the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of Ferdinand III as the Grand Duke of Tuscany. During the \"Risorgimento\", the movement towards the unification of Italy as a single state, Sienese students organised groups which were openly patriotic. They publicly expressed their dissent and, during the April 1848 revolts in Tuscany, three professors, one assistant and fifty-five students formed the \"Compagnia della Guardia Universitaria\" to participate in the battles of Curtatone and of Montanara. The troop’s flag is still preserved in the Chancellor’s building. All of this passion for the new republic could not but trouble the Grand Duke and in the end he closed down the School of Medicine permitting only Law and Theology to continue After the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 and its aftermath, Tuscany and with it Siena were controlled by the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was to become the Kingdom of Italy. The Sienese academy eventually recovered from the unrest, thanks to initiatives by the city’s private enterprises and a series of legislative acknowledgements that boosted the reputation of the School of Pharmacy and that of Obstetrics (and consequently the School of Medicine itself) while the old hospital Santa Maria della Scala was transformed into General University Hospital. Some time later in 1880, the Law Faculty established the \"Circolo Giuridico\" or Legal Circle, where issues pertaining to law studies were examined in depth through seminars and lectures In 1892, the Minister of Public Education, Ferdinando Martini, launched a proposal aimed at suppressing the Sienese academy’s activities. Siena perceived this as a declaration of war and was backed immediately by a general tradesmen’s strike, the intervention of all of the town’s institutions and by a genuine uprising of the population – all of which induced to minister to withdraw the project. Having escaped this danger, the town went back to investing its resources in the university setting up new degrees and new faculties. The bank Monte dei Paschi di Siena financed the construction of the biology department. The 20th century witnessed the growth of the University of Siena, with the student population escalating from four hundred between the wars to more than 20,000 in the last few years. During the start of the academic year, on November 7, 1990 the Sienese academy celebrated its 750th anniversary. Since 2012, after the general reform of Italian Universities (\"Gelmini Act\"), the University is composed of fifteen departments, grouped in four areas: Each department offers graduate and undergraduate courses. Since 2014 the Department of Economics and Statistics and the Department of Business and Law merged their undergraduate and graduate courses into the School of Economics and Management (SEM). Formerly, the University was composed of nine schools: Siena’s campus is the city. The academy lives as an integral part of the urban fabric in both space and time. Thus there is an uneasy equilibrium between city and university, where 20 thousand students lived among the 50 thousand Sienese. While the Sienese are proud of their native traditions, the more polyglot university prides itself on diversity, with which as the historian Guicciardini would put it, \"non havvi genio\" - there is no genius. Recently, the University has returned historical buildings to the city, which are being made into apartments or used by the contradas. At the same time, it is thanks to the intervention of the University that many buildings which risked falling into ruin were saved, making institutions of study out of a part of the city patrimony that might have otherwise been lost. The Faculties of Engineering and Literature, for example, have found space for their departments in the large rooms of what was once the San Niccolò Psychiatric Hospital. The same holds true for the transformation of the former Convent of Santa Chiara into the first collegiate residence in Italy, reserved for those working towards a European postgraduate degree. The church of San Vigilio serves as university chapel. New university buildings have even been built in the city centre such as the", "city, which are being made into apartments or used by the contradas. At the same time, it is thanks to the intervention of the University that many buildings which risked falling into ruin were saved, making institutions of study out of a part of the city patrimony that might have otherwise been lost. The Faculties of Engineering and Literature, for example, have found space for their departments in the large rooms of what was once the San Niccolò Psychiatric Hospital. The same holds true for the transformation of the former Convent of Santa Chiara into the first collegiate residence in Italy, reserved for those working towards a European postgraduate degree. The church of San Vigilio serves as university chapel. New university buildings have even been built in the city centre such as the one that houses the Faculty of Political Science and Law, whose architectural style blends with the secular surroundings creating a balance between preservation and innovation. The ten university dormitories are adapted to the urban fabric and are located within the historical centre (Fontebranda, Mattioli, Porrione, Sperandie, San Marco), on the outskirts (Acquacalda) and near the extended areas of the university (San Miniato). For the academic year 2017-18 the following degree courses are provided (medium of instruction in parenthesis) University of Siena The University of Siena (, abbreviation: UNISI) in Siena, Tuscany is one of the oldest and first publicly funded universities in Italy. Originally called \"Studium Senese\", the institution was founded in 1240. It had around 20,000 students in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ralph Fox Ralph Hartzler Fox (March 24, 1913 – December 23, 1973) was an American mathematician. As a professor at Princeton University, he taught and advised many of the contributors to the \"Golden Age of differential topology\", and he played an important role in the modernization and main-streaming of knot theory. Ralph Fox attended Swarthmore College for two years, while studying piano at the Leefson Conservatory of Music in Philadelphia. He earned a master's degree from Johns Hopkins University, and a Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1939. His doctoral dissertation, \"On the Lusternick-Schnirelmann Category\", was directed by Solomon Lefschetz. (In later years he disclaimed all knowledge of Lusternik–Schnirelmann category, and certainly never published on the subject again.) He directed 21 doctoral dissertations, including those of John Milnor, John Stallings, Francisco González-Acuña, Guillermo Torres-Diaz and Barry Mazur. He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians held in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His mathematical contributions include Fox n-coloring of knots, the Fox-Artin arc, and the free differential calculus. He also identified the compact-open topology on function spaces as being particularly appropriate for homotopy theory. Aside from his strictly mathematical contributions, he was responsible for introducing several basic phrases to knot theory: the phrases \"slice knot\", \"ribbon knot\", and \"Seifert circle\" all appear in print for the first time under his name, and he also popularized (if he did not introduce) the phrase \"Seifert surface\". He popularized the playing of the game of Go at both Princeton and the Institute for Advanced Study. Ralph Fox Ralph Hartzler Fox (March 24, 1913 – December 23, 1973) was an American mathematician. As a professor at Princeton University, he taught and advised many of the contributors to the \"Golden Age of differential topology\", and he played an important role in the modernization" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Elias de Asshebournham Sir Elias de Asshebournham (died after 1353) was an Irish judge who held the office of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and fought a long battle with his rival Thomas Louth to retain it. He was born in Dublin, son of Roger de Asshebournham, Provost of Dublin, who was later praised for his services to the English Crown. Elias lived for many years at Mears Ashby in Northamptonshire and obtained custody of the manor there in 1319. In 1312 he received a royal pardon for unspecified offences which he had committed in Northamptonshire. He spent some time in the household of John Hotham, Bishop of Ely, whose early career had been spent in Ireland. He accompanied Hotham to the Papal Court at Avignon in 1316, the mission being concerned largely with Irish Church affairs. He later became a royal servant: he visited Ireland on the King's business in 1326. He received recognition for his own and his father's services to the Crown, and was later knighted. In 1327 he was appointed second justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland). In 1330 he was made Lord Chief Justice, but soon began a lengthy struggle with Thomas Louth who also claimed the right to hold the office of Chief Justice : the two men replaced each other so often that there is considerable confusion as to who was acing as Chief Justice at any given time. It is known that the English Crown had concerns about the poor quality of the Irish-born judges, so Louth, as an Englishman, should have had the advantage; but Elias, a former royal servant, also had influence at Court and was ultimately confirmed in office in 1338. He resigned from office as Lord Chief Justice in 1341. He was appointed constable of Arklow Castle, but is said to have subsequently quarreled with Edward III. He was still alive in 1353. He endowed five chaplains in Saint Laud's Chapel, Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin. He owned an estate called Colcott, which is thought to have been part of modern-day Simmonscourt, County Dublin. Elias de Asshebournham Sir Elias de Asshebournham (died after 1353) was an Irish judge who held the office of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and fought a long battle with his rival Thomas Louth to retain it. He was born in Dublin, son of Roger de Asshebournham, Provost of Dublin, who was later" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Acronicta hasta Acronicta hasta (forked dagger moth, speared dagger moth, cherry dagger moth or dart dagger moth) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the eastern deciduous woodlands, ranging west across southern Saskatchewan and Alberta into central southern British Columbia, south to Tennessee, Wisconsin and Kansas. \"Acronicta furcifera\" was considered a separate species until 1998, but is now considered a synonym. The wingspan is 35–45 mm. Adults are on wing from April to September depending on the location. There are two or more generations per year in the south and one or two in the north. The larvae feed on cherry, oak and plum. Acronicta hasta Acronicta hasta (forked dagger moth, speared dagger moth, cherry dagger moth or dart dagger moth) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the eastern deciduous woodlands, ranging west across southern Saskatchewan and Alberta into central southern British Columbia, south to Tennessee, Wisconsin and Kansas. \"Acronicta furcifera\" was considered a separate species until 1998, but is now considered a synonym. The wingspan is 35–45 mm. Adults are on wing from April to September depending on the location. There are two or more generations per year in the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Let's Stay Together (Al Green song) \"Let's Stay Together\" is a song by American singer Al Green from his 1972 album of the same name. It was produced and recorded by Willie Mitchell, and mixed by Mitchell and Terry Manning. Released as a single in 1971, \"Let's Stay Together\" reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and remained on the chart for 16 weeks and also topped \"Billboard\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s R&B chart for nine weeks. \"Billboard\" ranked it as the number 11 song of 1972. It was ranked the 60th greatest song of all time by \"Rolling Stone\" magazine on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. It was selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry, which selects recordings annually that are \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". The song went on to claim the number-one position on the \"Billboard\" Year-End chart as an R&B song for 1972. The song was used in the Quentin Tarantino film \"Pulp Fiction\" (1994), the John Singleton film \"Higher Learning\" (1995), the 2004 film \"Hellboy\" and the 2005 film \"Munich.\" It was also used in the 2003 romantic comedy film \"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\" and can be heard in the films \"Down to You\" (2000), \"Jersey Girl\" (2004), and the 2012 romantic comedy \"Hope Springs\" features the song. On television, the song was featured in various shows. It was played in the \"Parks and Recreation\" episode \"Road Trip\". During Leslie Knope and Ben Wyatt's road trip, as assigned by Chris Traeger, they listen to a series of unusual songs, until Let's Stay Together plays. It is later confirmed that Ann Perkins had burned the song in order to get them together. It was parodied by The Fringemunks to recap \"Fringe\" episode 2.06, \"Earthling\", and performed in an episode of \"Ally McBeal\". Kermit Ruffins and his band cover the song in season 2, episode 9 of the HBO series \"Treme\". Likewise, an instrumental version of the song appears in episode 23 of the anime adaptation of \"Monster\". Additionally, the song has also featured twice in the UK version of Stars in Their Eyes. The first, notably by soul and swing singer George Anthony in 1998's episode 4 and also the series 9 Grand Final in the same year. United States President Barack Obama performed a brief phrase of the song during an appearance at the Apollo Theater in New York City on January 19, 2012, for a campaign fundraiser that included Al Green as an opening act. In the week following, sales of Green's recording of the song increased by 490%. Movie actor Samuel L. Jackson performed Green's song in a 2017 TV Commercial for Capital One. \"Let's Stay Together\" has been covered by Margie Joseph (who had also recorded in Memphis contemporaneous to Green, but offered a Philly-inspired version produced by Arif Mardin), Al Jarreau, Billy Paul, Roberta Flack, Ms. Marilyn Marshall (Club version), Donny Osmond, Jimmy Smith, Seal, Michelle Williams, Ian Moss, Boyz II Men, Bobby Ross Avila, Big Mountain, Isaac Hayes, Robin Thicke, Brian Kennedy, Maroon 5, Terry Manning, as well as by At Last on the first season of \"America's Got Talent\", who performed it a cappella. It has also been covered by soul singer Lemar. Shirley Bassey covered the song on her 1995 album \"Sings the Movies\". An instrumental version very close to the Al Green original was recorded by The Memphis Horns. Organist Ronnie Foster also recorded an instrumental version for his studio album \"Two Headed Freap\". Saxophonist Eric Alexander recorded a jazz instrumental version for his studio album \"Alexander the Great\". The song has been performed on \"American Idol\" by Justin Guarini. On December 15, 2010 on \"The Sing-Off\", it was performed a cappella by season 2 winners Committed. It has also been covered by Trenyce, Leah LaBelle, Joseph Murena, and Elise Testone. Australian soul singer Guy Sebastian recorded a cover version on his covers album \"The Memphis Album\". British singer Craig David covers his very own version of the song on his album \"Signed Sealed Delivered\". Michael Bolton covered the song on his 1999 album \"\". In 1989, The Rippingtons released an album titled \"Tourist in Paradise\", on that album is featured the song \"Let's Stay Together\". In 2004, saxophonist Eric Darius performed a rendition of \"Let's Stay Together\". Eric's version was from the album \"Night on the Town\". Ian Moss released a version of \"Let's Stay Together\" as the lead single from his sixth studio album, \"Soul on West 53rd\". Lynda Carter covered this song for her 2011 album \"Crazy Little Things\". American pop singer Katy Perry performed the song at \"Barack Obama Fundraising Concert\" in Best Buy Theater, New York City on October 7, 2012. This song was also covered by former Hong Kong singer Yvonne Lau Man-Kuen (Chinese: ) under the title \"Don't leave gaps when young\" (Chinese: 年輕不要留白) in 1991. \"Let's Stay Together\" was later covered by Tina Turner, her second collaboration with the British Heaven 17 and British Electric Foundation production team after \"Ball of Confusion\" in 1982, and served as her comeback single in late 1983, charting at number 26 on the US Hot 100. It placed number 6 in the UK (one place higher than Al Green's original) and became the third time she reached the UK top ten, the first two being with former husband Ike Turner on \"River Deep, Mountain High\" and \"Nutbush City Limits\". Tina Turner's version also hit number one on the US Dance Chart. At the time, the song was the most successful solo single she had released and it was included on her multi-platinum selling album \"Private Dancer\", released a few months later in the spring of 1984. The music video was directed by David Mallet. The cover photography was by Norman Seeff. Production Worldwide 7\" single Worldwide 12\" single Let's Stay Together (Al Green song) \"Let's Stay Together\" is a song by American singer Al Green from his 1972 album" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jo Lemaire Jo Lemaire (born 5 January 1956) is a Belgian singer born in Gembloux, Namur. Beyond her native country, she is also popular in France, Switzerland, Canada, and the Netherlands. Jo Lemaire debuted musically in the late 1970s with her musical group, \"Jo Lemaire + Flouze\". The group saw true success with the release of their album \"Pigmy World\" in 1981. That album, containing a moody synthpop adaptation of Serge Gainsbourg's \"Je suis venue te dire que je m'en vais\", propelled the singer into stardom all over Europe and Canada. In 1982, the group separated, and Lemaire continued her career as a solo artist. She divorced Philippe Depireux, a fellow former bandmember, and moved to Bilzen with her new partner, Fa Vanham. Her first solo album, \"Concorde\", was released to great success in 1983. The vinyl was uniquely bilingual, in having one side in English and the other in French. A year later, a self-titled album was released, produced by Jean-Marie Aerts. It also enjoyed success. Her third solo album, \"Stand Up\", was produced by PolyGram International rather than Phonogram Belgium. It was not a hit; her long career