question stringlengths 36 90 | date stringlengths 12 18 | text_answers dict | id stringlengths 11 20 | fact_context stringlengths 174 4.76k | context stringclasses 999 values | none_context stringclasses 1 value | neg_answers listlengths 2 155 |
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Which position did Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet hold in Jan, 1880? | January 26, 1880 | {
"text": [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina"
]
} | L2_Q7527276_P39_2 | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1896.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1900.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1881.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1878.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1879. | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th BaronetSir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet, (2 July 1829 – 3 November 1913) was a British diplomat who was minister or ambassador to several countries. He succeeded his brother, Charles, as Baronet in 1877.He was educated privately in Paris and (no examinations being then required) was introduced into the diplomatic service by Lord Palmerston in 1849. He was posted in the same year as attaché to Turin (then the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont) and subsequently served at Paris, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Vienna and Ragusa. In December 1858 he was appointed secretary of the legation in China and went there in March 1859. The minister, Frederick Bruce, sent him back to England in January 1860 to report to the British government the active resistance which was offered to the progress of the British mission to the Chinese capital. This report led to the Anglo-French expedition to Peking (Beijing) in that year (in the second phase of the Second Opium War).Rumbold then held a succession of further posts as secretary of legation or embassy in Athens, Bern, St Petersburg and Constantinople. He then became Minister to Chile 1872–78; to the Swiss Confederation 1878–79; to Argentina 1879–81; to Sweden and Norway 1881–84; to Greece 1884–88; to the Netherlands 1888–96; and finally Ambassador to Austria 1896–1900.Rumbold was the fourth son of Sir William Rumbold, 3rd Baronet (1787–1833), and Henrietta Elizabeth "née" Parkyns (1789–1830). His wives were Caroline Burney "née" Harrington (d. 1872) and Louisa Anne (d. 1940), daughter of Thomas Russell Crampton. His sons were the diplomat Horace, who succeeded as 9th baronet, and Hugo, a theatrical scenery and costume designer.Horace Rumbold succeeded to the Rumbold baronetcy on the death of his brother, the 7th Baronet, in 1877. He was knighted KCMG in 1886, promoted to GCMG in 1892 and given the additional honour of GCB in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1897. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1896. | [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece"
] | |
Which position did Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet hold in Nov, 1882? | November 30, 1882 | {
"text": [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden"
]
} | L2_Q7527276_P39_3 | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1896.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1878.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1881.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1900.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1879.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884. | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th BaronetSir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet, (2 July 1829 – 3 November 1913) was a British diplomat who was minister or ambassador to several countries. He succeeded his brother, Charles, as Baronet in 1877.He was educated privately in Paris and (no examinations being then required) was introduced into the diplomatic service by Lord Palmerston in 1849. He was posted in the same year as attaché to Turin (then the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont) and subsequently served at Paris, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Vienna and Ragusa. In December 1858 he was appointed secretary of the legation in China and went there in March 1859. The minister, Frederick Bruce, sent him back to England in January 1860 to report to the British government the active resistance which was offered to the progress of the British mission to the Chinese capital. This report led to the Anglo-French expedition to Peking (Beijing) in that year (in the second phase of the Second Opium War).Rumbold then held a succession of further posts as secretary of legation or embassy in Athens, Bern, St Petersburg and Constantinople. He then became Minister to Chile 1872–78; to the Swiss Confederation 1878–79; to Argentina 1879–81; to Sweden and Norway 1881–84; to Greece 1884–88; to the Netherlands 1888–96; and finally Ambassador to Austria 1896–1900.Rumbold was the fourth son of Sir William Rumbold, 3rd Baronet (1787–1833), and Henrietta Elizabeth "née" Parkyns (1789–1830). His wives were Caroline Burney "née" Harrington (d. 1872) and Louisa Anne (d. 1940), daughter of Thomas Russell Crampton. His sons were the diplomat Horace, who succeeded as 9th baronet, and Hugo, a theatrical scenery and costume designer.Horace Rumbold succeeded to the Rumbold baronetcy on the death of his brother, the 7th Baronet, in 1877. He was knighted KCMG in 1886, promoted to GCMG in 1892 and given the additional honour of GCB in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1897. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1896. | [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece"
] | |
Which position did Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet hold in Nov, 1887? | November 21, 1887 | {
"text": [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece"
]
} | L2_Q7527276_P39_4 | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1900.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1878.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1896.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1881.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1879.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884. | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th BaronetSir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet, (2 July 1829 – 3 November 1913) was a British diplomat who was minister or ambassador to several countries. He succeeded his brother, Charles, as Baronet in 1877.He was educated privately in Paris and (no examinations being then required) was introduced into the diplomatic service by Lord Palmerston in 1849. He was posted in the same year as attaché to Turin (then the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont) and subsequently served at Paris, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Vienna and Ragusa. In December 1858 he was appointed secretary of the legation in China and went there in March 1859. The minister, Frederick Bruce, sent him back to England in January 1860 to report to the British government the active resistance which was offered to the progress of the British mission to the Chinese capital. This report led to the Anglo-French expedition to Peking (Beijing) in that year (in the second phase of the Second Opium War).Rumbold then held a succession of further posts as secretary of legation or embassy in Athens, Bern, St Petersburg and Constantinople. He then became Minister to Chile 1872–78; to the Swiss Confederation 1878–79; to Argentina 1879–81; to Sweden and Norway 1881–84; to Greece 1884–88; to the Netherlands 1888–96; and finally Ambassador to Austria 1896–1900.Rumbold was the fourth son of Sir William Rumbold, 3rd Baronet (1787–1833), and Henrietta Elizabeth "née" Parkyns (1789–1830). His wives were Caroline Burney "née" Harrington (d. 1872) and Louisa Anne (d. 1940), daughter of Thomas Russell Crampton. His sons were the diplomat Horace, who succeeded as 9th baronet, and Hugo, a theatrical scenery and costume designer.Horace Rumbold succeeded to the Rumbold baronetcy on the death of his brother, the 7th Baronet, in 1877. He was knighted KCMG in 1886, promoted to GCMG in 1892 and given the additional honour of GCB in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1897. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1896. | [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile"
] | |
Which position did Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet hold in Jan, 1888? | January 31, 1888 | {
"text": [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece"
]
} | L2_Q7527276_P39_5 | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1900.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1878.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1881.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1879.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1896. | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th BaronetSir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet, (2 July 1829 – 3 November 1913) was a British diplomat who was minister or ambassador to several countries. He succeeded his brother, Charles, as Baronet in 1877.He was educated privately in Paris and (no examinations being then required) was introduced into the diplomatic service by Lord Palmerston in 1849. He was posted in the same year as attaché to Turin (then the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont) and subsequently served at Paris, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Vienna and Ragusa. In December 1858 he was appointed secretary of the legation in China and went there in March 1859. The minister, Frederick Bruce, sent him back to England in January 1860 to report to the British government the active resistance which was offered to the progress of the British mission to the Chinese capital. This report led to the Anglo-French expedition to Peking (Beijing) in that year (in the second phase of the Second Opium War).Rumbold then held a succession of further posts as secretary of legation or embassy in Athens, Bern, St Petersburg and Constantinople. He then became Minister to Chile 1872–78; to the Swiss Confederation 1878–79; to Argentina 1879–81; to Sweden and Norway 1881–84; to Greece 1884–88; to the Netherlands 1888–96; and finally Ambassador to Austria 1896–1900.Rumbold was the fourth son of Sir William Rumbold, 3rd Baronet (1787–1833), and Henrietta Elizabeth "née" Parkyns (1789–1830). His wives were Caroline Burney "née" Harrington (d. 1872) and Louisa Anne (d. 1940), daughter of Thomas Russell Crampton. His sons were the diplomat Horace, who succeeded as 9th baronet, and Hugo, a theatrical scenery and costume designer.Horace Rumbold succeeded to the Rumbold baronetcy on the death of his brother, the 7th Baronet, in 1877. He was knighted KCMG in 1886, promoted to GCMG in 1892 and given the additional honour of GCB in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1897. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1896. | [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece"
] | |
Which position did Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet hold in Dec, 1896? | December 12, 1896 | {
"text": [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary"
]
} | L2_Q7527276_P39_6 | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1879.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1896.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1881.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1878.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria-Hungary from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1900.
Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884. | Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th BaronetSir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet, (2 July 1829 – 3 November 1913) was a British diplomat who was minister or ambassador to several countries. He succeeded his brother, Charles, as Baronet in 1877.He was educated privately in Paris and (no examinations being then required) was introduced into the diplomatic service by Lord Palmerston in 1849. He was posted in the same year as attaché to Turin (then the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont) and subsequently served at Paris, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Vienna and Ragusa. In December 1858 he was appointed secretary of the legation in China and went there in March 1859. The minister, Frederick Bruce, sent him back to England in January 1860 to report to the British government the active resistance which was offered to the progress of the British mission to the Chinese capital. This report led to the Anglo-French expedition to Peking (Beijing) in that year (in the second phase of the Second Opium War).Rumbold then held a succession of further posts as secretary of legation or embassy in Athens, Bern, St Petersburg and Constantinople. He then became Minister to Chile 1872–78; to the Swiss Confederation 1878–79; to Argentina 1879–81; to Sweden and Norway 1881–84; to Greece 1884–88; to the Netherlands 1888–96; and finally Ambassador to Austria 1896–1900.Rumbold was the fourth son of Sir William Rumbold, 3rd Baronet (1787–1833), and Henrietta Elizabeth "née" Parkyns (1789–1830). His wives were Caroline Burney "née" Harrington (d. 1872) and Louisa Anne (d. 1940), daughter of Thomas Russell Crampton. His sons were the diplomat Horace, who succeeded as 9th baronet, and Hugo, a theatrical scenery and costume designer.Horace Rumbold succeeded to the Rumbold baronetcy on the death of his brother, the 7th Baronet, in 1877. He was knighted KCMG in 1886, promoted to GCMG in 1892 and given the additional honour of GCB in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1897. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1896. | [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sweden",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Switzerland",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Chile",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Greece"
] | |
Which team did Warren Jabali play for in May, 1966? | May 02, 1966 | {
"text": [
"Wichita State Shockers men's basketball"
]
} | L2_Q1608950_P54_0 | Warren Jabali plays for Wichita State Shockers men's basketball from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1968.
Warren Jabali plays for San Diego Sails from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1975.
Warren Jabali plays for Virginia Squires from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1970.
Warren Jabali plays for Indiana Pacers from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1971.
Warren Jabali plays for Miami Floridians from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972.
Warren Jabali plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. | Warren JabaliWarren Jabali (August 29, 1946 – July 13, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played professionally in the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1968 to 1975.Born Warren Edward Armstrong, Jabali changed his name while attending Wichita State University to reflect his African roots. The name does not have any religious connotations as it is a Swahili word for "rock." A skilled defender and rebounder and a remarkable leaper, the 6'2" Jabali was reported to be able to touch a ten-foot high basketball rim with his forehead. Although Wichita State, and the Missouri Valley Conference in general, supplied many pro players of the era, he did not receive much attention from the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was drafted by the New York Knicks in the 4th round (8th pick, 44th overall) of the 1968 NBA draft; he signed instead with the Oakland Oaks of the rival ABA, who selected him in the 1968 ABA Draft.In his first season in the ABA, he won Rookie of the Year honors, prompting teammate Rick Barry to comment, "No doubt he's one of the best guards I've ever played with—or against". Later that season, Jabali averaged 33.2 points against the Indiana Pacers in the 1969 ABA Finals and was named Playoffs MVP.As one of the most physically gifted guards in the American Basketball Association, Warren Jabali muscled his way through seven straight seasons of double-digit scoring, including 1968–69, when his average of 21.5 points per game earned him ABA Rookie of the Year honors. That season Jabali's efforts helped bring an ABA Championship to the Oakland Oaks, a team that also featured Rick Barry, Larry Brown, and Doug Moe.Jabali became an instant star after coming into the league from Wichita State University. Although Barry, the Oaks' biggest attraction, won the league scoring title in 1968–69, he was only able to play in 35 games because of a severe knee ligament injury. It was Jabali, an immediate starter, who gave Coach Alex Hannum the extra scoring punch needed in Barry's absence.With Jabali aboard and Barry helping for part of the season, the Oaks recorded a stunning 38-game turnaround to post a league-best 60-18 record. In the playoffs, they went 12-4 on the way to claiming the ABA Championship. A year later at midseason, with the team playing as the Washington Caps, an injury sidelined Jabali. Hurt shortly after playing in his first of four ABA All-Star Games, he was carrying an average of 22.8 points per game at the time.Jabali made a comeback, although his final five years were spent with four teams. In his first season back, 1970–71, he was traded from the Kentucky Colonels to the Indiana Pacers on October 13, 1970, in exchange for a first-round draft choice and cash. Jabali saw action in 62 games with the Pacers. It was with the Pacers that Jabali started pulling the trigger from three-point land; he did it 163 times that year, making 47 treys.He had a big year with the Florida Floridians the following season, averaging 19.9 points and hitting 102 of his 286 three-point attempts, among the most in the league. When the Miami-based franchise folded, Jabali moved to the Denver Rockets (later the Denver Nuggets). During his first campaign with the Rockets, Jabali's 16-point effort in the 1973 ABA All-Star Game keyed the West's come-from-behind victory and earned him Most Valuable Player honors. That game is often referred to as the Jabali's Jamboree.After one more season in Denver and another with the San Diego Conquistadors, Jabali retired in 1975, at age 28.In his seven-year professional career, Jabali played for the Oakland Oaks, Washington Capitals, the Indiana Pacers, The Floridians, the Denver Rockets, and the San Diego Conquistadors. While playing for the Rockets in 1973, he was named the All-Star Game MVP and was named to the All-ABA First Team after averaging 17.0 points, 6.6 assists, and 5.2 rebounds. Knee problems would soon limit his effectiveness, however, and he retired in 1975, having achieved career averages of 17.1 points, 5.3 assists, and 6.7 rebounds.Warren Jabali died on July 13, 2012. | [
"Denver Nuggets",
"Indiana Pacers",
"Miami Floridians",
"Virginia Squires",
"San Diego Sails"
] | |
Which team did Warren Jabali play for in Sep, 1969? | September 21, 1969 | {
"text": [
"Virginia Squires"
]
} | L2_Q1608950_P54_1 | Warren Jabali plays for San Diego Sails from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1975.
Warren Jabali plays for Virginia Squires from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1970.
Warren Jabali plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Warren Jabali plays for Miami Floridians from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972.
Warren Jabali plays for Indiana Pacers from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1971.
Warren Jabali plays for Wichita State Shockers men's basketball from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1968. | Warren JabaliWarren Jabali (August 29, 1946 – July 13, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played professionally in the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1968 to 1975.Born Warren Edward Armstrong, Jabali changed his name while attending Wichita State University to reflect his African roots. The name does not have any religious connotations as it is a Swahili word for "rock." A skilled defender and rebounder and a remarkable leaper, the 6'2" Jabali was reported to be able to touch a ten-foot high basketball rim with his forehead. Although Wichita State, and the Missouri Valley Conference in general, supplied many pro players of the era, he did not receive much attention from the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was drafted by the New York Knicks in the 4th round (8th pick, 44th overall) of the 1968 NBA draft; he signed instead with the Oakland Oaks of the rival ABA, who selected him in the 1968 ABA Draft.In his first season in the ABA, he won Rookie of the Year honors, prompting teammate Rick Barry to comment, "No doubt he's one of the best guards I've ever played with—or against". Later that season, Jabali averaged 33.2 points against the Indiana Pacers in the 1969 ABA Finals and was named Playoffs MVP.As one of the most physically gifted guards in the American Basketball Association, Warren Jabali muscled his way through seven straight seasons of double-digit scoring, including 1968–69, when his average of 21.5 points per game earned him ABA Rookie of the Year honors. That season Jabali's efforts helped bring an ABA Championship to the Oakland Oaks, a team that also featured Rick Barry, Larry Brown, and Doug Moe.Jabali became an instant star after coming into the league from Wichita State University. Although Barry, the Oaks' biggest attraction, won the league scoring title in 1968–69, he was only able to play in 35 games because of a severe knee ligament injury. It was Jabali, an immediate starter, who gave Coach Alex Hannum the extra scoring punch needed in Barry's absence.With Jabali aboard and Barry helping for part of the season, the Oaks recorded a stunning 38-game turnaround to post a league-best 60-18 record. In the playoffs, they went 12-4 on the way to claiming the ABA Championship. A year later at midseason, with the team playing as the Washington Caps, an injury sidelined Jabali. Hurt shortly after playing in his first of four ABA All-Star Games, he was carrying an average of 22.8 points per game at the time.Jabali made a comeback, although his final five years were spent with four teams. In his first season back, 1970–71, he was traded from the Kentucky Colonels to the Indiana Pacers on October 13, 1970, in exchange for a first-round draft choice and cash. Jabali saw action in 62 games with the Pacers. It was with the Pacers that Jabali started pulling the trigger from three-point land; he did it 163 times that year, making 47 treys.He had a big year with the Florida Floridians the following season, averaging 19.9 points and hitting 102 of his 286 three-point attempts, among the most in the league. When the Miami-based franchise folded, Jabali moved to the Denver Rockets (later the Denver Nuggets). During his first campaign with the Rockets, Jabali's 16-point effort in the 1973 ABA All-Star Game keyed the West's come-from-behind victory and earned him Most Valuable Player honors. That game is often referred to as the Jabali's Jamboree.After one more season in Denver and another with the San Diego Conquistadors, Jabali retired in 1975, at age 28.In his seven-year professional career, Jabali played for the Oakland Oaks, Washington Capitals, the Indiana Pacers, The Floridians, the Denver Rockets, and the San Diego Conquistadors. While playing for the Rockets in 1973, he was named the All-Star Game MVP and was named to the All-ABA First Team after averaging 17.0 points, 6.6 assists, and 5.2 rebounds. Knee problems would soon limit his effectiveness, however, and he retired in 1975, having achieved career averages of 17.1 points, 5.3 assists, and 6.7 rebounds.Warren Jabali died on July 13, 2012. | [
"Denver Nuggets",
"Wichita State Shockers men's basketball",
"Indiana Pacers",
"Miami Floridians",
"San Diego Sails"
] | |
Which team did Warren Jabali play for in Aug, 1970? | August 24, 1970 | {
"text": [
"Indiana Pacers"
]
} | L2_Q1608950_P54_2 | Warren Jabali plays for San Diego Sails from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1975.
Warren Jabali plays for Indiana Pacers from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1971.
Warren Jabali plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Warren Jabali plays for Miami Floridians from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972.
Warren Jabali plays for Wichita State Shockers men's basketball from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1968.
Warren Jabali plays for Virginia Squires from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1970. | Warren JabaliWarren Jabali (August 29, 1946 – July 13, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played professionally in the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1968 to 1975.Born Warren Edward Armstrong, Jabali changed his name while attending Wichita State University to reflect his African roots. The name does not have any religious connotations as it is a Swahili word for "rock." A skilled defender and rebounder and a remarkable leaper, the 6'2" Jabali was reported to be able to touch a ten-foot high basketball rim with his forehead. Although Wichita State, and the Missouri Valley Conference in general, supplied many pro players of the era, he did not receive much attention from the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was drafted by the New York Knicks in the 4th round (8th pick, 44th overall) of the 1968 NBA draft; he signed instead with the Oakland Oaks of the rival ABA, who selected him in the 1968 ABA Draft.In his first season in the ABA, he won Rookie of the Year honors, prompting teammate Rick Barry to comment, "No doubt he's one of the best guards I've ever played with—or against". Later that season, Jabali averaged 33.2 points against the Indiana Pacers in the 1969 ABA Finals and was named Playoffs MVP.As one of the most physically gifted guards in the American Basketball Association, Warren Jabali muscled his way through seven straight seasons of double-digit scoring, including 1968–69, when his average of 21.5 points per game earned him ABA Rookie of the Year honors. That season Jabali's efforts helped bring an ABA Championship to the Oakland Oaks, a team that also featured Rick Barry, Larry Brown, and Doug Moe.Jabali became an instant star after coming into the league from Wichita State University. Although Barry, the Oaks' biggest attraction, won the league scoring title in 1968–69, he was only able to play in 35 games because of a severe knee ligament injury. It was Jabali, an immediate starter, who gave Coach Alex Hannum the extra scoring punch needed in Barry's absence.With Jabali aboard and Barry helping for part of the season, the Oaks recorded a stunning 38-game turnaround to post a league-best 60-18 record. In the playoffs, they went 12-4 on the way to claiming the ABA Championship. A year later at midseason, with the team playing as the Washington Caps, an injury sidelined Jabali. Hurt shortly after playing in his first of four ABA All-Star Games, he was carrying an average of 22.8 points per game at the time.Jabali made a comeback, although his final five years were spent with four teams. In his first season back, 1970–71, he was traded from the Kentucky Colonels to the Indiana Pacers on October 13, 1970, in exchange for a first-round draft choice and cash. Jabali saw action in 62 games with the Pacers. It was with the Pacers that Jabali started pulling the trigger from three-point land; he did it 163 times that year, making 47 treys.He had a big year with the Florida Floridians the following season, averaging 19.9 points and hitting 102 of his 286 three-point attempts, among the most in the league. When the Miami-based franchise folded, Jabali moved to the Denver Rockets (later the Denver Nuggets). During his first campaign with the Rockets, Jabali's 16-point effort in the 1973 ABA All-Star Game keyed the West's come-from-behind victory and earned him Most Valuable Player honors. That game is often referred to as the Jabali's Jamboree.After one more season in Denver and another with the San Diego Conquistadors, Jabali retired in 1975, at age 28.In his seven-year professional career, Jabali played for the Oakland Oaks, Washington Capitals, the Indiana Pacers, The Floridians, the Denver Rockets, and the San Diego Conquistadors. While playing for the Rockets in 1973, he was named the All-Star Game MVP and was named to the All-ABA First Team after averaging 17.0 points, 6.6 assists, and 5.2 rebounds. Knee problems would soon limit his effectiveness, however, and he retired in 1975, having achieved career averages of 17.1 points, 5.3 assists, and 6.7 rebounds.Warren Jabali died on July 13, 2012. | [
"Denver Nuggets",
"Wichita State Shockers men's basketball",
"Miami Floridians",
"Virginia Squires",
"San Diego Sails"
] | |
Which team did Warren Jabali play for in Dec, 1971? | December 24, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Miami Floridians"
]
} | L2_Q1608950_P54_3 | Warren Jabali plays for Miami Floridians from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972.
Warren Jabali plays for San Diego Sails from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1975.
Warren Jabali plays for Indiana Pacers from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1971.
Warren Jabali plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Warren Jabali plays for Virginia Squires from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1970.
Warren Jabali plays for Wichita State Shockers men's basketball from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1968. | Warren JabaliWarren Jabali (August 29, 1946 – July 13, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played professionally in the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1968 to 1975.Born Warren Edward Armstrong, Jabali changed his name while attending Wichita State University to reflect his African roots. The name does not have any religious connotations as it is a Swahili word for "rock." A skilled defender and rebounder and a remarkable leaper, the 6'2" Jabali was reported to be able to touch a ten-foot high basketball rim with his forehead. Although Wichita State, and the Missouri Valley Conference in general, supplied many pro players of the era, he did not receive much attention from the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was drafted by the New York Knicks in the 4th round (8th pick, 44th overall) of the 1968 NBA draft; he signed instead with the Oakland Oaks of the rival ABA, who selected him in the 1968 ABA Draft.In his first season in the ABA, he won Rookie of the Year honors, prompting teammate Rick Barry to comment, "No doubt he's one of the best guards I've ever played with—or against". Later that season, Jabali averaged 33.2 points against the Indiana Pacers in the 1969 ABA Finals and was named Playoffs MVP.As one of the most physically gifted guards in the American Basketball Association, Warren Jabali muscled his way through seven straight seasons of double-digit scoring, including 1968–69, when his average of 21.5 points per game earned him ABA Rookie of the Year honors. That season Jabali's efforts helped bring an ABA Championship to the Oakland Oaks, a team that also featured Rick Barry, Larry Brown, and Doug Moe.Jabali became an instant star after coming into the league from Wichita State University. Although Barry, the Oaks' biggest attraction, won the league scoring title in 1968–69, he was only able to play in 35 games because of a severe knee ligament injury. It was Jabali, an immediate starter, who gave Coach Alex Hannum the extra scoring punch needed in Barry's absence.With Jabali aboard and Barry helping for part of the season, the Oaks recorded a stunning 38-game turnaround to post a league-best 60-18 record. In the playoffs, they went 12-4 on the way to claiming the ABA Championship. A year later at midseason, with the team playing as the Washington Caps, an injury sidelined Jabali. Hurt shortly after playing in his first of four ABA All-Star Games, he was carrying an average of 22.8 points per game at the time.Jabali made a comeback, although his final five years were spent with four teams. In his first season back, 1970–71, he was traded from the Kentucky Colonels to the Indiana Pacers on October 13, 1970, in exchange for a first-round draft choice and cash. Jabali saw action in 62 games with the Pacers. It was with the Pacers that Jabali started pulling the trigger from three-point land; he did it 163 times that year, making 47 treys.He had a big year with the Florida Floridians the following season, averaging 19.9 points and hitting 102 of his 286 three-point attempts, among the most in the league. When the Miami-based franchise folded, Jabali moved to the Denver Rockets (later the Denver Nuggets). During his first campaign with the Rockets, Jabali's 16-point effort in the 1973 ABA All-Star Game keyed the West's come-from-behind victory and earned him Most Valuable Player honors. That game is often referred to as the Jabali's Jamboree.After one more season in Denver and another with the San Diego Conquistadors, Jabali retired in 1975, at age 28.In his seven-year professional career, Jabali played for the Oakland Oaks, Washington Capitals, the Indiana Pacers, The Floridians, the Denver Rockets, and the San Diego Conquistadors. While playing for the Rockets in 1973, he was named the All-Star Game MVP and was named to the All-ABA First Team after averaging 17.0 points, 6.6 assists, and 5.2 rebounds. Knee problems would soon limit his effectiveness, however, and he retired in 1975, having achieved career averages of 17.1 points, 5.3 assists, and 6.7 rebounds.Warren Jabali died on July 13, 2012. | [
"Denver Nuggets",
"Wichita State Shockers men's basketball",
"Indiana Pacers",
"Virginia Squires",
"San Diego Sails"
] | |
Which team did Warren Jabali play for in Sep, 1973? | September 30, 1973 | {
"text": [
"Denver Nuggets"
]
} | L2_Q1608950_P54_4 | Warren Jabali plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Warren Jabali plays for Wichita State Shockers men's basketball from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1968.
