question_id int64 6 6.85k | course_id int64 0 15.1k | course_domain stringclasses 3
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
681 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What do the simple network explaining gamma oscillations and ripples have in common? | [
"The same connectivity pattern",
"A high number of basket cells",
"Direct auto-inhibitory feedback loops acting on single basket cells",
"Feedback loops between pyramidal cells and inhibitory basket cells"
] | Feedback loops between pyramidal cells and inhibitory basket cells | 3 | 681 | D |
682 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | In 1957, the amnesia of patient H.M. after surgery highlighted the importance of the hippocampus in memory encoding. Which type of memory is encoded in the hippocampus according to actual knowledge? | [
"Episodic memory",
"Semantic memory",
"Procedural memory",
"All of the above"
] | Episodic memory | 0 | 682 | A |
683 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which integration method should be used to solve ODEs with a large time step and why? | [
"Crank-Nicolson, because there the error is proportional to dt2",
"Crank-Nicolson, because there is no net error proportional to dt",
"Backward Euler, because there the error is proportional to dt2",
"Backward Euler, because there is no net error proportional to dt"
] | Backward Euler, because there is no net error proportional to dt | 3 | 683 | D |
685 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What are the main characteristics of the two possible types of models explaining the formation of cognitive maps by place cells in the hippocampus? | [
"Feedforward models explain the properties of place cells relying on the activity of the cells they project to",
"Feedback or recurrent models explain the properties of place cells using external inputs and the internal dynamics of the hippocampal network",
"Feedforward models combine the inputs of several othe... | Feedback or recurrent models explain the properties of place cells using external inputs and the internal dynamics of the hippocampal network | 1 | 685 | B |
686 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | How do neuromodulators work? | [
"They originate in a hippocampal region that they then regulate",
"They organize changes in the excitability and synaptic properties of cell populations",
"They originate in subcortical regions below the hippocampus and target specific cell population and synapses",
"They change the connectivity patterns of t... | They organize changes in the excitability and synaptic properties of cell populations | 1 | 686 | B |
687 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which statements about the hippocampus are true? | [
"Its structure is well conserved among mammalian species",
"It has the same number of layers than the rest of the neocortex",
"There is one hippocampus in each temporal lobe",
"Its spherical structure makes the use of polar coordinates easy"
] | Its structure is well conserved among mammalian species | 0 | 687 | A |
688 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What three types of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles can be found in a single neuron? | [
"Excitatory, inhibitory and mixed vesicles",
"Fast-acting, long-acting and recycled vesicles",
"Immediately releasable, readily releasable and reserve vesicles",
"Lysosomes, peroxisomes and endosomes"
] | Immediately releasable, readily releasable and reserve vesicles | 2 | 688 | C |
689 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | CA1 pyramidal cells have intrinsic dendritic nonlinearities. When modeled with detailed morphology and many ion channels, single cells were able to… | [
"Function as a recurrent network",
"Function equivalently to a two-layer artificial neural network",
"Learn by evolving towards fixed activity patterns",
"Represent simple functions, as long as they were linear"
] | Function equivalently to a two-layer artificial neural network | 1 | 689 | B |
690 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which statements about the type of network implemented in the hippocampus are true? | [
"They often have fixed point attractors, stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge",
"They have all-to-all and symmetrical connections",
"The connections of the CA3 area form a nonlinear recurrent network that may implement auto-associative memory",
"They do not receive external inputs... | They often have fixed point attractors, stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge | 0 | 690 | A |
691 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which statements about the action of neuromodulators are true? | [
"A specific cell can only be modulated by several different neuromodulators",
"A specific neuromodulator always has the same effect on all its target cells",
"Neuromodulators can influence a broad range of mechanisms on different time scales such as synaptic plasticity, network oscillations and neurogenesis",
... | A specific cell can only be modulated by several different neuromodulators | 0 | 691 | A |
692 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What effect did a brief train of stimuli have on the efficacy of synaptic transmission of excitatory synapses in CA1? | [
"An increase in transmission efficacy that lasted hours",
"A decrease in transmission efficacy that lasted hours",
"A long-term loss of synaptic connections in the perforant path to granule cell synapses",
"An increase in transmission efficacy that a few milliseconds"
] | An increase in transmission efficacy that lasted hours | 0 | 692 | A |
694 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What is the meaning of synaptic plasticity? | [
"The ability of synapses to change their morphology in response to changes in their activity",
"The ability of synapses to change the type of neurotransmitter used by the postsynaptic cell in response to signals from the presynaptic cell",
"The ability of synapses to adapt to physical pressure and stress in ord... | The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to changes in their activity | 3 | 694 | D |
695 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Why was the hippocampus important in the study of plasticity? | [
"Long-term potentiation was first described in the hippocampus",
"The first theories about synaptic plasticity are based on studies of the hippocampus",