has experienced highs and lows. Through her concerts abroad, her multilingualism and covers of hits by foreign artists, Lemaire has many fans outside Belgium; in Germany, the Netherlands, and in French-speaking countries like Canada, France, and Switzerland. She has participated in the Transmusicales in Rennes, the Printemps de Bourges, the Rock en France, and many other tours and music festivals. In 1990, she released \"Duelle\", a collection of French songs. It reached Gold disc status in France. Later that year, a Dutch language album was also released, a tribute to fellow Belgian musician Will Tura. In 1994, she collaborated with British singer Carmel in Liverpool to produce an album of the same name. In 2000, she began touring Flemish schools using music to encourage children to learn French French language. Two CDs based on the \"Bob & Bobette\" comic characters from this campaign were released, titled \"Eventail Junior\". In 2001, she partnered the former Hooverphonic bandmember Frank Duchêne and lyricists Michael Bisceglia and Ronny Mosuse on the album \"Flagrants Délices\", and its associated single \"La saison des amours\". In 2007 she recorded a song with Rocco Granata on the album \" La Vie à Deux\". with Flouze Jo Lemaire Jo Lemaire (born 5 January 1956) is a Belgian singer born" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Daily Front Row The Daily Front Row is a fashion-industry publication, commonly known as \"The Daily\". Brandusa Niro is the editor in chief. In 2011, Niro bought a controlling interest in the magazine, which was formerly owned by IMG. Niro founded The Daily in November 2002, with the first issue launching for New York Fashion Week in February of the following year. The Daily is distributed every day during Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week in New York, chronicling the goings-on from the front rows to behind the scenes. The magazine is distributed for free at the site of Fashion Week. For the remainder of the year, the online magazine is updated every weekday with fashion news, party reports, features, and The Daily’s blog, Chic Report). In an article in Vanity Fair, her friend Graydon Carter, the magazine’s editor, called The Daily “the guiltiest pleasure of Fashion Week in New York.” The Daily also produces print issues during Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Swim in Miami, and has produced issues for Fashion Weeks in Sydney, Australia; Toronto, Canada; Moscow, Russia; and Mexico City, Mexico. In addition, The Daily produces issues covering various fashion trade shows, including Coterie, WSA, and Collective. In December 2009, The Daily branched out from fashion for the first time to produce a special issue for Art Basel Miami. In May 2010, three issues were produced for the Tribeca Film Festival. Daily Front Row The Daily Front Row is a fashion-industry publication, commonly known as \"The Daily\". Brandusa Niro is the editor in chief. In 2011, Niro bought a controlling interest in the magazine, which was formerly owned by IMG. Niro founded The Daily in November 2002, with the first issue launching for New York Fashion Week in February of the following year. The Daily is distributed every day during Mercedes-Benz Fashion" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Rick DiPietro Richard W. DiPietro Jr. (born September 19, 1981) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender and current co-host of ESPN 98.7 FM's \"Humpty & Canty show\" with Chris Canty and Dave Rothenberg. DiPietro became just the second goaltender selected first overall in an NHL Entry Draft when he was chosen by the New York Islanders in 2000. In 2006, the team signed him to a groundbreaking 15-year, $67.5 million contract, but a string of injuries beginning in 2008, which limited him to 50 NHL appearances over the next five seasons, led to a contract buyout on July 2, 2013. DiPietro would retire after being released by the Charlotte Checkers of the American Hockey League (AHL) on November 26, 2013, with whom he had signed a tryout contract on October 25. DiPietro attended Saint Sebastian's School. He played one season (1999–2000) with Boston University in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)'s Hockey East. In that one year, DiPietro was named to the All-Rookie Team, named Second Team All-Hockey East, awarded the team's co-MVP and was named Hockey East's Rookie of the Year. In addition, DiPietro nearly set the NCAA record for most saves in a game when he stopped 77 out of 80 shots in a 3–2 quadruple overtime loss to St. Lawrence University during the NCAA regional final. In his one and only Beanpot Tournament, DiPietro was named MVP and won the Eberly Trophy awarded to the tournament's top goaltender. DiPietro was drafted first overall by the New York Islanders in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, out of Boston University, prompting them to trade Roberto Luongo. Islanders general manager Mike Milbury traded Luongo so that he could draft the highly-touted goaltender known for his mobility and puckhandling skills. DiPietro was the fourth American to occupy the top draft position in the NHL Entry Draft. A groin injury during training camp resulted in DiPietro starting the season with the Chicago Wolves, the Islanders minor league affiliate in the International Hockey League (IHL). He was subsequently called up twice to join the Islanders, but did not play a game until January 27, 2001, when he made his debut against the Buffalo Sabres. Though his NHL debut was widely anticipated, he played 20 games in the 2000–01 season and managed to post just three wins against 15 losses for a struggling Islanders team. He played ten games the next season (as well as one playoff game) before being called up permanently in the 2003–04 season. His goals against average (GAA) decreased from 3.49 in the 2000–01 season to 2.36 in the 2003–04 season. Along with former Islanders teammates Jason Blake and Mark Parrish, DiPietro was named to the United States national hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, in February 2006. DiPietro was the U.S.' number one goaltender for the tournament, starting four of the team's six games. DiPietro played well, sporting a 2.28 GAA, but went 1–3 in the men's tournament. On September 12, 2006, DiPietro signed a 15-year, $67.5 million contract with the Islanders, topping former teammate Alexei Yashin's contract signed before the start of the 2001–02 season of 10 years. \"Newsday\" reported that the team offered him a 15-year contract in September 2005, but the NHL front office discouraged the Islanders from making such an offer. Instead, DiPietro signed on a one-year deal with the Islanders. DiPietro's contract—the longest under the 2005 NHL collective bargaining agreement—was nearly superseded in 2010. During the 2010 off-season, the New Jersey Devils attempted to sign Ilya Kovalchuk to a 17-year contract, but that offer was rejected by the NHL on the grounds of salary cap circumvention. On March 5, 2007, DiPietro broke an Islanders franchise record by making 56 saves in a 2–1 shootout loss to the New York Rangers. The previous record was 55 saves, held by both Félix Potvin and Billy Smith. (The record was later broken by Dwayne Roloson in 2009) On March 13, 2007, DiPietro suffered a concussion after a collision with Montreal Canadiens forward Steve Bégin when DiPietro raced out to poke-check a puck at the blueline at 15:41 of the first period. DiPietro returned for four games but then missed the rest of the regular season after he sustained another concussion in game against the Rangers. He returned to play games two through five of the Islanders' first round playoff series against the Buffalo Sabres. The concussion was the start of a string of injuries. DiPietro underwent surgery in the 2007 off season to fix a torn labrum in his hip. In 2007, DiPietro expressed a desire to become more of a team leader. He said, \"I'm a competitive person, and I have a tendency to have a short fuse with guys sometimes. That's something, as a leader, that you just can't do.\" On November 19, 2007, DiPietro got his 100th NHL career win when the Islanders beat the New York Rangers 2–1. DiPietro was selected to appear in his first and only All-Star Game in 2008 as a reserve, but was later named the starter after New Jersey Devils goaltender Martin Brodeur dropped out. During the Skills Competition the night before, DiPietro injured his hip during the Shootout Competition. DiPietro continued to play until the Islanders no longer had a chance to make the playoffs and on March 19, it was announced that DiPietro would miss the remainder of the 2007–08 season because of the hip surgery. On June 3, 2008, DiPietro went on a Sirius satellite radio show being hosted by \"Bubba the Love Sponge,\" where he told Bubba he would be undergoing knee surgery later that day. The surgery was done on the meniscus in his left knee. DiPietro sat out the first four games of the 2008–09 season (or, controversially, was on the bench as the backup) before starting the team's fifth game in Florida. He played two games after that, but left after the first period his third game back. After that, he was placed on injured reserve for an \"undisclosed lower body injury.\" On November 1, it was announced DiPietro had undergone another knee surgery after injuring his meniscus. It is unknown whether it is the same knee that was operated on earlier that year. DiPietro returned to the team on December 26, 2008. He won his first game back and earned an assist, which broke Billy Smith's team record for points by a goaltender. On January 20, 2009, Islanders General Manager Garth Snow announced that DiPietro would miss the rest of the 2008–09 season due to post-arthroscopic surgical swelling in his right knee. On January 8, 2010, DiPietro returned from injury in a 4–3 loss to the Dallas Stars. His last start of 2010 came against the Carolina Hurricanes on February 6. He earned his fifth loss in seven starts, as the Islanders fell 3–1. On February 13, he was listed as day-to-day with the flu, and less than a month later, swelling in his left-knee caused him to be placed on the injured reserve list effective March 2, 2010; he did not return for the rest of the season. DiPietro started the 2010–11 season apparently healthy and worked in a \"platoon\" tandem with Dwayne Roloson. On December 21, 2010, he was placed on injured reserve, however, due to knee swelling. He returned in December, though due to the strong play of Roloson, he was primarily used as a backup. He made his first start since returning on December 29 in a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins. DiPietro and the Islanders defeated Pittsburgh in a 2–1 shootout decision behind the sharp play of DiPietro. On December 31, the Islanders traded Roloson to the Tampa Bay Lightning, confirming the starting job for DiPietro. On February 2, 2011, In his first game against the Penguins since his shootout win, DiPietro engaged in a rare \"goaltender fight\" against Pittsburgh's Brent Johnson in the final seconds of the game. He was knocked out and had his jaw broken by a single punch to the face by Johnson. The injuries kept him off the ice for weeks. It is not known if the knee swelling was from the fight or another", "though due to the strong play of Roloson, he was primarily used as a backup. He made his first start since returning on December 29 in a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins. DiPietro and the Islanders defeated Pittsburgh in a 2–1 shootout decision behind the sharp play of DiPietro. On December 31, the Islanders traded Roloson to the Tampa Bay Lightning, confirming the starting job for DiPietro. On February 2, 2011, In his first game against the Penguins since his shootout win, DiPietro engaged in a rare \"goaltender fight\" against Pittsburgh's Brent Johnson in the final seconds of the game. He was knocked out and had his jaw broken by a single punch to the face by Johnson. The injuries kept him off the ice for weeks. It is not known if the knee swelling was from the fight or another reason. DiPietro returned shortly to finish the season, wearing the old helmet and cage combo worn by former Islanders goaltender Chris Osgood. The start of the 2011–12 season featured DiPietro in a three-way tandem with Al Montoya and Evgeni Nabokov. Due to a strong pre-season and his performances in DiPietro's absence the previous year, Montoya started the first two games and DiPietro was the backup. During practice for the Islanders' third game, DiPietro took a hard shot to his mask from Brian Rolston, which concussed him and sidelined him indefinitely. DiPietro returned to action in late October, returning to the more conventional one piece goaltender mask he sported for the majority of his career. On November 5, 2011, DiPietro made 25 saves to earn his first win of the 2011–12 season. Shortly after, he injured his groin and was again out indefinitely; he later required surgery to repair a hernia in the area, sidelining him for the remainder of the season. After playing only three games in the lockout shortened 2012–13 season, DiPietro was waived by the Islanders and was sent to their AHL affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers. He had eight years remaining on his NHL contract. DiPietro started his first game as a member of the Sound Tigers on March 1, 2013. He allowed two goals on the first two shots of the game and five in the first period. He did not return from the locker room for the second period of play as the game eventually ended 7–3 in favor of the opposing Connecticut Whale. DiPietro's series of injuries during the latter part of his NHL career earned him the nickname \"Rickety\". On July 1, 2013, the Islanders announced that DiPietro would be placed on unconditional waivers and have the remainder of his contract bought out on a compliance. The buyout was completed 2 days later with DiPietro agreeing to be paid 2/3s of the $36 million he would have been owed over the next 8 years at a rate of $1.5 million per year over the next 16 years. DiPietro signed a professional tryout contract on October 25, 2013 with the Carolina Hurricanes' AHL affiliate, Charlotte Checkers, playing his first game 5 days later in which he stopped 25 of 29 shots in a 5–2 loss to the Grand Rapids Griffins. He was cut by the Checkers on November 26. After retiring DiPietro turned to radio hosting and is now a talk show host in New York City at ESPN 98.7. Played for United States in: Rick DiPietro Richard W. DiPietro Jr. (born September 19, 1981) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Humphry Repton Humphry Repton (21 April 1752 – 24 March 1818) was the last great English landscape designer of the eighteenth century, often regarded as the successor to Capability Brown; he also sowed the seeds of the more intricate and eclectic styles of the 19th century. His first name is often incorrectly rendered \"Humphrey\". In 2018 the bicentenary of Repton's death, several groups are holding events throughout the United Kingdom to celebrate his work. Repton was born in Bury St Edmunds, the son of a collector of excise, John Repton, and Martha (\"née\" Fitch). In 1762 his father set up a transport business in Norwich, where Humphry attended Norwich Grammar School. At age twelve he was sent to the Netherlands to learn Dutch and prepare for a career as a merchant. However, Repton was befriended by a wealthy Dutch family and the trip may have done more to stimulate his interest in 'polite' pursuits such as sketching and gardening. Returning to Norwich, Repton was apprenticed to a textile merchant, then, after marriage to Mary Clarke in 1773, set up in the business himself. He was not successful, and when his parents died in 1778 used his modest legacy to move to a small country estate at Sustead, near Aylsham in Norfolk. Repton tried his hand as a journalist, dramatist, artist, political agent, and as confidential secretary to his neighbour William Windham of Felbrigg Hall during Windham's very brief stint as Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Repton also joined John Palmer in a venture to reform the mail-coach system, but while the scheme ultimately made Palmer's fortune, Repton again lost money. Repton's childhood friend was James Edward Smith, who encouraged him to study botany and gardening; Smith reproduces a long letter from Repton in his \"Letter and Correspondence\". He was given access to the library of Windham to read its works on botany. His capital dwindling, Repton moved to a modest cottage at Hare Street near Romford in Essex. In 1788, aged 36 and with four children and no secure income, he hit on the idea of combining his sketching skills with his limited experience of laying out grounds at Sustead to become a 'landscape gardener' (a term he himself coined). Since the death of Capability Brown in 1783, no one figure dominated English garden design; Repton was ambitious to fill this gap and sent circulars round his contacts in the upper classes advertising his services. He was at first an avid defender of Brown's views, contrasted with those of Richard Payne Knight and Uvedale Price, but later adopted a moderate position. His first paid commission was Catton Park, to the north of Norwich, in 1788. That Repton, with no real experience of practical horticulture, became an overnight success, is a tribute to his undeniable talent, but also to the unique way he presented his work. To help clients visualise his designs, Repton produced 'Red Books' (so called for their binding) with explanatory text and watercolours with a system of overlays to show 'before' and 'after' views. In this he differed from Capability Brown, who worked almost exclusively with plans and rarely illustrated or wrote about his work. Repton's overlays were soon copied by the Philadelphian Bernard M'Mahon in his 1806 \"American Gardener's Calendar\". To understand what was unique about Repton it is useful to examine how he differed from Brown in more detail. Brown worked for many of the wealthiest aristocrats in Britain, carving huge landscape parks out of old formal gardens and agricultural land. While Repton worked for equally important clients, such as the Dukes of Bedford and Portland, he was usually fine-tuning earlier work, often that of Brown himself. Where Repton got the chance to lay out grounds from scratch it was generally on a much more modest scale. On these smaller estates, where Brown would have surrounded the park with a continuous perimeter belt, Repton cut vistas through to 'borrowed' items such as church towers, making them seem part of the designed landscape. He contrived approach drives and lodges to enhance impressions of size and importance, and even introduced monogramed milestones on the roads