Warren Jabali plays for Miami Floridians from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972.
Warren Jabali plays for Indiana Pacers from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1971.
Warren Jabali plays for San Diego Sails from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1975.
Warren Jabali plays for Virginia Squires from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1970. | Warren JabaliWarren Jabali (August 29, 1946 – July 13, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played professionally in the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1968 to 1975.Born Warren Edward Armstrong, Jabali changed his name while attending Wichita State University to reflect his African roots. The name does not have any religious connotations as it is a Swahili word for "rock." A skilled defender and rebounder and a remarkable leaper, the 6'2" Jabali was reported to be able to touch a ten-foot high basketball rim with his forehead. Although Wichita State, and the Missouri Valley Conference in general, supplied many pro players of the era, he did not receive much attention from the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was drafted by the New York Knicks in the 4th round (8th pick, 44th overall) of the 1968 NBA draft; he signed instead with the Oakland Oaks of the rival ABA, who selected him in the 1968 ABA Draft.In his first season in the ABA, he won Rookie of the Year honors, prompting teammate Rick Barry to comment, "No doubt he's one of the best guards I've ever played with—or against". Later that season, Jabali averaged 33.2 points against the Indiana Pacers in the 1969 ABA Finals and was named Playoffs MVP.As one of the most physically gifted guards in the American Basketball Association, Warren Jabali muscled his way through seven straight seasons of double-digit scoring, including 1968–69, when his average of 21.5 points per game earned him ABA Rookie of the Year honors. That season Jabali's efforts helped bring an ABA Championship to the Oakland Oaks, a team that also featured Rick Barry, Larry Brown, and Doug Moe.Jabali became an instant star after coming into the league from Wichita State University. Although Barry, the Oaks' biggest attraction, won the league scoring title in 1968–69, he was only able to play in 35 games because of a severe knee ligament injury. It was Jabali, an immediate starter, who gave Coach Alex Hannum the extra scoring punch needed in Barry's absence.With Jabali aboard and Barry helping for part of the season, the Oaks recorded a stunning 38-game turnaround to post a league-best 60-18 record. In the playoffs, they went 12-4 on the way to claiming the ABA Championship. A year later at midseason, with the team playing as the Washington Caps, an injury sidelined Jabali. Hurt shortly after playing in his first of four ABA All-Star Games, he was carrying an average of 22.8 points per game at the time.Jabali made a comeback, although his final five years were spent with four teams. In his first season back, 1970–71, he was traded from the Kentucky Colonels to the Indiana Pacers on October 13, 1970, in exchange for a first-round draft choice and cash. Jabali saw action in 62 games with the Pacers. It was with the Pacers that Jabali started pulling the trigger from three-point land; he did it 163 times that year, making 47 treys.He had a big year with the Florida Floridians the following season, averaging 19.9 points and hitting 102 of his 286 three-point attempts, among the most in the league. When the Miami-based franchise folded, Jabali moved to the Denver Rockets (later the Denver Nuggets). During his first campaign with the Rockets, Jabali's 16-point effort in the 1973 ABA All-Star Game keyed the West's come-from-behind victory and earned him Most Valuable Player honors. That game is often referred to as the Jabali's Jamboree.After one more season in Denver and another with the San Diego Conquistadors, Jabali retired in 1975, at age 28.In his seven-year professional career, Jabali played for the Oakland Oaks, Washington Capitals, the Indiana Pacers, The Floridians, the Denver Rockets, and the San Diego Conquistadors. While playing for the Rockets in 1973, he was named the All-Star Game MVP and was named to the All-ABA First Team after averaging 17.0 points, 6.6 assists, and 5.2 rebounds. Knee problems would soon limit his effectiveness, however, and he retired in 1975, having achieved career averages of 17.1 points, 5.3 assists, and 6.7 rebounds.Warren Jabali died on July 13, 2012. | [
"Wichita State Shockers men's basketball",
"Indiana Pacers",
"Miami Floridians",
"Virginia Squires",
"San Diego Sails"
] | |
Which team did Warren Jabali play for in Nov, 1974? | November 13, 1974 | {
"text": [
"San Diego Sails"
]
} | L2_Q1608950_P54_5 | Warren Jabali plays for Wichita State Shockers men's basketball from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1968.
Warren Jabali plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Warren Jabali plays for Indiana Pacers from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1971.
Warren Jabali plays for San Diego Sails from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1975.
Warren Jabali plays for Virginia Squires from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1970.
Warren Jabali plays for Miami Floridians from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972. | Warren JabaliWarren Jabali (August 29, 1946 – July 13, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played professionally in the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1968 to 1975.Born Warren Edward Armstrong, Jabali changed his name while attending Wichita State University to reflect his African roots. The name does not have any religious connotations as it is a Swahili word for "rock." A skilled defender and rebounder and a remarkable leaper, the 6'2" Jabali was reported to be able to touch a ten-foot high basketball rim with his forehead. Although Wichita State, and the Missouri Valley Conference in general, supplied many pro players of the era, he did not receive much attention from the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was drafted by the New York Knicks in the 4th round (8th pick, 44th overall) of the 1968 NBA draft; he signed instead with the Oakland Oaks of the rival ABA, who selected him in the 1968 ABA Draft.In his first season in the ABA, he won Rookie of the Year honors, prompting teammate Rick Barry to comment, "No doubt he's one of the best guards I've ever played with—or against". Later that season, Jabali averaged 33.2 points against the Indiana Pacers in the 1969 ABA Finals and was named Playoffs MVP.As one of the most physically gifted guards in the American Basketball Association, Warren Jabali muscled his way through seven straight seasons of double-digit scoring, including 1968–69, when his average of 21.5 points per game earned him ABA Rookie of the Year honors. That season Jabali's efforts helped bring an ABA Championship to the Oakland Oaks, a team that also featured Rick Barry, Larry Brown, and Doug Moe.Jabali became an instant star after coming into the league from Wichita State University. Although Barry, the Oaks' biggest attraction, won the league scoring title in 1968–69, he was only able to play in 35 games because of a severe knee ligament injury. It was Jabali, an immediate starter, who gave Coach Alex Hannum the extra scoring punch needed in Barry's absence.With Jabali aboard and Barry helping for part of the season, the Oaks recorded a stunning 38-game turnaround to post a league-best 60-18 record. In the playoffs, they went 12-4 on the way to claiming the ABA Championship. A year later at midseason, with the team playing as the Washington Caps, an injury sidelined Jabali. Hurt shortly after playing in his first of four ABA All-Star Games, he was carrying an average of 22.8 points per game at the time.Jabali made a comeback, although his final five years were spent with four teams. In his first season back, 1970–71, he was traded from the Kentucky Colonels to the Indiana Pacers on October 13, 1970, in exchange for a first-round draft choice and cash. Jabali saw action in 62 games with the Pacers. It was with the Pacers that Jabali started pulling the trigger from three-point land; he did it 163 times that year, making 47 treys.He had a big year with the Florida Floridians the following season, averaging 19.9 points and hitting 102 of his 286 three-point attempts, among the most in the league. When the Miami-based franchise folded, Jabali moved to the Denver Rockets (later the Denver Nuggets). During his first campaign with the Rockets, Jabali's 16-point effort in the 1973 ABA All-Star Game keyed the West's come-from-behind victory and earned him Most Valuable Player honors. That game is often referred to as the Jabali's Jamboree.After one more season in Denver and another with the San Diego Conquistadors, Jabali retired in 1975, at age 28.In his seven-year professional career, Jabali played for the Oakland Oaks, Washington Capitals, the Indiana Pacers, The Floridians, the Denver Rockets, and the San Diego Conquistadors. While playing for the Rockets in 1973, he was named the All-Star Game MVP and was named to the All-ABA First Team after averaging 17.0 points, 6.6 assists, and 5.2 rebounds. Knee problems would soon limit his effectiveness, however, and he retired in 1975, having achieved career averages of 17.1 points, 5.3 assists, and 6.7 rebounds.Warren Jabali died on July 13, 2012. | [
"Denver Nuggets",
"Wichita State Shockers men's basketball",
"Indiana Pacers",
"Miami Floridians",
"Virginia Squires"
] | |
Which employer did Ian Murdock work for in Jun, 2009? | June 01, 2009 | {
"text": [
"Sun Microsystems"
]
} | L2_Q92761_P108_0 | Ian Murdock works for Docker, Inc. from Nov, 2015 to Dec, 2015.
Ian Murdock works for Salesforce Marketing Cloud from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2015.
Ian Murdock works for Sun Microsystems from Mar, 2007 to Feb, 2010. | Ian MurdockIan Ashley Murdock (April28, 1973 December 28, 2015) was an American software engineer, known for being the founder of the Debian project and Progeny Linux Systems, a commercial Linux company.Although Murdock's parents were both from Southern Indiana, he was born in Konstanz, West Germany, on April 28, 1973, where his father was pursuing postdoctoralresearch. The family returned to the United States in 1975, and Murdock grew up in Lafayette, Indiana, beginning in 1977 when his father became a professor of entomology at Purdue University. Murdock graduated from Harrison High School in 1991, and then earned his bachelor's degree in computer science from Purdue in 1996.While a college student, Murdock founded the Debian project in August 1993, and wrote the Debian Manifesto in January 1994. Murdock conceived Debian as a Linux distribution that embraced open design, contributions, and support from the free software community. He named Debian after his then-girlfriend (later wife) Debra Lynn, and himself. They later married, had three children, and divorced in January 2008.In January 2006, Murdock was appointed Chief Technology Officer of the Free Standards Group and elected chair of the Linux Standard Base workgroup. He continued as CTO of the Linux Foundation when the group was formed from the merger of the Free Standards Group and Open Source Development Labs.Murdock left the Linux Foundation to join Sun Microsystems in March 2007 to lead Project Indiana, which he described as "taking the lesson that Linux has brought to the operating system and providing that for Solaris", making a full OpenSolaris distribution with GNOME and userland tools from GNU plus a network-based package management system. From March 2007 to February 2010, he was Vice President of Emerging Platforms at Sun, until the company merged with Oracle and he resigned his position with the company.From 2011 until 2015 Murdock was Vice President of Platform and Developer Community at Salesforce Marketing Cloud, based in Indianapolis.From November 2015 until his death Murdock was working for Docker, Inc.Murdock died on December 28, 2015 in San Francisco. Though initially no cause of death was released, in July 2016 it was announced his death had been ruled a suicide. The police confirmed that the cause of death was due to asphyxiation caused by hanging himself with a vacuum cleaner electrical cord.The last tweets from Murdock's Twitter account first announced that he would commit suicide, then said he would not. He reported having been accused of assault on a police officer after having been himself assaulted and sexually humiliated by the police, then declared an intent to devote his life to opposing police abuse. His Twitter account was taken down shortly afterwards.The San Francisco police confirmed he was detained, saying he matched the description in a reported attempted break-in and that he appeared to be drunk. The police stated that he became violent and was ultimately taken to jail on suspicion of four misdemeanor counts. They added that he did not appear to be suicidal and was medically examined prior to release. Later, police returned on reports of a possible suicide. The city medical examiner's office confirmed Murdock was found dead. | [
"Docker, Inc.",
"Salesforce Marketing Cloud"
] | |
Which employer did Ian Murdock work for in Mar, 2013? | March 08, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Salesforce Marketing Cloud"
]
} | L2_Q92761_P108_1 | Ian Murdock works for Sun Microsystems from Mar, 2007 to Feb, 2010.
Ian Murdock works for Salesforce Marketing Cloud from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2015.
Ian Murdock works for Docker, Inc. from Nov, 2015 to Dec, 2015. | Ian MurdockIan Ashley Murdock (April28, 1973 December 28, 2015) was an American software engineer, known for being the founder of the Debian project and Progeny Linux Systems, a commercial Linux company.Although Murdock's parents were both from Southern Indiana, he was born in Konstanz, West Germany, on April 28, 1973, where his father was pursuing postdoctoralresearch. The family returned to the United States in 1975, and Murdock grew up in Lafayette, Indiana, beginning in 1977 when his father became a professor of entomology at Purdue University. Murdock graduated from Harrison High School in 1991, and then earned his bachelor's degree in computer science from Purdue in 1996.While a college student, Murdock founded the Debian project in August 1993, and wrote the Debian Manifesto in January 1994. Murdock conceived Debian as a Linux distribution that embraced open design, contributions, and support from the free software community. He named Debian after his then-girlfriend (later wife) Debra Lynn, and himself. They later married, had three children, and divorced in January 2008.In January 2006, Murdock was appointed Chief Technology Officer of the Free Standards Group and elected chair of the Linux Standard Base workgroup. He continued as CTO of the Linux Foundation when the group was formed from the merger of the Free Standards Group and Open Source Development Labs.Murdock left the Linux Foundation to join Sun Microsystems in March 2007 to lead Project Indiana, which he described as "taking the lesson that Linux has brought to the operating system and providing that for Solaris", making a full OpenSolaris distribution with GNOME and userland tools from GNU plus a network-based package management system. From March 2007 to February 2010, he was Vice President of Emerging Platforms at Sun, until the company merged with Oracle and he resigned his position with the company.From 2011 until 2015 Murdock was Vice President of Platform and Developer Community at Salesforce Marketing Cloud, based in Indianapolis.From November 2015 until his death Murdock was working for Docker, Inc.Murdock died on December 28, 2015 in San Francisco. Though initially no cause of death was released, in July 2016 it was announced his death had been ruled a suicide. The police confirmed that the cause of death was due to asphyxiation caused by hanging himself with a vacuum cleaner electrical cord.The last tweets from Murdock's Twitter account first announced that he would commit suicide, then said he would not. He reported having been accused of assault on a police officer after having been himself assaulted and sexually humiliated by the police, then declared an intent to devote his life to opposing police abuse. His Twitter account was taken down shortly afterwards.The San Francisco police confirmed he was detained, saying he matched the description in a reported attempted break-in and that he appeared to be drunk. The police stated that he became violent and was ultimately taken to jail on suspicion of four misdemeanor counts. They added that he did not appear to be suicidal and was medically examined prior to release. Later, police returned on reports of a possible suicide. The city medical examiner's office confirmed Murdock was found dead. | [
"Docker, Inc.",
"Sun Microsystems"
] | |
Which employer did Ian Murdock work for in Nov, 2015? | November 24, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Docker, Inc."
]
} | L2_Q92761_P108_2 | Ian Murdock works for Docker, Inc. from Nov, 2015 to Dec, 2015.
Ian Murdock works for Sun Microsystems from Mar, 2007 to Feb, 2010.
Ian Murdock works for Salesforce Marketing Cloud from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2015. | Ian MurdockIan Ashley Murdock (April28, 1973 December 28, 2015) was an American software engineer, known for being the founder of the Debian project and Progeny Linux Systems, a commercial Linux company.Although Murdock's parents were both from Southern Indiana, he was born in Konstanz, West Germany, on April 28, 1973, where his father was pursuing postdoctoralresearch. The family returned to the United States in 1975, and Murdock grew up in Lafayette, Indiana, beginning in 1977 when his father became a professor of entomology at Purdue University. Murdock graduated from Harrison High School in 1991, and then earned his bachelor's degree in computer science from Purdue in 1996.While a college student, Murdock founded the Debian project in August 1993, and wrote the Debian Manifesto in January 1994. Murdock conceived Debian as a Linux distribution that embraced open design, contributions, and support from the free software community. He named Debian after his then-girlfriend (later wife) Debra Lynn, and himself. They later married, had three children, and divorced in January 2008.In January 2006, Murdock was appointed Chief Technology Officer of the Free Standards Group and elected chair of the Linux Standard Base workgroup. He continued as CTO of the Linux Foundation when the group was formed from the merger of the Free Standards Group and Open Source Development Labs.Murdock left the Linux Foundation to join Sun Microsystems in March 2007 to lead Project Indiana, which he described as "taking the lesson that Linux has brought to the operating system and providing that for Solaris", making a full OpenSolaris distribution with GNOME and userland tools from GNU plus a network-based package management system. From March 2007 to February 2010, he was Vice President of Emerging Platforms at Sun, until the company merged with Oracle and he resigned his position with the company.From 2011 until 2015 Murdock was Vice President of Platform and Developer Community at Salesforce Marketing Cloud, based in Indianapolis.From November 2015 until his death Murdock was working for Docker, Inc.Murdock died on December 28, 2015 in San Francisco. Though initially no cause of death was released, in July 2016 it was announced his death had been ruled a suicide. The police confirmed that the cause of death was due to asphyxiation caused by hanging himself with a vacuum cleaner electrical cord.The last tweets from Murdock's Twitter account first announced that he would commit suicide, then said he would not. He reported having been accused of assault on a police officer after having been himself assaulted and sexually humiliated by the police, then declared an intent to devote his life to opposing police abuse. His Twitter account was taken down shortly afterwards.The San Francisco police confirmed he was detained, saying he matched the description in a reported attempted break-in and that he appeared to be drunk. The police stated that he became violent and was ultimately taken to jail on suspicion of four misdemeanor counts. They added that he did not appear to be suicidal and was medically examined prior to release. Later, police returned on reports of a possible suicide. The city medical examiner's office confirmed Murdock was found dead. | [
"Sun Microsystems",
"Salesforce Marketing Cloud"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Sep, 1918? | September 15, 1918 | {
"text": [
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_0 | José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Jan, 2000? | January 31, 2000 | {
"text": [
"Aggelos Anastasiadis"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_1 | Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Jul, 2002? | July 05, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Fernando Santos"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_2 | Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Nov, 2003? | November 25, 2003 | {
"text": [
"Itzhak Shum",
"Sergio Markarián"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_3 | Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
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Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Sep, 2003? | September 30, 2003 | {
"text": [
"Itzhak Shum",
"Sergio Markarián"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_4 | Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
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"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Nov, 2004? | November 24, 2004 | {
"text": [
"Zdeněk Ščasný"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_5 | Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Aug, 2005? | August 09, 2005 | {
"text": [
"Alberto Malesani"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_6 | Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Sep, 2006? | September 26, 2006 | {
"text": [
"Jasminko Velić"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_7 | Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Mar, 2007? | March 09, 2007 | {
"text": [
"Víctor Muñoz"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_8 | Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Sep, 2007? | September 08, 2007 | {
"text": [
"José Peseiro"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_9 | Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Oct, 2009? | October 17, 2009 | {
"text": [
"Henk ten Cate"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_10 | Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Jun, 2010? | June 15, 2010 | {
"text": [
"Nikos Nioplias"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_11 | Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Jan, 2011? | January 31, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Jesualdo Ferreira"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_12 | José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Nov, 2012? | November 24, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Jesualdo Ferreira"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_13 | Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis",
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Jan, 2013? | January 11, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Fabriciano González",
"Juan Ramón Rocha"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_14 | Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
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Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in May, 2013? | May 14, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_15 | Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
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] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Oct, 2014? | October 11, 2014 | {
"text": [
"Yannis Anastasiou"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_16 | Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Dec, 2017? | December 28, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Marinos Ouzounidis"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_17 | Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Jan, 2020? | January 19, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Giorgos Donis"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_18 | Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
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Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Sep, 2020? | September 18, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Dani Poyatos"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_19 | Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
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"Yannis Vonortas",
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"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Oct, 2020? | October 17, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"László Bölöni",
"Dani Poyatos"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_20 | Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Giorgos Kalafatis",
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"Yannis Anastasiou",
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"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
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"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Giorgos Kalafatis",
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"László Bölöni",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
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Who was the head coach of the team Panathinaikos F.C. in Jan, 2021? | January 24, 2021 | {
"text": [
"László Bölöni"
]
} | L2_Q4122219_P286_21 | Sotiris Silaidopoulos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from May, 2013 to Nov, 2015.
László Bölöni is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2020 to May, 2021.
Itzhak Shum is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2003 to Oct, 2004.
Dani Poyatos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Jasminko Velić is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Sep, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Marinos Ouzounidis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2016 to May, 2018.
Víctor Muñoz is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2006 to May, 2007.
Henk ten Cate is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to Dec, 2009.
Zdeněk Ščasný is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2005.
Aggelos Anastasiadis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Feb, 2001.
Fernando Santos is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2002.
Sergio Markarián is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Oct, 2002 to Jun, 2004.
Nikos Nioplias is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Dec, 2009 to Nov, 2010.
Jesualdo Ferreira is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2010 to Nov, 2012.
Fabriciano González is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
José Peseiro is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jun, 2007 to May, 2008.
Alberto Malesani is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Feb, 2005 to May, 2006.
Giorgos Donis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jul, 2018 to Jul, 2020.
Yannis Vonortas is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Mar, 2013 to May, 2013.