"Durable long-term depression achieved through prolonged low frequency stimulation was observed in the hippocampus",
"Long-term depression requires direct fe... | Long-term potentiation was first described in the hippocampus | 0 | 695 | A |
697 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which gold standard framework is used in this course for modeling and simulating neurons? | [
"The programming language R for statistical computing",
"The computing system Wolfram Mathematica",
"The numerical simulation environment NEURON",
"All of the above"
] | The numerical simulation environment NEURON | 2 | 697 | C |
698 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | How is the model validated during the reconstruction process? | [
"The model is compared to corresponding experimental data at each step of the reconstruction",
"The validation takes place when the whole circuit has been reconstructed and can be simulated",
"Since the modeling process is data-based, there is no need for further validation with other data",
"If a reconstruct... | The model is compared to corresponding experimental data at each step of the reconstruction | 0 | 698 | A |
699 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | >>The contribution of a neuron to the extracellular potential depends on the sum of all the currents crossing its membrane. If this sum must always be zero according to the principle of conservation of charge, how can the extracellular potential be different than zero? | [
"Because of extracellular currents that are independent from neurons",
"Because of the influence of intracellular currents on the extracellular potential",
"Because the sum of all currents is weighted, some weights are larger for closer current sources than for sources further away",
"All of the above"
] | Because the sum of all currents is weighted, some weights are larger for closer current sources than for sources further away | 2 | 699 | C |
700 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which coordinate system is used to indicate a point in the hippocampus? | [
"Straight axes perpendicular to each other",
"Pole and polar axis",
"Longitudinal, transverse and radial axes",
"Homogeneous coordinates using a projective plane"
] | Longitudinal, transverse and radial axes | 2 | 700 | C |
701 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Why is understanding how the brain work especially difficult? | [
"Because several overlapping timescales must be considered",
"Because we do not have adapted experimental tools to study electrophysiology",
"Because the brain consists of many different elements with non-linear dynamics that interact in a complex way",
"Because the brain does not use task-specific solutions"... | Because several overlapping timescales must be considered | 0 | 701 | A |
702 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What is the spatial distribution of KAand Ihion channels in CA1 pyramidal neurons? | [
"Both ion channels show a constant density in their lateral dendrites",
"The KA density increases with the distance to the soma, the Ih density stays constant",
"The density of both ion channels decreases when the distance to the soma increases",
"The density of both ion channels increases when the distance t... | The density of both ion channels increases when the distance to the soma increases | 3 | 702 | D |
703 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Why are models getting larger and larger with time? | [
"Because the number of neurons in the models has increased",
"Because the number of synapses in the models has increased",
"Because the models are more detailed",
"All of the above"
] | All of the above | 3 | 703 | D |
704 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What cannot be done in the NEURON GUI? | [
"Import the 3D morphology of neurons",
"Define the architecture of the neuron network",
"Optimize the execution of the program for the platform used",
"Visualize the results of the simulations"
] | Optimize the execution of the program for the platform used | 2 | 704 | C |
706 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What formula is the formula used for calculating the extracellular potential based on? | [
"Ohm’s law, V = IR",
"Joule heating formula, P = I2R",
"The formula for the conductance, C = q/V",
"Coulomb’s law, |F| = ke|q1q2|/r2"
] | Ohm’s law, V = IR | 0 | 706 | A |
707 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | How are the contributions from several compartments and several neurons combined to obtain the extracellular potential at a specific location? | [
"All the contributions from each compartment and each neuron are multiplied",
"All the contributions from each compartment and each neuron are added up",
"The contributions form all compartments from one neuron are added up to obtain the neuron’s contribution, and the contributions of each neuron are multiplied... | All the contributions from each compartment and each neuron are added up | 1 | 707 | B |
708 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which statements concerning autoassociative networks are true? | [
"All neurons are connected to all other neurons in a symmetric manner",
"they receive external inputs and feedback from the output of their neurons",
"They can store a limited number of pattern and that number is smaller than the number of neurons in the network",
"The number of patterns that can be stored de... | they receive external inputs and feedback from the output of their neurons | 1 | 708 | B |
712 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What are some properties of long-term potentiation and long-term depression? | [
"They always require protein synthesis",
"They can be induced within a very short time period of one second or less",
"The changes in synaptic weight typically last for hours",
"No further change can take place while a previously induced change in synaptic weight lasts"
] | They can be induced within a very short time period of one second or less | 1 | 712 | B |
713 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | How can extracellular simulations be used for model validation? | [
"Since all parts of a detailed model come together to determine extracellular potentials, they help test the validity of how all pieces of the model are interacting",
"Extracellular potentials depend on synaptic physiology and an thus be used to validate the modeling of synaptic activity",