around some estates, for which he was satirised by Thomas Love Peacock as 'Marmaduke Milestone, esquire, a Picturesque Landscape Gardener' in \"Headlong Hall\". Around 1787, Richard Page (1748-1803), landowner of Sudbury, to the west of Wembley decided to convert the Page family home 'Wellers' into a country seat and turn the fields around it into a private estate. In 1792 Page employed Humphry Repton, by then famous as a landscape architect, to convert the previous farmland into wooded parkland and to make improvements to the house. Repton often called the areas he landscaped 'parks', and so it is to Repton that Wembley Park owes its name. The original site that Repton so transformed was later built on in the construction of the short-lived Watkin's Tower. The area landscaped by Repton was larger than the current Wembley Park. It included the southern slopes of Barn Hill to the north, where Repton planted trees and started building a 'prospect house' – a gothic tower offering a view over the parkland. Repton may also have designed the thatched lodge that survives on Wembley Hill Road, to the west of Wembley Park. It is in the cottage orné style frequently used by Repton. Regrettably, Repton's Red Book for Wembley Park, which would give a definitive answer, has not survived. Capability Brown was a large-scale contractor, who not only designed, but also arranged the realisation of his work. By contrast, Repton acted as a consultant, charging for his Red Books and sometimes staking out the ground, but leaving his client to arrange the actual execution. Thus many of Repton's 400 or so designs remained wholly or partially unexecuted and, while Brown became very wealthy, Repton's income was never more than comfortable. Early in his career, Repton defended Brown's reputation during the 'picturesque controversy'. In 1794 Richard Payne Knight and Uvedale Price simultaneously published vicious attacks on the 'meagre genius of the bare and bald', criticising his smooth, serpentine curves as bland and unnatural and championing rugged and intricate designs, composed according to 'picturesque' principles of landscape painting. Repton's defence of Brown rested partly on the impracticality of many picturesque ideas; as a professional, Repton had to produce practical and useful designs for his clients. Paradoxically, however, as his career progressed Repton drew more and more on picturesque ideas. One major criticism of Brown's landscapes was the lack of a formal setting for the house, with rolling lawns sweeping right up to the front door. Repton re-introduced formal terraces, balustrades, trellis work and flower gardens around the house in a way that became common practice in the nineteenth century. He also designed one of the most famous 'picturesque' landscapes in Britain at Blaise Castle, near Bristol. At Woburn Abbey, Repton foreshadowed another nineteenth-century development, creating themed garden areas including a Chinese garden, American garden, arboretum and forcing garden. At Stoneleigh Abbey in 1808, Repton foreshadowed another nineteenth-century development, creating a perfect cricket pitch called 'home lawn' in front of the west wing, and a bowling green lawn between the gatehouse and the house. Success at Woburn earned him a further commission from the Duke of Bedford. He designed the central gardens in Russell Square, the centrepiece of the Bloomsbury development. The gardens were restored with the additional help of archaeological investigation and archive photographs, to the original plans and are now listed as Grade II by Historic England. The square was to be a flagship commission for Repton and was only one of three within the central London. Buildings played an important part in many of Repton's landscapes. In the 1790s he often worked with the", "At Stoneleigh Abbey in 1808, Repton foreshadowed another nineteenth-century development, creating a perfect cricket pitch called 'home lawn' in front of the west wing, and a bowling green lawn between the gatehouse and the house. Success at Woburn earned him a further commission from the Duke of Bedford. He designed the central gardens in Russell Square, the centrepiece of the Bloomsbury development. The gardens were restored with the additional help of archaeological investigation and archive photographs, to the original plans and are now listed as Grade II by Historic England. The square was to be a flagship commission for Repton and was only one of three within the central London. Buildings played an important part in many of Repton's landscapes. In the 1790s he often worked with the relatively unknown architect John Nash, whose loose compositions suited Repton's style. Nash benefited greatly from the exposure, while Repton received a commission on building work. Around 1800, however, the two fell out, probably over Nash's refusal to credit the work of Repton's architect son John Adey Repton. Thereafter John Adey and Repton's younger son George Stanley Repton often worked with their father, although George continued to work in Nash's office as well. It must have been particularly painful for Repton when Nash secured the prestigious work to remodel the Royal Pavilion at Brighton for the Prince Regent, for which Repton himself submitted innovative proposals in an Indian style. In 1811 Repton suffered a serious carriage accident which often left him needing to use a wheelchair for mobility. He died in 1818 and is buried in the graveyard of St Michael's Church at Aylsham in north Norfolk. Three roads close to the vicinity of his cottage at Hare Street (now renamed Main Road) in the Gidea Park area of Romford were named after him; Repton Avenue, Repton Gardens and Repton Drive, respectively. A small plaque was unveiled in his memory on 19 April 1969 on the site of his cottage, now rebuilt as a branch of Lloyds TSB, situated on the junction of Hare Street and Balgores Lane. Repton published three major books on garden design: \"Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening\" (1795), \"Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening\" (1803), and \"Fragments on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening\" (1816). These drew on material and techniques used in the Red Books. Several lesser works were also published, including a posthumous collection edited by John Claudius Loudon, despite having severely criticised his approach to gardens. His published titles were: Repton contributed to the \"Transactions of the Linnean Society,\" xi. 27, a paper \"On the supposed Effect of Ivy upon Trees.\" Repton produced designs for the grounds of many of the foremost country houses in England, Scotland and Wales: The Gardens Trust has been awarded a Heritage Lottery Fund grant to run a ‘Sharing Repton’ project in 2018-19, working with volunteers to deliver five projects aimed at including participation from local communities, based around five Repton sites across the country. The project is working at Kenwood, London, with London Parks and Gardens Trust and English Heritage; Wicksteed Park, Kettering, with Northamptonshire Gardens Trust; Catton Park, with Norfolk Gardens Trust and Broadland District Council; Blaise Castle, Bristol, with Avon Gardens Trust, and Warley Woods in the Black Country. Historic England have added Humphry Repton’s landscapes to their interactive map of aerial photography of Designed Landscapes and commissioned Hardy Plants and Plantings for Repton and Late Georgian Gardens (1780-1820) which draws on research carried out on plants and planting schemes for late Georgian gardens (1780–1820) and conservation projects, intended to provide a plant list as a starting point for researchers and those restoring gardens of this period. Humphry Repton Humphry Repton (21 April 1752 – 24 March 1818) was the last great English landscape designer of the eighteenth century, often regarded as" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Radio Poland Radio Poland (until January 2007 as Radio Polonia, later \"Polish Radio External Service\" (), in Polish legislation also named as Polskie Radio Program V) is the official international broadcasting station of Poland. Radio Poland is a part of Poland’s public radio network - Polish Radio. Its aim is to broadcast programs on developments in Poland, Polish foreign policy, the economy, business and foreign investments. Polish Radio External Service provides objective and impartial information about Poland and its stance on international affairs. It shows Polish society, its daily life as well as scientific and cultural achievements. Polish Radio External Service ended their English language shortwave broadcasts in 2012 and announced that they would be ceasing all shortwave transmissions on 27 October 2013, from which point they will only be broadcasting over the internet and through partnerships such as the World Radio Network.. Radio Poland broadcast in six languages: Polish, English, German, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian (with various amount of programming, for example English is available 24 hours a day while German 90 minutes a day). There is a Hebrew language programming, Kol Polin, which includes a weekly Yiddish-language broadcast called Naye Khvalyes (\"New Waves\"). Shortwave transmissions were reduced between 2007 and 2012 and by 2013 PRES was broadcasting two times a day with programmes in Polish, Belarusian and Russian. On 27 October 2013 all shortwave transmissions ceased and PRES became an online only entity. Radio Poland brings: English service broadcast more various programming, including quizzes, chart shows and historical programming. Listeners in Europe can tune in via satellite on Eutelsat 13 E, 10892 MHz, FEC 3/4, SR 27500, Horizontal, PID audio 0119 Polish Radio External Service can be heard in English on the World Radio Network (WRN) through terrestrial relays, on cable and via satellite. On cable: PR ES in English is also available to 4.5 million homes on cable in London, Dublin, Berlin, Amsterdam, Brussels, Vienna, Strassburg, Geneva, Tokyo, Washington D.C. and many other cities. You can also hear it on hotel cable in the Netherlands and Hong Kong. 48 kbit/s aac+: http://player.polskieradio.pl/-5 http://stream85.polskieradio.pl/pr5/pr5.sdp/playlist.m3u8 rtmp://stream85.polskieradio.pl/pr5/pr5.sdp http://player.polskieradio.pl/-15 http://stream85.polskieradio.pl/pr5/pr5_ang.sdp/playlist.m3u8 rtmp://stream85.polskieradio.pl/pr5/pr5_ang.sdp http://mp3.polskieradio.pl:8958 http://stream3.polskieradio.pl:8958 48 kbit/s wma10: mms://stream.polskieradio.pl/zagranica_wma10 mms://stream1.polskieradio.pl/zagranica_wma10 96 kbit/s mp3: http://mp3.polskieradio.pl:8908 http://stream3.polskieradio.pl:8908 96 kbit/s wma9: mms://stream.polskieradio.pl/zagranica mms://stream1.polskieradio.pl/zagranica 48 kbit/s aac+: http://player.polskieradio.pl/-13 http://stream85.polskieradio.pl/pr5/pr5_dab.sdp/playlist.m3u8 rtmp://stream85.polskieradio.pl/pr5/pr5_dab.sdp 48 kbit/s wma10: mms://stream.polskieradio.pl/zagranica_dab_wma10 mms://stream1.polskieradio.pl/zagranica_dab_wma10 96 kbit/s mp3: http://mp3.polskieradio.pl:8912 http://stream3.polskieradio.pl:8912 96 kbit/s wma9: mms://stream.polskieradio.pl/zagranica_dab_wma9 mms://stream1.polskieradio.pl/zagranica_dab_wma9 48 kbit/s aac+: http://player.polskieradio.pl/-16 http://stream85.polskieradio.pl/pr5/pr5_wsch.sdp/playlist.m3u8 rtmp://stream85.polskieradio.pl/pr5/pr5_wsch.sdp http://mp3.polskieradio.pl:8964 http://stream3.polskieradio.pl:8964 96 kbit/s wma10: mms://stream.polskieradio.pl/pr5_wsch_wma10 mms://stream1.polskieradio.pl/pr5_wsch_wma10 96 kbit/s mp3: http://mp3.polskieradio.pl:8914 http://stream3.polskieradio.pl:8914 96 kbit/s wma9: mms://stream.polskieradio.pl/pr5_wsch mms://stream1.polskieradio.pl/pr5_wsch In English WRN Europe Eutelsat 28A 28.5°E SKY digital In English WRN English Hot Bird 13°E, 12.597 GHz In English Telstar 5 97° W, 12.177 GHz, pol. V In English AsiaSat 100.5° E, 4.000 GHz, European Bouquet package In English PanAmSat 4 68.5° E, Multichoice package KEDM 90.3FM, University of Louisiana, Monroe; KORD 730AM, Concordia College, MN; KRVM 91.9 FM, Eugene, OR; KSFC 91.9FM, Spokane, WA; KTRU 91.7FM, Rice University, Houston, TX; WDWN 89.1FM, Cayuga Community Coll., Auburn, NY; WGHR 100.7FM, Atlanta, GA; WLTL 88.0FM, Le Grange, IL; WMCO 90.7FM, New Concord, OH; WQUB 90.3 FM, Quincy, IL; WRLC 91.7 FM, Lycoming College, Williamsport, PA; WUEV 91.5FM, University of Evansville, IN; WVUD 91.3FM, University of Delaware; WWHS 92.1FM, Hampden-Sydney College, VA; WXPR 97.1FM, Rhinelander, WI; WFNP 88.7 FM, New Paltz, NY; WRFU-LP 104.5 FM, Urbana, IL; KXOT 91.7 FM, Seattle, WA; WDIY 88.1 FM, Bethlehem, PA; KOHS 91.7 FM, Orem, UT. US HD radio: Tulsa Public Radio: KWGS 89.5 FM, Tulsa, OK; KRCL 90.9 FM, Salt Lake City, UT; WLNZ 89.7 FM, Lansing, MI; Service Electric Cable TV, Sussex C., NJ; SCOLA, 300 College systems throughout the USA, Channel 1. Radio Poland Radio Poland (until January 2007 as Radio Polonia, later \"Polish Radio External Service\" (), in Polish legislation also named as Polskie Radio Program V) is the official international broadcasting station of Poland. Radio Poland is a part of Poland’s public radio network - Polish Radio. Its aim is to broadcast programs on developments in Poland, Polish foreign policy, the economy, business and foreign investments. Polish Radio External Service provides objective and impartial information about Poland and its stance on international affairs. It shows Polish society, its daily life as well as scientific and cultural achievements. Polish Radio" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Martine Beswick Martine Beswick (born 26 September 1941) is an English actress and model, best known for her roles in two James Bond films. Beswick was born on 26 September 1941 in Port Antonio, Jamaica to Ronald Stuart Davis Beswick, a British father and Myrtle May (\"née\" Penso, 1912-2017) a Portuguese-Jamaican mother. Beswick, her sister Laurellie (1943-2002) and her mother moved to London in 1954 following the separation of her parents. In 1955, she left high school to work to help support her family. Beswick is best known for her two appearances in the James Bond film series. Although she auditioned for the first Bond film \"Dr. No\", she was cast in the second film \"From Russia with Love\" as the fiery gypsy girl, Zora. She engaged in a \"catfight\" scene with her rival Vida (played by former Miss Israel Aliza Gur). She was incorrectly billed as \"Martin Beswick\" in the title sequence. Beswick then appeared as the ill-fated Paula Caplan in \"Thunderball\". She had been away from the Caribbean so long that she was required to sunbathe constantly for two weeks before filming, to look like a local. Beswick went on to appear in \"One Million Years B.C.\" opposite Raquel Welch, with whom she also engaged in a catfight. She then appeared in various Hammer Studio low-budget films, most notably \"Prehistoric Women\" and the gender-bending \"Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde\", in which she played the titular villainess. She played Adelita in the well-regarded Spaghetti Western, \"A Bullet for the General\" (1966) opposite Klaus Kinski and Gian Maria Volontè. She starred as the Queen of Evil in Oliver Stone's 1974 directorial debut \"Seizure\", or \"Queen of Evil\". In the 1970s, Beswick moved to Hollywood and regularly appeared on both the big and small screens. She made numerous guest appearances on television series, including \"Sledge Hammer!\", \"Fantasy Island\", \"The Fall Guy\", \"Mannix\", \"The Six Million Dollar Man\" and \"Falcon Crest\". In 1980, she played the lead role in the comedy film \"The Happy Hooker Goes Hollywood\". Beswick's career was active well into the 1990s. Since then, she has mainly participated in film documentaries, providing commentary and relating her experiences on the many films in which she has appeared. She owned a removals business in London, but is now semiretired except for her guest appearances at international Bond conventions. In April 2013, she was one of 12 Bond Girl celebrity guests in an episode of the BBC's \"Masterchef\". Beginning with \"Melvin and Howard\" (1980), she changed the spelling of her last name to \"Beswicke\", but reverted to her original name in the mid-1990s; her last credit with the longer spelling is \"Wide Sargasso Sea\" (1993). Martine Beswick Martine Beswick (born 26 September 1941) is an English actress and model, best known for her roles in two James Bond films. Beswick was born on 26 September 1941 in Port Antonio, Jamaica to Ronald Stuart Davis Beswick, a British father and Myrtle May (\"née\" Penso, 1912-2017) a Portuguese-Jamaican mother. Beswick, her sister Laurellie (1943-2002)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Primitive Baptists Primitive Baptists – also known as Hard Shell Baptists or Old School Baptists – are conservative Baptists adhering to a degree of Calvinist beliefs that coalesced out of the controversy among Baptists in the early 19th century over the appropriateness of mission boards, tract societies, and temperance societies. The adjective \"Primitive\" in the name conveys the sense of \"original\". This controversy over whether churches or members should participate in mission boards, Bible tract societies, and temperance societies led the Primitive Baptists to separate from other general Baptist groups that supported such organizations, and to make declarations of opposition to such organizations in articles like the \"Kehukee Association Declaration of 1827\". The Kehukee Primitive Baptist Church released a proclamation that they rejected formal service institutions outside of the church. The declaration proposed that \"Upon examination, it was found that most of the churches had given their opinions; and after an interchange of sentiments among the members of this body, it was agreed that we discard all Missionary Societies, Bible Societies and Theological Seminaries, and the practices heretofore resorted to for their support, in begging money from the public; and if any persons should be among us, as agents of any of said societies, we hereafter discountenance them in those practices; and if under a character of a minister of the gospel, we will not invite them into our pulpits; believing these societies and institutions to be the inventions of men, and not warranted from the word of God. We further do unanimously agree that should any of the members of our churches join the fraternity of Masons, or, being members, continue to visit the lodges and parades, we will not invite them to preach in our pulpits, believing them to be guilty of such practices; and we declare non-fellowship with them and such practices altogether.