Juan Ramón Rocha is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Giorgos Kalafatis is the head coach of Panathinaikos F.C. from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1923. | Panathinaikos F.C.Panathinaikos Football Club ( ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (; "Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos", "All-Athenian Athletic Club"), is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens, Greece.Created in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens") by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in the Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 18 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season.Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions. It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup (later renamed UEFA Champions League) final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. Panathinaikos is a member of the European Club Association.Since the 1950s, the club maintains some of the oldest and most successful academies in Greece, producing talent for the first team and feeding the Greek national football team. They have played their home games in the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.According to researches and polls, Panathinaikos is one of the most popular football teams in Greece.They hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the eternal enemies."According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" ("Football Club of Athens"). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 "Leoforos" ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), ""All-Athenian Athletic Club"", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this "Belle Époque" period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.During the last amateur years of Greek football, the "Trifolium" won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazilian national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year-and-a-half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarian, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht.During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans. On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great year in 2018-1019, mainly depending on young players from Panathinaikos' academy, including Giannis Mpouzoukis, Tasos Xatzigiovannis and Achilleas Poungouras. He had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a ver good season go.Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni.White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as "Leoforos" (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greek national team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.Panathinaikos left "Leoforos" in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The "Leoforos" ground was due for demolition.On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2020 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area to be completed by 2024.Paiania has been the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981. That same year, the Academy of the club was reorganized, becoming one of the best in the country and feeding the first team with notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos and Sotiris Ninis among others, key members of the Greek national team. In 2013, was decided the move of the club from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the team. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became a new training ground and Academy base of Panathinaikos.Until 1979, football in Greece was still in amateur level. The team, such as the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members, while the president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, the Greek football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% (as before) and the new shareholders 34%. Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos were the main investors, plus other minor shareholders. Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president.In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, the direction decided to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance through elections compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.Panathinaikos currently is partially supporter-owned football club.According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team.Current sponsorships:Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% to 9% and the difference in front of the third to be fluctuated between 17% to 21% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also popular among the middle and lower classes.Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in 1985–86) in the history of Greek football.The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus.Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.They share a traditional friendship with Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.Key: R32 = Round of 32, R16 = Round of 16, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals, RU = Runners up, C = Champions.Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.One-Club playersUefa Champions LeagueUEFA Cup1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greek national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greek national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias (he did not play in any match).Official websitesNews sitesMedia | [
"Fabriciano González",
"Yannis Anastasiou",
"Yannis Vonortas",
"Henk ten Cate",
"José Peseiro",
"Víctor Muñoz",
"Sergio Markarián",
"Alberto Malesani",
"Marinos Ouzounidis",
"Jasminko Velić",
"Juan Ramón Rocha",
"Itzhak Shum",
"Zdeněk Ščasný",
"Giorgos Donis",
"Dani Poyatos",
"Aggelos Anastasiadis",
"Fernando Santos",
"Nikos Nioplias",
"Jesualdo Ferreira",
"Sotiris Silaidopoulos",
"Giorgos Kalafatis"
] | |
Who was the owner of Primrose Hill Tunnel in Jan, 1839? | January 22, 1839 | {
"text": [
"London and Birmingham Railway"
]
} | L2_Q27082177_P127_0 | Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by British Rail from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1994.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and Birmingham Railway from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1846.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and North Western Railway from Jan, 1846 to Jan, 1923.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Network Rail from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Railtrack from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2002.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London, Midland and Scottish Railway from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1948. | Primrose Hill TunnelPrimrose Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line, approximately from . It is located in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden, just north of Primrose Hill park and consists of two bores: the slow line to the northern side, driven through the London clay by the engineer Robert Stephenson for the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838, and the fast line to its south, added by the London and North Western Railway in 1879. The original tunnel's Italianate portals were designed by William H Budden and later replicated for the fast line. The western portals have been listed at Grade II and the eastern at Grade II* since 1974.As the first railway tunnel in London, Historic England considers it to be of special historic interest, as well as because "it was the first nationally to negotiate the issue of competing claims for the use of land in an urban context; and the first tunnel to treat one of its portals architecturally".Primrose Hill Tunnel's environmental context has transformed substantially, now obscured by fences, buildings and vegetation, yet the structures remain almost unchanged from when first built, aside from the duplication from single to twin portals. The eastern portals are grand and heavy, built of Portland stone and London stock brick. The arches of the tunnel mouths have concave surrounds of rusticated voussoirs, and are topped with a projecting cornice with carved lion masks. Surrounding the portals are large stone piers topped with bracketed hipped capitals, and curved flanking wing walls divided into brick-filled panels by stone pillars with semicircular pediments. The eastern portals evoke the style of Italianate villas, bringing, as owner Eton College hoped, a certain dramatic grace to Primrose Hill.The tunnel portals at the western end are humble in relation to the eastern ones. They are hard to see other than from the bridge carrying the Chiltern Main Line from , which was inserted across the LNWR line by the Great Central Railway in 1899, obscuring the western portals. Their arches are round with coved reveals of rusticated voussoirs and keystones crowned by a dentilled cornice, and large stone flanking piers on vermiculated stone pedestals.Two airshafts remain to ventilate the tunnels: one at the midpoint of the 1838 tunnel in the Marriott Hotel's car park, and a brick shaft for the 1879 tunnel in the back garden of 10 Wadham Gardens.Construction of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) began in 1833, one of the first inter-city lines after the success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Choosing a route to Birmingham Curzon Street out of was its chief engineer Robert Stephenson, who needed to pass through South Hampstead, a rural area which was starting to be developed concurrently with the railway's arrival. Though the topography of the land, known as the Chalcots Estate, did not strictly require a tunnel, it was constructed at the insistence of the landowner, Eton College. Negotiations began in 1831 between the L&BR and Eton, which firstly opposed the railway cutting, principally for the reason that it would reduce the value of land and leases on the route. Though the L&BR was able to persuade Eton that the railway would be quiet and carefully fenced, it agreed to place the line in a tunnel to prevent further obstruction.For the 1833 Act of Parliament which authorised the railway, Eton was able to require certain conditions regarding the tunnel's engineering and appearance, including that it must be strong enough to erect buildings on top of, and therefore be bored rather than use cut-and-cover (the fact that a tunnel would preserve valuable building land being its main advantage); the other main stipulation was that "the mouth of the tunnel at the eastern end shall be made good and finished with a substantial and ornamental facing of brickwork or masonry to the satisfaction of the Provost and College." This resulted in a grand eastern portal costing £7,000 (), sympathetic to the upmarket development planned for the Chalcots Estate, and is the reason for the less spectacular western portal.Both east and west portals were designed by William H Budden, an assistant engineer to Stephenson, who is unknown for any other works. The prestige of this commission for a non-established architect is unusual; the classical architect Philip Hardwick was the L&BR's company architect and designed the nearby terminus at Euston.The contract for the section of line including Primrose Hill was let on 21 April 1834 for £120,000 (). Excavation of Primrose Hill Tunnel began that year by the contractors Jackson and Sheddon, using four vertical shafts to access working faces, with the cut-and-cover method used for about at each end of the tunnel.The tunnelling was fraught with difficulties, arising from nature of the London clay through which it was being driven. Although bringing the advantage of being impermeable and keeping the work free from water, it is a tough material and was difficult to remove with the existing technology of spades, pickaxes and blasting, instead requiring crosscut saws and hatchets and increasing the expense, but the pressure of the clay also caused it to expand upon excavation and exposure to the atmosphere, necessitating additional unusual measures. Firstly, an extra-thick brick lining of was installed as the contractors went along, to hold back the pressure, and very strong timbering was needed to support the arches until a brickwork section was complete to prevent collapses. Also, excavation was not allowed to advance more than about beyond the completed lining.Another problem due to the expansivity of the moist clay was that it would force the mortar from between the joints of the brick lining, leading to shrinkage of the tunnel's dimension as the bricks came into contact and broke under the pressure. For a short period, Stephenson was apprehensive that stress could cause the brickwork to cave in altogether, as it made small fragments fly off the facing and coat his clothing while he inspected the work. The solution was found in using very hard paver bricks in place of hollow London stock brick, and in the substitution of lime mortar with Roman cement, which would harden before the pressure became great enough to force the bricks into contact.Jackson and Sheddon, the contractors, had become bankrupt in late 1834, leaving the railway company obliged to assume responsibility for the work. Robert Stephenson, as chief engineer, appointed John Birkinshaw, an assistant engineer, to take over supervision of the contractors' section, including the tunnel.In 1835, before it was completed, the tunnel received a special visit from a party of doctors for the L&BR to obtain their professional opinions on the "effect of such a tunnel on the health and feelings", due to the unease felt by prospective travellers in their ignorance regarding railway tunnels, of which Primrose Hill was the first in London. All four doctors, whom included William Lawrence, John Ayrton Paris and Thomas Watson, signed their names to confirm that even with a locomotive letting off steam, the tunnel remained unaffected, dry and at an agreeable temperature. They also traversed it in a carriage and found it no different to travelling in a coach down a narrow street at night and with no noise to prevent easy conversation. In fact, they were firm that the dangers of passing through well-constructed tunnels were no greater than those of travelling on an open railway, and the company used this to set the public's mind at rest.Completion of the tunnel was delayed by poor weather in addition to the engineering problems related to the London clay. By January 1837, Primrose Hill Tunnel was eventually completed, with the section of line that had originally been let at £120,000 costing more than double at £280,000 ().Being the first railway tunnel in London, Primrose Hill attracted crowds of people to watch its construction, and watch the trains operating through it once opened. Contemporary prints show the embankment by the eastern portal with crowds of sightseers. The sides of the cuttings at each end were open and unobscured, allowing views down to the portals. Development of houses on King Henry's Road soon hemmed it in and prevented this popular public attraction.By 1852 the London and North Western Railway, which had amalgamated from the L&BR, was experiencing rising pressure on this section of line and at Euston, and began to advocate for a second bore at Primrose Hill Tunnel to double the number of tracks. This work was ultimately carried out in 1879, with the main line becoming four-tracked between London and . The new bore, which features a sharp curve southwards and now forms the fast line for express services, was designed by the LNWR's chief engineer, William Baker, with portals which faithfully replicate the detailed decorative design of the originals, though taller due to a need to retain the rising land of Primrose Hill itself.A pair of new, separate tunnels to the north were built by the LNWR in 1912 for the Watford DC line, allowing capacity for electrified suburban commuter services. These are currently operated by London Overground and call at , just beyond the western portal.On 14 May 1974, Historic England (HE) awarded the portals at both ends the status of listed structures, in separate listings – the eastern portals at Grade II* (particularly important buildings of more than special interest), and the western portals are Grade II (special interest). HE noted that the comparison of east and west emphasises the exceptional circumstances at the eastern end of the tunnel where the Eton College Estate demanded a grand architectural set-piece. In its summary of importance, HE considers the eastern portal to be of more than special architectural interest for its proud, classical elevation which is indicative of the upmarket development the College hoped to undertake nearby; and that there are similarities in design with Brunel's portals to the Box Tunnel in the use of ashlar to imply strength, the classical features such as the treatment of the cornices and rusticated quoins, and the employment of quadrant arches to convey the sense of a grand entrance. | [
"Network Rail",
"Railtrack",
"London, Midland and Scottish Railway",
"London and North Western Railway",
"British Rail"
] | |
Who was the owner of Primrose Hill Tunnel in Apr, 1874? | April 05, 1874 | {
"text": [
"London and North Western Railway"
]
} | L2_Q27082177_P127_1 | Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London, Midland and Scottish Railway from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1948.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Railtrack from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2002.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and North Western Railway from Jan, 1846 to Jan, 1923.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and Birmingham Railway from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1846.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Network Rail from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by British Rail from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1994. | Primrose Hill TunnelPrimrose Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line, approximately from . It is located in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden, just north of Primrose Hill park and consists of two bores: the slow line to the northern side, driven through the London clay by the engineer Robert Stephenson for the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838, and the fast line to its south, added by the London and North Western Railway in 1879. The original tunnel's Italianate portals were designed by William H Budden and later replicated for the fast line. The western portals have been listed at Grade II and the eastern at Grade II* since 1974.As the first railway tunnel in London, Historic England considers it to be of special historic interest, as well as because "it was the first nationally to negotiate the issue of competing claims for the use of land in an urban context; and the first tunnel to treat one of its portals architecturally".Primrose Hill Tunnel's environmental context has transformed substantially, now obscured by fences, buildings and vegetation, yet the structures remain almost unchanged from when first built, aside from the duplication from single to twin portals. The eastern portals are grand and heavy, built of Portland stone and London stock brick. The arches of the tunnel mouths have concave surrounds of rusticated voussoirs, and are topped with a projecting cornice with carved lion masks. Surrounding the portals are large stone piers topped with bracketed hipped capitals, and curved flanking wing walls divided into brick-filled panels by stone pillars with semicircular pediments. The eastern portals evoke the style of Italianate villas, bringing, as owner Eton College hoped, a certain dramatic grace to Primrose Hill.The tunnel portals at the western end are humble in relation to the eastern ones. They are hard to see other than from the bridge carrying the Chiltern Main Line from , which was inserted across the LNWR line by the Great Central Railway in 1899, obscuring the western portals. Their arches are round with coved reveals of rusticated voussoirs and keystones crowned by a dentilled cornice, and large stone flanking piers on vermiculated stone pedestals.Two airshafts remain to ventilate the tunnels: one at the midpoint of the 1838 tunnel in the Marriott Hotel's car park, and a brick shaft for the 1879 tunnel in the back garden of 10 Wadham Gardens.Construction of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) began in 1833, one of the first inter-city lines after the success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Choosing a route to Birmingham Curzon Street out of was its chief engineer Robert Stephenson, who needed to pass through South Hampstead, a rural area which was starting to be developed concurrently with the railway's arrival. Though the topography of the land, known as the Chalcots Estate, did not strictly require a tunnel, it was constructed at the insistence of the landowner, Eton College. Negotiations began in 1831 between the L&BR and Eton, which firstly opposed the railway cutting, principally for the reason that it would reduce the value of land and leases on the route. Though the L&BR was able to persuade Eton that the railway would be quiet and carefully fenced, it agreed to place the line in a tunnel to prevent further obstruction.For the 1833 Act of Parliament which authorised the railway, Eton was able to require certain conditions regarding the tunnel's engineering and appearance, including that it must be strong enough to erect buildings on top of, and therefore be bored rather than use cut-and-cover (the fact that a tunnel would preserve valuable building land being its main advantage); the other main stipulation was that "the mouth of the tunnel at the eastern end shall be made good and finished with a substantial and ornamental facing of brickwork or masonry to the satisfaction of the Provost and College." This resulted in a grand eastern portal costing £7,000 (), sympathetic to the upmarket development planned for the Chalcots Estate, and is the reason for the less spectacular western portal.Both east and west portals were designed by William H Budden, an assistant engineer to Stephenson, who is unknown for any other works. The prestige of this commission for a non-established architect is unusual; the classical architect Philip Hardwick was the L&BR's company architect and designed the nearby terminus at Euston.The contract for the section of line including Primrose Hill was let on 21 April 1834 for £120,000 (). Excavation of Primrose Hill Tunnel began that year by the contractors Jackson and Sheddon, using four vertical shafts to access working faces, with the cut-and-cover method used for about at each end of the tunnel.The tunnelling was fraught with difficulties, arising from nature of the London clay through which it was being driven. Although bringing the advantage of being impermeable and keeping the work free from water, it is a tough material and was difficult to remove with the existing technology of spades, pickaxes and blasting, instead requiring crosscut saws and hatchets and increasing the expense, but the pressure of the clay also caused it to expand upon excavation and exposure to the atmosphere, necessitating additional unusual measures. Firstly, an extra-thick brick lining of was installed as the contractors went along, to hold back the pressure, and very strong timbering was needed to support the arches until a brickwork section was complete to prevent collapses. Also, excavation was not allowed to advance more than about beyond the completed lining.Another problem due to the expansivity of the moist clay was that it would force the mortar from between the joints of the brick lining, leading to shrinkage of the tunnel's dimension as the bricks came into contact and broke under the pressure. For a short period, Stephenson was apprehensive that stress could cause the brickwork to cave in altogether, as it made small fragments fly off the facing and coat his clothing while he inspected the work. The solution was found in using very hard paver bricks in place of hollow London stock brick, and in the substitution of lime mortar with Roman cement, which would harden before the pressure became great enough to force the bricks into contact.Jackson and Sheddon, the contractors, had become bankrupt in late 1834, leaving the railway company obliged to assume responsibility for the work. Robert Stephenson, as chief engineer, appointed John Birkinshaw, an assistant engineer, to take over supervision of the contractors' section, including the tunnel.In 1835, before it was completed, the tunnel received a special visit from a party of doctors for the L&BR to obtain their professional opinions on the "effect of such a tunnel on the health and feelings", due to the unease felt by prospective travellers in their ignorance regarding railway tunnels, of which Primrose Hill was the first in London. All four doctors, whom included William Lawrence, John Ayrton Paris and Thomas Watson, signed their names to confirm that even with a locomotive letting off steam, the tunnel remained unaffected, dry and at an agreeable temperature. They also traversed it in a carriage and found it no different to travelling in a coach down a narrow street at night and with no noise to prevent easy conversation. In fact, they were firm that the dangers of passing through well-constructed tunnels were no greater than those of travelling on an open railway, and the company used this to set the public's mind at rest.Completion of the tunnel was delayed by poor weather in addition to the engineering problems related to the London clay. By January 1837, Primrose Hill Tunnel was eventually completed, with the section of line that had originally been let at £120,000 costing more than double at £280,000 ().Being the first railway tunnel in London, Primrose Hill attracted crowds of people to watch its construction, and watch the trains operating through it once opened. Contemporary prints show the embankment by the eastern portal with crowds of sightseers. The sides of the cuttings at each end were open and unobscured, allowing views down to the portals. Development of houses on King Henry's Road soon hemmed it in and prevented this popular public attraction.By 1852 the London and North Western Railway, which had amalgamated from the L&BR, was experiencing rising pressure on this section of line and at Euston, and began to advocate for a second bore at Primrose Hill Tunnel to double the number of tracks. This work was ultimately carried out in 1879, with the main line becoming four-tracked between London and . The new bore, which features a sharp curve southwards and now forms the fast line for express services, was designed by the LNWR's chief engineer, William Baker, with portals which faithfully replicate the detailed decorative design of the originals, though taller due to a need to retain the rising land of Primrose Hill itself.A pair of new, separate tunnels to the north were built by the LNWR in 1912 for the Watford DC line, allowing capacity for electrified suburban commuter services. These are currently operated by London Overground and call at , just beyond the western portal.On 14 May 1974, Historic England (HE) awarded the portals at both ends the status of listed structures, in separate listings – the eastern portals at Grade II* (particularly important buildings of more than special interest), and the western portals are Grade II (special interest). HE noted that the comparison of east and west emphasises the exceptional circumstances at the eastern end of the tunnel where the Eton College Estate demanded a grand architectural set-piece. In its summary of importance, HE considers the eastern portal to be of more than special architectural interest for its proud, classical elevation which is indicative of the upmarket development the College hoped to undertake nearby; and that there are similarities in design with Brunel's portals to the Box Tunnel in the use of ashlar to imply strength, the classical features such as the treatment of the cornices and rusticated quoins, and the employment of quadrant arches to convey the sense of a grand entrance. | [
"Network Rail",
"Railtrack",
"London and Birmingham Railway",
"London, Midland and Scottish Railway",
"British Rail"
] | |
Who was the owner of Primrose Hill Tunnel in Dec, 1929? | December 30, 1929 | {
"text": [
"London, Midland and Scottish Railway"
]
} | L2_Q27082177_P127_2 | Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by British Rail from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1994.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Network Rail from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and Birmingham Railway from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1846.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Railtrack from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2002.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London, Midland and Scottish Railway from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1948.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and North Western Railway from Jan, 1846 to Jan, 1923. | Primrose Hill TunnelPrimrose Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line, approximately from . It is located in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden, just north of Primrose Hill park and consists of two bores: the slow line to the northern side, driven through the London clay by the engineer Robert Stephenson for the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838, and the fast line to its south, added by the London and North Western Railway in 1879. The original tunnel's Italianate portals were designed by William H Budden and later replicated for the fast line. The western portals have been listed at Grade II and the eastern at Grade II* since 1974.As the first railway tunnel in London, Historic England considers it to be of special historic interest, as well as because "it was the first nationally to negotiate the issue of competing claims for the use of land in an urban context; and the first tunnel to treat one of its portals architecturally".Primrose Hill Tunnel's environmental context has transformed substantially, now obscured by fences, buildings and vegetation, yet the structures remain almost unchanged from when first built, aside from the duplication from single to twin portals. The eastern portals are grand and heavy, built of Portland stone and London stock brick. The arches of the tunnel mouths have concave surrounds of rusticated voussoirs, and are topped with a projecting cornice with carved lion masks. Surrounding the portals are large stone piers topped with bracketed hipped capitals, and curved flanking wing walls divided into brick-filled panels by stone pillars with semicircular pediments. The eastern portals evoke the style of Italianate villas, bringing, as owner Eton College hoped, a certain dramatic grace to Primrose Hill.The tunnel portals at the western end are humble in relation to the eastern ones. They are hard to see other than from the bridge carrying the Chiltern Main Line from , which was inserted across the LNWR line by the Great Central Railway in 1899, obscuring the western portals. Their arches are round with coved reveals of rusticated voussoirs and keystones crowned by a dentilled cornice, and large stone flanking piers on vermiculated stone pedestals.Two airshafts remain to ventilate the tunnels: one at the midpoint of the 1838 tunnel in the Marriott Hotel's car park, and a brick shaft for the 1879 tunnel in the back garden of 10 Wadham Gardens.Construction of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) began in 1833, one of the first inter-city lines after the success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Choosing a route to Birmingham Curzon Street out of was its chief engineer Robert Stephenson, who needed to pass through South Hampstead, a rural area which was starting to be developed concurrently with the railway's arrival. Though the topography of the land, known as the Chalcots Estate, did not strictly require a tunnel, it was constructed at the insistence of the landowner, Eton College. Negotiations began in 1831 between the L&BR and Eton, which firstly opposed the railway cutting, principally for the reason that it would reduce the value of land and leases on the route. Though the L&BR was able to persuade Eton that the railway would be quiet and carefully fenced, it agreed to place the line in a tunnel to prevent further obstruction.For the 1833 Act of Parliament which authorised the railway, Eton was able to require certain conditions regarding the tunnel's engineering and appearance, including that it must be strong enough to erect buildings on top of, and therefore be bored rather than use cut-and-cover (the fact that a tunnel would preserve valuable building land being its main advantage); the other main stipulation was that "the mouth of the tunnel at the eastern end shall be made good and finished with a substantial and ornamental facing of brickwork or masonry to the satisfaction of the Provost and College." This resulted in a grand eastern portal costing £7,000 (), sympathetic to the upmarket development planned for the Chalcots Estate, and is the reason for the less spectacular western portal.Both east and west portals were designed by William H Budden, an assistant engineer to Stephenson, who is unknown for any other works. The prestige of this commission for a non-established architect is unusual; the classical architect Philip Hardwick was the L&BR's company architect and designed the nearby terminus at Euston.The contract for the section of line including Primrose Hill was let on 21 April 1834 for £120,000 (). Excavation of Primrose Hill Tunnel began that year by the contractors Jackson and Sheddon, using four vertical shafts to access working faces, with the cut-and-cover method used for about at each end of the tunnel.The tunnelling was fraught with difficulties, arising from nature of the London clay through which it was being driven. Although bringing the advantage of being impermeable and keeping the work free from water, it is a tough material and was difficult to remove with the existing technology of spades, pickaxes and blasting, instead requiring crosscut saws and hatchets and increasing the expense, but the pressure of the clay also caused it to expand upon excavation and exposure to the atmosphere, necessitating additional unusual measures. Firstly, an extra-thick brick lining of was installed as the contractors went along, to hold back the pressure, and very strong timbering was needed to support the arches until a brickwork section was complete to prevent collapses. Also, excavation was not allowed to advance more than about beyond the completed lining.Another problem due to the expansivity of the moist clay was that it would force the mortar from between the joints of the brick lining, leading to shrinkage of the tunnel's dimension as the bricks came into contact and broke under the pressure. For a short period, Stephenson was apprehensive that stress could cause the brickwork to cave in altogether, as it made small fragments fly off the facing and coat his clothing while he inspected the work. The solution was found in using very hard paver bricks in place of hollow London stock brick, and in the substitution of lime mortar with Roman cement, which would harden before the pressure became great enough to force the bricks into contact.Jackson and Sheddon, the contractors, had become bankrupt in late 1834, leaving the railway company obliged to assume responsibility for the work. Robert Stephenson, as chief engineer, appointed John Birkinshaw, an assistant engineer, to take over supervision of the contractors' section, including the tunnel.In 1835, before it was completed, the tunnel received a special visit from a party of doctors for the L&BR to obtain their professional opinions on the "effect of such a tunnel on the health and feelings", due to the unease felt by prospective travellers in their ignorance regarding railway tunnels, of which Primrose Hill was the first in London. All four doctors, whom included William Lawrence, John Ayrton Paris and Thomas Watson, signed their names to confirm that even with a locomotive letting off steam, the tunnel remained unaffected, dry and at an agreeable temperature. They also traversed it in a carriage and found it no different to travelling in a coach down a narrow street at night and with no noise to prevent easy conversation. In fact, they were firm that the dangers of passing through well-constructed tunnels were no greater than those of travelling on an open railway, and the company used this to set the public's mind at rest.Completion of the tunnel was delayed by poor weather in addition to the engineering problems related to the London clay. By January 1837, Primrose Hill Tunnel was eventually completed, with the section of line that had originally been let at £120,000 costing more than double at £280,000 ().Being the first railway tunnel in London, Primrose Hill attracted crowds of people to watch its construction, and watch the trains operating through it once opened. Contemporary prints show the embankment by the eastern portal with crowds of sightseers. The sides of the cuttings at each end were open and unobscured, allowing views down to the portals. Development of houses on King Henry's Road soon hemmed it in and prevented this popular public attraction.By 1852 the London and North Western Railway, which had amalgamated from the L&BR, was experiencing rising pressure on this section of line and at Euston, and began to advocate for a second bore at Primrose Hill Tunnel to double the number of tracks. This work was ultimately carried out in 1879, with the main line becoming four-tracked between London and . The new bore, which features a sharp curve southwards and now forms the fast line for express services, was designed by the LNWR's chief engineer, William Baker, with portals which faithfully replicate the detailed decorative design of the originals, though taller due to a need to retain the rising land of Primrose Hill itself.A pair of new, separate tunnels to the north were built by the LNWR in 1912 for the Watford DC line, allowing capacity for electrified suburban commuter services. These are currently operated by London Overground and call at , just beyond the western portal.On 14 May 1974, Historic England (HE) awarded the portals at both ends the status of listed structures, in separate listings – the eastern portals at Grade II* (particularly important buildings of more than special interest), and the western portals are Grade II (special interest). HE noted that the comparison of east and west emphasises the exceptional circumstances at the eastern end of the tunnel where the Eton College Estate demanded a grand architectural set-piece. In its summary of importance, HE considers the eastern portal to be of more than special architectural interest for its proud, classical elevation which is indicative of the upmarket development the College hoped to undertake nearby; and that there are similarities in design with Brunel's portals to the Box Tunnel in the use of ashlar to imply strength, the classical features such as the treatment of the cornices and rusticated quoins, and the employment of quadrant arches to convey the sense of a grand entrance. | [