"Extracellular potent... | Since all parts of a detailed model come together to determine extracellular potentials, they help test the validity of how all pieces of the model are interacting | 0 | 713 | A |
714 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What are the levels of analysis for information processing systems? | [
"Molecular, cellular and whole organism",
"Computational, algorithmic and implementational",
"Top-down and bottom-up",
"Milliseconds, seconds to minutes, days to months"
] | Computational, algorithmic and implementational | 1 | 714 | B |
715 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What roles does the hippocampus play in memory according to standard theory? | [
"Supporting late recall using patterns completed by the neocortex",
"Supporting early recall by learning in one shot and completing patterns in the neocortex",
"Directing consolidation by allowing the neocortex to integrate new memories into existing ones",
"Consolidating memories in response to neocortex-ini... | Supporting early recall by learning in one shot and completing patterns in the neocortex | 1 | 715 | B |
717 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | According to Hebb’s postulate, where in the synapse can the metabolic change causing plasticity take place? | [
"In the presynaptic bouton",
"In the postsynaptic spine",
"In both the presynaptic bouton and the postsynaptic spine",
"In the presynaptic neuron’s soma"
] | In both the presynaptic bouton and the postsynaptic spine | 2 | 717 | C |
718 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which of the following statement concerning release probability is not true? | [
"The depletion and replenishment rates of the vesicle pools affect the release probability",
"A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs",
"A low release probability leads to a pronounced facilitation of the consequent EPSPs",
"When several release sites exist b... | A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs | 1 | 718 | B |
720 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What is CoreNEURON? | [
"An optimized version of the compute engine of NEURON that does not include the interactive parts of NEURON",
"A function of NEURON that allows you to extract a core sub-network of your model",
"A version of neuron for beginners that includes only the core functions",
"A massively parallel supercomputer that ... | An optimized version of the compute engine of NEURON that does not include the interactive parts of NEURON | 0 | 720 | A |
721 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | When a back-propagating AP elicited in the soma happens simultaneously with a dendritic AP, the resulting AP has a higher amplitude. Which process is this a basis for? | [
"Spatial localization",
"Perception of time",
"Associative learning",
"Synapse pruning"
] | Associative learning | 2 | 721 | C |
722 | 15,076 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What are the two types of cells in the local CA1 circuitry? | [
"Inhibitory pyramidal cells and excitatory interneurons",
"Excitatory motor neurons and inhibitory interneurons",
"Excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory Purkinje cells",
"Excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons"
] | Excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons | 3 | 722 | D |
825 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which of the following assertions (2) about metaheuristic optimization are correct? | [
"It makes few assumptions on the optimization problem",
"It guarantees to find the global optimum",
"It has the potential to make otherwise intractable problems at least approximately tractable",
"It does not depend on random numbers"
] | It makes few assumptions on the optimization problem | 0 | 825 | A |
827 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | In the video lecture, Idan stresses that the model of Hodgkin and Huxley was a particularly good model because: | [
"It replicated perfectly the action potential",
"It used relatively few variables",
"It was based on the physical properties of the axons",
"It predicted some emerging properties of the spike"
] | It predicted some emerging properties of the spike | 3 | 827 | D |
828 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What states of spontaneous activity are predicted by the simulations of the microcircuit in various [Ca2+] conditions? | [
"An asynchronous state in the low Ca2+ condition and a synchronous state in the high Ca2+ condition",
"A synchronous state in the low Ca2+ condition and an asynchronous state in the high Ca2+ condition",
"A stable steady state in the low Ca2+ condition and a unstable steady state in the high Ca2+ condition",
... | An asynchronous state in the low Ca2+ condition and a synchronous state in the high Ca2+ condition | 0 | 828 | A |
831 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What are the principal structural characteristics of the synapses? | [
"Synapses can be detected using light microscopy",
"Synapses contain no organelles",
"Synapses release neurotransmitters upon voltage change",
"Neurotransmitters released activate ion channels on the post-synaptic dendrite"
] | Synapses release neurotransmitters upon voltage change | 2 | 831 | C |
838 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | In the equation for the synaptic conductance (see below), what does the second exponential term, \(e^{-t/\tau_1} \), represent? | [
"The time constant of the synaptic reversal potential",
"It depends on the value of \\(g_{peak}\\)",
"The rise of the post-synaptic conductance",
"The decay of the post-synaptic conductance"
] | The rise of the post-synaptic conductance | 2 | 838 | C |
841 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which of the following statements about EPSP (excitatory post synaptic potential) are incorrect? | [
"The EPSP is always the same",
"The EPSP show varying latency",
"There is always a EPSP",
"The rise and decay time are constant"
] | The EPSP is always the same | 0 | 841 | A |
842 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Why is it so important to connect electrical profile to molecular profile? | [
"Because we want to better understand the relationship between some channels and some electrical behavior",
"Because we want to be able to better classify our neuron types",
"Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from molecular profiles that are easier to obtain",
"Because these entities ... | Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from molecular profiles that are easier to obtain | 2 | 842 | C |
844 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which dataset is not used to constrain neuron models? | [
"Position of the membrane proteins",
"Shape of the axonal and dendritic tree",
"Electric properties of the neuron",
"Expression of different membrane proteins"
] | Electric properties of the neuron | 2 | 844 | C |
845 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What did Santiago Ramòn y Cajal speculate based on the structure of the nerve cells he observed? | [
"That the different neuron types have different electrical properties",
"That synapses are the structure that permits to pass signal between axons and dendrites",
"That there is a signal running through these cells",
"That dendritic spines are the point of contact of axons on dendrites"
] | That there is a signal running through these cells | 2 | 845 | C |
846 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Why is it so important to connect electrical profile to a molecular profile? | [
"Because we want to better understand the relationship between some channels and some electrical behavior",
"Because we want to be able to better classify our neuron types",
"Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from the molecular profile that are easier to obtain",
"Because these entiti... | Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from the molecular profile that are easier to obtain | 2 | 846 | C |
847 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What causes current to be generated in the neurons? | [
"The passive diffusion of ions along their concentration gradient in the cell through the membrane",
"Opening of membrane channel that allow ions to flow from outside to inside or vice-versa",
"Protein that can generate current from energy source such as the ATP",
"Depolarization of the membrane by ATP efflux... | Opening of membrane channel that allow ions to flow from outside to inside or vice-versa | 1 | 847 | B |
848 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What could be suggested by failure in validation of microcircuit predictions? | [
"Variations in the connectivity rules between the microcircuit and the tested brain region",
"Errors in experimental data",
"Insufficiency of the principles of organization used for the reconstruction",
"All of the above"
] | All of the above | 3 | 848 | D |
850 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | The Rall’s Cable Model is based on an axial resistivity inside the dendrite, what is the source of this phenomenon in-vivo? | [
"The post-synaptic current is diminished by active ion channels that counteract it",
"Some post-synaptic current is loss due to dilution of the ions carrying it",
"The internal medium of the cell has some resistance",
"The post-synaptic current leaks out due to permeability of the membrane to ions"
] | The internal medium of the cell has some resistance | 2 | 850 | C |
852 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What is the electrical circuit equivalent of the Nernst potential? | [
"A resistor",
"A battery",
"A conductor",
"A capacitance"
] | A battery | 1 | 852 | B |
854 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What is the main caveat of individual research? | [
"It generates too many papers",
"Difficulty to reproduce experimental results",
"Every individual researcher focuses on the same topic",
"Data is never shared"
] | Difficulty to reproduce experimental results | 1 | 854 | B |
855 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What would be the effect on the Nernst potential if all the potassium ions lose an electron? | [
"The Nernst potential would be null",
"It would be halved",
"It would be doubled",
"There would be no effect"
] | It would be halved | 1 | 855 | B |
857 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What can you do from the averaged features of one neuron class? | [
"The averaged features can be used to clone statistically similar neurons",
"The averaged features can be used to repair the morphology of sliced neurons",
"The averaged features can be used to define rules used to synthetize new neurons",
"The averaged features can be used to statistically create new morphol... | The averaged features can be used to clone statistically similar neurons | 0 | 857 | A |
859 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which of the following statements about axons structure are correct? | [
"Axons are limited to a local area",
"Axons end in only one point",
"Axons branch to form the axonal trees",
"Axonal buttons are the point where signal is transmitted to dendrites"
] | Axons branch to form the axonal trees | 2 | 859 | C |
861 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | How does the response of the mesocircuit to stimulating thalamic activation differ between in-vitro-like and in-vivo-like conditions? | [
"The evoked activity remained localized under in-vitro-like conditions, while it spread to the whole circuit under in-vivo-like conditions",
"The evoked activity remained localized under in-vivo-like conditions, while it spread to the whole circuit under in-vitro-like conditions",
"In-vitro-like or in-vivo-like... | The evoked activity remained localized under in-vivo-like conditions, while it spread to the whole circuit under in-vitro-like conditions | 1 | 861 | B |
862 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What is the relationship between the microcircuit predictions and experimental results concerning the minimal spatial segregation for two stimuli to be discriminated? | [
"There are no microcircuit predictions on this topic",
"There are no experimental results on this topic",
"The experimental results showed a larger minimal spatial segregation",
"The experimental results showed a smaller minimal spatial segregation"
] | There are no experimental results on this topic | 1 | 862 | B |
863 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which ion channels are responsible for the depolarization of the cells during a spike? | [
"Voltage gated sodium channels",
"Non-voltage gated sodium channels",
"Non-voltage gated potassium channels",
"Voltage gated potassium channels"
] | Voltage gated sodium channels | 0 | 863 | A |