\" Primitive Baptist churches arose in the mountainous regions of the southeastern United States, where they are found in their greatest numbers. African-American Primitive Baptist groups have been considered a unique category of Primitive Baptist. Approximately 50,000 African Americans are affiliated with African-American Primitive Baptist churches as of 2005. Approximately 64,000 people were affiliated (as of 1995) with Primitive Baptist churches in the various other emergences of Primitive Baptists. Since arising in the 19th century, the influence of Primitive Baptists has waned as \"Missionary Baptists became the mainstream\". Despite not having emerged as a recognizable group until the early 19th century, Primitive Baptists trace their origins to the New Testament era, rather than to John Calvin. In fact, they oppose elements of Calvin's theology, such as infant baptism, and avoid the term \"Calvinist\". However, they are Calvinist in the sense of holding strongly to the Five Points of Calvinism and they explicitly reject Arminianism. They are also characterized by \"intense conservatism\". One branch, the Primitive Baptist Universalist church of central Appalachia, developed their own unique Trinitarian Universalist theology as an extension of the irresistible grace doctrine of Calvinist theology. They were encouraged in this direction by 19th century itinerant Christian universalist preachers of similar theological bent to Hosea Ballou and John Murray. Primitive Baptist practices that are distinguishable from those of other Baptists include a cappella singing, family integrated worship, and foot washing. Primitive Baptists generally do not play musical instruments as part of their worship services. They believe that all church music should be a cappella because there is no New Testament command to play instruments, but only to sing. Further, they connect musical instruments in the Old Testament with \"many forms and customs, many types and shadows, many priests with priestly robes, many sacrifices, festivals, tithings\" which they see as having been abolished; \"had they been needed in the church Christ would have brought them over\". African-American Primitive Baptists may not share the general Primitive Baptist opposition to musical instruments, however. Primitive Baptists reject the idea of Sunday School, viewing it as unscriptural and interfering with the right of parents to give religious instruction to their children. Instead, children are expected to attend at least part of the church service. Primitive Baptists consider theological seminaries to have \"no warrant or sanction from the New Testament, nor in the example of Christ and the apostles\". Most Primitive Baptists perform foot washing as a symbol of humility and service among the membership. The sexes are separated during the ritual where one person washes the feet of another. The practice is credited with increasing equality, as opposed to hierarchy, within Primitive Baptist churches. Primitive Baptists Primitive Baptists – also known as Hard Shell Baptists or Old School Baptists – are conservative Baptists adhering to a degree of Calvinist beliefs that coalesced out of the controversy among Baptists in the early 19th century over the appropriateness of mission boards, tract societies, and temperance societies. The adjective \"Primitive\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "General Educational Development The General Educational Development (GED) tests are a group of four subject tests which, when passed, provide certification that the test taker has United States or Canadian high school-level academic skills. GED does not currently stand for anything and instead \"it is more similar to a brand name.\" (personal communication with Pearson's GED Testing Program Customer Service). It is an alternative to the US High school diploma, HiSET and TASC test. The GED Testing website currently does not refer to the test as anything but \"GED\". The American Council on Education (ACE), in Washington, D.C. (U.S.), which owns the GED trademark, coined the initialism to identify \"tests of general equivalency development\" that measure proficiency in science, mathematics, social studies, reading, and writing. Passing the GED test gives those who do not complete high school, or who do not meet requirements for high school diploma, the opportunity to earn their high school equivalency credential, also called a high school equivalency development or general equivalency diploma. It is called the GED in the majority of the United States, Canada, or internationally. In 2014, some states in the United States switched to alternate exams, the HiSET and TASC. In New York, if the examinee successfully passes all their TASC exams, the examinee would earn a High School Equivalent diploma (Abbreviated as HSE), which replaced the GED diploma. The GED Testing Service is a joint venture of the American Council on Education. Pearson is the sole developer for the GED test. The test is taken on a computer and in person. States and jurisdictions award a Certificate of High School Equivalency or similarly titled credential to persons who meet the passing score requirements. In addition to English, the GED tests are available in Spanish and in French in Canada, large print, audio, and braille. Tests and test preparation are also offered to persons incarcerated and on military bases in addition to more traditional settings. Individuals living outside the United States, Canada, or U.S. territories may be eligible to take the GED tests through Pearson Vue testing centers. Utah’s Adult High School Completion program has been used as an alternative for individuals who opt to earn a diploma. In November 1942, the United States Armed Forces Institute asked the American Council on Education (ACE) to develop a battery of tests to measure high school-level academic skills. These tests gave military personnel and veterans who had enrolled in the military before completing high school a way to demonstrate their knowledge. Passing these tests gave returning soldiers and sailors the academic credentials they needed to get civilian jobs and gain access to post-secondary education or training. ACE revised the GED Tests for a third time in 1988. The most noticeable change to the series was the addition of a writing sample, or essay. The new tests placed more emphasis on socially relevant topics and problem-solving skills. Surveys of test-takers found that more students (65%) reported taking the test with the intention of continuing their education beyond high school, rather than to get better employment (30%). A fourth revision was made in 2002 to make the test comply with more recent standards for high-school education. A fifth revision was released on January 2, 2014, to be delivered on Pearson VUE, a proprietary computer-based testing platform. The new test applies to the United States, but not to Canada or international locations. It retained four content areas but with different content — language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies — that \"measure a foundational core of knowledge and skills that are essential for career and college readiness.\" There are more than 3,200 Official GED Testing Centers in the United States and increasingly in Canada, as well as around the world. Testing centers are most often in adult-education centers, community colleges, and public schools. Students in metropolitan areas may be able to choose from several testing locations. Official GED Testing Centers are controlled environments. All testing sessions take place either in person or online according to very specific rules, and security measures are enforced. Breaks may be permitted between tests, depending on how many tests are being administered in a session. There may be restrictions on what test-takers may bring into the testing room. There are approximately three to six GED test forms in circulation at any time. This measure helps catch test-takers who may be cheating. As with any standardized test, the various test forms are calibrated to the same level of difficulty. Regulations governing eligibility to take the GED vary by state. According to GED Testing Service policy, students at least 16 years old and not enrolled in high school are eligible for the program. However, many states require the candidate to be 17 years of age and a resident of the state. Some states which allow students under 17 years of age to take the test require a letter of parental consent and a letter of consent from the student's school district. The cost of the GED test for test-takers varies depending on the state. Currently costs can be as low as $45 as is the case in Maryland, but the typical fees are $120 for all four tests, or $30 for each of the four subject tests. Disabled persons who want to take the GED test may be entitled to receive reasonable testing accommodations. If a qualified professional has documented the disability, the candidate should get the appropriate form from the Testing Center: The candidate should return the completed form to the GED Testing Center. Each request is considered individually. If accommodations are approved, the local GED testing examiner will conduct the testing with the approved accommodations, which are provided at no extra charge. Accommodations may include, but are not limited to: Possible scores on an individual test within the GED battery, range from a minimum of 100 to a maximum of 200. A score of 200 on an individual test puts the student in the top 1% of graduating high school seniors. ACE issues recommendations for what constitutes a minimum passing score for any given sub-test (currently 145) and for the test as a whole (currently 580—i.e., an average of 145 per test across all four sub-tests). Although most GED-issuing jurisdictions (for the most part, Boards of Education of U.S. states) adopt these minimum standards as their own, a jurisdiction may establish higher standards for issuance of the certificate if it chooses. Many jurisdictions award honors-level equivalency diplomas to students meeting certain criteria higher than those for a standard diploma in a given jurisdiction. Some districts hold graduation ceremonies for GED Tests passers and/or award scholarships to the highest scorers. Colleges admit that grades based upon high school may require a minimum score on the GED test for admittance based upon the test. For example, Arizona State University requires an average sub-test score of 500 in addition to the certificate. If a student passes one or more, but not all four tests within the battery, he or she only needs to retake the test(s) they did not pass. Most places limit the number of times students may take each individual test within a year. A student may encounter a waiting period before being allowed to retake a failed test. Tests must be completed by the expiration date, which is generally every two years on the last day of the year. Many government institutions and universities regard the GED test credential as the same as a high school diploma with respect to program eligibility and as a prerequisite for admissions. The U.S. military, however, has explicitly higher requirements in admissions for GED test takers to compensate for their lack of a traditional high school diploma. The test is administered to a representative sample", "but not all four tests within the battery, he or she only needs to retake the test(s) they did not pass. Most places limit the number of times students may take each individual test within a year. A student may encounter a waiting period before being allowed to retake a failed test. Tests must be completed by the expiration date, which is generally every two years on the last day of the year. Many government institutions and universities regard the GED test credential as the same as a high school diploma with respect to program eligibility and as a prerequisite for admissions. The U.S. military, however, has explicitly higher requirements in admissions for GED test takers to compensate for their lack of a traditional high school diploma. The test is administered to a representative sample of graduating high-school seniors each year, about 30% of whom fail the test. That only 70% of these students pass the test may show that it is harder than commonly believed. The GED certification itself (i.e., without further post-secondary education or training) does not create the same labor market opportunities available to traditional high school graduates. While people who have earned the GED test credential tend to earn more than dropouts and less than high school graduates, economist James Heckman has found that this is primarily due to existing differences in the characteristics and backgrounds of GED test graduates. When controlling for other influences, he finds no evidence that, for the average taker, the GED test credential improves an individual's economic opportunities above those for other dropouts. Some say overall, there is a certain level of stigma for GED certification holders that affects employability or pursuit of higher education. There are calls for the GED to be abolished. Those who support abolishing the GED say the program reduces high school graduation rates, is outmoded, and is a big financial burden for low-income participants. General Educational Development The General Educational Development (GED) tests are a group of four subject tests which, when passed, provide certification that the test taker has United States" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Plymouth Science Park Plymouth Science Park, previously known as Tamar Science Park, is a science and technology park located in Plymouth, Devon, in southern England. The park was incorporated in 1995, with two principal stakeholders and founding partners – Plymouth City Council and the University of Plymouth. The science park is situated to the north of Plymouth at Derriford, 7 km from the city centre. The site is on 25 acres of occupiable space, with 6.2 acres still to be developed. Plymouth Science Park was established in 1996 under the auspices of Plymouth City Council and the University of Plymouth. The park is being developed in several phases and is located in an area of 25 acres off Derriford Road, Plymouth. It adjoins Derriford Hospital, Plymouth University and the University of St Mark & St John. It offers of office accommodation as well as wet and dry laboratory space. The park was officially renamed the Plymouth Science Park in 2014 and is the largest science park in the south of England. Plymouth Science Park has an Advisory Board made up of experienced business advisors; tenants of the park can obtain up to 100 hours per year of business advice free of charge. Tenants can also be helped with their finance and investment needs through several initiatives such as \"investment days\" and access to various government investment schemes. The park provides suitable accommodation for conferences, lectures and meetings, catering for up to one hundred people. A fibreoptic network allows superfast and ultrafast broadband, and there is an on-site, Tier 3 data centre. There is a virtual office, office pod and expansion space, and on-site teams to help with information and communications technology, facilities and the organisation of events. There is a bistro on-site, CCTV system and twenty-four-hour security. In 2016, over 120 businesses were located in the park, mainly being in the fields of life science, digital technology and e-commerce. The tenants have a total annual turnover of £100 million, and vary from one-man start-ups to multi-national corporations. The first four stages of the park have been completed. The Hyperbaric Medical Centre was the first undertaking to take up residence on the Park, along with the Diving Diseases Research Centre in 1996. Two years later saw phase 1, the opening of the Innovation and Technology Transfer Centre (ITTC). Phase 2 followed, with the opening of another ITTC in 2002. Phase 3 saw the building of the headquarters of Devon and Cornwall Business Link and three other lettable buildings. In 2008, phase 4 followed with the addition of further lettable area, the Data Centre and the bistro. Phase 5 and 6 are to follow, with phase 5 expected to cost around £7 million. HLM Architects are the lead consultant for phase 5 and BAM Construction (part of BAM Nuttall) are the contractors.