"Network Rail",
"Railtrack",
"London and Birmingham Railway",
"London and North Western Railway",
"British Rail"
] | |
Who was the owner of Primrose Hill Tunnel in Apr, 1965? | April 27, 1965 | {
"text": [
"British Rail"
]
} | L2_Q27082177_P127_3 | Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Railtrack from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2002.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London, Midland and Scottish Railway from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1948.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by British Rail from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1994.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and North Western Railway from Jan, 1846 to Jan, 1923.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and Birmingham Railway from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1846.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Network Rail from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022. | Primrose Hill TunnelPrimrose Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line, approximately from . It is located in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden, just north of Primrose Hill park and consists of two bores: the slow line to the northern side, driven through the London clay by the engineer Robert Stephenson for the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838, and the fast line to its south, added by the London and North Western Railway in 1879. The original tunnel's Italianate portals were designed by William H Budden and later replicated for the fast line. The western portals have been listed at Grade II and the eastern at Grade II* since 1974.As the first railway tunnel in London, Historic England considers it to be of special historic interest, as well as because "it was the first nationally to negotiate the issue of competing claims for the use of land in an urban context; and the first tunnel to treat one of its portals architecturally".Primrose Hill Tunnel's environmental context has transformed substantially, now obscured by fences, buildings and vegetation, yet the structures remain almost unchanged from when first built, aside from the duplication from single to twin portals. The eastern portals are grand and heavy, built of Portland stone and London stock brick. The arches of the tunnel mouths have concave surrounds of rusticated voussoirs, and are topped with a projecting cornice with carved lion masks. Surrounding the portals are large stone piers topped with bracketed hipped capitals, and curved flanking wing walls divided into brick-filled panels by stone pillars with semicircular pediments. The eastern portals evoke the style of Italianate villas, bringing, as owner Eton College hoped, a certain dramatic grace to Primrose Hill.The tunnel portals at the western end are humble in relation to the eastern ones. They are hard to see other than from the bridge carrying the Chiltern Main Line from , which was inserted across the LNWR line by the Great Central Railway in 1899, obscuring the western portals. Their arches are round with coved reveals of rusticated voussoirs and keystones crowned by a dentilled cornice, and large stone flanking piers on vermiculated stone pedestals.Two airshafts remain to ventilate the tunnels: one at the midpoint of the 1838 tunnel in the Marriott Hotel's car park, and a brick shaft for the 1879 tunnel in the back garden of 10 Wadham Gardens.Construction of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) began in 1833, one of the first inter-city lines after the success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Choosing a route to Birmingham Curzon Street out of was its chief engineer Robert Stephenson, who needed to pass through South Hampstead, a rural area which was starting to be developed concurrently with the railway's arrival. Though the topography of the land, known as the Chalcots Estate, did not strictly require a tunnel, it was constructed at the insistence of the landowner, Eton College. Negotiations began in 1831 between the L&BR and Eton, which firstly opposed the railway cutting, principally for the reason that it would reduce the value of land and leases on the route. Though the L&BR was able to persuade Eton that the railway would be quiet and carefully fenced, it agreed to place the line in a tunnel to prevent further obstruction.For the 1833 Act of Parliament which authorised the railway, Eton was able to require certain conditions regarding the tunnel's engineering and appearance, including that it must be strong enough to erect buildings on top of, and therefore be bored rather than use cut-and-cover (the fact that a tunnel would preserve valuable building land being its main advantage); the other main stipulation was that "the mouth of the tunnel at the eastern end shall be made good and finished with a substantial and ornamental facing of brickwork or masonry to the satisfaction of the Provost and College." This resulted in a grand eastern portal costing £7,000 (), sympathetic to the upmarket development planned for the Chalcots Estate, and is the reason for the less spectacular western portal.Both east and west portals were designed by William H Budden, an assistant engineer to Stephenson, who is unknown for any other works. The prestige of this commission for a non-established architect is unusual; the classical architect Philip Hardwick was the L&BR's company architect and designed the nearby terminus at Euston.The contract for the section of line including Primrose Hill was let on 21 April 1834 for £120,000 (). Excavation of Primrose Hill Tunnel began that year by the contractors Jackson and Sheddon, using four vertical shafts to access working faces, with the cut-and-cover method used for about at each end of the tunnel.The tunnelling was fraught with difficulties, arising from nature of the London clay through which it was being driven. Although bringing the advantage of being impermeable and keeping the work free from water, it is a tough material and was difficult to remove with the existing technology of spades, pickaxes and blasting, instead requiring crosscut saws and hatchets and increasing the expense, but the pressure of the clay also caused it to expand upon excavation and exposure to the atmosphere, necessitating additional unusual measures. Firstly, an extra-thick brick lining of was installed as the contractors went along, to hold back the pressure, and very strong timbering was needed to support the arches until a brickwork section was complete to prevent collapses. Also, excavation was not allowed to advance more than about beyond the completed lining.Another problem due to the expansivity of the moist clay was that it would force the mortar from between the joints of the brick lining, leading to shrinkage of the tunnel's dimension as the bricks came into contact and broke under the pressure. For a short period, Stephenson was apprehensive that stress could cause the brickwork to cave in altogether, as it made small fragments fly off the facing and coat his clothing while he inspected the work. The solution was found in using very hard paver bricks in place of hollow London stock brick, and in the substitution of lime mortar with Roman cement, which would harden before the pressure became great enough to force the bricks into contact.Jackson and Sheddon, the contractors, had become bankrupt in late 1834, leaving the railway company obliged to assume responsibility for the work. Robert Stephenson, as chief engineer, appointed John Birkinshaw, an assistant engineer, to take over supervision of the contractors' section, including the tunnel.In 1835, before it was completed, the tunnel received a special visit from a party of doctors for the L&BR to obtain their professional opinions on the "effect of such a tunnel on the health and feelings", due to the unease felt by prospective travellers in their ignorance regarding railway tunnels, of which Primrose Hill was the first in London. All four doctors, whom included William Lawrence, John Ayrton Paris and Thomas Watson, signed their names to confirm that even with a locomotive letting off steam, the tunnel remained unaffected, dry and at an agreeable temperature. They also traversed it in a carriage and found it no different to travelling in a coach down a narrow street at night and with no noise to prevent easy conversation. In fact, they were firm that the dangers of passing through well-constructed tunnels were no greater than those of travelling on an open railway, and the company used this to set the public's mind at rest.Completion of the tunnel was delayed by poor weather in addition to the engineering problems related to the London clay. By January 1837, Primrose Hill Tunnel was eventually completed, with the section of line that had originally been let at £120,000 costing more than double at £280,000 ().Being the first railway tunnel in London, Primrose Hill attracted crowds of people to watch its construction, and watch the trains operating through it once opened. Contemporary prints show the embankment by the eastern portal with crowds of sightseers. The sides of the cuttings at each end were open and unobscured, allowing views down to the portals. Development of houses on King Henry's Road soon hemmed it in and prevented this popular public attraction.By 1852 the London and North Western Railway, which had amalgamated from the L&BR, was experiencing rising pressure on this section of line and at Euston, and began to advocate for a second bore at Primrose Hill Tunnel to double the number of tracks. This work was ultimately carried out in 1879, with the main line becoming four-tracked between London and . The new bore, which features a sharp curve southwards and now forms the fast line for express services, was designed by the LNWR's chief engineer, William Baker, with portals which faithfully replicate the detailed decorative design of the originals, though taller due to a need to retain the rising land of Primrose Hill itself.A pair of new, separate tunnels to the north were built by the LNWR in 1912 for the Watford DC line, allowing capacity for electrified suburban commuter services. These are currently operated by London Overground and call at , just beyond the western portal.On 14 May 1974, Historic England (HE) awarded the portals at both ends the status of listed structures, in separate listings – the eastern portals at Grade II* (particularly important buildings of more than special interest), and the western portals are Grade II (special interest). HE noted that the comparison of east and west emphasises the exceptional circumstances at the eastern end of the tunnel where the Eton College Estate demanded a grand architectural set-piece. In its summary of importance, HE considers the eastern portal to be of more than special architectural interest for its proud, classical elevation which is indicative of the upmarket development the College hoped to undertake nearby; and that there are similarities in design with Brunel's portals to the Box Tunnel in the use of ashlar to imply strength, the classical features such as the treatment of the cornices and rusticated quoins, and the employment of quadrant arches to convey the sense of a grand entrance. | [
"Network Rail",
"Railtrack",
"London and Birmingham Railway",
"London, Midland and Scottish Railway",
"London and North Western Railway"
] | |
Who was the owner of Primrose Hill Tunnel in Apr, 2000? | April 20, 2000 | {
"text": [
"Railtrack"
]
} | L2_Q27082177_P127_4 | Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by British Rail from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1994.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Network Rail from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Railtrack from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2002.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and North Western Railway from Jan, 1846 to Jan, 1923.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London, Midland and Scottish Railway from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1948.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and Birmingham Railway from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1846. | Primrose Hill TunnelPrimrose Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line, approximately from . It is located in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden, just north of Primrose Hill park and consists of two bores: the slow line to the northern side, driven through the London clay by the engineer Robert Stephenson for the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838, and the fast line to its south, added by the London and North Western Railway in 1879. The original tunnel's Italianate portals were designed by William H Budden and later replicated for the fast line. The western portals have been listed at Grade II and the eastern at Grade II* since 1974.As the first railway tunnel in London, Historic England considers it to be of special historic interest, as well as because "it was the first nationally to negotiate the issue of competing claims for the use of land in an urban context; and the first tunnel to treat one of its portals architecturally".Primrose Hill Tunnel's environmental context has transformed substantially, now obscured by fences, buildings and vegetation, yet the structures remain almost unchanged from when first built, aside from the duplication from single to twin portals. The eastern portals are grand and heavy, built of Portland stone and London stock brick. The arches of the tunnel mouths have concave surrounds of rusticated voussoirs, and are topped with a projecting cornice with carved lion masks. Surrounding the portals are large stone piers topped with bracketed hipped capitals, and curved flanking wing walls divided into brick-filled panels by stone pillars with semicircular pediments. The eastern portals evoke the style of Italianate villas, bringing, as owner Eton College hoped, a certain dramatic grace to Primrose Hill.The tunnel portals at the western end are humble in relation to the eastern ones. They are hard to see other than from the bridge carrying the Chiltern Main Line from , which was inserted across the LNWR line by the Great Central Railway in 1899, obscuring the western portals. Their arches are round with coved reveals of rusticated voussoirs and keystones crowned by a dentilled cornice, and large stone flanking piers on vermiculated stone pedestals.Two airshafts remain to ventilate the tunnels: one at the midpoint of the 1838 tunnel in the Marriott Hotel's car park, and a brick shaft for the 1879 tunnel in the back garden of 10 Wadham Gardens.Construction of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) began in 1833, one of the first inter-city lines after the success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Choosing a route to Birmingham Curzon Street out of was its chief engineer Robert Stephenson, who needed to pass through South Hampstead, a rural area which was starting to be developed concurrently with the railway's arrival. Though the topography of the land, known as the Chalcots Estate, did not strictly require a tunnel, it was constructed at the insistence of the landowner, Eton College. Negotiations began in 1831 between the L&BR and Eton, which firstly opposed the railway cutting, principally for the reason that it would reduce the value of land and leases on the route. Though the L&BR was able to persuade Eton that the railway would be quiet and carefully fenced, it agreed to place the line in a tunnel to prevent further obstruction.For the 1833 Act of Parliament which authorised the railway, Eton was able to require certain conditions regarding the tunnel's engineering and appearance, including that it must be strong enough to erect buildings on top of, and therefore be bored rather than use cut-and-cover (the fact that a tunnel would preserve valuable building land being its main advantage); the other main stipulation was that "the mouth of the tunnel at the eastern end shall be made good and finished with a substantial and ornamental facing of brickwork or masonry to the satisfaction of the Provost and College." This resulted in a grand eastern portal costing £7,000 (), sympathetic to the upmarket development planned for the Chalcots Estate, and is the reason for the less spectacular western portal.Both east and west portals were designed by William H Budden, an assistant engineer to Stephenson, who is unknown for any other works. The prestige of this commission for a non-established architect is unusual; the classical architect Philip Hardwick was the L&BR's company architect and designed the nearby terminus at Euston.The contract for the section of line including Primrose Hill was let on 21 April 1834 for £120,000 (). Excavation of Primrose Hill Tunnel began that year by the contractors Jackson and Sheddon, using four vertical shafts to access working faces, with the cut-and-cover method used for about at each end of the tunnel.The tunnelling was fraught with difficulties, arising from nature of the London clay through which it was being driven. Although bringing the advantage of being impermeable and keeping the work free from water, it is a tough material and was difficult to remove with the existing technology of spades, pickaxes and blasting, instead requiring crosscut saws and hatchets and increasing the expense, but the pressure of the clay also caused it to expand upon excavation and exposure to the atmosphere, necessitating additional unusual measures. Firstly, an extra-thick brick lining of was installed as the contractors went along, to hold back the pressure, and very strong timbering was needed to support the arches until a brickwork section was complete to prevent collapses. Also, excavation was not allowed to advance more than about beyond the completed lining.Another problem due to the expansivity of the moist clay was that it would force the mortar from between the joints of the brick lining, leading to shrinkage of the tunnel's dimension as the bricks came into contact and broke under the pressure. For a short period, Stephenson was apprehensive that stress could cause the brickwork to cave in altogether, as it made small fragments fly off the facing and coat his clothing while he inspected the work. The solution was found in using very hard paver bricks in place of hollow London stock brick, and in the substitution of lime mortar with Roman cement, which would harden before the pressure became great enough to force the bricks into contact.Jackson and Sheddon, the contractors, had become bankrupt in late 1834, leaving the railway company obliged to assume responsibility for the work. Robert Stephenson, as chief engineer, appointed John Birkinshaw, an assistant engineer, to take over supervision of the contractors' section, including the tunnel.In 1835, before it was completed, the tunnel received a special visit from a party of doctors for the L&BR to obtain their professional opinions on the "effect of such a tunnel on the health and feelings", due to the unease felt by prospective travellers in their ignorance regarding railway tunnels, of which Primrose Hill was the first in London. All four doctors, whom included William Lawrence, John Ayrton Paris and Thomas Watson, signed their names to confirm that even with a locomotive letting off steam, the tunnel remained unaffected, dry and at an agreeable temperature. They also traversed it in a carriage and found it no different to travelling in a coach down a narrow street at night and with no noise to prevent easy conversation. In fact, they were firm that the dangers of passing through well-constructed tunnels were no greater than those of travelling on an open railway, and the company used this to set the public's mind at rest.Completion of the tunnel was delayed by poor weather in addition to the engineering problems related to the London clay. By January 1837, Primrose Hill Tunnel was eventually completed, with the section of line that had originally been let at £120,000 costing more than double at £280,000 ().Being the first railway tunnel in London, Primrose Hill attracted crowds of people to watch its construction, and watch the trains operating through it once opened. Contemporary prints show the embankment by the eastern portal with crowds of sightseers. The sides of the cuttings at each end were open and unobscured, allowing views down to the portals. Development of houses on King Henry's Road soon hemmed it in and prevented this popular public attraction.By 1852 the London and North Western Railway, which had amalgamated from the L&BR, was experiencing rising pressure on this section of line and at Euston, and began to advocate for a second bore at Primrose Hill Tunnel to double the number of tracks. This work was ultimately carried out in 1879, with the main line becoming four-tracked between London and . The new bore, which features a sharp curve southwards and now forms the fast line for express services, was designed by the LNWR's chief engineer, William Baker, with portals which faithfully replicate the detailed decorative design of the originals, though taller due to a need to retain the rising land of Primrose Hill itself.A pair of new, separate tunnels to the north were built by the LNWR in 1912 for the Watford DC line, allowing capacity for electrified suburban commuter services. These are currently operated by London Overground and call at , just beyond the western portal.On 14 May 1974, Historic England (HE) awarded the portals at both ends the status of listed structures, in separate listings – the eastern portals at Grade II* (particularly important buildings of more than special interest), and the western portals are Grade II (special interest). HE noted that the comparison of east and west emphasises the exceptional circumstances at the eastern end of the tunnel where the Eton College Estate demanded a grand architectural set-piece. In its summary of importance, HE considers the eastern portal to be of more than special architectural interest for its proud, classical elevation which is indicative of the upmarket development the College hoped to undertake nearby; and that there are similarities in design with Brunel's portals to the Box Tunnel in the use of ashlar to imply strength, the classical features such as the treatment of the cornices and rusticated quoins, and the employment of quadrant arches to convey the sense of a grand entrance. | [
"Network Rail",
"London and Birmingham Railway",
"London, Midland and Scottish Railway",
"London and North Western Railway",
"British Rail"
] | |
Who was the owner of Primrose Hill Tunnel in Sep, 2012? | September 15, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Network Rail"
]
} | L2_Q27082177_P127_5 | Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Railtrack from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2002.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by Network Rail from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by British Rail from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1994.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and North Western Railway from Jan, 1846 to Jan, 1923.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London, Midland and Scottish Railway from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1948.
Primrose Hill Tunnel is owned by London and Birmingham Railway from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1846. | Primrose Hill TunnelPrimrose Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line, approximately from . It is located in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden, just north of Primrose Hill park and consists of two bores: the slow line to the northern side, driven through the London clay by the engineer Robert Stephenson for the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838, and the fast line to its south, added by the London and North Western Railway in 1879. The original tunnel's Italianate portals were designed by William H Budden and later replicated for the fast line. The western portals have been listed at Grade II and the eastern at Grade II* since 1974.As the first railway tunnel in London, Historic England considers it to be of special historic interest, as well as because "it was the first nationally to negotiate the issue of competing claims for the use of land in an urban context; and the first tunnel to treat one of its portals architecturally".Primrose Hill Tunnel's environmental context has transformed substantially, now obscured by fences, buildings and vegetation, yet the structures remain almost unchanged from when first built, aside from the duplication from single to twin portals. The eastern portals are grand and heavy, built of Portland stone and London stock brick. The arches of the tunnel mouths have concave surrounds of rusticated voussoirs, and are topped with a projecting cornice with carved lion masks. Surrounding the portals are large stone piers topped with bracketed hipped capitals, and curved flanking wing walls divided into brick-filled panels by stone pillars with semicircular pediments. The eastern portals evoke the style of Italianate villas, bringing, as owner Eton College hoped, a certain dramatic grace to Primrose Hill.The tunnel portals at the western end are humble in relation to the eastern ones. They are hard to see other than from the bridge carrying the Chiltern Main Line from , which was inserted across the LNWR line by the Great Central Railway in 1899, obscuring the western portals. Their arches are round with coved reveals of rusticated voussoirs and keystones crowned by a dentilled cornice, and large stone flanking piers on vermiculated stone pedestals.Two airshafts remain to ventilate the tunnels: one at the midpoint of the 1838 tunnel in the Marriott Hotel's car park, and a brick shaft for the 1879 tunnel in the back garden of 10 Wadham Gardens.Construction of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) began in 1833, one of the first inter-city lines after the success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Choosing a route to Birmingham Curzon Street out of was its chief engineer Robert Stephenson, who needed to pass through South Hampstead, a rural area which was starting to be developed concurrently with the railway's arrival. Though the topography of the land, known as the Chalcots Estate, did not strictly require a tunnel, it was constructed at the insistence of the landowner, Eton College. Negotiations began in 1831 between the L&BR and Eton, which firstly opposed the railway cutting, principally for the reason that it would reduce the value of land and leases on the route. Though the L&BR was able to persuade Eton that the railway would be quiet and carefully fenced, it agreed to place the line in a tunnel to prevent further obstruction.For the 1833 Act of Parliament which authorised the railway, Eton was able to require certain conditions regarding the tunnel's engineering and appearance, including that it must be strong enough to erect buildings on top of, and therefore be bored rather than use cut-and-cover (the fact that a tunnel would preserve valuable building land being its main advantage); the other main stipulation was that "the mouth of the tunnel at the eastern end shall be made good and finished with a substantial and ornamental facing of brickwork or masonry to the satisfaction of the Provost and College." This resulted in a grand eastern portal costing £7,000 (), sympathetic to the upmarket development planned for the Chalcots Estate, and is the reason for the less spectacular western portal.Both east and west portals were designed by William H Budden, an assistant engineer to Stephenson, who is unknown for any other works. The prestige of this commission for a non-established architect is unusual; the classical architect Philip Hardwick was the L&BR's company architect and designed the nearby terminus at Euston.The contract for the section of line including Primrose Hill was let on 21 April 1834 for £120,000 (). Excavation of Primrose Hill Tunnel began that year by the contractors Jackson and Sheddon, using four vertical shafts to access working faces, with the cut-and-cover method used for about at each end of the tunnel.The tunnelling was fraught with difficulties, arising from nature of the London clay through which it was being driven. Although bringing the advantage of being impermeable and keeping the work free from water, it is a tough material and was difficult to remove with the existing technology of spades, pickaxes and blasting, instead requiring crosscut saws and hatchets and increasing the expense, but the pressure of the clay also caused it to expand upon excavation and exposure to the atmosphere, necessitating additional unusual measures. Firstly, an extra-thick brick lining of was installed as the contractors went along, to hold back the pressure, and very strong timbering was needed to support the arches until a brickwork section was complete to prevent collapses. Also, excavation was not allowed to advance more than about beyond the completed lining.Another problem due to the expansivity of the moist clay was that it would force the mortar from between the joints of the brick lining, leading to shrinkage of the tunnel's dimension as the bricks came into contact and broke under the pressure. For a short period, Stephenson was apprehensive that stress could cause the brickwork to cave in altogether, as it made small fragments fly off the facing and coat his clothing while he inspected the work. The solution was found in using very hard paver bricks in place of hollow London stock brick, and in the substitution of lime mortar with Roman cement, which would harden before the pressure became great enough to force the bricks into contact.Jackson and Sheddon, the contractors, had become bankrupt in late 1834, leaving the railway company obliged to assume responsibility for the work. Robert Stephenson, as chief engineer, appointed John Birkinshaw, an assistant engineer, to take over supervision of the contractors' section, including the tunnel.In 1835, before it was completed, the tunnel received a special visit from a party of doctors for the L&BR to obtain their professional opinions on the "effect of such a tunnel on the health and feelings", due to the unease felt by prospective travellers in their ignorance regarding railway tunnels, of which Primrose Hill was the first in London. All four doctors, whom included William Lawrence, John Ayrton Paris and Thomas Watson, signed their names to confirm that even with a locomotive letting off steam, the tunnel remained unaffected, dry and at an agreeable temperature. They also traversed it in a carriage and found it no different to travelling in a coach down a narrow street at night and with no noise to prevent easy conversation. In fact, they were firm that the dangers of passing through well-constructed tunnels were no greater than those of travelling on an open railway, and the company used this to set the public's mind at rest.Completion of the tunnel was delayed by poor weather in addition to the engineering problems related to the London clay. By January 1837, Primrose Hill Tunnel was eventually completed, with the section of line that had originally been let at £120,000 costing more than double at £280,000 ().Being the first railway tunnel in London, Primrose Hill attracted crowds of people to watch its construction, and watch the trains operating through it once opened. Contemporary prints show the embankment by the eastern portal with crowds of sightseers. The sides of the cuttings at each end were open and unobscured, allowing views down to the portals. Development of houses on King Henry's Road soon hemmed it in and prevented this popular public attraction.By 1852 the London and North Western Railway, which had amalgamated from the L&BR, was experiencing rising pressure on this section of line and at Euston, and began to advocate for a second bore at Primrose Hill Tunnel to double the number of tracks. This work was ultimately carried out in 1879, with the main line becoming four-tracked between London and . The new bore, which features a sharp curve southwards and now forms the fast line for express services, was designed by the LNWR's chief engineer, William Baker, with portals which faithfully replicate the detailed decorative design of the originals, though taller due to a need to retain the rising land of Primrose Hill itself.A pair of new, separate tunnels to the north were built by the LNWR in 1912 for the Watford DC line, allowing capacity for electrified suburban commuter services. These are currently operated by London Overground and call at , just beyond the western portal.On 14 May 1974, Historic England (HE) awarded the portals at both ends the status of listed structures, in separate listings – the eastern portals at Grade II* (particularly important buildings of more than special interest), and the western portals are Grade II (special interest). HE noted that the comparison of east and west emphasises the exceptional circumstances at the eastern end of the tunnel where the Eton College Estate demanded a grand architectural set-piece. In its summary of importance, HE considers the eastern portal to be of more than special architectural interest for its proud, classical elevation which is indicative of the upmarket development the College hoped to undertake nearby; and that there are similarities in design with Brunel's portals to the Box Tunnel in the use of ashlar to imply strength, the classical features such as the treatment of the cornices and rusticated quoins, and the employment of quadrant arches to convey the sense of a grand entrance. | [
"Railtrack",
"London and Birmingham Railway",
"London, Midland and Scottish Railway",
"London and North Western Railway",
"British Rail"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Apr, 1886? | April 15, 1886 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_0 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Jan, 1891? | January 23, 1891 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_1 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Oct, 1893? | October 26, 1893 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_2 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Feb, 1898? | February 17, 1898 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_3 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Jun, 1903? | June 30, 1903 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_4 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Nov, 1902? | November 16, 1902 | {
"text": [
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_5 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Jul, 1910? | July 18, 1910 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_6 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Jul, 1912? | July 31, 1912 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_7 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Dec, 1918? | December 25, 1918 | {
"text": [
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Member of the House of Lords"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_8 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham hold in Mar, 1919? | March 06, 1919 | {
"text": [
"Member of the House of Lords"
]
} | L2_Q8011065_P39_9 | William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Nov, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury from Aug, 1902 to Apr, 1903.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Nov, 1918 to Jul, 1920.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895. | Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron DownhamWilliam Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham, PC, KStJ (1853 – 2 July 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician. He held office as President of the Local Government Board and Minister of Information in David Lloyd George's First World War coalition government.Born at Downham, (known now as 'Little Downham') in the Isle of Ely, Fisher was the son of Reverend Frederick Fisher, rector of that parish, and Mary, daughter of William Hayes. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1879.Fisher was elected to the House of Commons for Fulham in 1885, a seat he held until 1906. He was private secretary Sir Michael Hicks Beach between 1886 and 1887 and to Arthur Balfour between 1887 and 1892 (who both served as Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time). In 1896 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in the Conservative administration of Lord Salisbury, a post he held until August 1902, and then served under Arthur Balfour as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 11 August 1902 to April 1903, when he resigned as a result of his connection with a financial syndicate. He lost his Fulham seat at the 1906 general election but successfully reclaimed it at the January 1910 general election. The following year he was sworn of the Privy Council.Fisher returned to the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in May 1915 in the newly formed coalition government led by H. H. Asquith. He retained this post also when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, but in June 1917 he was promoted to President of the Local Government Board with a seat in the cabinet. In November 1918 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Information, and a few days later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Downham, "of Fulham in the County of London" on 16 November. However, he stepped down from the government already in January 1919. Apart from his career in national politics, Fisher was an Alderman of the London County Council between 1907 and 1913 and its Chairman in 1919.Lord Downham married Florence, daughter of H. Fisher, in 1895. They had one daughter, the Hon. Rachel Fisher.He died at Buckingham Palace Garden, London, in July 1920, when the barony became extinct. Lady Downham died in August 1923. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Frosinone Calcio in Feb, 2018? | February 03, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Moreno Longo"
]
} | L2_Q845043_P286_0 | Moreno Longo is the head coach of Frosinone Calcio from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2018.
Marco Baroni is the head coach of Frosinone Calcio from Dec, 2018 to Jun, 2019.