864 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | There are 40 genes coding for voltage activated potassium channels. How many different potassium channel are there? | [
"Exactly 40 channels. All channels are homomeric",
"Only about 35 channels as the 40 genes mentioned include some pseudogenes",
"Due to the possibility to form heteromeric channels, there are more than 40 potassium channels",
"Exactly 20 channels. Each channel is the combination of two precise subunits"
] | Due to the possibility to form heteromeric channels, there are more than 40 potassium channels | 2 | 864 | C |
870 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What does a resting potential (\(V_{rest}\)) of -70mV means? | [
"That the cell is generating net electrical current",
"That at rest, with no current, the inside of the cell is 70mV higher than the outside of the cell",
"That at rest, with no current, the outside of the cell is 70mV higher than the inside of the cell",
"That the capacitance of the membrane is charged to 70... | That at rest, with no current, the outside of the cell is 70mV higher than the inside of the cell | 2 | 870 | C |
872 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | On what does the synaptic reversal potential depend? | [
"On the Nernst potential of the ion type(s) that will flow through the receptor once open",
"On the number of ions types that can pass through the receptor once open",
"On the strength of the neurotransmitters binding the receptor",
"On the neurotransmitter. Some generate more current once bound than others."... | On the Nernst potential of the ion type(s) that will flow through the receptor once open | 0 | 872 | A |
873 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What details are omitted in the reconstruction of the microcircuit (2)? | [
"Dynamics of synaptic transmission",
"Ion channel densities",
"Gap junctions",
"Glia"
] | Gap junctions | 2 | 873 | C |
874 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters receptors is true? | [
"Receptors are sensitive to voltage and close after the cell depolarizes",
"Receptors close upon binding of neurotransmitters",
"Receptors open when the neurotransmitters are degraded",
"Receptors are ion channels that are sensitive to neurotransmitters"
] | Receptors are ion channels that are sensitive to neurotransmitters | 3 | 874 | D |
876 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What is the main difference between spikes and post-synaptic potentials? | [
"The amplitude of the spike can vary while the PSP never does",
"Spikes are generated via ion-based current while PSP are not",
"Spikes are a digital (all or nothing signal) while PSP are analog",
"Spikes and PSP are the same phenomenon but in different location of the cell"
] | Spikes are a digital (all or nothing signal) while PSP are analog | 2 | 876 | C |
877 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which factors determine the electrical type of a neuron? | [
"The density and location of each ion channel type",
"The kinetic properties of each ion channel type",
"The density of cholesterol in the membrane",
"The location of lipid rafts in the membrane"
] | The density and location of each ion channel type | 0 | 877 | A |
879 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What are the three metadata types? | [
"Descriptive, structural and formative",
"Organizational, structural and administrative",
"Descriptive, characterizing and administrative",
"Descriptive, structural and administrative"
] | Descriptive, structural and administrative | 3 | 879 | D |
881 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What does IR-DIC stand for? | [
"Infrared Differential Cumulative Microscopy",
"Infrared Differential Contrast Microscopy",
"Infrared Deterministic Contrast Microscopy",
"Infrared Deterministic Cumulative Microscopy"
] | Infrared Differential Contrast Microscopy | 1 | 881 | B |
882 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | A neuron X receives input from 10 other neurons. The exact same train of spikes is injected in the 10 neurons. What do the EPSPs look like if we record in the cell body of neuron X? | [
"The EPSPs look all the same",
"The EPSPs look different. They depend on the location of the connection",
"The EPSPs look different. They depend on the type of the connection",
"The EPSPs look different. They are blurred by other perturbations"
] | The EPSPs look different. They depend on the location of the connection | 1 | 882 | B |
883 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What characterizes a facilitating synaptic connection? | [
"If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of increasing amplitude",
"If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of random amplitude",
"If a train of spike arrives from ... | If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of increasing amplitude | 0 | 883 | A |
884 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | A layer 5 pyramidal neuron X is connected to another layer 5 pyramidal neuron Y. You stimulate neuron X to deliver a high frequency train of spikes. After a short pause (in the order of 500ms) you re-stimulate cell X to deliver one spike. What is the amplitude of the EPSP of cell Y? | [
"EPSP amplitude is higher than the last EPSP from the first train of spikes",
"EPSP amplitude gets higher than the first EPSP from the train of spikes",
"EPSP amplitude is lower than the first EPSP from the train of spikes",
"EPSP amplitude is lower than the last EPSP from the train of spikes"
] | EPSP amplitude is higher than the last EPSP from the first train of spikes | 0 | 884 | A |
890 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | How do neurons generate different membrane voltage profiles? | [
"By the different modulator present in the surrounding of the cells",
"By the combination of different channels with different kinetics",
"By the interaction with the glial cells",
"By the combination of different neurotransmitter than generate the spike"
] | By the combination of different channels with different kinetics | 1 | 890 | B |
893 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What other parameter (besides the time constants \(\tau_{facil}\) and \(\tau_{rec}\)) is changing between facilitating and depressing synaptic connections? | [
"None of the parameters change in relation to depressing/facilitating synapses",