<ref name=\"http://opendoors.construction/site/284#loc_about\">Open Doors Week: Plymouth Science Park \| Open Doors Week, accessdate: 17 August 2016</ref> In 2016, renewable energy WITT and Antony Jinman's business Education Through Expeditions took up residence at the Park and Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry a Medical and Dental school is located there. Plymouth Science Park Plymouth Science Park, previously known as Tamar Science Park, is a science and technology park located in Plymouth, Devon, in southern England. The park was incorporated in 1995, with two principal stakeholders and founding partners – Plymouth City Council and the University of Plymouth. The science park is situated to the north of Plymouth at Derriford, 7 km from the city centre. The site is on 25 acres of occupiable space, with 6.2 acres still to be developed. Plymouth Science" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "AAdvantage AAdvantage is the frequent flyer program of American Airlines. Launched May 1, 1981, it was the second such loyalty program in the world (after the first at Texas International Airlines in 1979), and remains the largest with more than 67 million members as of October 2011. Miles accumulated in the program allow members to redeem tickets, upgrade service class, or obtain free or discounted car rentals, hotel stays, merchandise, or other products and services through partners. The most active members, based on the amount and price of travel booked, are designated AAdvantage Gold, AAdvantage Platinum, AAdvantage Platinum Pro, and AAdvantage Executive Platinum elite members, with privileges such as separate check-in, priority upgrade and standby processing, or free upgrades. They also receive similar privileges from AA's partner airlines, particularly those in oneworld. AAdvantage co-branded credit cards are also available and offer other benefits. These cards are issued by CitiCards, subsidiary of Citigroup in the United States, by MBNA in the United Kingdom and by Butterfield Bank and Scotiabank in the Caribbean. AAdvantage allows one-way redemption, starting at 5,000 miles. Increased competition following the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act prompted airline marketing professionals to develop ways to reward repeat customers and build brand loyalty. The first idea at American, a special \"loyalty fare\", was modified and expanded to offer free first class tickets and upgrades to first class for companions, or discounted coach tickets. Membership was seeded by searching AA's SABRE computer reservations system for recurring phone numbers. The 130,000 most frequent flyers, plus an additional 60,000 members of AA's Admirals Club were pre-enrolled and sent letters with their new account numbers. The name was selected by AA's advertising agency, and is consistent with other American Airlines programs featuring \"AA\" in the name and logo. The logo was designed by Massimo Vignelli. Less than a week later, rival United Airlines launched its MileagePlus program; other airlines followed in the ensuing months and years. The rapid appearance of competition changed the nature of the program, and as airlines began to compete on the features of their frequent flyer programs, AAdvantage liberalized its rules, established partnerships with hotel and rental car agencies, and offered promotions such as extra free beverages. In 1982 AAdvantage also became the first program to cooperate with an international carrier; members could accrue and redeem miles on British Airways flights to Europe. In 1988, major airlines, including American, offered triple miles. This led to increases in the number of miles needed for awards. During this time, miles, which originally had no expiration, began to have an expiration of three years, later reduced to 18 months, where an account would be closed if there was no activity during this time. In 2005 American Airlines joined other major U.S. carriers in introducing an online shopping portal allowing shoppers to earn AAdvantage miles when shopping online. In 2016, AAdvantage began crediting miles based on the amount of the airfare, not the distance traveled. This change was accompanied by increases in miles needed for an award. There are five membership tiers in AAdvantage: standard, Gold, Platinum, Platinum Pro and Executive Platinum. Gold status requires 25,000 flown elite qualifying miles or 30 flown elite qualifying segments plus $3,000 elite qualifying dollars. Gold status confers priority boarding, expedited security, complimentary same-day standby, discounted Admirals Club membership, and ability to earn and redeem 500-mile upgrades. All fares receive one free checked bag. Gold status also confers a 40% mileage bonus to all flown segments, a 500-mile minimum on each segment, complimentary auto-requested upgrades on flights 500 miles or less, complimentary preferred seats, 50% off Main Cabin Extra seats (complimentary at check-in), 24-hour upgrade window for flights over 500 miles with ability to upgrade one companion traveling on the same flight with 500-mile upgrades. Gold status provides oneworld Ruby status when flying a oneworld partner airline. Platinum status requires 50,000 flown elite qualifying miles or 60 flown elite qualifying segments plus $6,000 elite qualifying dollars. Platinum status confers priority boarding, expedited security, priority baggage delivery, complimentary same-day standby, discounted Admirals Club membership, and ability to earn and redeem 500-mile upgrades. All fares receive one free checked bag except flights to many Central American and Caribbean nations, for which a $25 fee still applies. Platinum status also confers a 60% mileage bonus to all flown segments, a 500-mile minimum on each segment, complimentary auto-requested upgrades on flights 500 miles or less, complimentary preferred seats, complimentary Main Cabin Extra seats, 48-hour upgrade window for flights over 500 miles with ability to upgrade one companion traveling on the same flight with 500-mile upgrades. It also confers a greater standing on upgrade lists and a special phone line. Platinum status provides oneworld Sapphire status when flying a oneworld partner airline. Platinum Pro status requires 75,000 flown elite qualifying miles or 90 flown elite qualifying segments plus $9,000 elite qualifying dollars. Platinum Pro status confers priority boarding, expedited security, priority baggage delivery, complimentary same-day standby, discounted Admirals Club membership, and unlimited, auto-requested complimentary upgrades on flights regardless of number of miles. All fares receive two free checked bags. Platinum status also confers an 80% mileage bonus to all flown segments, a 500-mile minimum on each segment, complimentary preferred seats, complimentary Main Cabin Extra seats, 72-hour upgrade window for flights with ability to upgrade one companion traveling on the same flight with 500-mile upgrades. It also confers a greater standing on upgrade lists and a special phone line. Platinum Pro status provides oneworld Sapphire status when flying a oneworld partner airline. Executive Platinum status requires 100,000 flown elite qualifying miles or 120 flown elite qualifying segments plus $12,000 elite qualifying dollars. Executive Platinum status confers priority boarding, expedited security, priority baggage delivery, complimentary same-day standby, complimentary same-day flight change, discounted Admirals Club membership, unlimited, auto-requested complimentary upgrades on flights regardless of number of miles, waived ticket service change, guaranteed availability in the Main Cabin, waitlist priority for purchased First or Business Class, complimentary alcoholic beverage and snack in Main Cabin. All fares receive three free checked bags. Executive Platinum status also confers a 120% mileage bonus to all flown segments, a 500-mile minimum on each segment, complimentary preferred seats, complimentary Main Cabin Extra seats, 100-hour upgrade window for flights with ability to upgrade one companion traveling on the same flight with 500-mile upgrades. It also confers a greater standing on upgrade lists and a special phone line. Executive Platinum status provides oneworld Emerald status when flying a oneworld partner airline. Individuals who accumulate 1,000,000 miles earned on American receive lifetime Gold status. Individuals who accumulate 2,000,000 miles earned on American receive lifetime Platinum status. Beginning January 1, 2016, elite qualifying points were removed from AAdvantage's tier qualification system, while elite qualifying miles and flown segments will continue to be used to determine tier status and qualification. Beginning January 1, 2017, elite qualifying dollars were added to AAdvantage's tier qualification status. In addition to its oneworld and American Eagle partnerships, American Airlines offers frequent flier", "It also confers a greater standing on upgrade lists and a special phone line. Executive Platinum status provides oneworld Emerald status when flying a oneworld partner airline. Individuals who accumulate 1,000,000 miles earned on American receive lifetime Gold status. Individuals who accumulate 2,000,000 miles earned on American receive lifetime Platinum status. Beginning January 1, 2016, elite qualifying points were removed from AAdvantage's tier qualification system, while elite qualifying miles and flown segments will continue to be used to determine tier status and qualification. Beginning January 1, 2017, elite qualifying dollars were added to AAdvantage's tier qualification status. In addition to its oneworld and American Eagle partnerships, American Airlines offers frequent flier partnerships with the following airlines: Miles credited to AAdvantage originally had no expiration. In 1989, miles expired if there was no account activity for three years. In 2012, miles expired if there was no activity for 18 months. Miles that were considered to have no expiration were subject to a 25% bonus but were then subject to the expiration policy. The AAdvantage program has an expiration policy that if no miles are gained or used during an 18-month period, the miles expire. Expired miles cannot be used for award travel. To reactivate the previously earned miles, the AAdvantage plan ask members to pay from $200–$600. AAdvantage AAdvantage is the frequent flyer program of American Airlines. Launched May 1, 1981, it was the second such loyalty program in the world (after the first at Texas International Airlines in 1979), and remains" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lampsilis siliquoidea Lampsilis siliquoidea, also known as the fatmucket clam, is a species of freshwater bivalve in the family Unionidae. \"L. siliquoidea\" is recognized by its brown shell with dark rays, and is usually about 70 to 100 mm in size. The shape of the shell is oblong to elliptical, compressed or inflated, with uniform thickness. Fatmucket clams are filter feeders. They feed on algae, phytoplankton, protozoans and organic particles. In the parasitic glochidial stage they feed on blood from hosts species, which include bass, perch, walleye, and sturgeon. It is widespread in North America, found in the drainages of both the Mississippi River from New York to Minnesota, the Great Lakes, and Hudson Bay. It lives in lakes, rivers, streams and quiet waters, usually on sandy-mud bottoms. Lampsilis siliquoidea Lampsilis siliquoidea, also known as the fatmucket clam, is a species of freshwater bivalve in the family Unionidae. \"L. siliquoidea\" is recognized by its brown shell with dark rays, and is usually about 70 to 100 mm in size. The shape of the shell is oblong to elliptical, compressed or inflated, with uniform thickness. Fatmucket clams are filter feeders. They feed on algae, phytoplankton, protozoans and organic particles. In the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vic Harris (utility player) Victor Lanier Harris (born March 27, 1950) is an American former professional baseball utility player. He played in Major League Baseball from 1972 through 1980 for the Texas Rangers, Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco Giants and Milwaukee Brewers. Harris was drafted in the first round of the secondary phase of the 1970 Major League Baseball Draft by the Oakland Athletics. In July 1972 he was traded to the Texas Rangers, and made his major league debut for them the following day. He spent the rest of the season as the Rangers' regular second baseman, replacing Lenny Randle. Harris went his first 35 at-bats without a base hit, the major league record for most consecutive at-bats at the beginning of a career by a position player without a base hit. The following season, , the Rangers moved Harris to center field, replacing Joe Lovitto. In his first, and what would prove to be only, season as a regular, Harris batted .249 with 8 home runs. That offseason, Harris and Bill Madlock were traded to the Chicago Cubs for future Hall-of-Fame pitcher Ferguson Jenkins. Harris started the season back at second base, where he was the starter for most of the first half of the season. However, after hitting just .195 in 62 games, Harris season was ended midway through due to knee surgery. He was replaced by Dave Rosello and Billy Grabarkewitz. Harris spent on the Cubs' bench, being used mostly as a pinch hitter and batting .179. That winter, he was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals for infielder Mick Kelleher. Harris spent the next three seasons with the Cardinals and then the San Francisco Giants, serving as a utilityman, playing all three outfield positions along with second base, third base, and shortstop . He was signed to a minor league contract by the Milwaukee Brewers. After a season back in the minors, Harris played in 34 games for the Brewers in 1980 to close out his major league career. Harris became a free agent after the 1980 season, and for 1981 he signed with the Buffaloes. That season, he batted .268 with 22 home runs and 74 RBI, all of which would have been MLB career highs. The following season, while he batted .272, his power declined, and Harris totaled just 9 home runs and 35 RBI. After another decline the following season with injuries and a .198 average, Harris' Japanese career was done. He played one final season with the Louisville Redbirds in the Cardinals' organization before retiring. Harris wound up playing 579 games in the majors, and was a true utilityman. He played at least 27 games at six different positions, with the largest number, 212, coming at second base. , or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota Vic Harris (utility player) Victor Lanier Harris (born March 27, 1950) is an American former professional baseball utility player. He played in Major League Baseball from 1972 through 1980 for the Texas Rangers, Chicago Cubs," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Bros. Landreth The Bros. Landreth are a Canadian alternative country and folk music group. Their debut album \"Let It Lie\" won the Juno Award for Roots & Traditional Album of the Year – Group at the Juno Awards of 2015. The group was first formed in 2013 by brothers Joey and David Landreth, the sons of Winnipeg musician Wally Landreth. The brothers share vocal duties, while Joey plays guitar and David plays bass. The initial band lineup also included Alex Campbell on piano and Ryan Voth on drums. Ariel Posen has since joined the band as second guitarist. \"Let It Lie\" was released independently in 2013. In 2014, the band signed an American distribution deal with Slate Creek Records, who rereleased the album in the United States in January 2015. At the 10th Canadian Folk Music Awards in 2014, the band won the award for New/Emerging Artist of the Year, and \"Let It Lie\" was a nominee for Contemporary Album of the Year. The band have toured both Canada and the United States. They attracted additional media attention when American rock icon John Oates agreed to perform as an opening act for the band at a 2015 tour stop in Nashville. David Landreth is married to Roberta Hansen, an artist and designer who also won a Juno Award in 2015, in the Recording Package of the Year category, for her work on Steve Bell's album \"Pilgrimage\". The Bros. Landreth The Bros. Landreth are a Canadian alternative country and folk music group. Their debut album \"Let It Lie\" won the Juno Award for Roots & Traditional Album of the Year – Group at the Juno Awards of 2015. The group was first formed in 2013 by brothers Joey and David Landreth, the sons of Winnipeg musician Wally Landreth. The brothers" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kavita Trust Kavita Trust is an Indian non-profit organisation, dedicated to Konkani Poetry. Although the Trust began its activities in Dubai in the year 2002, it registered as a Trust in Mangalore, India, in 2007. Sahitya Akademi awardee and Konkani language activist Melvyn Rodrigues is the Founder and first President of Kavita Trust. Trustees are: 1. Melvyn Rodrigues 2. Kishoo Barkur (Kishore Gonsalves) 3. Averyl Rodrigues 4. Andrew L D'Cunha 5. William Pais 6. Victor Mathias (Vitori Karkal) Since 2008 every year, the trust confers \"Joseph Mathias and Family Poetry Award\" to the poets for their commendable contribution to [Konkani Poetry]. The award is sponsored by Joseph Mathias of Merit Freights Systems, Dubai. List of Awardees: 2017: Valerian Alwyn Quadras (Valley Quadras), Mumbai 2016: Nutan Sakhardande, Mapusa, Goa 2015: M. P. Rodrigues, Mangalore 2014: Iqbal Sayeedi, Bhatkal 2013: Yusuf A. Shaikh, Goa 2012: Rajay Pawar, Goa 2011: Shivananda Shenoy, Kochi 2010: Kashinath Shambha Lolienkar, Goa 2009: Leo D'Souza (Kavyadas), Mangalore 2008: Aruna Rao Kundaje, Mumbai James and Shobha Mendonca Endowment Lecture on Poetry is an annual feature. Eminent poets are invited to share their knowledge and views on various topics related to poetry. So far, the following dignitaries have given the endowment lectures: Every year Trust conducts Poetry Writing Competition for Students to foster their poetry skills. This competition is open for students from 6th grade to 10th grade. This competition is in the memory of Late Charles and Theresa Rodrigues, the parents of poet and Sahitya akademi awardee Melvyn Rodrigues. Every year, in the month of July, Kavita Trust, sends the intimation to the schools about the details of the competition. This competition has been conducted since 2007. The following table provides the overview of the Competitions held so far, entries received (Totaling 2080 until 2017) and winners. Every year the trust conducts Poetry Reciting Competition for Youth between ages 15 years to 30 years. The goal is to popularize konkani poetry among young. This competition is sponsored by Rohan and Lavita Monterio. Every year the trust conducts Poetry Reciting Competition for children from age below 15 years. The award was established by Nelson & Lavina Rodricks in the year 2014, in the memory of Konkani poet Cha. Fra. D'Costa. Kavita Trust, conducts Kavita Fest / Sambhram, a celebration of Konkani poetry, every year. First such festival was held in 2007. From then on, every year, this festival is conducted, at different locations of Kanara region. Kavita Fest 2018 at Bodhi Tree, Jeppu, Mangalore. Kavita Sambhram 2017 at Gallerie Orchid, Mangalore. Kavita Fest 2016 at World Konkani Centre, Mangalore. Kavita Fest 2015 at Barkur, Udupi. Kavita Fest 2014 at Town Hall, Mangalore. Kavita Fest 2013 at Bantwal. Kavita Fest 2012 at Moodubelle. Kavita Fest 2011 at Nakre, Karkala. Kavita Fest 2010 at Barkur, Udupi. Kavita Fest 2009 at Shanti Kiran, Bajjodi, Mangalore. Kavita Fest 2008 at St Aloysius college, Mangalore. Kavita Fest 2007 at Kalangann, Mangalore. Many Poets and poetry enthusiasts from Goa, Mumbai, Kerala, Karnataka and other places participate in this event. Kavita Trust has so far published about 26 poetry collections, critical essays and other books. Kavita Trust Kavita Trust is an Indian non-profit organisation, dedicated to Konkani Poetry. Although the Trust began its activities in Dubai in the year 2002, it registered as a Trust in Mangalore, India, in 2007. Sahitya Akademi awardee and Konkani language activist Melvyn Rodrigues is the Founder and first President of Kavita Trust. Trustees are: 1. Melvyn Rodrigues 2. Kishoo Barkur (Kishore Gonsalves) 3. Averyl Rodrigues 4. Andrew L D'Cunha 5. William Pais 6. Victor Mathias (Vitori Karkal) Since 2008 every" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda y Arteaga (March 23, 1814 – February 1, 1873) was a 19th-century Cuban-born Spanish writer. Born in Puerto Príncipe, she lived in Cuba until she was 22. Her family moved to Spain in 1836, where she started writing as La Peregrina (\"The Pilgrim\"), and she lived there until 1859, when she moved back to Cuba with her second husband until his death in 1863, after which she moved back to Spain. She died in Madrid in 1873 from diabetes at the age of 59. She was a prolific writer and wrote 20 plays and numerous poems. Her most famous work, however, is the antislavery novel \"Sab\", published in Madrid in 1841. The eponymous protagonist is a slave who is deeply in love with his mistress Carlota, who is