Alessandro Nesta is the head coach of Frosinone Calcio from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022. | Frosinone CalcioFrosinone Calcio () is an Italian football club based in Frosinone, Lazio. The club was founded on 5 March 1906 under the name Unione Sportiva Frusinate, but conventionally the year 1928 is indicated as the beginning of competitive activities of significant importance. Following cancellation by the Italian Football Federation, it was refounded in 1959 and in 1990. In the 2014–15 season the club played in Serie B for the sixth time in its history. The club earned its first promotion to the top flight Serie A in the 2015–16 season, but were relegated back down to Serie B after just one season. In the 2018–19 season it was promoted to Serie A for a second time.After a long tradition of playing in Serie C, in recent years, following the historic promotion which took place in the 2005–06 season, the club participated in five consecutive seasons in Serie B, becoming, after the two teams in Rome, the third most notable team of the region of Lazio. In its history Frosinone have won at a national level, two championships of Serie C2 (1986–87 and 2003–04) and two of Serie D (1965–66 and 1970–71). On 16 May 2015, the "Ciociari", with a 3–1 win over Crotone, secured their first, historic promotion to Serie A."Frosinone Calcio" was founded on 5 March 1906 under the name "Unione Sportiva Frusinate". The colours of the team were originally red and blue which were later changed to the current yellow and blue.The club, later named "Bellator Frusino", managed to reach the National First Division in 1934. The figure of president Emilio Frongasse was crucial in this period. In the later half of the thirties, Bellator Frusinate disbanded, and was replaced by FF.GG. Frosinone which played its football in an interprovincial tournament.All the championships were suspended during the Second World War and the football club Frusinate disappeared.The rebirth of Frosinone occurred in the 1945–1946 championship, the team competed in the Seconda Categoria championship and rose to Prima Categoria the following year, and later, following an excellent championship season, managed to gain promotion into Serie C-Lego Centro. From 1948–49 to 1951–52, the Canarini competed in the Promozione-Interregionale della Lega Centro championship, and were included in the new Quarta Serie championship during the summer of 1952.From 1952 to 1958, for six consecutive years, "the Canarini" competed in the Quarta Serie Championship, with their highest finish being fourth place, which was achieved in 1953. The most significant match this time was against Cosenza on 24 November 1957. Cosenza were playing for promotion but Frosinone took the lead (and duly won) with three minutes remaining.The referee, struck by a Cosenza player, fell to the ground and was booed until the end of the game. Several episodes of violence then took place and the game was transformed into a "western". After leaving the stadium, the referee was chased for a few kilometers by some Frosinone supporters. Cosenza forwarded an appeal and the CAF overturned the result of the match. Frosinone expressed their resentment against the Lega for the injustice suffered and threatened to withdraw from the league. Following this, Frosinone missed the return fixture in Cosenza and other penalties by the Lega were imposed.The most important people of this time were the presidents Domenico Ferrante and Angelo Cristofaro (one of the leading figures in the history of the club), a former coach Genta and players Azzoni, Gabriele, Diglio, Dini and Spinato.In 1958, U.S. Frosinone was founded, competing in both the Seconda Categoria and Promozione championships. Football returned to Frosinone in 1963 when president Cristofari together with Dante Spaziani and Augusto Orsini, announced the formation of Sporting Club Frosinone. In Serie D, Frosinone always finished among the top positions, and in 1966 won promotion to Serie C after an encounter with Latina. The following year, the canarini were relegated back to Serie D, where in 1967–68 they came third, then fifth and second. The leading figures at the club during this period were the Stirpe brothers, coaches De Angelis and Rambone and players Benvenuto, Caputi, Da Col, Del Sette, Fumagalli and Trentini.In 1970–71, Frosinone, under club president Marocco, boasted the national record for the best defence (with goalkeeper Recchia only conceding 8 goals) and again managed promotion to Serie C, where the canarini played out four good seasons (the best finish was seventh in 1972) and their star player Massimo Palanca entered the football firmament, top goalscorer of the central group of Serie C in 1974 and then later was successful representing Catanzaro in Serie A. From 1975 to 1978 the canarini played in Serie D, reaching promotion to Serie C2 in 1976–77. In 1977–78, Frosinone were again relegated back to Serie D and remained there until 1982. The club's key protagonists of the seventies were the presidents Marocco and Battista, coaches Giuseppe Banchetti and Giuseppe Lupi and players Brunello, Colletti, Dal Din, Santarelli, Masiello, Vescovi and, as mentioned earlier, Massimo Palanca. Frosinone started the next decade in the best possible way.In 1980–81, the Canarini were promoted to Serie C2 without losing a game. Among the professionals, Frosinone managed good placements and produced new talent such as Gabbriellini, Perrotti and De Paola. Despite a precarious financial condition, Frosinone led by president Di Vito and coach Alberto Mari were promoted to Serie C1.In 1987–88 season the Canarini played their first season in Serie C1 and finished mid-table. They returned immediately to Serie C2 the next season however despite a good start. Goalkeeper Marco Cari and coach Alberto Mari (later replaced by Robotti) were suspended for a football related betting offence. Among the most important players during the 1980s were Davato, Atzori, Di Liso, Cristiano, Bellini, Perrotti and Edoardo Artistico Poli, who then began an enviable football career.In the summer of 1990, having missed out on promotion to C1 by just three points, Frosinone was removed from the Italian Football Federation because of their financial state. When it seemed likely that they would return to the Promozione division, the club was placed in the Interregionale, where it remained for four years.In 1993–94, after the championship was almost completed, the "Canarini" ("the canaries") were overtaken by both Giulianova and Albanova, and were relegated, but they were reinstated to Serie C after the season ended.In 1996 the club gained a mid-table placing in Serie C2, and was leading in Girone C of C2, but on the last day of the championship Frosinone was defeated by Benevento and was overtaken in the table by Avezzano. They also lost in the play-offs, being beaten in the semi-final by Albanova. They then played out three consecutive mediocre seasons. They survived the first two, in play-offs against Casertana and Albanova, but in the third year Frosinone was defeated by Tricase and relegated.In Serie D, Frosinone finished fifth in 2000, while in their second year in Serie D the team was involved in an exciting head to head battle with A.C. Martina of Apulia. In the end they finished second, but with an impressive 81 points. Under president Navarra and coaches Luca and Stefano Sanderra, the team returned to Serie C2.In their first two championships back in C2, Frosinone were managed by five different tacticians. After a good start, the team seemed able to reach the play-offs, however finished mid-table. In 2003 the club was taken over by a group of entrepreneurs led by Maurizio Stirpe, son of Benito, a former president of the club back in the sixties.Stirpe called Enrico Graziani to Frosinone as a general director. Graziani had already worked at Teramo, gaining the Abruzzese club promotion to C1. The managerial position was entrusted to Giorgini, who had spent the previous season with Serie C2 side Brindisi. After an average start to the season, Giorgini was replaced by Daniele Arrigoni, former coach of Messina and Palermo in Serie B.With an already strong side, including players such as Arno, Vitali, Dario Rossi, Gianluca and Stefano De Angelis, Manca, Tatomir, Galuppi and the goalkeeper de Juliis, being improved in the transfer market adding quality players such as De Cesare, Aquino and Buonocorre. Much expectation was placed upon Enrico Buonocorre, but the trequartista live up to them. He did however, score a crucial free kick in the match against Castel Di Sangro.The team performed well in 2003–04 Serie C2 season, fighting for supremacy near the top of the table with Brindisi. The two teams will take turns to occupy first place until the very end of the season. On the final day, Frosinone, with a point less than Brindisi, travelled to Melfi, while Brindisi faced a tough trip away to Sicilian club Igea Virtus. Both Melfi and Igea were in the running for a place in the play-offs, leaving it all to play for in these two clashes. Frosinone beat Melfi thanks to a great goal by Ciro De Cesare, while Brindisi failed to beat Igea.Frosinone were now back in Serie C1 for the first time in sixteen years. The 2003–04 season is remembered not only for the historic promotion back to C1, but also victories in the derby with Latina, with whom there is a heated rivalry. Frosinone won both matches 1–0, with goal from Manca away and Aquino scoring at home.Upon their return to C1, which saw them travel to such historic cities as Cremona, Mantua, and Pisa, Frosinone appointed Dino Pagliari as coach, while the likes of Salvatore Mastronunzio, Di Deo (later sold to Ternana in B), Molinari, Nicola Pagani, Mauro Zaccagnini, goalkeeper Zappino, promoted, Alfredo Cariello, Davide D'Antoni, Francesco Mocarelli, Antonio Di Nardo, Michele Ischia were all signed to bolster the playing squad. Famous men who have played for Frosinone include the sport commentator Sandro Ciotti.The season saw Frosinone go through highs and lows, in the end finishing fifth and reaching the play-offs, where they were eliminated by Mantova.In the following season, 2005–06, Frosinone were coached by Ivo Iaconi, who had offers from two Serie B teams, Fermana and Pescara, yet opted to manage the Canarini.Several players were signed to help the club in their push for promotion including Ciro Ginestra, Stefano Bellè, Jimmy Fialdini, Paolo Antonioli, Massimo Perra, Marco Martini, Marco Ogliari and Giuseppe Anaclerio.Despite the presence of fallen giant and former Scudetto winners Napoli in the league, Frosinone emerged as strong challengers. They began the season well, with a 4–1 victory at Perugia.Frosinone continued their strong form right throughout the championship, finally finishing second behind Napoli and favourites to win the play-offs. Their first opponents were Tuscan side Sangiovannese, who had finished fifth. Both matches ended scoreless and Frosinone progressed to the final by virtue of their higher placed finish in the league.In the final they met another team from Tuscany, Grosseto, drawing 0–0 at home and winning 1–0 away thanks to a goalkeeping error. For the first time ever, Frosinone were promoted to Serie B.For their first season at Serie B level, the club made several signings to keep the team competitive. They included Massimo Margiotta, Francesco Lodi, Lucas Rimoldi and Fabio Di Venanzio. Meanwhile, work began on restructuring the Stadium Matusa, whose capacity was increased from 5,000 to almost 10,000 seats.The first game of the season was a 1–0 loss away at the Stadio Nereo Rocco against Triestina. This was followed by draws at home against Spezia and Arezzo and another away defeat at Rimini. Their first victory came away from home at the Stadio Romeo Menti against Vicenza. It finished 2–1 with goals from Margiotta and Di Nardo.Among the most important victories of the season were the 2–1 wins against Bologna and Lecce and the thrilling 1–0 win against Bari, where the goalkeeper Zappino saved a penalty. On 28 October 2006, Frosinone met giants Juventus. The goal from Alessandro Del Piero (his 200th for Juve) decided the game, however the Frusinati returned home with their heads held high.The season concluded with a draw against Modena, and Frosinone finished 13th, a more than satisfactory position for their debut season."The Canarini" improved on this during their second Serie B season, finishing 10th in 2007–08, and for much of the season were in real contention for a play-off place and a highly unlikely promotion to Serie A.On 21 May 2011, the club was relegated from Serie B to Lega Pro Prima Divisione after finishing bottom of the table.On 7 June 2014, Frosinone, under the guidance of head coach Roberto Stellone, was promoted from Lega Pro Prima Divisione to Serie B after winning the playoff 1–1, 3–1 (4–2 aggregate) against Lecce.In the 2014–15 Serie B season, Frosinone quickly emerged as a surprise package for a Serie A spot, fighting against more renowned teams such as Vicenza and Bologna for a top flight place. On 16 May 2015, Frosinone won automatic promotion after a 3–1 home win against Crotone, six points ahead of third-placed Bologna with only one game remaining; as such, the club made its first Serie A appearance ever in the 2015–16 season.Frosinone's maiden Serie A campaign began in a difficult style, losing their first four outings and dropping to bottom place in the table. In Round 5, the club came up against Italian football heavyweights Juventus at the Juventus Stadium. Defying all odds, Frosinone came away with their first ever Serie A point thanks to an equalising last minute Leonardo Blanchard header to end the match in a 1–1 draw. The following round, Frosinone achieved their first Serie A win, defeating Empoli 2–0 at the Stadio Matusa. Frosinone went on to pick up their second and third consecutive home wins by beating Sampdoria by the same scoreline as Empoli and fellow newly promoted side Carpi 2–1. Frosinone Calcio were relegated back to Serie B after one season in Serie A as they finished in 19th place.On 29 May 2017, Frosinone lost the semifinal promotion playoff against Carpi, remaining in Serie B.On 16 June 2018, Frosinone was promoted to Serie A for the second time in their history, defeating Palermo 2–0 at home to win 3–2 on aggregate in the promotion play-off finals after a 2–1 loss in the first leg. They were relegated back to Serie B after one season at top level. In their first season back in Serie B, Frosinone missed out on promotion after losing in the playoff final to Spezia.The first social colours of the club were red and blue. Now they are yellow and blue. From the 2007–08 season, the club has a mascot called Lillo, represented by a lion, the animal that appears in the coat of arms. The name was chosen by fans of Frosinone with a poll on the club's official website. The mascot accompanies the home team and from the 2008–09 season there is also a chance to be selected, on request, to impersonate Lillo for a game.Frosinone has always played its home games at the Stadio Comunale di Frosinone, nicknamed the "Matusa" because of the age of the structure. Founded in what was then the outskirts of the city, today, as a result of the massive urban growth of the city, it is set in the centre of the capital of Frosinone surrounded by several buildings. It has undergone several reconstructions but never related to the foundational structure of the grandstand, which is still the one from the foundation.Over the years, also depending on the results of the team, it has had different capacities. In 2014 it could accommodate approximately 10,000 spectators.In the eighties the new Stadio Casaleno began to be built in short distance of the area. The progress, which led to the construction of a grandstand, however, was interrupted as a result of scandals and erroneous projects and led to the temporary decline of the team. For several years projects have been proposed to complete the structure and give Frosinone a new stadium, but the idea, as well as complex bureaucratic loopholes and economic issues, has also seen resistance from many fans who prefer to play in the old historic stadium.In 2007, in order to unlock the stalemate that concerned the management of the old Matusa and the construction of the new municipal stadium, some fans of the club, as a provocative gesture, put the stadium up for auction on eBay for a single euro, though in a few hours the bidding price was over €8 million.The record of spectators in a game inside of the Matusa dates back to the Serie C1 championship of 1988–89, with about 12,000 spectators for a match against Campobasso.Starting from October 2017, Frosinone plays its home games at Benito Stirpe stadium. The record number of spectators at a game inside of the Stirpe in Serie B championship of 2017–2018, was about 16,286 spectators for a match against Foggia.In November 2017, Frosinone Calcio launched the first ever public mini-bond investment scheme in Italian football via sports investment platform Tifosy. Frosinone Calcio president Maurizio Stirpe mentions that the proceeds of the mini-bond would be used to:"build the medical center (intended for all those who gravitate around the world of Frosinone Calcio) and the restaurant , both located in the belly of the central grandstand.With the resources that the club aims to collect through crowdfunding the ring around the stadium could also be restructured , with the rebuilding of the flooring, so as to allow citizens who use these spaces to run and train themselves to have a more functional space to these activities".The Frosinone Bond raised €1,500,000 which was €500,000 over what the club initially thought the bond would raise.Below is a table showing the participation of Frosinone in the Italian leagues."Source: Frosinone Calcio official website" | [
"Alessandro Nesta",
"Marco Baroni"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Frosinone Calcio in Apr, 2019? | April 14, 2019 | {
"text": [
"Marco Baroni"
]
} | L2_Q845043_P286_1 | Alessandro Nesta is the head coach of Frosinone Calcio from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Marco Baroni is the head coach of Frosinone Calcio from Dec, 2018 to Jun, 2019.
Moreno Longo is the head coach of Frosinone Calcio from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2018. | Frosinone CalcioFrosinone Calcio () is an Italian football club based in Frosinone, Lazio. The club was founded on 5 March 1906 under the name Unione Sportiva Frusinate, but conventionally the year 1928 is indicated as the beginning of competitive activities of significant importance. Following cancellation by the Italian Football Federation, it was refounded in 1959 and in 1990. In the 2014–15 season the club played in Serie B for the sixth time in its history. The club earned its first promotion to the top flight Serie A in the 2015–16 season, but were relegated back down to Serie B after just one season. In the 2018–19 season it was promoted to Serie A for a second time.After a long tradition of playing in Serie C, in recent years, following the historic promotion which took place in the 2005–06 season, the club participated in five consecutive seasons in Serie B, becoming, after the two teams in Rome, the third most notable team of the region of Lazio. In its history Frosinone have won at a national level, two championships of Serie C2 (1986–87 and 2003–04) and two of Serie D (1965–66 and 1970–71). On 16 May 2015, the "Ciociari", with a 3–1 win over Crotone, secured their first, historic promotion to Serie A."Frosinone Calcio" was founded on 5 March 1906 under the name "Unione Sportiva Frusinate". The colours of the team were originally red and blue which were later changed to the current yellow and blue.The club, later named "Bellator Frusino", managed to reach the National First Division in 1934. The figure of president Emilio Frongasse was crucial in this period. In the later half of the thirties, Bellator Frusinate disbanded, and was replaced by FF.GG. Frosinone which played its football in an interprovincial tournament.All the championships were suspended during the Second World War and the football club Frusinate disappeared.The rebirth of Frosinone occurred in the 1945–1946 championship, the team competed in the Seconda Categoria championship and rose to Prima Categoria the following year, and later, following an excellent championship season, managed to gain promotion into Serie C-Lego Centro. From 1948–49 to 1951–52, the Canarini competed in the Promozione-Interregionale della Lega Centro championship, and were included in the new Quarta Serie championship during the summer of 1952.From 1952 to 1958, for six consecutive years, "the Canarini" competed in the Quarta Serie Championship, with their highest finish being fourth place, which was achieved in 1953. The most significant match this time was against Cosenza on 24 November 1957. Cosenza were playing for promotion but Frosinone took the lead (and duly won) with three minutes remaining.The referee, struck by a Cosenza player, fell to the ground and was booed until the end of the game. Several episodes of violence then took place and the game was transformed into a "western". After leaving the stadium, the referee was chased for a few kilometers by some Frosinone supporters. Cosenza forwarded an appeal and the CAF overturned the result of the match. Frosinone expressed their resentment against the Lega for the injustice suffered and threatened to withdraw from the league. Following this, Frosinone missed the return fixture in Cosenza and other penalties by the Lega were imposed.The most important people of this time were the presidents Domenico Ferrante and Angelo Cristofaro (one of the leading figures in the history of the club), a former coach Genta and players Azzoni, Gabriele, Diglio, Dini and Spinato.In 1958, U.S. Frosinone was founded, competing in both the Seconda Categoria and Promozione championships. Football returned to Frosinone in 1963 when president Cristofari together with Dante Spaziani and Augusto Orsini, announced the formation of Sporting Club Frosinone. In Serie D, Frosinone always finished among the top positions, and in 1966 won promotion to Serie C after an encounter with Latina. The following year, the canarini were relegated back to Serie D, where in 1967–68 they came third, then fifth and second. The leading figures at the club during this period were the Stirpe brothers, coaches De Angelis and Rambone and players Benvenuto, Caputi, Da Col, Del Sette, Fumagalli and Trentini.In 1970–71, Frosinone, under club president Marocco, boasted the national record for the best defence (with goalkeeper Recchia only conceding 8 goals) and again managed promotion to Serie C, where the canarini played out four good seasons (the best finish was seventh in 1972) and their star player Massimo Palanca entered the football firmament, top goalscorer of the central group of Serie C in 1974 and then later was successful representing Catanzaro in Serie A. From 1975 to 1978 the canarini played in Serie D, reaching promotion to Serie C2 in 1976–77. In 1977–78, Frosinone were again relegated back to Serie D and remained there until 1982. The club's key protagonists of the seventies were the presidents Marocco and Battista, coaches Giuseppe Banchetti and Giuseppe Lupi and players Brunello, Colletti, Dal Din, Santarelli, Masiello, Vescovi and, as mentioned earlier, Massimo Palanca. Frosinone started the next decade in the best possible way.In 1980–81, the Canarini were promoted to Serie C2 without losing a game. Among the professionals, Frosinone managed good placements and produced new talent such as Gabbriellini, Perrotti and De Paola. Despite a precarious financial condition, Frosinone led by president Di Vito and coach Alberto Mari were promoted to Serie C1.In 1987–88 season the Canarini played their first season in Serie C1 and finished mid-table. They returned immediately to Serie C2 the next season however despite a good start. Goalkeeper Marco Cari and coach Alberto Mari (later replaced by Robotti) were suspended for a football related betting offence. Among the most important players during the 1980s were Davato, Atzori, Di Liso, Cristiano, Bellini, Perrotti and Edoardo Artistico Poli, who then began an enviable football career.In the summer of 1990, having missed out on promotion to C1 by just three points, Frosinone was removed from the Italian Football Federation because of their financial state. When it seemed likely that they would return to the Promozione division, the club was placed in the Interregionale, where it remained for four years.In 1993–94, after the championship was almost completed, the "Canarini" ("the canaries") were overtaken by both Giulianova and Albanova, and were relegated, but they were reinstated to Serie C after the season ended.In 1996 the club gained a mid-table placing in Serie C2, and was leading in Girone C of C2, but on the last day of the championship Frosinone was defeated by Benevento and was overtaken in the table by Avezzano. They also lost in the play-offs, being beaten in the semi-final by Albanova. They then played out three consecutive mediocre seasons. They survived the first two, in play-offs against Casertana and Albanova, but in the third year Frosinone was defeated by Tricase and relegated.In Serie D, Frosinone finished fifth in 2000, while in their second year in Serie D the team was involved in an exciting head to head battle with A.C. Martina of Apulia. In the end they finished second, but with an impressive 81 points. Under president Navarra and coaches Luca and Stefano Sanderra, the team returned to Serie C2.In their first two championships back in C2, Frosinone were managed by five different tacticians. After a good start, the team seemed able to reach the play-offs, however finished mid-table. In 2003 the club was taken over by a group of entrepreneurs led by Maurizio Stirpe, son of Benito, a former president of the club back in the sixties.Stirpe called Enrico Graziani to Frosinone as a general director. Graziani had already worked at Teramo, gaining the Abruzzese club promotion to C1. The managerial position was entrusted to Giorgini, who had spent the previous season with Serie C2 side Brindisi. After an average start to the season, Giorgini was replaced by Daniele Arrigoni, former coach of Messina and Palermo in Serie B.With an already strong side, including players such as Arno, Vitali, Dario Rossi, Gianluca and Stefano De Angelis, Manca, Tatomir, Galuppi and the goalkeeper de Juliis, being improved in the transfer market adding quality players such as De Cesare, Aquino and Buonocorre. Much expectation was placed upon Enrico Buonocorre, but the trequartista live up to them. He did however, score a crucial free kick in the match against Castel Di Sangro.The team performed well in 2003–04 Serie C2 season, fighting for supremacy near the top of the table with Brindisi. The two teams will take turns to occupy first place until the very end of the season. On the final day, Frosinone, with a point less than Brindisi, travelled to Melfi, while Brindisi faced a tough trip away to Sicilian club Igea Virtus. Both Melfi and Igea were in the running for a place in the play-offs, leaving it all to play for in these two clashes. Frosinone beat Melfi thanks to a great goal by Ciro De Cesare, while Brindisi failed to beat Igea.Frosinone were now back in Serie C1 for the first time in sixteen years. The 2003–04 season is remembered not only for the historic promotion back to C1, but also victories in the derby with Latina, with whom there is a heated rivalry. Frosinone won both matches 1–0, with goal from Manca away and Aquino scoring at home.Upon their return to C1, which saw them travel to such historic cities as Cremona, Mantua, and Pisa, Frosinone appointed Dino Pagliari as coach, while the likes of Salvatore Mastronunzio, Di Deo (later sold to Ternana in B), Molinari, Nicola Pagani, Mauro Zaccagnini, goalkeeper Zappino, promoted, Alfredo Cariello, Davide D'Antoni, Francesco Mocarelli, Antonio Di Nardo, Michele Ischia were all signed to bolster the playing squad. Famous men who have played for Frosinone include the sport commentator Sandro Ciotti.The season saw Frosinone go through highs and lows, in the end finishing fifth and reaching the play-offs, where they were eliminated by Mantova.In the following season, 2005–06, Frosinone were coached by Ivo Iaconi, who had offers from two Serie B teams, Fermana and Pescara, yet opted to manage the Canarini.Several players were signed to help the club in their push for promotion including Ciro Ginestra, Stefano Bellè, Jimmy Fialdini, Paolo Antonioli, Massimo Perra, Marco Martini, Marco Ogliari and Giuseppe Anaclerio.Despite the presence of fallen giant and former Scudetto winners Napoli in the league, Frosinone emerged as strong challengers. They began the season well, with a 4–1 victory at Perugia.Frosinone continued their strong form right throughout the championship, finally finishing second behind Napoli and favourites to win the play-offs. Their first opponents were Tuscan side Sangiovannese, who had finished fifth. Both matches ended scoreless and Frosinone progressed to the final by virtue of their higher placed finish in the league.In the final they met another team from Tuscany, Grosseto, drawing 0–0 at home and winning 1–0 away thanks to a goalkeeping error. For the first time ever, Frosinone were promoted to Serie B.For their first season at Serie B level, the club made several signings to keep the team competitive. They included Massimo Margiotta, Francesco Lodi, Lucas Rimoldi and Fabio Di Venanzio. Meanwhile, work began on restructuring the Stadium Matusa, whose capacity was increased from 5,000 to almost 10,000 seats.The first game of the season was a 1–0 loss away at the Stadio Nereo Rocco against Triestina. This was followed by draws at home against Spezia and Arezzo and another away defeat at Rimini. Their first victory came away from home at the Stadio Romeo Menti against Vicenza. It finished 2–1 with goals from Margiotta and Di Nardo.Among the most important victories of the season were the 2–1 wins against Bologna and Lecce and the thrilling 1–0 win against Bari, where the goalkeeper Zappino saved a penalty. On 28 October 2006, Frosinone met giants Juventus. The goal from Alessandro Del Piero (his 200th for Juve) decided the game, however the Frusinati returned home with their heads held high.The season concluded with a draw against Modena, and Frosinone finished 13th, a more than satisfactory position for their debut season."The Canarini" improved on this during their second Serie B season, finishing 10th in 2007–08, and for much of the season were in real contention for a play-off place and a highly unlikely promotion to Serie A.On 21 May 2011, the club was relegated from Serie B to Lega Pro Prima Divisione after finishing bottom of the table.On 7 June 2014, Frosinone, under the guidance of head coach Roberto Stellone, was promoted from Lega Pro Prima Divisione to Serie B after winning the playoff 1–1, 3–1 (4–2 aggregate) against Lecce.In the 2014–15 Serie B season, Frosinone quickly emerged as a surprise package for a Serie A spot, fighting against more renowned teams such as Vicenza and Bologna for a top flight place. On 16 May 2015, Frosinone won automatic promotion after a 3–1 home win against Crotone, six points ahead of third-placed Bologna with only one game remaining; as such, the club made its first Serie A appearance ever in the 2015–16 season.Frosinone's maiden Serie A campaign began in a difficult style, losing their first four outings and dropping to bottom place in the table. In Round 5, the club came up against Italian football heavyweights Juventus at the Juventus Stadium. Defying all odds, Frosinone came away with their first ever Serie A point thanks to an equalising last minute Leonardo Blanchard header to end the match in a 1–1 draw. The following round, Frosinone achieved their first Serie A win, defeating Empoli 2–0 at the Stadio Matusa. Frosinone went on to pick up their second and third consecutive home wins by beating Sampdoria by the same scoreline as Empoli and fellow newly promoted side Carpi 2–1. Frosinone Calcio were relegated back to Serie B after one season in Serie A as they finished in 19th place.On 29 May 2017, Frosinone lost the semifinal promotion playoff against Carpi, remaining in Serie B.On 16 June 2018, Frosinone was promoted to Serie A for the second time in their history, defeating Palermo 2–0 at home to win 3–2 on aggregate in the promotion play-off finals after a 2–1 loss in the first leg. They were relegated back to Serie B after one season at top level. In their first season back in Serie B, Frosinone missed out on promotion after losing in the playoff final to Spezia.The first social colours of the club were red and blue. Now they are yellow and blue. From the 2007–08 season, the club has a mascot called Lillo, represented by a lion, the animal that appears in the coat of arms. The name was chosen by fans of Frosinone with a poll on the club's official website. The mascot accompanies the home team and from the 2008–09 season there is also a chance to be selected, on request, to impersonate Lillo for a game.Frosinone has always played its home games at the Stadio Comunale di Frosinone, nicknamed the "Matusa" because of the age of the structure. Founded in what was then the outskirts of the city, today, as a result of the massive urban growth of the city, it is set in the centre of the capital of Frosinone surrounded by several buildings. It has undergone several reconstructions but never related to the foundational structure of the grandstand, which is still the one from the foundation.Over the years, also depending on the results of the team, it has had different capacities. In 2014 it could accommodate approximately 10,000 spectators.In the eighties the new Stadio Casaleno began to be built in short distance of the area. The progress, which led to the construction of a grandstand, however, was interrupted as a result of scandals and erroneous projects and led to the temporary decline of the team. For several years projects have been proposed to complete the structure and give Frosinone a new stadium, but the idea, as well as complex bureaucratic loopholes and economic issues, has also seen resistance from many fans who prefer to play in the old historic stadium.In 2007, in order to unlock the stalemate that concerned the management of the old Matusa and the construction of the new municipal stadium, some fans of the club, as a provocative gesture, put the stadium up for auction on eBay for a single euro, though in a few hours the bidding price was over €8 million.The record of spectators in a game inside of the Matusa dates back to the Serie C1 championship of 1988–89, with about 12,000 spectators for a match against Campobasso.Starting from October 2017, Frosinone plays its home games at Benito Stirpe stadium. The record number of spectators at a game inside of the Stirpe in Serie B championship of 2017–2018, was about 16,286 spectators for a match against Foggia.In November 2017, Frosinone Calcio launched the first ever public mini-bond investment scheme in Italian football via sports investment platform Tifosy. Frosinone Calcio president Maurizio Stirpe mentions that the proceeds of the mini-bond would be used to:"build the medical center (intended for all those who gravitate around the world of Frosinone Calcio) and the restaurant , both located in the belly of the central grandstand.With the resources that the club aims to collect through crowdfunding the ring around the stadium could also be restructured , with the rebuilding of the flooring, so as to allow citizens who use these spaces to run and train themselves to have a more functional space to these activities".The Frosinone Bond raised €1,500,000 which was €500,000 over what the club initially thought the bond would raise.Below is a table showing the participation of Frosinone in the Italian leagues."Source: Frosinone Calcio official website" | [
"Moreno Longo",
"Alessandro Nesta"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Frosinone Calcio in Dec, 2019? | December 29, 2019 | {
"text": [
"Alessandro Nesta"
]
} | L2_Q845043_P286_2 | Moreno Longo is the head coach of Frosinone Calcio from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2018.