"The initial \\(U_{SE}\\) in facilitating connections is larger than for depressing connections",
"The conductance of the synapse, \\(g_{syn}\\), changes between facilitating and depressing synaptic connections",
"The initial \\(... | The initial \(U_{SE}\) for facilitating connections is lower than for depressing connections. | 3 | 893 | D |
896 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which of the following statements (2) correspond to metabotropic receptor-based synapses? | [
"These synapses use neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA or glycine",
"These synapses use neurotransmitters such as monoamines and neuropeptides.",
"These synapses can act through a phenomenon called ‘diffuse’ connection, where an axon ‘sprays’ all surrounding dendrites",
"These synapses act on focused p... | These synapses use neurotransmitters such as monoamines and neuropeptides. | 1 | 896 | B |
898 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What happens to the shape of the post-synaptic potential with increasing distance from the source? | [
"It maintains its shape while the amplitude decreases",
"It changes shape by becoming narrower while decreasing its amplitude",
"Amplitude is constant but the shape changes by becoming broader",
"The amplitude decays sharply as the distance increases and the shape becomes broader"
] | The amplitude decays sharply as the distance increases and the shape becomes broader | 3 | 898 | D |
901 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | If a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor with a channel specific for potassium what kind of postsynaptic potential will we get? | [
"An IPSP as the potassium current flows from inside to outside",
"An EPSP as the potassium current flows from outside to inside",
"An IPSP as the potassium current flows from outside to inside",
"It depends on the synaptic conductance for potassium"
] | An IPSP as the potassium current flows from inside to outside | 0 | 901 | A |
904 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What are the principles of simulation neuroscience? | [
"Iteratively reconstruct and test",
"Dense reconstruction from sparse data",
"Top-down decomposition of the brain properties",
"Reconstruct bottom-up"
] | Iteratively reconstruct and test | 0 | 904 | A |
905 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which of the following assertions about metaheuristic parameter optimization are correct? | [
"It makes few assumptions on the optimization problem",
"It guarantees to find the global optimum",
"It has the potential to make otherwise intractable problems at least approximately tractable",
"It does not depend on random numbers"
] | It makes few assumptions on the optimization problem | 0 | 905 | A |
907 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What are the properties of synaptic facilitation? | [
"It acts like a band pass filter",
"When the frequency of the presynaptic spike increases, the amplitude of the EPSP first increases and then decreases",
"It acts like a low pass filter",
"When the frequency of the presynaptic spike increases, the amplitude of the EPSP first decreases and then increases"
] | It acts like a band pass filter | 0 | 907 | A |
909 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Question 3: Which of the following statements about action potentials (or spikes) are true? | [
"Spikes are generally found in axons",
"The spikes are in the order of 10mV",
"The spikes are lasting around 1ms",
"Spikes are generally found in dendrites"
] | Spikes are generally found in axons | 0 | 909 | A |
916 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | In the equation for the synaptic conductance (see below), what does the first exponential term represent? | [
"It depends on what the synaptic battery is",
"It depends on what the value of \\(g_{peak}\\) is",
"The raise of the post-synaptic conductance",
"The decrease of the post-synaptic conductance"
] | The raise of the post-synaptic conductance | 2 | 916 | C |
918 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | How did the authors reproduce the diversity observed in biological experiments in the microcircuit (2)? | [
"By reconstructing the microcircuit based on biological data from several animals",
"By adding noise to the inputs of the microcircuit",
"By stochastically creating instantiations of the microcircuit that reflect biological distributions",
"By randomly choosing the number of each m-type and e-type neurons pre... | By reconstructing the microcircuit based on biological data from several animals | 0 | 918 | A |
919 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | What did Hodgkin and Huxley use to generate a spike in their first experiment? | [
"They used neurotransmitters to stimulate the dendrites",
"They raised the chloride concentration outside of the axon",
"They injected current in the axon to depolarize the cell",
"They raised the potassium concentration outside of the axon"
] | They injected current in the axon to depolarize the cell | 2 | 919 | C |
920 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which of the following statements is true? | [
"Individual synaptic potentials stay constant in amplitude along the dendrites and their shape changes while propagating from their site of origin",
"EPSPs can locally be much higher than when they reach the soma",
"Only one EPSP can be sufficient to cross the thresholds for spike initiation in the axon",
"Th... | EPSPs can locally be much higher than when they reach the soma | 1 | 920 | B |
921 | 15,058 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Which characteristics are used by the Blue Brain to define the microcircuit ontology? | [
"Minimum boundaries to create a complete microcircuit based on axonal boutons saturation",
"Morphological, electrical and morpho-electrical type density distributions",
"Relative density of axonal boutons compared to total brain count",
"Synapse type map"
] | Morphological, electrical and morpho-electrical type density distributions | 1 | 921 | B |
962 | 15,002 | Computer Science | master | What word could be associated to the following definition: "Related to a selection in advance"? | [
"selectionally",
"preselection",
"retroselection",
"preselectional"
] | preselectional | 3 | 962 | D |
1,009 | 15,002 | Computer Science | master | What are the outputs produced by a morphological analyzer?You will get a penalty for wrong ticks. | [