entirely oblivious to his feelings for her. María Gertrudis de los Dolores Gómez de Avellaneda y Arteaga was born on March 23, 1814, in Santa María de Puerto Príncipe, which was often referred to simply as Puerto Príncipe and which is now known as Camagüey. Puerto Príncipe was a provincial capital in central Cuba in Avellaneda's day, and Cuba was a region of Spain. Her father, Manuel Gómez de Avellaneda y Gil de Taboada, had arrived in Cuba in 1809 and was a Spanish naval officer in charge of the port of Nuevitas. Her mother, Francisca María del Rosario de Arteaga y Betancourt, was a \"criolla\" with ascendants from the Basque Country and the Canary Islands, member of the wealthy Arteaga y Betancourt family, which was one of the most prominent and important families in Puerto Príncipe. Avellaneda was the first of five children from her parents' marriage, but only she and her younger brother Manuel survived childhood. Her father died in 1823 when she was nine years old, and her mother remarried ten months later to Gaspar Isidoro de Escalada y López de la Peña, who was a Spanish lieutenant colonel posted in Puerto Príncipe. Avellaneda strongly disliked him and thought that he was too strict; she was glad whenever he was stationed away from home. From the time her mother remarried until the time she left Cuba for Spain, Avellaneda only saw her stepfather two or three months a year. She had two older half-siblings from her father's first marriage named Manuel and Gertrudis, a younger brother also named Manuel, and three younger half-siblings from her mother's marriage to Escalada: Felipe, Josefa, and Emilio. Little is known about Avellaneda's relationship with her older half-siblings, except that they lived somewhere else. Her younger brother Manuel was her favorite, and she was in charge of her three younger half-siblings. When she was 13 years old she was betrothed to a distant relative who was one of the wealthiest men in Puerto Príncipe. Her maternal grandfather promised her a fifth of his estate if she went through with this marriage, which he had arranged himself. At the age of 15 she broke off that engagement against her family's wishes, and as a result she was left out of her grandfather's will. (Her grandfather died in 1832, when she was 17 or 18.) It is thought that this traumatic experience fueled her hatred of arranged marriages and patriarchal authority and her belief that married women were essentially slaves. Her aversion to marriage was also due to the unhappy marriage of her cousin Angelita, who was her only friend after she refused to marry the man her family had chosen for her. Avellaneda was, by her own admission, a spoiled child, as her family's slaves did all the chores. She had a lot of free time, which she used to read voraciously. One of her tutors was the Cuban poet José María Heredia. By 1836 Escalada had become concerned enough about the possibility of a slave rebellion that he persuaded his wife to sell off her property and slaves and move the family from Cuba to Spain. Avellaneda, now 22, supported the idea because she wanted to meet her father's relatives in Andalusia. The family set sail for Europe on April 9, 1836 and arrived in Bordeaux, France two months later. They spent 18 days there before sailing to A Coruña in Galicia, Spain. They stayed in A Coruña with Escalada's family for two years. Avellaneda was invited into some distinguished social circles in Galicia and in 1837 was engaged to Francisco Ricafort, son of Mariano Ricafort, the Captain-General of Galicia at the time. She did not marry him, however, as she had decided not marry until she was economically independent, and her stepfather withheld her inheritance. When Francisco was sent to fight in the Carlist Wars, she left Galicia to go to Seville with her younger brother Manuel; she would never see him again. She was glad to leave Galicia, as she was criticized by Galician women for her refusal to do manual labor and for her love of study. She also disliked the damp climate and lack of cultural life. In the province of Seville in Andalusia she visited Constantina, where her father's family lived. In 1839, shortly after her arrival in Seville, she met and fell deeply in love with Ignacio de Cepeda y Alcalde, a wealthy, well-educated, and socially prominent young man. The first man that Avellaneda had a loved was Ignacio de Cepeda, who was the focus of many of her writings, mainly love letters. (There were forty love letters total, spanning from 1839 until 1854. After his death, his widow inherited and published them.) She also wrote him an autobiography in July 1839. Biographers of Avellaneda have relied too heavily on this account for information about her early life, as it was written for a specific purpose: to make a good impression on Cepeda. For example, she said that she was younger than she really was because Cepeda was two years younger than her, and she wanted to make herself look as young as possible. Because of the over-reliance on this biased source, few details are known for certain about the first 22 years of her life. The autobiography written to Cepeda was the second of the four autobiographies she wrote during her lifetime; the other three were written in 1838, 1846, and 1850, respectively. Though she loved Cepeda very much, he did not want to pursue a marriage with her. One reason he gave was that she was not rich enough. He also gave reason that she was not feminine enough stating that she was more verbal than should be and was often too aggressive for a woman of the 19th century. After her relationship with Cepeda ended, she went to Madrid. In Madrid she had a number of tumultuous love affairs, some with prominent writers associated with Spanish Romanticism. Her affairs included several engagements to different men. There she met and had an affair with Gabriel Garcia Tassara. He was also a poet from Seville. In 1844, she had a daughter out of wedlock with Tassara. Soon after the baby was born, Tassara left her and the baby, refusing to call her his daughter. The baby died several months later. This left Avellaneda heartbroken at the height of her career. Avellaneda soon married a youngest man, don Pedro Sabater, who worked for the Cortes and was very wealthy. He was also a writer and wrote many poems for his wife. They married on May 10, 1846. Sabater was extremely sick with what was believed to be cancer. He died shortly after their marriage leaving Avellaneda devastated. As a result, she entered a convent right after his death and wrote a play called \"Egilona\" which did not receive good reviews like her last one had. In January 1853, she tried to enroll into the Royal Academy in after a seat belonging to a dead friend, Juan Nicasio Gallego, of hers became vacant. Even though she was admired by many, being a woman meant that it was not her place to be writing publicly. She was from an upper-class family of wealth and recognition, it did not give her the fame she desired from writing so easily. While all the males in the academy were aware of her works and were fascinated by them, they did not give her the right to enter, solely on the fact that she was a woman. She remarried on April 26, 1855", "died shortly after their marriage leaving Avellaneda devastated. As a result, she entered a convent right after his death and wrote a play called \"Egilona\" which did not receive good reviews like her last one had. In January 1853, she tried to enroll into the Royal Academy in after a seat belonging to a dead friend, Juan Nicasio Gallego, of hers became vacant. Even though she was admired by many, being a woman meant that it was not her place to be writing publicly. She was from an upper-class family of wealth and recognition, it did not give her the fame she desired from writing so easily. While all the males in the academy were aware of her works and were fascinated by them, they did not give her the right to enter, solely on the fact that she was a woman. She remarried on April 26, 1855 to a colonel, don Domingo Verdugo y Massieu. In 1859, due to her husband's injuries they moved from Madrid back to Cuba, where both were born. They were close to Francisco Serrano, who was the captain-general of Cuba at the time. When she arrived in Cuba, she was warmly welcomed with concerts, parties, and music. Shortly after their arrival, Verdugo's health worsened and he finally died on October 28, 1863. This left her in severe distress, and she decided return to Madrid after a few visits to New York, London, Paris and Seville. She lived in Madrid her last years. Her brother Manuel died in 1868. She published the first volume of her collected literary works (), omitting the novels \"Sab\" and \"Dos mujeres\". At 58, she died on February 1, 1873, in Madrid, but she was buried in Sevilla, with her brother Manuel. <poem>¡Perla del mar! ¡Estrella de Occidente! ¡Hermosa Cuba! Tu brillante cielo la noche cubre con su opaco velo como cubre el dolor mi triste frente. ¡Voy a partir!...La chusma diligente para arrancarme del nativo suelo las velas iza, y pronto a su desvelo la brisa acude de tu zona ardiente. ¡Adiós, patria feliz, edén querido! ¡Doquier que el hado en su furor me impela, tu dulce nombre halagará mi oído! ¡Adiós¡... Ya cruje la turgente vela… El ancla se alza... el buque, estremecido, las olas corta y silencioso vuela! </poem> <poem>Pearl of the sea! Star of the Occident! Beautiful Cuba! Night’s murky veil Is drawn across the sky’s refulgent trail, And I succumb to sorrow’s ravishment. Now I depart! …As to their labors bent, The crewmen now their tasks assail, To wrest me from my home, they hoist the sail To catch the ardent winds that you have sent. Farewell, my Eden, land so dear! Whatever in its furor fate now sends, Your cherished name will grace my ear! Farewell!... The anchor from the sea ascends, The sails are full…. The ship breaks clear, And with soft quiet motion, wave and water fends. </poem> Gomez de Avellaneda was often either praised or shunned for her literary works. She wrote poems, autobiographies, novels and plays. During the 1840s and 1850s was when she was most famous for her writings. She had other female rivals in writing such as Carolina Coronado and Rosalia de Castro but none of them achieved as much praise as Gomez de Avellaneda received from her literary works. She inspired men and women alike with her stories of love, feminism, and a changing world. Her poetry consists of styles in Hispanic poetry from late neoclassicism through romanticism. Her works are influenced by some of the major French, English, Spanish, and Latin American poets. Her poems reflects her life experiences including her rebellious attitude and independence in a male-dominated society (regarding herself as a woman writer); sense of loneliness and exile from her Cuba (regarding her love for Cuba); and melancholy and depression (regarding her heartbroken affairs). Her poetry surrounds the themes of Cuba, love and eroticism, poetry itself, neoclassical concepts, historical references, religion, philosophical meditations, personal and public occasions, and poetic portraits. The theme of Cuba is evident in her poem “Al partir” (“On Leaving”), which was in 1836 when la Avellaneda was on the boat leaving Cuba for Spain. It is a sonnet about her love for Cuba and reflects her emotions as she departed. The most controversial and the first novel she wrote, \"Sab\", was published in 1841. This novel can be compared to \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" in that both novels are literary protests against the practice of slavery. \"Sab\" is about a Cuban slave, named Sab, who is in love with Carlota, his master's daughter. Carlota (the heroine) marries a rich white Englishman, Enrique Otway. The book stresses Sab's moral superiority over the white characters. This is because his soul is pure while the Englishman's business interests are his primary concern. The enterprises of Enrique and his father are juxtaposed against the Carlota's family (sugarcane plantation) which is in decline because Carlota's father is of a good nature, which means he cannot be a good business man. \"Sab\" was banned in Cuba for its unconventional approach to society and its problems. Avellaneda's works were considered scandalous because of her recurrent themes of interracial love and society's divisions. In fact, \"Sab\" could be considered an early example of negrismo, a literary tendency when white creole authors depicted black people, usually with a favorable stance. This kind of writing was often cultivated by women authors who might have been arguing, as Gómez de Avellaneda was, that there was a parallel between the black condition and the female condition. Two other Creole women who cultivated negrista fiction were the Argentine Juana Manuela Gorriti (\"Peregrinaciones de una alma triste\" & \"El ángel caído\") and the Peruivan Teresa González de Fanning whose Roque Moreno paints a less than sympathetic stance toward blacks and mulattoes. Of course Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" could also be understood in this light. Two famous poems were from her love letters to Ignacio de Cepeda. Both were called “A él” (“To Him”). The poems reflect her theme of love for Cepeda. The first poem, much longer and more complex than the second, regards her hope in being with Cepeda. However, because Cepeda did not want a committed relationship with her and married another woman, it made la Avellaneda suffer. As a result, the second poem is about their final break, her resignation to their relationship. Source: John Charles Chasteen, \"Born in Blood and Fire, A Concise History of Latin America\" There has been much debate over whether Gertrud's Gómez de Avellaneda is a Cuban or Spanish writer. She is widely viewed as the \"epitome of the Romantic poet, the tragic heroine who rises to public acclaim yet, in private, is bitterly unhappy.\" Whatever the accuracy of this image, it is clear that she actively promoted it during her life and that many influential critics and admirers continued to promote this image of Avellaneda after her death. Also, much of her work is read from a biographical perspective because of the posthumous publication of her love letters to Ignacio Cepeda, to the extent that her life has overshadowed the wider cultural significance of her literary output. Albin, María C., Megan Corbin, and Raúl Marrero-Fente. “Gertrudis the Great: First Abolitionist and Feminist in the Americas and Spain.” Gender and the Politics of Literature: Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda. Ed. María C. Albin, Megan Corbin, and Raúl Marrero-Fente. Hispanic Issues On Line 18 (2017): 1–66. Web. Albin, María C., Megan Corbin, and Raúl Marrero-Fente. “A Transnational Figure: Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda and the American Press.” Gender and the Politics of Literature: Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda. Ed. María C. Albin, Megan Corbin, and Raúl Marrero-Fente. Hispanic Issues On Line 18 (2017): 67–133. Web. https://cla.umn.edu/hispanic-issues/online Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda y Arteaga (March 23, 1814 – February 1, 1873) was a 19th-century Cuban-born Spanish writer. Born in Puerto Príncipe, she lived in Cuba until she was", "First Abolitionist and Feminist in the Americas and Spain.” Gender and the Politics of Literature: Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda. Ed. María C. Albin, Megan Corbin, and Raúl Marrero-Fente. Hispanic Issues On Line 18 (2017): 1–66. Web. Albin, María C., Megan Corbin, and Raúl Marrero-Fente. “A Transnational Figure: Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda and the American Press.” Gender and the Politics of Literature: Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda. Ed. María C. Albin, Megan Corbin, and Raúl Marrero-Fente. Hispanic Issues On Line 18 (2017): 67–133. Web. https://cla.umn.edu/hispanic-issues/online Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda y Arteaga (March 23, 1814 – February 1, 1873) was a 19th-century Cuban-born Spanish writer. Born in Puerto Príncipe, she lived in Cuba until she was 22. Her family moved to Spain in 1836, where she started writing as La Peregrina (\"The Pilgrim\"), and she lived there until 1859, when she moved back to Cuba with" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mickey Finn (inventor) Charles A. \"Mickey\" Finn (June 21, 1938 – April 24, 2007) was an American designer who specialized in designing and producing weapons systems for the U.S. military. He retired from defense work and began designing sporting equipment, including the Mickey Finn T-Bar Putter, a golf putter. For thirty years Finn designed weapons systems for the U.S. military and other government agencies. In the industry he was referred to as \"Q\", after the special weapons supplier Q in James Bond fiction, and the name of Finn's original research company Qual-A-Tec. After extensive research into black operations, author Tom Clancy used Finn's name to add an extra measure of realism to \"The Cardinal of the Kremlin\". Finn retired from the defense industry after this public mention and started a business selling military and hunting knives. Qual-A-Tec was a research and development firm originally based in Oceanside, California United States. It later moved to Chino Valley, Arizona, United States. It was owned and operated by Finn and specialized in signature suppression and muzzle control devices for firearms. It also provided classified weapons systems to the U.S. government until it was forced to close when author Tom Clancy outed Finn and his company in the novel \"The Cardinal of the Kremlin.\" The U.S. Army contract to design and build the M9 bayonet for the M16 rifle was awarded to Qual-A-Tec. Out of 49 companies that bid on the contract, theirs was the only one tested that had zero percent rate of failure. Finn and his M9 bayonet design were profiled in the October 30, 1986 issue of the \"LA Times\" and the January 5, 1987 issue of \"People\" magazine. Mickey Finn (inventor) Charles A. \"Mickey\" Finn (June 21, 1938 – April 24, 2007) was an American designer who specialized in designing" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hino Contessa The Hino Contessa is an automobile which was produced by Hino Motors from 1961 to 1967. The Contessa was developed largely from the 1947-1961 Renault 4CV powertrain under license to Hino Motors. Offered in both coupe and sedan bodystyles, it replaced the Hino Renault, which was the Renault 4CV manufactured by Hino for Japan. It was adapted into a small pickup truck called the Hino Briska, but used a front engine and rear drive powertrain, while the Contessa used a rear engine and rear drive setup. The PC series coupé was designed by Giovanni Michelotti, while the second generation was longer and wider in both coupé and sedan bodystyles. Unlike many cars found internationally of this time period, using rear drive and rear engined powertrains, the Contessa was water-cooled rather than air-cooled. The name \"contessa\" is Italian for a countess. 