Alessandro Nesta is the head coach of Frosinone Calcio from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Marco Baroni is the head coach of Frosinone Calcio from Dec, 2018 to Jun, 2019. | Frosinone CalcioFrosinone Calcio () is an Italian football club based in Frosinone, Lazio. The club was founded on 5 March 1906 under the name Unione Sportiva Frusinate, but conventionally the year 1928 is indicated as the beginning of competitive activities of significant importance. Following cancellation by the Italian Football Federation, it was refounded in 1959 and in 1990. In the 2014–15 season the club played in Serie B for the sixth time in its history. The club earned its first promotion to the top flight Serie A in the 2015–16 season, but were relegated back down to Serie B after just one season. In the 2018–19 season it was promoted to Serie A for a second time.After a long tradition of playing in Serie C, in recent years, following the historic promotion which took place in the 2005–06 season, the club participated in five consecutive seasons in Serie B, becoming, after the two teams in Rome, the third most notable team of the region of Lazio. In its history Frosinone have won at a national level, two championships of Serie C2 (1986–87 and 2003–04) and two of Serie D (1965–66 and 1970–71). On 16 May 2015, the "Ciociari", with a 3–1 win over Crotone, secured their first, historic promotion to Serie A."Frosinone Calcio" was founded on 5 March 1906 under the name "Unione Sportiva Frusinate". The colours of the team were originally red and blue which were later changed to the current yellow and blue.The club, later named "Bellator Frusino", managed to reach the National First Division in 1934. The figure of president Emilio Frongasse was crucial in this period. In the later half of the thirties, Bellator Frusinate disbanded, and was replaced by FF.GG. Frosinone which played its football in an interprovincial tournament.All the championships were suspended during the Second World War and the football club Frusinate disappeared.The rebirth of Frosinone occurred in the 1945–1946 championship, the team competed in the Seconda Categoria championship and rose to Prima Categoria the following year, and later, following an excellent championship season, managed to gain promotion into Serie C-Lego Centro. From 1948–49 to 1951–52, the Canarini competed in the Promozione-Interregionale della Lega Centro championship, and were included in the new Quarta Serie championship during the summer of 1952.From 1952 to 1958, for six consecutive years, "the Canarini" competed in the Quarta Serie Championship, with their highest finish being fourth place, which was achieved in 1953. The most significant match this time was against Cosenza on 24 November 1957. Cosenza were playing for promotion but Frosinone took the lead (and duly won) with three minutes remaining.The referee, struck by a Cosenza player, fell to the ground and was booed until the end of the game. Several episodes of violence then took place and the game was transformed into a "western". After leaving the stadium, the referee was chased for a few kilometers by some Frosinone supporters. Cosenza forwarded an appeal and the CAF overturned the result of the match. Frosinone expressed their resentment against the Lega for the injustice suffered and threatened to withdraw from the league. Following this, Frosinone missed the return fixture in Cosenza and other penalties by the Lega were imposed.The most important people of this time were the presidents Domenico Ferrante and Angelo Cristofaro (one of the leading figures in the history of the club), a former coach Genta and players Azzoni, Gabriele, Diglio, Dini and Spinato.In 1958, U.S. Frosinone was founded, competing in both the Seconda Categoria and Promozione championships. Football returned to Frosinone in 1963 when president Cristofari together with Dante Spaziani and Augusto Orsini, announced the formation of Sporting Club Frosinone. In Serie D, Frosinone always finished among the top positions, and in 1966 won promotion to Serie C after an encounter with Latina. The following year, the canarini were relegated back to Serie D, where in 1967–68 they came third, then fifth and second. The leading figures at the club during this period were the Stirpe brothers, coaches De Angelis and Rambone and players Benvenuto, Caputi, Da Col, Del Sette, Fumagalli and Trentini.In 1970–71, Frosinone, under club president Marocco, boasted the national record for the best defence (with goalkeeper Recchia only conceding 8 goals) and again managed promotion to Serie C, where the canarini played out four good seasons (the best finish was seventh in 1972) and their star player Massimo Palanca entered the football firmament, top goalscorer of the central group of Serie C in 1974 and then later was successful representing Catanzaro in Serie A. From 1975 to 1978 the canarini played in Serie D, reaching promotion to Serie C2 in 1976–77. In 1977–78, Frosinone were again relegated back to Serie D and remained there until 1982. The club's key protagonists of the seventies were the presidents Marocco and Battista, coaches Giuseppe Banchetti and Giuseppe Lupi and players Brunello, Colletti, Dal Din, Santarelli, Masiello, Vescovi and, as mentioned earlier, Massimo Palanca. Frosinone started the next decade in the best possible way.In 1980–81, the Canarini were promoted to Serie C2 without losing a game. Among the professionals, Frosinone managed good placements and produced new talent such as Gabbriellini, Perrotti and De Paola. Despite a precarious financial condition, Frosinone led by president Di Vito and coach Alberto Mari were promoted to Serie C1.In 1987–88 season the Canarini played their first season in Serie C1 and finished mid-table. They returned immediately to Serie C2 the next season however despite a good start. Goalkeeper Marco Cari and coach Alberto Mari (later replaced by Robotti) were suspended for a football related betting offence. Among the most important players during the 1980s were Davato, Atzori, Di Liso, Cristiano, Bellini, Perrotti and Edoardo Artistico Poli, who then began an enviable football career.In the summer of 1990, having missed out on promotion to C1 by just three points, Frosinone was removed from the Italian Football Federation because of their financial state. When it seemed likely that they would return to the Promozione division, the club was placed in the Interregionale, where it remained for four years.In 1993–94, after the championship was almost completed, the "Canarini" ("the canaries") were overtaken by both Giulianova and Albanova, and were relegated, but they were reinstated to Serie C after the season ended.In 1996 the club gained a mid-table placing in Serie C2, and was leading in Girone C of C2, but on the last day of the championship Frosinone was defeated by Benevento and was overtaken in the table by Avezzano. They also lost in the play-offs, being beaten in the semi-final by Albanova. They then played out three consecutive mediocre seasons. They survived the first two, in play-offs against Casertana and Albanova, but in the third year Frosinone was defeated by Tricase and relegated.In Serie D, Frosinone finished fifth in 2000, while in their second year in Serie D the team was involved in an exciting head to head battle with A.C. Martina of Apulia. In the end they finished second, but with an impressive 81 points. Under president Navarra and coaches Luca and Stefano Sanderra, the team returned to Serie C2.In their first two championships back in C2, Frosinone were managed by five different tacticians. After a good start, the team seemed able to reach the play-offs, however finished mid-table. In 2003 the club was taken over by a group of entrepreneurs led by Maurizio Stirpe, son of Benito, a former president of the club back in the sixties.Stirpe called Enrico Graziani to Frosinone as a general director. Graziani had already worked at Teramo, gaining the Abruzzese club promotion to C1. The managerial position was entrusted to Giorgini, who had spent the previous season with Serie C2 side Brindisi. After an average start to the season, Giorgini was replaced by Daniele Arrigoni, former coach of Messina and Palermo in Serie B.With an already strong side, including players such as Arno, Vitali, Dario Rossi, Gianluca and Stefano De Angelis, Manca, Tatomir, Galuppi and the goalkeeper de Juliis, being improved in the transfer market adding quality players such as De Cesare, Aquino and Buonocorre. Much expectation was placed upon Enrico Buonocorre, but the trequartista live up to them. He did however, score a crucial free kick in the match against Castel Di Sangro.The team performed well in 2003–04 Serie C2 season, fighting for supremacy near the top of the table with Brindisi. The two teams will take turns to occupy first place until the very end of the season. On the final day, Frosinone, with a point less than Brindisi, travelled to Melfi, while Brindisi faced a tough trip away to Sicilian club Igea Virtus. Both Melfi and Igea were in the running for a place in the play-offs, leaving it all to play for in these two clashes. Frosinone beat Melfi thanks to a great goal by Ciro De Cesare, while Brindisi failed to beat Igea.Frosinone were now back in Serie C1 for the first time in sixteen years. The 2003–04 season is remembered not only for the historic promotion back to C1, but also victories in the derby with Latina, with whom there is a heated rivalry. Frosinone won both matches 1–0, with goal from Manca away and Aquino scoring at home.Upon their return to C1, which saw them travel to such historic cities as Cremona, Mantua, and Pisa, Frosinone appointed Dino Pagliari as coach, while the likes of Salvatore Mastronunzio, Di Deo (later sold to Ternana in B), Molinari, Nicola Pagani, Mauro Zaccagnini, goalkeeper Zappino, promoted, Alfredo Cariello, Davide D'Antoni, Francesco Mocarelli, Antonio Di Nardo, Michele Ischia were all signed to bolster the playing squad. Famous men who have played for Frosinone include the sport commentator Sandro Ciotti.The season saw Frosinone go through highs and lows, in the end finishing fifth and reaching the play-offs, where they were eliminated by Mantova.In the following season, 2005–06, Frosinone were coached by Ivo Iaconi, who had offers from two Serie B teams, Fermana and Pescara, yet opted to manage the Canarini.Several players were signed to help the club in their push for promotion including Ciro Ginestra, Stefano Bellè, Jimmy Fialdini, Paolo Antonioli, Massimo Perra, Marco Martini, Marco Ogliari and Giuseppe Anaclerio.Despite the presence of fallen giant and former Scudetto winners Napoli in the league, Frosinone emerged as strong challengers. They began the season well, with a 4–1 victory at Perugia.Frosinone continued their strong form right throughout the championship, finally finishing second behind Napoli and favourites to win the play-offs. Their first opponents were Tuscan side Sangiovannese, who had finished fifth. Both matches ended scoreless and Frosinone progressed to the final by virtue of their higher placed finish in the league.In the final they met another team from Tuscany, Grosseto, drawing 0–0 at home and winning 1–0 away thanks to a goalkeeping error. For the first time ever, Frosinone were promoted to Serie B.For their first season at Serie B level, the club made several signings to keep the team competitive. They included Massimo Margiotta, Francesco Lodi, Lucas Rimoldi and Fabio Di Venanzio. Meanwhile, work began on restructuring the Stadium Matusa, whose capacity was increased from 5,000 to almost 10,000 seats.The first game of the season was a 1–0 loss away at the Stadio Nereo Rocco against Triestina. This was followed by draws at home against Spezia and Arezzo and another away defeat at Rimini. Their first victory came away from home at the Stadio Romeo Menti against Vicenza. It finished 2–1 with goals from Margiotta and Di Nardo.Among the most important victories of the season were the 2–1 wins against Bologna and Lecce and the thrilling 1–0 win against Bari, where the goalkeeper Zappino saved a penalty. On 28 October 2006, Frosinone met giants Juventus. The goal from Alessandro Del Piero (his 200th for Juve) decided the game, however the Frusinati returned home with their heads held high.The season concluded with a draw against Modena, and Frosinone finished 13th, a more than satisfactory position for their debut season."The Canarini" improved on this during their second Serie B season, finishing 10th in 2007–08, and for much of the season were in real contention for a play-off place and a highly unlikely promotion to Serie A.On 21 May 2011, the club was relegated from Serie B to Lega Pro Prima Divisione after finishing bottom of the table.On 7 June 2014, Frosinone, under the guidance of head coach Roberto Stellone, was promoted from Lega Pro Prima Divisione to Serie B after winning the playoff 1–1, 3–1 (4–2 aggregate) against Lecce.In the 2014–15 Serie B season, Frosinone quickly emerged as a surprise package for a Serie A spot, fighting against more renowned teams such as Vicenza and Bologna for a top flight place. On 16 May 2015, Frosinone won automatic promotion after a 3–1 home win against Crotone, six points ahead of third-placed Bologna with only one game remaining; as such, the club made its first Serie A appearance ever in the 2015–16 season.Frosinone's maiden Serie A campaign began in a difficult style, losing their first four outings and dropping to bottom place in the table. In Round 5, the club came up against Italian football heavyweights Juventus at the Juventus Stadium. Defying all odds, Frosinone came away with their first ever Serie A point thanks to an equalising last minute Leonardo Blanchard header to end the match in a 1–1 draw. The following round, Frosinone achieved their first Serie A win, defeating Empoli 2–0 at the Stadio Matusa. Frosinone went on to pick up their second and third consecutive home wins by beating Sampdoria by the same scoreline as Empoli and fellow newly promoted side Carpi 2–1. Frosinone Calcio were relegated back to Serie B after one season in Serie A as they finished in 19th place.On 29 May 2017, Frosinone lost the semifinal promotion playoff against Carpi, remaining in Serie B.On 16 June 2018, Frosinone was promoted to Serie A for the second time in their history, defeating Palermo 2–0 at home to win 3–2 on aggregate in the promotion play-off finals after a 2–1 loss in the first leg. They were relegated back to Serie B after one season at top level. In their first season back in Serie B, Frosinone missed out on promotion after losing in the playoff final to Spezia.The first social colours of the club were red and blue. Now they are yellow and blue. From the 2007–08 season, the club has a mascot called Lillo, represented by a lion, the animal that appears in the coat of arms. The name was chosen by fans of Frosinone with a poll on the club's official website. The mascot accompanies the home team and from the 2008–09 season there is also a chance to be selected, on request, to impersonate Lillo for a game.Frosinone has always played its home games at the Stadio Comunale di Frosinone, nicknamed the "Matusa" because of the age of the structure. Founded in what was then the outskirts of the city, today, as a result of the massive urban growth of the city, it is set in the centre of the capital of Frosinone surrounded by several buildings. It has undergone several reconstructions but never related to the foundational structure of the grandstand, which is still the one from the foundation.Over the years, also depending on the results of the team, it has had different capacities. In 2014 it could accommodate approximately 10,000 spectators.In the eighties the new Stadio Casaleno began to be built in short distance of the area. The progress, which led to the construction of a grandstand, however, was interrupted as a result of scandals and erroneous projects and led to the temporary decline of the team. For several years projects have been proposed to complete the structure and give Frosinone a new stadium, but the idea, as well as complex bureaucratic loopholes and economic issues, has also seen resistance from many fans who prefer to play in the old historic stadium.In 2007, in order to unlock the stalemate that concerned the management of the old Matusa and the construction of the new municipal stadium, some fans of the club, as a provocative gesture, put the stadium up for auction on eBay for a single euro, though in a few hours the bidding price was over €8 million.The record of spectators in a game inside of the Matusa dates back to the Serie C1 championship of 1988–89, with about 12,000 spectators for a match against Campobasso.Starting from October 2017, Frosinone plays its home games at Benito Stirpe stadium. The record number of spectators at a game inside of the Stirpe in Serie B championship of 2017–2018, was about 16,286 spectators for a match against Foggia.In November 2017, Frosinone Calcio launched the first ever public mini-bond investment scheme in Italian football via sports investment platform Tifosy. Frosinone Calcio president Maurizio Stirpe mentions that the proceeds of the mini-bond would be used to:"build the medical center (intended for all those who gravitate around the world of Frosinone Calcio) and the restaurant , both located in the belly of the central grandstand.With the resources that the club aims to collect through crowdfunding the ring around the stadium could also be restructured , with the rebuilding of the flooring, so as to allow citizens who use these spaces to run and train themselves to have a more functional space to these activities".The Frosinone Bond raised €1,500,000 which was €500,000 over what the club initially thought the bond would raise.Below is a table showing the participation of Frosinone in the Italian leagues."Source: Frosinone Calcio official website" | [
"Moreno Longo",
"Marco Baroni"
] | |
Which political party did Jordi Xuclà belong to in Mar, 2000? | March 16, 2000 | {
"text": [
"Democratic Convergence of Catalonia"
]
} | L2_Q11928385_P102_0 | Jordi Xuclà is a member of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 2016.
Jordi Xuclà is a member of the Partit Nacionalista de Catalunya from Jun, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Jordi Xuclà is a member of the Catalan European Democratic Party from Jan, 2016 to Jun, 2020. | Jordi XuclàJordi Xuclà i Costa (born 13 May 1973) is a Catalan lawyer, academic and politician. He is a former member of the Congress of Deputies of Spain and the Senate of Spain.Xuclà was born on 13 May 1973 in Olot, Catalonia. He is the son of an industrialist who was a supporter of Jordi Pujol. His brother was a member of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC). Xuclà has a degree in law from the University of Girona, a diploma in public law and a masters degree in security and foreign policy.Xuclà joined the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) in 1989 and was secretary-general (1998-00) and president (2000-02) of the Nationalist Youth of Catalonia (JNC).Xuclà was head of Institutional Relations in the Generalitat de Catalunya's Department of Environment. He has worked as a lawyer and was professor of administrative and constitutional law at the University of Girona.At the 1999 local elections Xuclà was placed 20th on the Convergence and Union (CiU) electoral alliance's list of candidates in Olot but the alliance only managed to win 8 seats in the municipality and as a result he failed to get elected. At the 2007 local elections he was placed 21st on the CiU's list of candidates in Olot but the alliance only managed to win 7 seats in the municipality and as a result he failed to get elected. At the 2011 local elections he was placed 21st on the CiU's list of candidates in Olot but the alliance only managed to win 10 seats in the municipality and as a result he failed to get elected. He did not contest the 2015 local elections but was nominated as the CiU's number one substitute candidate in Les Planes d'Hostoles.Xuclà contested the 2000 general election as a CiU candidate in the Province of Girona and was elected to the Senate of Spain. He contested the 2004 general election as a CiU candidate in the Province of Girona and was elected to the Congress of Deputies. He was re-elected at the 2008, 2011, 2015 and 2016 general elections.Xuclà is a vice-president of Liberal International and president of the Freedom and Democracy Foundation (Fundació Llibertat i Democràcia), the Catalan section of the Liberal International. He was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and president of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE).Xuclà is married with two daughters. | [
"Catalan European Democratic Party",
"Partit Nacionalista de Catalunya"
] | |
Which political party did Jordi Xuclà belong to in Feb, 2016? | February 19, 2016 | {
"text": [
"Catalan European Democratic Party"
]
} | L2_Q11928385_P102_1 | Jordi Xuclà is a member of the Catalan European Democratic Party from Jan, 2016 to Jun, 2020.
Jordi Xuclà is a member of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 2016.
Jordi Xuclà is a member of the Partit Nacionalista de Catalunya from Jun, 2020 to Dec, 2022. | Jordi XuclàJordi Xuclà i Costa (born 13 May 1973) is a Catalan lawyer, academic and politician. He is a former member of the Congress of Deputies of Spain and the Senate of Spain.Xuclà was born on 13 May 1973 in Olot, Catalonia. He is the son of an industrialist who was a supporter of Jordi Pujol. His brother was a member of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC). Xuclà has a degree in law from the University of Girona, a diploma in public law and a masters degree in security and foreign policy.Xuclà joined the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) in 1989 and was secretary-general (1998-00) and president (2000-02) of the Nationalist Youth of Catalonia (JNC).Xuclà was head of Institutional Relations in the Generalitat de Catalunya's Department of Environment. He has worked as a lawyer and was professor of administrative and constitutional law at the University of Girona.At the 1999 local elections Xuclà was placed 20th on the Convergence and Union (CiU) electoral alliance's list of candidates in Olot but the alliance only managed to win 8 seats in the municipality and as a result he failed to get elected. At the 2007 local elections he was placed 21st on the CiU's list of candidates in Olot but the alliance only managed to win 7 seats in the municipality and as a result he failed to get elected. At the 2011 local elections he was placed 21st on the CiU's list of candidates in Olot but the alliance only managed to win 10 seats in the municipality and as a result he failed to get elected. He did not contest the 2015 local elections but was nominated as the CiU's number one substitute candidate in Les Planes d'Hostoles.Xuclà contested the 2000 general election as a CiU candidate in the Province of Girona and was elected to the Senate of Spain. He contested the 2004 general election as a CiU candidate in the Province of Girona and was elected to the Congress of Deputies. He was re-elected at the 2008, 2011, 2015 and 2016 general elections.Xuclà is a vice-president of Liberal International and president of the Freedom and Democracy Foundation (Fundació Llibertat i Democràcia), the Catalan section of the Liberal International. He was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and president of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE).Xuclà is married with two daughters. | [
"Democratic Convergence of Catalonia",
"Partit Nacionalista de Catalunya"
] | |
Which political party did Jordi Xuclà belong to in Jul, 2022? | July 18, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Partit Nacionalista de Catalunya"
]
} | L2_Q11928385_P102_2 | Jordi Xuclà is a member of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 2016.
Jordi Xuclà is a member of the Catalan European Democratic Party from Jan, 2016 to Jun, 2020.
Jordi Xuclà is a member of the Partit Nacionalista de Catalunya from Jun, 2020 to Dec, 2022. | Jordi XuclàJordi Xuclà i Costa (born 13 May 1973) is a Catalan lawyer, academic and politician. He is a former member of the Congress of Deputies of Spain and the Senate of Spain.Xuclà was born on 13 May 1973 in Olot, Catalonia. He is the son of an industrialist who was a supporter of Jordi Pujol. His brother was a member of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC). Xuclà has a degree in law from the University of Girona, a diploma in public law and a masters degree in security and foreign policy.Xuclà joined the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) in 1989 and was secretary-general (1998-00) and president (2000-02) of the Nationalist Youth of Catalonia (JNC).Xuclà was head of Institutional Relations in the Generalitat de Catalunya's Department of Environment. He has worked as a lawyer and was professor of administrative and constitutional law at the University of Girona.At the 1999 local elections Xuclà was placed 20th on the Convergence and Union (CiU) electoral alliance's list of candidates in Olot but the alliance only managed to win 8 seats in the municipality and as a result he failed to get elected. At the 2007 local elections he was placed 21st on the CiU's list of candidates in Olot but the alliance only managed to win 7 seats in the municipality and as a result he failed to get elected. At the 2011 local elections he was placed 21st on the CiU's list of candidates in Olot but the alliance only managed to win 10 seats in the municipality and as a result he failed to get elected. He did not contest the 2015 local elections but was nominated as the CiU's number one substitute candidate in Les Planes d'Hostoles.Xuclà contested the 2000 general election as a CiU candidate in the Province of Girona and was elected to the Senate of Spain. He contested the 2004 general election as a CiU candidate in the Province of Girona and was elected to the Congress of Deputies. He was re-elected at the 2008, 2011, 2015 and 2016 general elections.Xuclà is a vice-president of Liberal International and president of the Freedom and Democracy Foundation (Fundació Llibertat i Democràcia), the Catalan section of the Liberal International. He was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and president of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE).Xuclà is married with two daughters. | [
"Democratic Convergence of Catalonia",
"Catalan European Democratic Party"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team PEC Zwolle in Oct, 2018? | October 25, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Jaap Stam"
]
} | L2_Q269151_P286_0 | Jaap Stam is the head coach of PEC Zwolle from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
John Stegeman is the head coach of PEC Zwolle from Jul, 2019 to Feb, 2021.