"canonical representations",
"surface forms",
"association between canonical representations and surface forms",
"association between surface forms and canonical representations"
] | canonical representations | 0 | 1009 | A |
1,014 | 15,002 | Computer Science | master | Consider the following context-free grammar \(G\) (where \(\text{S}\) is the top-level symbol):
\(R_{01}: \text{S} \rightarrow \text{NP VP}\)
\(R_{02}: \text{NP} \rightarrow \text{NP0}\)
\(R_{03}: \text{NP} \rightarrow \text{Det NP0}\)
\(R_{04}: \text{NP0} \rightarrow \text{N}\)
\(R_{05}: \text{NP0} \rightarrow \text{... | [
"\\(W\\) is not syntactically acceptable according to the grammar \\(G\\).",
"\\(W\\) is syntactically acceptable according to the grammar \\(G\\), but some positional constraints of English are violated.",
"\\(W\\) is syntactically acceptable according to the grammar \\(G\\), but some selectional constraints o... | \(W\) is syntactically acceptable according to the grammar \(G\), but some selectional constraints of English are violated. | 2 | 1014 | C |
1,016 | 15,002 | Computer Science | master | What is a good distance metric to be used when you want to compute the similarity between documents independent of their length?A penalty will be applied for any incorrect answers. | [
"Cosine similarity",
"Euclidean distance",
"Manhattan distance",
"Chi-squared distance"
] | Cosine similarity | 0 | 1016 | A |
1,038 | 15,052 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Suppose the ionic currents through the membrane are well approximated by a simple leak current. For a dendritic segment of size [mathjaxinline]dx[/mathjaxinline], the leak current is characterized by a membrane resistance [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline]. If we change the size of the segment from [mathjaxinline]dx[/mat... | [
"the resitance [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] needs to be changed from [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] to [mathjaxinline]2R[/mathjaxinline].",
"the resitance [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] needs to be changed from [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] to [mathjaxinline]R/2[/mathjaxinline].",
"[mathjaxinline]R[/... | the resitance [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] needs to be changed from [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] to [mathjaxinline]R/2[/mathjaxinline]. | 1 | 1038 | B |
1,040 | 15,052 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Often the gating dynamics are formulated as
[mathjaxinline]\frac{dm}{dt}=\alpha_m(u)(1-m)-\beta_m(u)m[/mathjaxinline]. | [
"[mathjaxinline]m_0\\left(u\\right) = \\beta_m\\left(u\\right)[/mathjaxinline]",
"[mathjaxinline]m_0\\left(u\\right) = \\alpha_m\\left(u\\right)[/mathjaxinline]",
"[mathjaxinline]m_0\\left(u\\right) = \\frac{\\alpha_m\\left(u\\right)}{\\beta_m\\left(u\\right)}[/mathjaxinline]",
"[mathjaxinline]m_0\\left(u\\ri... | [mathjaxinline]m_0\left(u\right) = \frac{\alpha_m\left(u\right)}{\alpha_m\left(u\right)+\beta_m\left(u\right)}[/mathjaxinline] | 3 | 1040 | D |
1,041 | 15,052 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | in a 2-dimensional model such as the FizHugh-Nagumo model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset of the voltage after a spikein a nonlinear integrate-and-fire model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset of the volta... | [
"in a 2-dimensional model such as the FizHugh-Nagumo model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset of the voltage after a spike",
"in a nonlinear integrate-and-fire model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset o... | in a 2-dimensional model such as the FizHugh-Nagumo model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset of the voltage after a spike | 0 | 1041 | A |
1,048 | 15,052 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | 3. In an integrate-and-fire model, when the voltage hits the threshold ... | [
"the neuron fires a spike",
"the neuron can enter a state of refractoriness",
"the voltage is reset",
"the neuron explodes"
] | the neuron fires a spike | 0 | 1048 | A |
1,052 | 15,100 | Life Sciences Engineering | online | Choose the correct reasoning for justifying your answer in Q3: | [
"No matter what the weights are, the input scales with [mathjaxinline] N [/mathjaxinline]. Because every neuron is connected to every neuron, the fluctuations even scale as [mathjaxinline] N^2 [/mathjaxinline].",
"The weight scaling cancels out the dependence on [mathjaxinline] N [/mathjaxinline] in the input. Th... | The weight scaling cancels out the dependence on [mathjaxinline] N [/mathjaxinline] in the input. The fluctuations of the input are the sum (over presynaptic neurons) of many random variables with fixed variance. By the central limit theorem, and with the weight scaling factor, the fluctuations (std) of the input thus ... | 2 | 1052 | C |
1,158 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | Let $n$ be an integer such that $n\geq 2$ and let $A \in \R^{n imes n}$, and $xv \in \R^n$, consider the function $f(xv) = xv^ op A xv$ defined over $\R^n$. Which of the following is the gradient of the function $f$? | [
"$2 xv^\top A$",
"$2Axv$",
"$A^\top xv + Axv$",
"$2A^\top xv$"
] | $A^ op xv + Axv$ | 2 | 1158 | C |
1,162 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | You are using a neural net with $L$ layers, $K$ nodes per layer, and ReLUs as activation functions. Your input data has components in $[-1,0]$. You initialize all your weights to be Gaussians with mean 10 and variance 0.1 and all the bias terms are set to 0. You start optimizing using SGD. What will happen? | [
"the gradient is 0 and so nothing happens",
"the gradient is very large and so your steps are likely too large for the algorithm to converge",
"everything is fine",
"you cannot use a neural net for features that have negative components"
] | the gradient is 0 and so nothing happens | 0 | 1162 | A |
1,171 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | Every time you open the website \href{http://thispersondoesnotexist.com}{thispersondoesnotexist.com}, you see a fake picture of a person that was sampled from the distribution learned by a GAN. Which part of the GAN is deployed on this server? | [
"The discriminator.",
"The generator.",
"The discriminator and the generator.",
"Only the last layer of the discriminator."