47,299 of the PC-series Contessa were built, between April 1961 and the second quarter of 1964. With an 893 cc version of the Renault-based GP engine, max power is which provides a top speed of . The first Contessa originally received a three-speed column mounted shifter, later a four-speed manual became optional, utilizing an electromagnetic clutch apparatus called Shinko-Hinomatic. The gear change came in for a certain amount of criticism, a result of its long and cumbersome linkage from the steering column to the rear-mounted transmission. As Hino had a business relationship with Renault at the time, and the powertrain was largely adapted from an existing Renault product, there are clear similarities to the Renault Dauphine. The drivetrain and suspension were carried over from the Hino Renault (PA). The main improvement over the 4CV was that the Contessa 900 was a full five-seater, making it a much stronger competitor. The engine was installed longitudinally, meaning the radiator was against the outer edge of the engine bay, whereas the Renault installed the radiator against the firewall, and the Hino engine sat in a north-south orientation with the transmission attached inside the engine bay next to the Contessa's firewall. The engine was slanted to the left, and utilized a crossflow cylinder head. The rear suspension used swing axles. The first Contessa was never intended for export, although foreign language brochures were printed up for the Michelotti-designed Contessa 900 Sprint Coupé. Aside from the stylish bodywork, the 100 kg lighter Sprint () also benefitted from an Officine Nardi-tuned engine (and matching steering wheel) with Weber carburetors and . The Sprint was introduced at both the 10th Tokyo Auto Show, and the Turin Motor Show in 1962, and followed at the New York Auto Show in 1963. Top speed was claimed to be . So that there would be no doubts about its provenance, the scuff plates at the bottom of the door apertures read \"Hino-Michelotti\". The Sprint had a floor-mounted shifter. With design by Giovanni Michelotti (who had sold a very similar design to Triumph for their 1300), the second generation Contessa debuted in September 1964. While considerably longer and heavier, the PD Contessa also had a much more powerful 1,251 cc four-cylinder engine with five main bearings (\"GR100\", ). With a four-speed manual transmission, top speed is . A handsome coupé version was presented in April 1965; the coupé benefitted from an upgraded engine with twin carburetors and slightly higher compression and from November of the same year. With chassis code PD300/400 (versus PD100/200 for the regular sedan), this sporting version was marketed as the \"1300S\". 100 and 300-series are right-hand drive, while 200 and 400-series are left-hand drive. The use of twin headlights does contribute to a mild similarity to the second generation Chevrolet Corvair, and the lack of a front grille because the Contessa and the Corvair are both rear engined and rear cooled (air for the Corvair, water for the Contessa). Early Standard versions did not receive bumper horns and were fitted with single front headlamps with blanks where the second set would have gone. Later on, the Standard (of which very few survive) received the same headlamps and bumpers as the De Luxe, albeit with painted rather than chromed bumpers. This generation of the Contessa was also exported, to Australia, Switzerland, and the Netherlands amongst others. As a part of this export drive, the Contessa also saw local assembly in New Zealand (by Campbell Motors, around 600 are thought to have been assembled there) and in Israel (by Autocars). 55,027 PD Contessas were built, of which 3,868 were Coupés. As of 2007, only 105 Contessas remained on the road in Japan, although many New Zealand-built cars are exported back to Japan. While series production ground to a halt in March 1967 following Toyota's purchase of Hino in late 1966, assembly of existing shells and parts continued at a slow pace into the summer of 1968, with ever-higher Toyota parts content. A further 175 were built in October 1969, as part of a final disposal of stock. As production of the Contessa began to wind down towards discontinuation, the factory was reprioritized to produce the Toyota Hilux pickup truck, and the Toyota Publica truck, then later was used to manufacture the Toyota Sprinter. The earlier column-mounted three-speed manual continued to be available in the sedans, while a floor-mounted four-speed manual was standard in coupés and an option in the sedans. A 1.5 litre version of the GR100 engine was developed in 1966, but after the Toyota takeover the project was shelved. As Toyota began to assume operations of Hino assets and manufacturing resources, Toyota was also concentrating their efforts of introducing a Contessa sized coupe and sedan of their own, and in 1966 introduced the Toyota Corolla. In an effort to prepare the US market in advance of a planned entry, Hino had Pete Brock and his BRE Racing team prepare two Contessa sedans for competition. One won a surprise victory at the 1966 LA Times Grand Prix. Later, Brock raced the lighter and faster Coupé version, called the \"Samurai\". The Contessas also saw a lot of local competition in Japan, and to aid this effort 20 of the lightened Hino Contessa 1300 L (for \"Lightened\") were built in 1966. These were built with thinner sheet metal and missing some equipment, such as hubcaps and sound deadening. Hino Motors signed a 10-year assembly agreement with Kaiser-Illin Industries of Haifa, Israel, in 1963. Assembly of the Contessa 900 started in 1964. Later, Briska 900 and 1300 and the Contessa 1300 sedan were assembled in Haifa as well. During the years 1964-1965, Israel was Hino's second most important market for its Contessas. Israel exports amounted to circa 10 percent of total Contessa production. After Hino was purchased by Toyota, the contract was terminated and the very last Israeli Contessas rolled off the assembly line in March 1968. In total, over 8,000 Hino Contessa and Briska were assembled in Israel. Hino Contessa The Hino Contessa is an automobile which was produced by Hino Motors from 1961 to 1967. The Contessa was developed largely from the 1947-1961 Renault 4CV powertrain under license to Hino Motors. Offered in both coupe and sedan bodystyles, it replaced the Hino Renault, which was the Renault 4CV manufactured by Hino for Japan. It was adapted into" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Non-trophic networks Any action or influence that species have on each other is considered a biological interaction. These interactions between species can be considered in several ways. One such way is to depict interactions in the form of a network, which identifies the members and the patterns that connect them. Species interactions are considered primarily in terms of trophic interactions, which depict which species feed on others. Currently, ecological networks that integrate non-trophic interactions are being built. The type of interactions they can contain can be classified into six categories: mutualism, commensalism, neutralism, amensalism, antagonism, and competition. Observing and estimating the fitness costs and benefits of species interactions can be very problematic. The way interactions are interpreted can profoundly affect the ensuing conclusions. Characterization of interactions can be made according to various measures, or any combination of them. Prevalence identifies the proportion of the population affected by a given interaction, and thus quantifies whether it is relatively rare or common. Generally, only common interactions are considered. Whether the interaction is beneficial or harmful to the species involved determines the sign of the interaction, and what type of interaction it is classified as. To establish whether they are harmful or beneficial, careful observational and/or experimental studies can be conducted, in an attempt to establish the cost/benefit balance experienced by the members. The sign of an interaction does not capture the impact on fitness of that interaction. One example of this is of antagonism, in which predators may have a much stronger impact on their prey species (death), than parasites (reduction in fitness). Similarly, positive interactions can produce anything from a negligible change in fitness to a life or death impact. The relationship in space and time is not currently considered within a network structure, though it has been observed by naturalists for centuries. It would be highly informative to include geographical proximity, duration, and seasonal patterns of interactions into network analysis. In the same way that a trophic cascade can occur, it is expected that 'interaction cascades' take place. Thus, it should be possible to construct 'effect' networks which parallel in many ways the energy or matter networks common in the literature. By assessing the network topology and constructing models, we might better understand how interacting species affect each other and how these effects spread through the network. In certain instances, it has been shown that indirect trophic effects tend to dominate direct ones (Patten, 1995)—perhaps this pattern will also emerge in non-trophic interactions. By analyzing network structures, one can determine keystone species that are of particular importance. A different class of keystone species is what are termed 'ecosystem engineers'. Certain organisms alter the environment so drastically that it affects many interactions that take place within a habitat. This term is used for organisms that \"directly or indirectly modulate availability of resources (other than themselves) to other species, by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials\". Beavers are an example of such engineers. Other examples include earthworms, trees, coral reefs, and planktonic organisms. Such 'network engineers' can be seen as \"interaction modifiers\", meaning that a change in their population density affects the interactions between two or more other species. Certain interactions may be particularly problematic to understand. These may include Non-trophic networks Any action or influence that species have on each other is considered a biological interaction. These interactions between species can be considered in several ways. One such way is to depict interactions in the form of a network, which identifies the members and the patterns that connect them. Species interactions are considered primarily in terms of trophic" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt The 5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt \"\"Canon de caponnière\"\" was a fortress gun and infantry gun developed during the 1880's in Britain which was sold to Belgium and later produced under license by the Cockerill company. It saw action during World War I in both Belgian and German hands. In 1887 the Belgian War Ministry ordered 185 5.7 cm fortress guns to arm their fortresses including Namur and Liege. The 5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt was a short 26 caliber gun and not the longer 42-50 caliber QF 6-pounder Nordenfelt naval gun. It was a typical built-up gun of the period made of steel with a vertical sliding-block breech and it fired fixed QF ammunition of a number of different styles. The guns were mounted in Grüsonwerke gun turrets or in armored casemates on central pivot mounts and used in an anti-personnel role. In addition to its fortress gun role, it was deployed in an infantry gun role. The guns were mounted on light two-wheeled box trail carriages without a recoil mechanism and protected by a three-sided gun shield. During 1914 the Germans captured large numbers of these guns and used them in the infantry gun role mainly to engage enemy machine gun nests in support of infantry assaults. In 1916 the Germans had 450 of these infantry guns in service. In addition to the infantry gun role the Germans used a number of guns to arm their A7V tanks and the guns were mounted in an armored casemate at the front of the vehicle with limited traverse. The Germans also mounted a number guns on central-pivot mounts on flatbed truck chassis to act as mobile anti-tank guns. 5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt The 5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt \"\"Canon de caponnière\"\" was a fortress gun and infantry gun developed during the 1880's in Britain" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Éabha McMahon Éabha McMahon (pronounced \"AY-va\") is an alto Irish singer and a member of the ensemble Celtic Woman. Éabha was born in Dublin, Ireland on 9 December 1990. She is a fluent Irish speaker and was brought up singing and speaking Irish at home in Dublin. English was not spoken at home until Éabha was 6 years old. Éabha attended an Irish speaking primary school. When she was 5 years old, she was inspired by her teachers to become a member of the local Sean Nos choir. Éabha holds a Human Rights degree from NUI Galway. She was a member of the musical society at NUI Galway. After graduating, Éabha spent time in Vietnam and Mongolia. There, she worked with Christina Noble and the Christina Noble Children's Foundation. Éabha began her singing career in 1998 when, at the age of 9, she was chosen by Veritas to record an album for \"Beo go Deo\", a children's book. She then began singing in sean nós, a traditional style, taught by such singers as Moya Brennan, Máire Ní Choilm, Íde Mac Mathúna, and Séamus Mac Mathúna. At the age of 15, Éabha won the under-18 All Ireland Oireachtais final. From age 13 to 17, she was the reigning Leinster champion in the Irish music competition Fleadh Ceoil. Between the age 14 to 18, she was the Dublin champion in the Fairview Feis Ceoil 5 times. Éabha joined Anúna in 2007, becoming the group's youngest member at the age of 16. In 2008 she recorded the PBS Holiday Special \"Anúna : Christmas Memories\", released that year on DVD and CD. In 2015 she featured as a soloist on the song \"Fill, Fill a Rún\" on the Anúna album \"Revelation\". In 2015, Éabha headlined a sold out solo show in New York City, in aid of Kylemore Abbey. Luke Kavanagh, a former college classmate of Éabha's, saw a video on YouTube of her singing \"Just Cry\", one of her songs\".\" Luke referred the video to his father David Kavanagh, the then-chairman and chief executive of Celtic Woman Ltd. Éabha was subsequently invited to audition for Celtic Woman. Éabha joined Celtic Woman in July 2015. Éabha replaced Lisa Lambe in the ensemble. Éabha was delighted to begin her new journey and she is proud to be representing her Irish roots with Celtic Woman. Éabha is currently developing her first solo album which is due to be released in 2018. Éabha McMahon Éabha McMahon (pronounced \"AY-va\") is an alto Irish singer and a member of the ensemble Celtic Woman. Éabha was born in Dublin, Ireland on 9 December 1990. She is a fluent Irish speaker and was brought up singing and speaking Irish at home in Dublin. English was not spoken at home until Éabha was 6 years old. Éabha attended an Irish speaking primary school. When she was 5 years old, she was inspired by her teachers to become a member of the local Sean Nos choir. Éabha holds a Human Rights degree from" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tony Palermo Anthony \"Tony\" Joseph Palermo (born November 22, 1969 in Salinas, California) is the current drummer of Californian rock band Papa Roach and is the former drummer of punk rock bands Pulley and Unwritten Law. He was also a touring drummer for in summer 2008. Tony Palermo began his career as the drummer for the Los Angeles punk band Ten Foot Pole. Tony Palermo was the drummer for Unwritten Law, with which he was featured on the albums, \"Here's to the Mourning\", and \"The Hit List\". While in Unwritten Law, he was asked to be a touring drummer for Papa Roach before becoming a full-time member. Palermo became the drummer for punk rock band Pulley after the departure of Jordan Burns. He has since been replaced. When Papa Roach drummer Dave Buckner was sent to rehab in 2007, the band asked Tony Palermo if he would be willing to play drums for the band live. During the tour, the band formed a relationship with Palermo. In January 2008, when Dave left the band for good, Papa Roach asked Tony to be the band's permanent drummer. It was the band's first line-up change since 1996, also the first since signing with a major label. Tony is featured on five Papa Roach's albums; \"Metamorphosis\", \"Time for Annihilation\", \"The Connection\", \"F.E.A.R.\" and \"Crooked Teeth\". In combination as member from Papa Roach, Tony was also a touring drummer for while the band was on the \"Crüe Fest\" tour along with Papa Roach. Drums (Pearl Masterworks in Black Sparkle 6 ply Maple shells) Cymbals (Sabian AAX and Paragon) Paiste cymbals (late 1990s-2011) Tony Palermo Anthony \"Tony\" Joseph Palermo (born November 22, 1969 in Salinas, California) is the current drummer of Californian rock band Papa Roach and is the former drummer of punk rock bands" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Words (Sara Evans album) Words is the ninth studio album by American country music singer Sara Evans. She released it independently on July 21, 2017 via her own Born to Fly Records. The lead single is \"Marquee Sign\". The album features fourteen songs, all of which have at least one female writer. Evans said that this was unintentional. She also told \"Billboard\" that \"Eighty percent of this album will make you cry, and twenty percent will make you so happy. It's really deep with incredible lyrics. That's why I decided to call the album \"Words\".\" Evans wrote one of the songs, \"Letting You Go\", about her son Avery. An acoustic version of Evans' Number One hit \"A Little Bit Stronger\" was also included as its final track. \"Long Way Down\" was previously recorded by The SteelDrivers on their 2015 album, \"The Muscle Shoals Recordings\". Rating it 4 out of 5 stars, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that \"it never flaunts its diversity; instead, its eclecticism is casual, with Evans sliding from stripped-back country-folk to breezy modern pop with ease\" and \"there's a measured assurance to her performances that lends the album warmth.