Dick Schreuder is the head coach of PEC Zwolle from Nov, 2021 to Dec, 2022. | PEC ZwollePEC Zwolle is a Dutch football club based in Zwolle, currently playing in the Eredivisie, the country's highest level of professional club football. They have played in the Eredivisie for a total of 16 seasons, reaching sixth place in 2015. They won the KNVB Cup in 2014 and also reached the final in 1928, 1977 and 2015.This is the second incarnation of the club; its predecessor of the same name went bankrupt in 1990. The current club was founded immediately afterwards as FC Zwolle before renaming back to PEC Zwolle in 2012.PEC was founded on 12 June 1910, the name being an abbreviation of PH EDN Combinatie (PH EDN Combination). The club was formed by a merger of Prins Hendrik (1 April 1906; Prince Henry) and Ende Desespereert Nimmer (1904; And Never Despair). PEC has been a professional football club since 23 February 1955. The club name was changed to PEC Zwolle in 1971 and to PEC Zwolle '82 in 1982. Instantly after the bankruptcy a new name was chosen for the new club: FC Zwolle. On 14 April 2012, after the promotion, the club name was changed back to PEC Zwolle.PEC was one of Zwolle's three top football clubs, along with ZAC (founded in 1893) and Zwolsche Boys (1918). ZAC was associated with the local high society, Zwolsche Boys were associated with the working class, while PEC was the club of the local middle class. There was considerable rivalry between these three clubs, especially between Zwolsche Boys and PEC. Not only were their stadiums within walking distance from each other, the clubs frequently met each other in league matches.Despite this rivalry, PEC and Zwolsche Boys merged in 1969, taking the name PEC. In 1971, this became PEC Zwolle, in an attempt to promote the image of the city of Zwolle. In 1977, PEC Zwolle reached the finals of the KNVB Cup, losing to Twente in extra time, and missed out on promotion to the Eredivisie by one point. In 1978, the club won the Dutch first division title and was promoted to the Eredivisie for the first time in its history. In its first season in the Eredivisie, the club finished eighth, which remained PEC Zwolle's highest ever league position until finishing sixth in 2014–15. Their most impressive result that season was a 0–1 away victory at PSV. These results were achieved by a talented group of players bought from other clubs, such as Rinus Israël. The money for this came from the , which was led by FC Zwolle chairman . By 1982, the club had built up a debt of six million guilders and was on the verge of bankruptcy.Real estate developer took over power in PEC Zwolle in 1982. He managed to end the debt and restructured the club, which was epitomized by a change in the name: PEC Zwolle '82. He also had the club's stadium renovated and decided to name the stadium's main stand the Johan Cruyff Stand, because Johan Cruyff had played his last official match against PEC Zwolle '82 on 13 May 1984. Eibrink brought legendary players like Piet Schrijvers, Johnny Rep and Cees van Kooten to the club. The club managed to revive, but the revival was short-lived. In 1985, PEC Zwolle '82 were relegated to the Dutch first division, largely due to an injury-ridden main squad. They managed to return after only one season, having finished in second place. That team was led by the coach Co Adriaanse and the player Foeke Booy. Eibrink, however, grew increasingly disappointed in sponsors and local authorities, accusing them of not loving the club in the way that he did, and he left the club in 1988. Despite a promising start to the 1988–89 season, the club finished in 16th place, which meant that it was relegated to the First Division. The financial crisis worsened, as sponsors refused to invest in the club any longer. The players' wages could not be paid, and a debt to the Slavenburg's bank appeared which had been overseen by the board for around ten years. This led to the club's bankruptcy in March 1990.After the bankruptcy, it was decided that the club had to sever all ties with the troubled finances of the past and make a fresh start. The club got a new name (FC Zwolle), a new organisational structure, new sponsors, new club colours (blue-white shirts with white shorts instead of green-white shirts with black shorts) and a new crest. The first years of the 'new' club were hard, but after 1992–93, a new team filled with talents such as Jaap Stam (who would later play for PSV, Manchester United, Lazio, Milan and Ajax), Bert Konterman (Feyenoord and Rangers), Johan Hansma (Heerenveen) and Henri van der Vegt (Udinese) played attractive and successful football. In 1992–93, FC Zwolle narrowly missed promotion to the Eredivisie. In the KNVB Cup, FC Zwolle reached the quarter-finals, losing to Feyenoord in a penalty shootout.After many failed attempts in the play-offs, FC Zwolle finally managed to secure a return to the Eredivisie by winning the First Division in 2002. In the 2002–03 Eredivisie season, the club finished in 16th place and escaped relegation via the play-offs. A year later, they made a miserable start to the season, and had scored only seven points halfway through the season. An impressive run, with victories over the likes of SC Heerenveen and AZ, proved in vain, as FC Zwolle dropped from a 16th place (which would have placed them in the play-offs) to the 18th place (direct relegation) on the last day of the season. They lost 7–1 away at Feyenoord, while their rivals Vitesse and Volendam managed to beat their opponents Utrecht and RBC Roosendaal.At the beginning of the 2004–05 season, FC Zwolle was considered one of the favourites for the title in the First Division, along with Sparta Rotterdam. However, it was another club from the province of Overijssel, Heracles Almelo, that won the title. FC Zwolle finished the season in fourth place, and had to play play-off matches against the second- and sixth-placed teams of the First Division (Sparta and Helmond Sport) and the 17th-placed team of the Eredivisie, De Graafschap. They finished bottom of their group, with one point from six matches, while Sparta won the group and clinched promotion and De Graafschap was relegated.The 2005–06 season started well, with FC Zwolle fighting for the league's top spot in the first months. However, the results dwindled in November and December. Angry supporters threatened trainer-coach Hennie Spijkerman after a 0–5 home defeat against Excelsior, and Spijkerman resigned a few days later. The club's chairman announced that he would crack down on the supporters involved, and said that some had already received stadium bans of up to 9 years. Spijkerman's assistant trainer Harry Sinkgraven finished the season, leading the club to the play-offs, in which Eredivisie side Willem II proved too strong.Former Feyenoord and Ajax player Jan Everse, who had already trained the club between 1996 and 1999, was presented as the new trainer-coach. He was faced with financial problems at the club, and the departure of key striker Santi Kolk. Many players from the club's youth teams were brought into the main squad, with mixed results. The team ended at the ninth place of the table during the 2006–07 season.During the 2010–11 season, FC Zwolle held the top spot for a long time, but had to leave the title to RKC Waalwijk. Zwolle ended in 2nd place and didn't achieve promotion. The 2011–12 season was more successful. FC Zwolle won the title and secured their return to the Eredivisie in the 2012–13 season.Shortly after winning the championship of the Eerste Divisie, the club announced that the name will be changed to "PEC Zwolle" again.In 2014, under the guidance of new head coach Ron Jans, PEC Zwolle earned their first major silverware by winning the KNVB Cup, beating league champions Ajax 5–1 in the final. Thus, PEC Zwolle qualified for the UEFA Europa League for the first time. On 3 August 2014, PEC Zwolle also won the 2014 Johan Cruijff Schaal (Dutch Supercup) by defeating AFC Ajax, this time by 1–0.By winning the KNVB Cup, PEC Zwolle qualified for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League. In the play-off round, Zwolle played AC Sparta Prague and after a 1–1 draw in Zwolle it lost 3–1 in Prague, losing 1–4 on aggregate.The old stadium was built in 1934 and demolished in 2007. It was located at Business park Oosterenk. Since the completion in 1934 two different clubs played in the stadium. "PEC" from 1934 till 1957, Zwolsche Boys from 1957 till 1970. Since 1970 "PEC" played its games at the Oosterenk Stadium. The stadium had to be demolished because the new stadium is located at the same spot as the Oosterenk Stadium is.Officially since 29 August 2009, the stadium is no longer under construction. Construction started at 9 March 2007. The first game in the new stadium was against MVV. The final score was 0–0. The first goal scored in the new stadium was by FC Zwolle player Bram van Polen, coming on 22 August 2008 against Cambuur.On 12 July 2012, the club officially announced the new name for their home ground, which is now called IJsseldelta Stadion.The name of the stadium was on 1 July 2016 changed to MAC³PARK stadion."PEC Zwolle" biggest rival is Go Ahead Eagles. Both clubs are located at the river IJssel, hence the name IJssel-derby.† "as FC Zwolle"Below is a table with FC Zwolle's domestic results since the introduction of professional football in 1956.PEC Zwolle made it to the final round of the national cup four times. They only won in 2014. The first final was in 1928 against RHC Heemstede. The final score was 2–0. The second time they made it to the final was in 1977. The opponent that time was FC Twente. They lost 3–0 after extra time. The third time was in 2014, when they beat Ajax 5–1, subsequently claiming the cup for Zwolle for the first time in their history. The last time was in 2015 against FC Groningen. Final score 2–0. | [
"Dick Schreuder",
"John Stegeman"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team PEC Zwolle in Nov, 2020? | November 02, 2020 | {
"text": [
"John Stegeman"
]
} | L2_Q269151_P286_1 | Dick Schreuder is the head coach of PEC Zwolle from Nov, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
John Stegeman is the head coach of PEC Zwolle from Jul, 2019 to Feb, 2021.
Jaap Stam is the head coach of PEC Zwolle from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019. | PEC ZwollePEC Zwolle is a Dutch football club based in Zwolle, currently playing in the Eredivisie, the country's highest level of professional club football. They have played in the Eredivisie for a total of 16 seasons, reaching sixth place in 2015. They won the KNVB Cup in 2014 and also reached the final in 1928, 1977 and 2015.This is the second incarnation of the club; its predecessor of the same name went bankrupt in 1990. The current club was founded immediately afterwards as FC Zwolle before renaming back to PEC Zwolle in 2012.PEC was founded on 12 June 1910, the name being an abbreviation of PH EDN Combinatie (PH EDN Combination). The club was formed by a merger of Prins Hendrik (1 April 1906; Prince Henry) and Ende Desespereert Nimmer (1904; And Never Despair). PEC has been a professional football club since 23 February 1955. The club name was changed to PEC Zwolle in 1971 and to PEC Zwolle '82 in 1982. Instantly after the bankruptcy a new name was chosen for the new club: FC Zwolle. On 14 April 2012, after the promotion, the club name was changed back to PEC Zwolle.PEC was one of Zwolle's three top football clubs, along with ZAC (founded in 1893) and Zwolsche Boys (1918). ZAC was associated with the local high society, Zwolsche Boys were associated with the working class, while PEC was the club of the local middle class. There was considerable rivalry between these three clubs, especially between Zwolsche Boys and PEC. Not only were their stadiums within walking distance from each other, the clubs frequently met each other in league matches.Despite this rivalry, PEC and Zwolsche Boys merged in 1969, taking the name PEC. In 1971, this became PEC Zwolle, in an attempt to promote the image of the city of Zwolle. In 1977, PEC Zwolle reached the finals of the KNVB Cup, losing to Twente in extra time, and missed out on promotion to the Eredivisie by one point. In 1978, the club won the Dutch first division title and was promoted to the Eredivisie for the first time in its history. In its first season in the Eredivisie, the club finished eighth, which remained PEC Zwolle's highest ever league position until finishing sixth in 2014–15. Their most impressive result that season was a 0–1 away victory at PSV. These results were achieved by a talented group of players bought from other clubs, such as Rinus Israël. The money for this came from the , which was led by FC Zwolle chairman . By 1982, the club had built up a debt of six million guilders and was on the verge of bankruptcy.Real estate developer took over power in PEC Zwolle in 1982. He managed to end the debt and restructured the club, which was epitomized by a change in the name: PEC Zwolle '82. He also had the club's stadium renovated and decided to name the stadium's main stand the Johan Cruyff Stand, because Johan Cruyff had played his last official match against PEC Zwolle '82 on 13 May 1984. Eibrink brought legendary players like Piet Schrijvers, Johnny Rep and Cees van Kooten to the club. The club managed to revive, but the revival was short-lived. In 1985, PEC Zwolle '82 were relegated to the Dutch first division, largely due to an injury-ridden main squad. They managed to return after only one season, having finished in second place. That team was led by the coach Co Adriaanse and the player Foeke Booy. Eibrink, however, grew increasingly disappointed in sponsors and local authorities, accusing them of not loving the club in the way that he did, and he left the club in 1988. Despite a promising start to the 1988–89 season, the club finished in 16th place, which meant that it was relegated to the First Division. The financial crisis worsened, as sponsors refused to invest in the club any longer. The players' wages could not be paid, and a debt to the Slavenburg's bank appeared which had been overseen by the board for around ten years. This led to the club's bankruptcy in March 1990.After the bankruptcy, it was decided that the club had to sever all ties with the troubled finances of the past and make a fresh start. The club got a new name (FC Zwolle), a new organisational structure, new sponsors, new club colours (blue-white shirts with white shorts instead of green-white shirts with black shorts) and a new crest. The first years of the 'new' club were hard, but after 1992–93, a new team filled with talents such as Jaap Stam (who would later play for PSV, Manchester United, Lazio, Milan and Ajax), Bert Konterman (Feyenoord and Rangers), Johan Hansma (Heerenveen) and Henri van der Vegt (Udinese) played attractive and successful football. In 1992–93, FC Zwolle narrowly missed promotion to the Eredivisie. In the KNVB Cup, FC Zwolle reached the quarter-finals, losing to Feyenoord in a penalty shootout.After many failed attempts in the play-offs, FC Zwolle finally managed to secure a return to the Eredivisie by winning the First Division in 2002. In the 2002–03 Eredivisie season, the club finished in 16th place and escaped relegation via the play-offs. A year later, they made a miserable start to the season, and had scored only seven points halfway through the season. An impressive run, with victories over the likes of SC Heerenveen and AZ, proved in vain, as FC Zwolle dropped from a 16th place (which would have placed them in the play-offs) to the 18th place (direct relegation) on the last day of the season. They lost 7–1 away at Feyenoord, while their rivals Vitesse and Volendam managed to beat their opponents Utrecht and RBC Roosendaal.At the beginning of the 2004–05 season, FC Zwolle was considered one of the favourites for the title in the First Division, along with Sparta Rotterdam. However, it was another club from the province of Overijssel, Heracles Almelo, that won the title. FC Zwolle finished the season in fourth place, and had to play play-off matches against the second- and sixth-placed teams of the First Division (Sparta and Helmond Sport) and the 17th-placed team of the Eredivisie, De Graafschap. They finished bottom of their group, with one point from six matches, while Sparta won the group and clinched promotion and De Graafschap was relegated.The 2005–06 season started well, with FC Zwolle fighting for the league's top spot in the first months. However, the results dwindled in November and December. Angry supporters threatened trainer-coach Hennie Spijkerman after a 0–5 home defeat against Excelsior, and Spijkerman resigned a few days later. The club's chairman announced that he would crack down on the supporters involved, and said that some had already received stadium bans of up to 9 years. Spijkerman's assistant trainer Harry Sinkgraven finished the season, leading the club to the play-offs, in which Eredivisie side Willem II proved too strong.Former Feyenoord and Ajax player Jan Everse, who had already trained the club between 1996 and 1999, was presented as the new trainer-coach. He was faced with financial problems at the club, and the departure of key striker Santi Kolk. Many players from the club's youth teams were brought into the main squad, with mixed results. The team ended at the ninth place of the table during the 2006–07 season.During the 2010–11 season, FC Zwolle held the top spot for a long time, but had to leave the title to RKC Waalwijk. Zwolle ended in 2nd place and didn't achieve promotion. The 2011–12 season was more successful. FC Zwolle won the title and secured their return to the Eredivisie in the 2012–13 season.Shortly after winning the championship of the Eerste Divisie, the club announced that the name will be changed to "PEC Zwolle" again.In 2014, under the guidance of new head coach Ron Jans, PEC Zwolle earned their first major silverware by winning the KNVB Cup, beating league champions Ajax 5–1 in the final. Thus, PEC Zwolle qualified for the UEFA Europa League for the first time. On 3 August 2014, PEC Zwolle also won the 2014 Johan Cruijff Schaal (Dutch Supercup) by defeating AFC Ajax, this time by 1–0.By winning the KNVB Cup, PEC Zwolle qualified for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League. In the play-off round, Zwolle played AC Sparta Prague and after a 1–1 draw in Zwolle it lost 3–1 in Prague, losing 1–4 on aggregate.The old stadium was built in 1934 and demolished in 2007. It was located at Business park Oosterenk. Since the completion in 1934 two different clubs played in the stadium. "PEC" from 1934 till 1957, Zwolsche Boys from 1957 till 1970. Since 1970 "PEC" played its games at the Oosterenk Stadium. The stadium had to be demolished because the new stadium is located at the same spot as the Oosterenk Stadium is.Officially since 29 August 2009, the stadium is no longer under construction. Construction started at 9 March 2007. The first game in the new stadium was against MVV. The final score was 0–0. The first goal scored in the new stadium was by FC Zwolle player Bram van Polen, coming on 22 August 2008 against Cambuur.On 12 July 2012, the club officially announced the new name for their home ground, which is now called IJsseldelta Stadion.The name of the stadium was on 1 July 2016 changed to MAC³PARK stadion."PEC Zwolle" biggest rival is Go Ahead Eagles. Both clubs are located at the river IJssel, hence the name IJssel-derby.† "as FC Zwolle"Below is a table with FC Zwolle's domestic results since the introduction of professional football in 1956.PEC Zwolle made it to the final round of the national cup four times. They only won in 2014. The first final was in 1928 against RHC Heemstede. The final score was 2–0. The second time they made it to the final was in 1977. The opponent that time was FC Twente. They lost 3–0 after extra time. The third time was in 2014, when they beat Ajax 5–1, subsequently claiming the cup for Zwolle for the first time in their history. The last time was in 2015 against FC Groningen. Final score 2–0. | [
"Jaap Stam",
"Dick Schreuder"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team PEC Zwolle in Jan, 2022? | January 10, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Dick Schreuder"
]
} | L2_Q269151_P286_2 | Dick Schreuder is the head coach of PEC Zwolle from Nov, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
John Stegeman is the head coach of PEC Zwolle from Jul, 2019 to Feb, 2021.