] | The generator. | 1 | 1171 | B |
1,175 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | Which of the following statements is extbf{incorrect} ? Training a model with $L_1$-regularization ... | [
"can reduce the storage cost of the final model.",
"is used to help escaping local minima during training.",
"can reduce overfitting.",
"can be named Lasso regression when in combination with an MSE loss function and a linear model."
] | is used to help escaping local minima during training. | 1 | 1175 | B |
1,185 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | Consider a matrix factorization problem of the form $\mathbf{X}=\mathbf{W Z}^{\top}$ to obtain an item-user recommender system where $x_{i j}$ denotes the rating given by $j^{\text {th }}$ user to the $i^{\text {th }}$ item . We use Root mean square error (RMSE) to gauge the quality of the factorization obtained. Selec... | [
"Given a new item and a few ratings from existing users, we need to retrain the already trained recommender system from scratch to generate robust ratings for the user-item pairs containing this item.",
"Regularization terms for $\\mathbf{W}$ and $\\mathbf{Z}$ in the form of their respective Frobenius norms are a... | None of the other options are correct. | 3 | 1185 | D |
1,187 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | We consider a classification problem on linearly separable data. Our dataset had an outlier---a point that is very far from the other datapoints in distance (and also far from margins in SVM but still correctly classified by the SVM classifier).
We trained the SVM, logistic regression and 1-nearest-... | [
"SVM",
"Logistic regression",
"1-nearest-neighbors classifier",
"All of them"
] | Logistic regression | 1 | 1187 | B |
1,200 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | In principal component analysis, the left singular vectors $\mathbf{U}$ of a data matrix $\mathbf{X}$ of shape ( $d$ features, $n$ datapoints) are used to create a new data matrix $\mathbf{X}^{\prime}=\mathbf{U}^{\top} \mathbf{X}$. To achieve dimensionality reduction, we keep only certain rows of the matrix $\mathbf{X}... | [
"the lowest variance.",
"the highest variance.",
"smallest L2 norm.",
"L2 norm closest to 1"
] | the highest variance. | 1 | 1200 | B |
1,202 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | Consider the Parametric ReLU function defined as
$$f(x) = \left\{egin{matrix}
x & extup{if}\; x > 0 \
ax & extup{otherwise}
\end{matrix}
ight.$$
where $a \in \R$ is an arbitrary number.
Which of the following statements is ... | [
"A subgradient exists even though $f(x)$ is not necessarily differentiable at $x=0$.",
"A subgradient does not exist at $x=0$.",
"If a subgradient exists, then it is not unique.",
"None of the mentioned answers."
] | None of the mentioned answers. | 3 | 1202 | D |
1,207 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | Consider the loss function $L: \R^d o \R$, $L(\wv) = rac{eta}{2}\|\wv\|^2$, where $eta > 0$ is a constant. We run gradient descent on $L$ with a stepsize $\gamma > 0$ starting from some $\wv_0
eq 0$. Which of the statements below is true? | [
"Gradient descent converges to the global minimum for any stepsize $\\gamma > 0$.",
"Gradient descent with stepsize $\\gamma = \frac{2}{\beta}$ produces iterates that diverge to infinity ($\\|\\wv_t\\| \to \\infty$ as $t\to \\infty$).",
"Gradient descent converges in two steps for $\\gamma = \frac{1}{\beta}$ (i... | Gradient descent converges to the global minimum for any stepsize in the interval $\gamma \in ig( 0, rac{2}{eta}ig)$. | 3 | 1207 | D |
1,210 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | Consider a regression model where data $(x,y)$ is generated by input $x$ uniformly randomly sampled from $[0,1]$ and $y(x) = x^2 + \epsilon$,
where $\epsilon$ is random noise with mean 0 and variance 1.
Two models are carried out for regression:
model A is a trained quadratic function $... | [
"higher bias, higher variance.",
"higher bias, lower variance.",
"lower bias, higher variance.",
"lower bias, lower variance."
] | lower bias, higher variance. | 2 | 1210 | C |
1,213 | 15,127 | Computer Science | master | What \emph{alternates} in Alternating Least Squares for Matrix Factorization for a movie recommender system? | [
"recommendation steps and optimization steps",
"updates to user embeddings and updates to movie embeddings",
"expectation steps and maximization steps",
"updates based on different movie rating examples from the training set"
] | updates to user embeddings and updates to movie embeddings | 1 | 1213 | B |
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