\" Matt Bjorke of Roughstock was positive, stating that \"it finds her refreshed and sounding better than she did on her past couple of releases\". The album debuted at No. 4 on the Top Country Albums chart and No. 2 on the Independent Albums chart, selling 9,900 copies in the first week. It has sold 26,800 copies in the United States as of March 2018. Words (Sara Evans album) Words is the ninth studio album by American country music singer Sara Evans. She released it independently on July 21, 2017 via her own Born to Fly Records. The lead single is \"Marquee Sign\". The album features fourteen songs," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Genesius, Count of Clermont Genesius, Count of Clermont (died 725) was a noble of Gaul and reputed miracle worker. He was said to be count of Clermont According to the lessons of the Breviary of the Chapter of Camaleria (\"Acta Sanctorum\" June, I, 497), he was of noble birth; his father's name is given as Audastrius, and his mother's is Tranquilla. Even in his youth he is said to have wrought miracles—to have given sight to the blind and cured the lame. He built and richly endowed several churches and religious houses. He was a friend of St. Bonitus, Bishop of Clermont, and of St. Meneleus, Abbot of Menat. He was buried at Combronde by St. Savinian, successor of Meneleus. He is a Catholic saint, feast day 5 June. Genesius, Count of Clermont Genesius, Count of Clermont (died 725) was a noble of Gaul and reputed miracle worker. He was said to be count of Clermont According to the lessons of the Breviary of the Chapter of Camaleria (\"Acta Sanctorum\" June, I, 497), he was of noble birth; his father's name is given as Audastrius, and his mother's is Tranquilla. Even in his youth he is said to have wrought" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mark Montgomery (wrestler) Mark Montgomery (born 25 February 1974) is a Northern Irish sportsman who represented Northern Ireland at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi in Freestyle Wrestling and Greco Roman Wrestling finishing in 5th Place in both disciplines. He was born in Belfast and resides in the City of Lisburn. At the 2010 Games Montgomery was the flag bearer at the opening ceremony and was a GB Senior Representative in Wrestling. Montgomery also represented Northern Ireland in the 2002 and 2014 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and Glasgow in Judo finishing in 5th place in Manchester. Also representing GB in Judo, Montgomery became the British, Commonwealth & European Masters Champion and World Bronze Medallist. Montgomery retired from senior international competition in 2014 after a senior career spanning 26 years, but continues to coach at local and national level. Mark Montgomery (wrestler) Mark Montgomery (born 25 February 1974) is a Northern Irish sportsman who represented Northern Ireland at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi in Freestyle Wrestling and Greco Roman Wrestling finishing in 5th Place in both disciplines. He was born in Belfast and resides in the City of Lisburn. At the 2010 Games Montgomery was the flag bearer at the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Viscount Allenby Viscount Allenby, of Megiddo and of Felixstowe in the County of Suffolk, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 7 October 1919 for the prominent military commander Field Marshal Sir Edmund Allenby, with remainder, in default of male issue of his own, to his younger brother Captain Frederick Claude Hynman Allenby and his heirs male lawfully begotten. The first Viscount's son was killed in action on the Western Front in 1917. He was succeeded according to the special remainder by his nephew, the second Viscount. The latter's son, the third Viscount, who succeeded in 1984 was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat as a crossbencher. , the title is held by his son, the 4th Viscount, who succeeded in 2014. The family seat is Newham Lodge, near Hook, Hampshire. The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Harry Michael Edmund Allenby (b. 2000). Viscount Allenby Viscount Allenby, of Megiddo and of Felixstowe in the County of Suffolk, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Europolemur Europolemur is a genus of adapiformes primates that lived in Europe during the middle Eocene. \"Europolemur klatti\" is part of a group of long-digited fossils, and most likely approximates early euprimate hand proportions. \"E. klatti\" has a grasping hallux and there is evidence that supports that \"E. klatti\" may have had nails instead of claws. This insinuates that stabilizing the tips of the digits and hand must have in some way been an important function for them and their lifestyle in their habitat. Relative to the forearm, the hand of \"E. klatti\" was large which may be related to vertical climbing or posture. The shape of the calcaneus resembles that found in \"Smilodectes\" and \"Notharctus\" and \"E. klatti\" had an average body mass of 1.7 kilograms. In 1995, two isolated upper molars belonging to \"E. klatti\" were found in an old lake deposit during excavations done by the \"Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz/Landessammlung fur Naturkunde Rheinland-Pfalz\". The museum determined that the molars (as well as a mandible with nearly complete dentition belonging to another cercamoiines, \"Periconodon\") were representative of the first primates from the Middle Eocene Eckfeld maar in Southwest Eifel, Germany. \"E. klatti\" has a dental formula of (permanent dentition) and a deciduous dentition of . One of the most distinguishing characteristics of the genus \"Europolemur\" is the lack of a metaconule. The dental anatomy of their genus is described in more detail by Franzen as consisting of \"upper canines big and pointed; upper molars without postflexus; postprotocrista prominent; no metaconulus; M3 smaller and shorter than M2; P4 much shorter than broad, with a weak parastyle; P4 with a small and unicuspid talonid and a metaconid present to absent; protocristid of M nearly transversely oriented. Protoconid of P3 little higher than that of P4.\" Europolemur Europolemur is a genus of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Doctor Richter Doctor Richter is a Russian television medical drama that will be aired on the Russia-1 network from 2017. The series' main character is Dr. Andrei Richter (Alexey Serebryakov), a pain medication-dependent, unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who leads a team of diagnosticians at the 100th Clinic Hospital in Moscow. The series serves as a direct and authorised remake of \"House\" for Russian Television, after VGTRK purchased the broadcast rights from FOX. Also, in 2010, a Russian TV series titled \"Doctor Tyrsa\", which was loosely modelled on \"House\", was aired on Channel One Russia, but lasted only one season. The production began in April 2016. Actor Alexey Serebryakov was cast as the lead role in the series. Shooting began in April, while the first season was released in late 2017. On a project commissioned by the media holding VGTRK and channel “Russia-1” works produced by Alexander Rodnyansky from “Non-stop production”. The general director of Russia 1, Anton Zlatopolsky, said that a remake of such a popular series is a serious challenge for the channel. “As a rule, neither the professionalism of the producers, nor famous actors, nor invested funds guarantee absolute success when it comes to local remakes. There is always a couple of secret components that make the show outstanding, and we know how to make them work,” said Zlatopolsky. Doctor Richter Doctor Richter is a Russian television medical drama that will be aired on the Russia-1 network from 2017. The series' main character is Dr. Andrei Richter (Alexey Serebryakov), a pain medication-dependent, unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who leads a team of diagnosticians at the 100th Clinic Hospital in Moscow. The series serves as a direct and authorised remake of \"House\" for Russian Television, after VGTRK purchased the broadcast rights from FOX. Also, in 2010, a Russian TV series" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Former Residence of Xie Juezai The Former Residence of Xie juezai or Xie Juezai's Former Residence () was the birthplace and childhood home of Xie Juezai, a Chinese politician who served as the President of the Supreme People's Court from 1959 to 1965. The residence is located in Shatian Township, Ningxiang County, Hunan, approximately from the county seat. It covers an area of and a building area of , comprises buildings such as main room, living room, kitchen, and bedroom. The residence was built by Xie Juezai's ancestors in the 1st Year of Emperor Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, namely 1821. On April 26, 1883, Xie Juezai was born in here. In 1997 it was listed as a Municipality-level Patriotic Education Base by the Propaganda Department of the Changsha Municipal Government. In August 2000 it was classified as a Municipality Protected Historic Site. On May 19, 2002, it was designated as a provincial level key cultural heritage. In April 2004, during the 100th anniversary of the birth of Xie Juezai, the Government of Ningxiang renovated the residence and then it was officially opened to the public. The Former Residence of Xie Juezai open to visitors for free. Nearby attractions include the Former Residence of He Shuheng. Former Residence of Xie Juezai The Former Residence of Xie juezai or Xie Juezai's Former Residence () was the birthplace and childhood home of Xie Juezai, a Chinese politician who served as the President of the Supreme People's Court from 1959 to 1965. The residence is located in Shatian Township, Ningxiang County, Hunan, approximately from the county seat. It covers an area of and a building area of , comprises buildings such as main room, living room, kitchen, and bedroom. The residence was built by Xie Juezai's ancestors in the 1st Year of Emperor" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Satadushani Satadushani is a work written by Vedanta Desika who lived in the 12th century. He is considered as one among the most illustrious Acharya of the Vaishnavite tradition and is the leader of the Vadagalai sect of the Vaishnavas. Though the title of the work suggests hundred refutations, only 66 of them are now available. Satadushani is a work of logic otherwise called as \"Tarka\" in Hindu philosophy. It is a refutation of the nirvesesha Advaita of Sankaracharya. It establishes the validity of the Vishishtadvaita philosophy of Ramanuja as against the Advaita of sankara. It is said that at the age of around 50 or 55 Vedanta Desika was invited by his disciples at Srirangam to engage in a polemical debate with a group of Advaitins from North India. The arguments made in the form of refutations against these men are said to be the content of this work. The late Surendranath Dasgupta in his magnum opus \"The history of Indian Philosophy\" has allotted almost 40 pages for this particular book of Vedanta Desika in the third volume of the series. The late R. Kesava Aiyangar, a senior advocate of the Supreme Court of India has written an exhaustive introduction to this work in English for the book titled \"Vedanta Desika's Satadushani\" by Srivatsankacharya. Satadushani Satadushani is a work written by Vedanta Desika who lived in the 12th century. He is considered as one among the most illustrious Acharya of the Vaishnavite tradition and is the leader of the Vadagalai sect of the Vaishnavas. Though the title of the work suggests hundred refutations, only 66 of them are now available. Satadushani is a work of logic otherwise called as \"Tarka\" in Hindu philosophy. It is a refutation of the nirvesesha Advaita of Sankaracharya. It establishes the validity of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "George Edwin Yates George Edwin Yates (14 May 1871 – 16 July 1959), often referred to as Gunner Yates, was an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1914 to 1919 and from 1922 to 1931, representing the electorate of Adelaide. Yates was born at Bradley in Staffordshire, England. He came to Australia at the age of seven and was educated at the Flinders Street School in Adelaide. He began working at the age of twelve in Weller's leather grindery in Rundle Street, then six months later began as a japanner at A. M. Simpson & Son, going on to work as a forwarding clerk, commercial traveller and shop assistant for the same firm. In September 1911 he was selected as secretary to the Agricultural Implement Makers' Union and resigned from A. M. Simpson & Son after 27 years. In the same month, he was elected as the first permanent secretary of the United Labor Party, serving until January 1914. He was elected to the House of Representatives at a 1914 by-election following the death of Labor MP Ernest Roberts. He was an outspoken opponent of conscription during World War I, and in September 1916 voluntarily enlisted in the military while a sitting member of parliament. He was re-elected unopposed at the 1917 election before leaving for war service in November 1918. He served with the 50th Battery of the Australian Field Artillery in France in 1918. He returned from France in February 1919; he would often be referred to as \"Gunner Yates\" thereafter. Five days after his return from World War I, he was arrested in Sydney by military police and charged with mutiny over a protest on the troopship \"Somali\" while in quarantine off Adelaide on their return. The arrest was the subject of controversy as he had been due to address a large audience at the Adelaide Botanic Gardens upon his return. In March, he would be found guilty of conduct prejudicial to good order and military discipline and having endeavoured to incite members of His Majesty's forces to mutiny and sentenced to 60 days detention. He spent time in Darlinghurst Gaol and Fort Largs, and was made to undertake hard labour at the latter. His father, Edwin, died while he was in custody; he was permitted to attend the funeral. He was released from custody in May. He was narrowly defeated by Nationalist candidate and Labor defector Reginald Blundell at the 1919 federal election. After his 1919 loss, he returned to his former role of state secretary of the Labor Party. He won back his old seat in a three-cornered race against Blundell and a Liberal candidate at the 1922 election. He was re-elected in 1925, 1928 and 1929. Yates advocated the adoption of \"Song of Australia\" as the Australian national anthem, and once sang it in parliament in an attempt to prove its appropriateness for the setting. In 1929, he endorsed and campaigned for independent Labor candidate Stanley Whitford for the Legislative Council against endorsed Labor candidate Doug Bardolph after a contentious preselection. He was defeated at the 1931 election by Nationalist candidate Fred Stacey. After his federal defeat, he was selected as one of two official Labor candidates for the South Australian Legislative Council seat of Central No. 1 Province at the 1933 election, held in the fallout of the 1931 Labor split. He was defeated for the second seat by Parliamentary Labor Party incumbent Stanley Whitford amidst some controversy over the system of preferential voting being used at the election. He nominated for preselection in Adelaide at the 1934 federal election, but lost to Ken Bardolph; he initially threatened to contest the seat as an independent in protest at alleged irregularities in the vote, but later withdrew. He unsuccessfully contested Boothby at the 1940 federal election, having stood aside in his old seat of Adelaide for former Labor leader Edgar Dawes. He resigned from the Labor Party in 1941 in protest at \"admitted malpractices\", though he stated that his political convictions had not changed. In 1943, he was working as a munitions worker. He was an independent candidate at the 1943 federal election on a platform of alternative funding for the war effort, and for the Central District No. 1 in the Legislative Council at the 1947 state election. In 1949, at the age of 78, he made a final and unsuccessful bid for office as an ungrouped candidate for the Australian Senate at the 1949 federal election, campaigning on a platform focusing on defence issues. George Edwin Yates George Edwin Yates (14 May 1871 – 16 July 1959), often referred to as Gunner Yates, was an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1914" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Earl Winterton Earl Winterton, in the County of Galway, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1766 for Edward Turnour, 1st Baron Winterton, who represented Bramber in the House of Commons. Turnour had already been created Baron Winterton, of Gort in the County of Galway, in 1761, and was made Viscount Turnour, of Gort in the County of Galway, at the same time as he was given the earldom. These titles are also in the Peerage of Ireland. Born Edward Turnour Garth, Lord Winterton was the son of Joseph Garth and his wife Sarah (died 1744), daughter of Francis Gee and his wife Sarah, daughter of Sir Edward Turnour, Member of Parliament for Orford, elder son of Sir Edward Turnour, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1661 to 1671. His mother was sole heiress to the Turnor (or Turnour) estates and on her death in 1744 he assumed by Royal licence the surname of Turnour. Lord Winterton's great-great-great-grandson (the titles having descended from father to son), the sixth Earl, was a Conservative politician. He represented Horsham in the House of Commons for almost fifty years and served as Under-Secretary of State for India and as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1951 he was created Baron Turnour, of Shillinglee in the County of Sussex, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This title became extinct on his death in 1962. He was succeeded in the Irish titles by his third cousin once removed, the seventh Earl, who lived in Canada, as does his nephew, the eighth Earl, who succeeded him in 1991. He is the eldest son of Noel Turnour, the seventh Earl's younger brother. The ancestral seat of the Turnour family was Shillinglee, West Sussex. The heir presumptive is the present holder's younger brother Robert Charles Turnour (b. 1950)<br> The heir presumptive's heir presumptive is his younger brother Murray John Turnour (b. 1951)<br> The heir presumptive's heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son Jonathan Winterton Behan Turnour (b. 1985) Earl Winterton Earl Winterton, in the County of Galway, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1766 for Edward Turnour, 1st Baron Winterton, who represented Bramber in the House of Commons. Turnour had already been created Baron Winterton, of Gort in the County of Galway, in 1761, and was made Viscount Turnour, of Gort in the County of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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