Jaap Stam is the head coach of PEC Zwolle from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019. | PEC ZwollePEC Zwolle is a Dutch football club based in Zwolle, currently playing in the Eredivisie, the country's highest level of professional club football. They have played in the Eredivisie for a total of 16 seasons, reaching sixth place in 2015. They won the KNVB Cup in 2014 and also reached the final in 1928, 1977 and 2015.This is the second incarnation of the club; its predecessor of the same name went bankrupt in 1990. The current club was founded immediately afterwards as FC Zwolle before renaming back to PEC Zwolle in 2012.PEC was founded on 12 June 1910, the name being an abbreviation of PH EDN Combinatie (PH EDN Combination). The club was formed by a merger of Prins Hendrik (1 April 1906; Prince Henry) and Ende Desespereert Nimmer (1904; And Never Despair). PEC has been a professional football club since 23 February 1955. The club name was changed to PEC Zwolle in 1971 and to PEC Zwolle '82 in 1982. Instantly after the bankruptcy a new name was chosen for the new club: FC Zwolle. On 14 April 2012, after the promotion, the club name was changed back to PEC Zwolle.PEC was one of Zwolle's three top football clubs, along with ZAC (founded in 1893) and Zwolsche Boys (1918). ZAC was associated with the local high society, Zwolsche Boys were associated with the working class, while PEC was the club of the local middle class. There was considerable rivalry between these three clubs, especially between Zwolsche Boys and PEC. Not only were their stadiums within walking distance from each other, the clubs frequently met each other in league matches.Despite this rivalry, PEC and Zwolsche Boys merged in 1969, taking the name PEC. In 1971, this became PEC Zwolle, in an attempt to promote the image of the city of Zwolle. In 1977, PEC Zwolle reached the finals of the KNVB Cup, losing to Twente in extra time, and missed out on promotion to the Eredivisie by one point. In 1978, the club won the Dutch first division title and was promoted to the Eredivisie for the first time in its history. In its first season in the Eredivisie, the club finished eighth, which remained PEC Zwolle's highest ever league position until finishing sixth in 2014–15. Their most impressive result that season was a 0–1 away victory at PSV. These results were achieved by a talented group of players bought from other clubs, such as Rinus Israël. The money for this came from the , which was led by FC Zwolle chairman . By 1982, the club had built up a debt of six million guilders and was on the verge of bankruptcy.Real estate developer took over power in PEC Zwolle in 1982. He managed to end the debt and restructured the club, which was epitomized by a change in the name: PEC Zwolle '82. He also had the club's stadium renovated and decided to name the stadium's main stand the Johan Cruyff Stand, because Johan Cruyff had played his last official match against PEC Zwolle '82 on 13 May 1984. Eibrink brought legendary players like Piet Schrijvers, Johnny Rep and Cees van Kooten to the club. The club managed to revive, but the revival was short-lived. In 1985, PEC Zwolle '82 were relegated to the Dutch first division, largely due to an injury-ridden main squad. They managed to return after only one season, having finished in second place. That team was led by the coach Co Adriaanse and the player Foeke Booy. Eibrink, however, grew increasingly disappointed in sponsors and local authorities, accusing them of not loving the club in the way that he did, and he left the club in 1988. Despite a promising start to the 1988–89 season, the club finished in 16th place, which meant that it was relegated to the First Division. The financial crisis worsened, as sponsors refused to invest in the club any longer. The players' wages could not be paid, and a debt to the Slavenburg's bank appeared which had been overseen by the board for around ten years. This led to the club's bankruptcy in March 1990.After the bankruptcy, it was decided that the club had to sever all ties with the troubled finances of the past and make a fresh start. The club got a new name (FC Zwolle), a new organisational structure, new sponsors, new club colours (blue-white shirts with white shorts instead of green-white shirts with black shorts) and a new crest. The first years of the 'new' club were hard, but after 1992–93, a new team filled with talents such as Jaap Stam (who would later play for PSV, Manchester United, Lazio, Milan and Ajax), Bert Konterman (Feyenoord and Rangers), Johan Hansma (Heerenveen) and Henri van der Vegt (Udinese) played attractive and successful football. In 1992–93, FC Zwolle narrowly missed promotion to the Eredivisie. In the KNVB Cup, FC Zwolle reached the quarter-finals, losing to Feyenoord in a penalty shootout.After many failed attempts in the play-offs, FC Zwolle finally managed to secure a return to the Eredivisie by winning the First Division in 2002. In the 2002–03 Eredivisie season, the club finished in 16th place and escaped relegation via the play-offs. A year later, they made a miserable start to the season, and had scored only seven points halfway through the season. An impressive run, with victories over the likes of SC Heerenveen and AZ, proved in vain, as FC Zwolle dropped from a 16th place (which would have placed them in the play-offs) to the 18th place (direct relegation) on the last day of the season. They lost 7–1 away at Feyenoord, while their rivals Vitesse and Volendam managed to beat their opponents Utrecht and RBC Roosendaal.At the beginning of the 2004–05 season, FC Zwolle was considered one of the favourites for the title in the First Division, along with Sparta Rotterdam. However, it was another club from the province of Overijssel, Heracles Almelo, that won the title. FC Zwolle finished the season in fourth place, and had to play play-off matches against the second- and sixth-placed teams of the First Division (Sparta and Helmond Sport) and the 17th-placed team of the Eredivisie, De Graafschap. They finished bottom of their group, with one point from six matches, while Sparta won the group and clinched promotion and De Graafschap was relegated.The 2005–06 season started well, with FC Zwolle fighting for the league's top spot in the first months. However, the results dwindled in November and December. Angry supporters threatened trainer-coach Hennie Spijkerman after a 0–5 home defeat against Excelsior, and Spijkerman resigned a few days later. The club's chairman announced that he would crack down on the supporters involved, and said that some had already received stadium bans of up to 9 years. Spijkerman's assistant trainer Harry Sinkgraven finished the season, leading the club to the play-offs, in which Eredivisie side Willem II proved too strong.Former Feyenoord and Ajax player Jan Everse, who had already trained the club between 1996 and 1999, was presented as the new trainer-coach. He was faced with financial problems at the club, and the departure of key striker Santi Kolk. Many players from the club's youth teams were brought into the main squad, with mixed results. The team ended at the ninth place of the table during the 2006–07 season.During the 2010–11 season, FC Zwolle held the top spot for a long time, but had to leave the title to RKC Waalwijk. Zwolle ended in 2nd place and didn't achieve promotion. The 2011–12 season was more successful. FC Zwolle won the title and secured their return to the Eredivisie in the 2012–13 season.Shortly after winning the championship of the Eerste Divisie, the club announced that the name will be changed to "PEC Zwolle" again.In 2014, under the guidance of new head coach Ron Jans, PEC Zwolle earned their first major silverware by winning the KNVB Cup, beating league champions Ajax 5–1 in the final. Thus, PEC Zwolle qualified for the UEFA Europa League for the first time. On 3 August 2014, PEC Zwolle also won the 2014 Johan Cruijff Schaal (Dutch Supercup) by defeating AFC Ajax, this time by 1–0.By winning the KNVB Cup, PEC Zwolle qualified for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League. In the play-off round, Zwolle played AC Sparta Prague and after a 1–1 draw in Zwolle it lost 3–1 in Prague, losing 1–4 on aggregate.The old stadium was built in 1934 and demolished in 2007. It was located at Business park Oosterenk. Since the completion in 1934 two different clubs played in the stadium. "PEC" from 1934 till 1957, Zwolsche Boys from 1957 till 1970. Since 1970 "PEC" played its games at the Oosterenk Stadium. The stadium had to be demolished because the new stadium is located at the same spot as the Oosterenk Stadium is.Officially since 29 August 2009, the stadium is no longer under construction. Construction started at 9 March 2007. The first game in the new stadium was against MVV. The final score was 0–0. The first goal scored in the new stadium was by FC Zwolle player Bram van Polen, coming on 22 August 2008 against Cambuur.On 12 July 2012, the club officially announced the new name for their home ground, which is now called IJsseldelta Stadion.The name of the stadium was on 1 July 2016 changed to MAC³PARK stadion."PEC Zwolle" biggest rival is Go Ahead Eagles. Both clubs are located at the river IJssel, hence the name IJssel-derby.† "as FC Zwolle"Below is a table with FC Zwolle's domestic results since the introduction of professional football in 1956.PEC Zwolle made it to the final round of the national cup four times. They only won in 2014. The first final was in 1928 against RHC Heemstede. The final score was 2–0. The second time they made it to the final was in 1977. The opponent that time was FC Twente. They lost 3–0 after extra time. The third time was in 2014, when they beat Ajax 5–1, subsequently claiming the cup for Zwolle for the first time in their history. The last time was in 2015 against FC Groningen. Final score 2–0. | [
"Jaap Stam",
"John Stegeman"
] | |
Which position did David Mudd hold in Sep, 1972? | September 21, 1972 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5237784_P39_0 | David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. | David MuddWilliam David Mudd (2 June 1933 – 28 April 2020) was a British politician.Mudd was born in Falmouth, Cornwall, in June 1933. He was educated at Truro Cathedral School and was a member of the Tavistock Urban District Council from 1959 to 1961. He carried out his National service on merchant ships in the 1950s and, after working for a brief period as a stage manager in ballrooms all over the UK, he decided to take on a career in radio and television broadcast journalism.He was Conservative MP for Falmouth and Camborne from 1970 until 1992, when he stood down. It was considered a surprise when he decided to stand in his old constituency at the 2005 general election as an independent candidate. He came fifth with 2% of the vote.In the 1970s, Mudd was a member of Mebyon Kernow as well as the Conservative Party. He was also a newsreader on Westward Television in the 1970s and a Cornish bard.He died in Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon in April 2020 at the age of 86. | [
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did David Mudd hold in Aug, 1974? | August 04, 1974 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5237784_P39_1 | David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992. | David MuddWilliam David Mudd (2 June 1933 – 28 April 2020) was a British politician.Mudd was born in Falmouth, Cornwall, in June 1933. He was educated at Truro Cathedral School and was a member of the Tavistock Urban District Council from 1959 to 1961. He carried out his National service on merchant ships in the 1950s and, after working for a brief period as a stage manager in ballrooms all over the UK, he decided to take on a career in radio and television broadcast journalism.He was Conservative MP for Falmouth and Camborne from 1970 until 1992, when he stood down. It was considered a surprise when he decided to stand in his old constituency at the 2005 general election as an independent candidate. He came fifth with 2% of the vote.In the 1970s, Mudd was a member of Mebyon Kernow as well as the Conservative Party. He was also a newsreader on Westward Television in the 1970s and a Cornish bard.He died in Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon in April 2020 at the age of 86. | [
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did David Mudd hold in Apr, 1975? | April 08, 1975 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5237784_P39_2 | David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974. | David MuddWilliam David Mudd (2 June 1933 – 28 April 2020) was a British politician.Mudd was born in Falmouth, Cornwall, in June 1933. He was educated at Truro Cathedral School and was a member of the Tavistock Urban District Council from 1959 to 1961. He carried out his National service on merchant ships in the 1950s and, after working for a brief period as a stage manager in ballrooms all over the UK, he decided to take on a career in radio and television broadcast journalism.He was Conservative MP for Falmouth and Camborne from 1970 until 1992, when he stood down. It was considered a surprise when he decided to stand in his old constituency at the 2005 general election as an independent candidate. He came fifth with 2% of the vote.In the 1970s, Mudd was a member of Mebyon Kernow as well as the Conservative Party. He was also a newsreader on Westward Television in the 1970s and a Cornish bard.He died in Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon in April 2020 at the age of 86. | [
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did David Mudd hold in Nov, 1979? | November 19, 1979 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5237784_P39_3 | David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. | David MuddWilliam David Mudd (2 June 1933 – 28 April 2020) was a British politician.Mudd was born in Falmouth, Cornwall, in June 1933. He was educated at Truro Cathedral School and was a member of the Tavistock Urban District Council from 1959 to 1961. He carried out his National service on merchant ships in the 1950s and, after working for a brief period as a stage manager in ballrooms all over the UK, he decided to take on a career in radio and television broadcast journalism.He was Conservative MP for Falmouth and Camborne from 1970 until 1992, when he stood down. It was considered a surprise when he decided to stand in his old constituency at the 2005 general election as an independent candidate. He came fifth with 2% of the vote.In the 1970s, Mudd was a member of Mebyon Kernow as well as the Conservative Party. He was also a newsreader on Westward Television in the 1970s and a Cornish bard.He died in Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon in April 2020 at the age of 86. | [
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did David Mudd hold in Nov, 1985? | November 22, 1985 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5237784_P39_4 | David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. | David MuddWilliam David Mudd (2 June 1933 – 28 April 2020) was a British politician.Mudd was born in Falmouth, Cornwall, in June 1933. He was educated at Truro Cathedral School and was a member of the Tavistock Urban District Council from 1959 to 1961. He carried out his National service on merchant ships in the 1950s and, after working for a brief period as a stage manager in ballrooms all over the UK, he decided to take on a career in radio and television broadcast journalism.He was Conservative MP for Falmouth and Camborne from 1970 until 1992, when he stood down. It was considered a surprise when he decided to stand in his old constituency at the 2005 general election as an independent candidate. He came fifth with 2% of the vote.In the 1970s, Mudd was a member of Mebyon Kernow as well as the Conservative Party. He was also a newsreader on Westward Television in the 1970s and a Cornish bard.He died in Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon in April 2020 at the age of 86. | [
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did David Mudd hold in Sep, 1989? | September 17, 1989 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5237784_P39_5 | David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
David Mudd holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. | David MuddWilliam David Mudd (2 June 1933 – 28 April 2020) was a British politician.Mudd was born in Falmouth, Cornwall, in June 1933. He was educated at Truro Cathedral School and was a member of the Tavistock Urban District Council from 1959 to 1961. He carried out his National service on merchant ships in the 1950s and, after working for a brief period as a stage manager in ballrooms all over the UK, he decided to take on a career in radio and television broadcast journalism.He was Conservative MP for Falmouth and Camborne from 1970 until 1992, when he stood down. It was considered a surprise when he decided to stand in his old constituency at the 2005 general election as an independent candidate. He came fifth with 2% of the vote.In the 1970s, Mudd was a member of Mebyon Kernow as well as the Conservative Party. He was also a newsreader on Westward Television in the 1970s and a Cornish bard.He died in Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon in April 2020 at the age of 86. | [
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Who was the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club in Dec, 1979? | December 27, 1979 | {
"text": [
"Jan Tebbe"
]
} | L2_Q24349_P488_0 | Wolfgang Große is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Anne Modersohn is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986.
Karl-Ludwig Kelber is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1998.
Ulrich Syberg is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Jan Tebbe is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Apr, 1979 to Jan, 1982.
Karsten Hübener is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010. | Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-ClubThe Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club (ADFC) (German Cyclist’s Association) is a registered cycling association and club for cyclists in Germany.The founding meeting of the ADFC took place on 27 September 1979 in Bremen, after the idea to establish such an organisation arose during the International Bicycle and Motorbike Exhibition (IFMA) on 18 April 1978. Jan Tebbe from Bremen provided the idea and was the first chairman of the ADFC. Other founders were transportation researchers like Heiner Monheim or Tilman Bracher.The ADFC is an interest group of cyclists in German towns, particularly in traffic politics. It became known for the bicycle climate test, which was carried out in 1988, 1991, 2003, 2005 and 2012.The ADFC is a member of the European Cyclists' Federation and the International Mountain Bicycling Association. At the demand of the ADFC a National Cycle Traffic Plan was presented in 2002 for the first time by the Cabinet of Germany.Since 2006, ADFC tests and certifies long-distance cycle paths as "ADFC Quality Routes" ("ADFC-Qualitätsradroute") according to criteria developed by the tourism expert committee. In August 2008 the top mark of five stars was assigned for the first time to a long-distance cycle route: the Main Valley Cycle Route near Randersacker. | [
"Anne Modersohn",
"Karsten Hübener",
"Ulrich Syberg",
"Wolfgang Große",
"Karl-Ludwig Kelber"
] | |
Who was the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club in Dec, 1982? | December 09, 1982 | {
"text": [
"Anne Modersohn"
]
} | L2_Q24349_P488_1 | Anne Modersohn is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986.
Ulrich Syberg is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Jan Tebbe is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Apr, 1979 to Jan, 1982.
Wolfgang Große is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Karsten Hübener is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010.
Karl-Ludwig Kelber is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1998. | Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-ClubThe Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club (ADFC) (German Cyclist’s Association) is a registered cycling association and club for cyclists in Germany.The founding meeting of the ADFC took place on 27 September 1979 in Bremen, after the idea to establish such an organisation arose during the International Bicycle and Motorbike Exhibition (IFMA) on 18 April 1978. Jan Tebbe from Bremen provided the idea and was the first chairman of the ADFC. Other founders were transportation researchers like Heiner Monheim or Tilman Bracher.The ADFC is an interest group of cyclists in German towns, particularly in traffic politics. It became known for the bicycle climate test, which was carried out in 1988, 1991, 2003, 2005 and 2012.The ADFC is a member of the European Cyclists' Federation and the International Mountain Bicycling Association. At the demand of the ADFC a National Cycle Traffic Plan was presented in 2002 for the first time by the Cabinet of Germany.Since 2006, ADFC tests and certifies long-distance cycle paths as "ADFC Quality Routes" ("ADFC-Qualitätsradroute") according to criteria developed by the tourism expert committee. In August 2008 the top mark of five stars was assigned for the first time to a long-distance cycle route: the Main Valley Cycle Route near Randersacker. | [
"Jan Tebbe",
"Karsten Hübener",
"Ulrich Syberg",
"Wolfgang Große",
"Karl-Ludwig Kelber"
] | |
Who was the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club in Dec, 1988? | December 17, 1988 | {
"text": [
"Karl-Ludwig Kelber"
]
} | L2_Q24349_P488_2 | Jan Tebbe is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Apr, 1979 to Jan, 1982.
Wolfgang Große is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Ulrich Syberg is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Karsten Hübener is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010.
Anne Modersohn is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986.
Karl-Ludwig Kelber is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1998. | Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-ClubThe Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club (ADFC) (German Cyclist’s Association) is a registered cycling association and club for cyclists in Germany.The founding meeting of the ADFC took place on 27 September 1979 in Bremen, after the idea to establish such an organisation arose during the International Bicycle and Motorbike Exhibition (IFMA) on 18 April 1978. Jan Tebbe from Bremen provided the idea and was the first chairman of the ADFC. Other founders were transportation researchers like Heiner Monheim or Tilman Bracher.The ADFC is an interest group of cyclists in German towns, particularly in traffic politics. It became known for the bicycle climate test, which was carried out in 1988, 1991, 2003, 2005 and 2012.The ADFC is a member of the European Cyclists' Federation and the International Mountain Bicycling Association. At the demand of the ADFC a National Cycle Traffic Plan was presented in 2002 for the first time by the Cabinet of Germany.Since 2006, ADFC tests and certifies long-distance cycle paths as "ADFC Quality Routes" ("ADFC-Qualitätsradroute") according to criteria developed by the tourism expert committee. In August 2008 the top mark of five stars was assigned for the first time to a long-distance cycle route: the Main Valley Cycle Route near Randersacker. | [
"Jan Tebbe",
"Anne Modersohn",
"Karsten Hübener",
"Ulrich Syberg",
"Wolfgang Große"
] | |
Who was the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club in Jul, 1999? | July 16, 1999 | {
"text": [
"Wolfgang Große"
]
} | L2_Q24349_P488_3 | Wolfgang Große is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Jan Tebbe is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Apr, 1979 to Jan, 1982.
Ulrich Syberg is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Anne Modersohn is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986.
Karl-Ludwig Kelber is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1998.
Karsten Hübener is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010. | Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-ClubThe Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club (ADFC) (German Cyclist’s Association) is a registered cycling association and club for cyclists in Germany.The founding meeting of the ADFC took place on 27 September 1979 in Bremen, after the idea to establish such an organisation arose during the International Bicycle and Motorbike Exhibition (IFMA) on 18 April 1978. Jan Tebbe from Bremen provided the idea and was the first chairman of the ADFC. Other founders were transportation researchers like Heiner Monheim or Tilman Bracher.The ADFC is an interest group of cyclists in German towns, particularly in traffic politics. It became known for the bicycle climate test, which was carried out in 1988, 1991, 2003, 2005 and 2012.The ADFC is a member of the European Cyclists' Federation and the International Mountain Bicycling Association. At the demand of the ADFC a National Cycle Traffic Plan was presented in 2002 for the first time by the Cabinet of Germany.Since 2006, ADFC tests and certifies long-distance cycle paths as "ADFC Quality Routes" ("ADFC-Qualitätsradroute") according to criteria developed by the tourism expert committee. In August 2008 the top mark of five stars was assigned for the first time to a long-distance cycle route: the Main Valley Cycle Route near Randersacker. | [
"Jan Tebbe",
"Anne Modersohn",
"Karsten Hübener",
"Ulrich Syberg",
"Karl-Ludwig Kelber"
] | |
Who was the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club in Jun, 2006? | June 13, 2006 | {
"text": [
"Karsten Hübener"
]
} | L2_Q24349_P488_4 | Jan Tebbe is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Apr, 1979 to Jan, 1982.
Ulrich Syberg is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Wolfgang Große is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Karsten Hübener is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010.
Karl-Ludwig Kelber is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1998.
Anne Modersohn is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986. | Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-ClubThe Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club (ADFC) (German Cyclist’s Association) is a registered cycling association and club for cyclists in Germany.The founding meeting of the ADFC took place on 27 September 1979 in Bremen, after the idea to establish such an organisation arose during the International Bicycle and Motorbike Exhibition (IFMA) on 18 April 1978. Jan Tebbe from Bremen provided the idea and was the first chairman of the ADFC. Other founders were transportation researchers like Heiner Monheim or Tilman Bracher.The ADFC is an interest group of cyclists in German towns, particularly in traffic politics. It became known for the bicycle climate test, which was carried out in 1988, 1991, 2003, 2005 and 2012.The ADFC is a member of the European Cyclists' Federation and the International Mountain Bicycling Association. At the demand of the ADFC a National Cycle Traffic Plan was presented in 2002 for the first time by the Cabinet of Germany.Since 2006, ADFC tests and certifies long-distance cycle paths as "ADFC Quality Routes" ("ADFC-Qualitätsradroute") according to criteria developed by the tourism expert committee. In August 2008 the top mark of five stars was assigned for the first time to a long-distance cycle route: the Main Valley Cycle Route near Randersacker. | [
"Jan Tebbe",
"Anne Modersohn",
"Ulrich Syberg",
"Wolfgang Große",
"Karl-Ludwig Kelber"
] | |
Who was the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club in Oct, 2016? | October 17, 2016 | {
"text": [
"Ulrich Syberg"
]
} | L2_Q24349_P488_5 | Wolfgang Große is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Anne Modersohn is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986.
Ulrich Syberg is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Karl-Ludwig Kelber is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1998.
Karsten Hübener is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010.
Jan Tebbe is the chair of Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club from Apr, 1979 to Jan, 1982. | Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-ClubThe Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club (ADFC) (German Cyclist’s Association) is a registered cycling association and club for cyclists in Germany.The founding meeting of the ADFC took place on 27 September 1979 in Bremen, after the idea to establish such an organisation arose during the International Bicycle and Motorbike Exhibition (IFMA) on 18 April 1978. Jan Tebbe from Bremen provided the idea and was the first chairman of the ADFC. Other founders were transportation researchers like Heiner Monheim or Tilman Bracher.The ADFC is an interest group of cyclists in German towns, particularly in traffic politics. It became known for the bicycle climate test, which was carried out in 1988, 1991, 2003, 2005 and 2012.The ADFC is a member of the European Cyclists' Federation and the International Mountain Bicycling Association. At the demand of the ADFC a National Cycle Traffic Plan was presented in 2002 for the first time by the Cabinet of Germany.Since 2006, ADFC tests and certifies long-distance cycle paths as "ADFC Quality Routes" ("ADFC-Qualitätsradroute") according to criteria developed by the tourism expert committee. In August 2008 the top mark of five stars was assigned for the first time to a long-distance cycle route: the Main Valley Cycle Route near Randersacker. | [
"Jan Tebbe",
"Anne Modersohn",
"Karsten Hübener",
"Wolfgang Große",
"Karl-Ludwig Kelber"
] | |
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in Sep, 1943? | September 11, 1943 | {
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
} | L2_Q98364_P108_0 | Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961. | Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14). | [
"University of Vienna",
"University of Münster",
"University of Göttingen"
] | |
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in Feb, 1951? | February 19, 1951 | {
"text": [
"University of Göttingen"
]
} | L2_Q98364_P108_1 | Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976. | Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14). | [
"University of Vienna",
"Frederick William University",
"University of Münster"
] | |
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in Apr, 1958? | April 20, 1958 | {
"text": [
"University of Vienna"
]
} | L2_Q98364_P108_2 | Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954. | Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14). | [
"Frederick William University",
"University of Münster",
"University of Göttingen"
] | |
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in Feb, 1966? | February 15, 1966 | {
"text": [
"University of Münster"
]
} | L2_Q98364_P108_3 | Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945. | Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14). | [
"University of Vienna",
"Frederick William University",
"University of Göttingen"
] | |
Who was the head of Quezon City in Aug, 1956? | August 09, 1956 | {
"text": [
"Norberto S. Amoranto"
]
} | L2_Q1475_P6_0 | Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992. | Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are: | [
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] | |
Who was the head of Quezon City in Apr, 1982? | April 06, 1982 | {
"text": [
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez"
]
} | L2_Q1475_P6_1 | Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976. | Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are: | [
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] | |
Who was the head of Quezon City in Oct, 1986? | October 20, 1986 | {
"text": [
"Brigido Simon, Jr."
]
} | L2_Q1475_P6_2 | Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019. | Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are: | [
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] | |
Who was the head of Quezon City in May, 1997? | May 15, 1997 | {
"text": [
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
]
} | L2_Q1475_P6_3 | Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001. | Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are: | [
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr."
] | |
Who was the head of Quezon City in Aug, 2004? | August 01, 2004 | {
"text": [
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr."
]
} | L2_Q1475_P6_4 | Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992. | Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are: | [
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] | |
Who was the head of Quezon City in Apr, 2019? | April 14, 2019 | {
"text": [
"Herbert Bautista"
]
} | L2_Q1475_P6_5 | Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022. | Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are: | [
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] | |
Who was the head of Quezon City in Mar, 2020? | March 29, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Joy Belmonte"
]
} | L2_Q1475_P6_6 | Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019. | Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are: | [
"Herbert Bautista",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] | |
Which team did André André play for in Jan, 2008? | January 01, 2008 | {
"text": [
"Portugal national under-19 football team"
]
} | L2_Q4759899_P54_0 | André André plays for Portugal national under-19 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
André André plays for Deportivo de La Coruña B from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
André André plays for Futebol Clube do Porto from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Varzim S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
André André plays for Portugal national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Vitória S.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015. | André AndréAndré Filipe Brás André (born 26 August 1989) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Vitória S.C. as a midfielder.After starting his career at Varzim, he made over 200 Primeira Liga appearances for Vitória de Guimarães and Porto, winning a league title with the latter in 2018.Born in Vila do Conde, André was brought up at FC Porto and Varzim SC. He made his senior debut with the latter in 2008, going on to total six goals in 49 second division games over two seasons.In the first half of the 2010–11 campaign, André joined Deportivo de La Coruña B in Spain on a 2+2 contract, suffering relegation from the third tier (only three appearances), a fate which also befell his previous team. He returned to Varzim in January 2011.André netted 12 times from his midfield position in 2011–12, to help Varzim return to division two after just one year. No promotion eventually befell, however, due to irregularities.In summer 2012, André signed with Vitória S.C. of the Primeira Liga. In his first year, he contributed five scoreless appearances in the Taça de Portugal as the club won the competition for the first time in its history. On 27 April 2014, he was one of four first-teamers parachuted into the B team for a crucial 2–1 home win over promotion rivals F.C. Vizela.André scored 11 goals in the 2014–15 season – eight from penalties– as the Minho Province side finished fifth and qualified to the UEFA Europa League. Highlights included a hat-trick in a 4–0 home win against C.D. Nacional, on 4 January 2015.André returned to Porto in June 2015 after eight years, agreeing to a four or five-year deal. In late September, in two home games separated by nine days, he scored his first competitive goals with the club, helping to victories over S.L. Benfica (1–0) and Chelsea (2–1), the latter in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.In the 2017–18 campaign, André played 13 matches to help his team win the national championship after a five-year wait.André returned to Guimarães on 4 July 2018. On his debut on 10 August, he scored in a 2–3 loss at Benfica, and fifteen days later on his return to the "Estádio do Dragão", he netted a penalty as his team overturned a half-time deficit to beat Porto 3–2.On 21 March 2021, André extended his contract at the "Estádio D. Afonso Henriques" up to June 2024.André represented Portugal at under-19 level. He made his debut with the full side on 31 March 2015, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute for Adrien Silva in a 0–2 friendly defeat against Cape Verde in Estoril.André scored his first goal on 17 November 2015, finishing Vieirinha's cross to open a 2–0 win over Luxembourg at the Stade Josy Barthel.André's father, António, was also a footballer and a midfielder. He represented Porto for more than one decade, and appeared with Portugal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.VarzimVitória GuimarãesPorto | [
"Portugal national association football team",
"Varzim S.C.",
"Deportivo de La Coruña B",
"Vitória S.C.",
"Futebol Clube do Porto"
] | |
Which team did André André play for in Dec, 2010? | December 07, 2010 | {
"text": [
"Deportivo de La Coruña B"
]
} | L2_Q4759899_P54_1 | André André plays for Portugal national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Futebol Clube do Porto from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Varzim S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
André André plays for Vitória S.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
André André plays for Deportivo de La Coruña B from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
André André plays for Portugal national under-19 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. | André AndréAndré Filipe Brás André (born 26 August 1989) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Vitória S.C. as a midfielder.After starting his career at Varzim, he made over 200 Primeira Liga appearances for Vitória de Guimarães and Porto, winning a league title with the latter in 2018.Born in Vila do Conde, André was brought up at FC Porto and Varzim SC. He made his senior debut with the latter in 2008, going on to total six goals in 49 second division games over two seasons.In the first half of the 2010–11 campaign, André joined Deportivo de La Coruña B in Spain on a 2+2 contract, suffering relegation from the third tier (only three appearances), a fate which also befell his previous team. He returned to Varzim in January 2011.André netted 12 times from his midfield position in 2011–12, to help Varzim return to division two after just one year. No promotion eventually befell, however, due to irregularities.In summer 2012, André signed with Vitória S.C. of the Primeira Liga. In his first year, he contributed five scoreless appearances in the Taça de Portugal as the club won the competition for the first time in its history. On 27 April 2014, he was one of four first-teamers parachuted into the B team for a crucial 2–1 home win over promotion rivals F.C. Vizela.André scored 11 goals in the 2014–15 season – eight from penalties– as the Minho Province side finished fifth and qualified to the UEFA Europa League. Highlights included a hat-trick in a 4–0 home win against C.D. Nacional, on 4 January 2015.André returned to Porto in June 2015 after eight years, agreeing to a four or five-year deal. In late September, in two home games separated by nine days, he scored his first competitive goals with the club, helping to victories over S.L. Benfica (1–0) and Chelsea (2–1), the latter in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.In the 2017–18 campaign, André played 13 matches to help his team win the national championship after a five-year wait.André returned to Guimarães on 4 July 2018. On his debut on 10 August, he scored in a 2–3 loss at Benfica, and fifteen days later on his return to the "Estádio do Dragão", he netted a penalty as his team overturned a half-time deficit to beat Porto 3–2.On 21 March 2021, André extended his contract at the "Estádio D. Afonso Henriques" up to June 2024.André represented Portugal at under-19 level. He made his debut with the full side on 31 March 2015, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute for Adrien Silva in a 0–2 friendly defeat against Cape Verde in Estoril.André scored his first goal on 17 November 2015, finishing Vieirinha's cross to open a 2–0 win over Luxembourg at the Stade Josy Barthel.André's father, António, was also a footballer and a midfielder. He represented Porto for more than one decade, and appeared with Portugal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.VarzimVitória GuimarãesPorto | [
"Portugal national under-19 football team",
"Portugal national association football team",
"Varzim S.C.",
"Vitória S.C.",
"Futebol Clube do Porto"
] | |
Which team did André André play for in Dec, 2011? | December 21, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Varzim S.C."
]
} | L2_Q4759899_P54_2 | André André plays for Futebol Clube do Porto from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Portugal national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Portugal national under-19 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
André André plays for Vitória S.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
André André plays for Deportivo de La Coruña B from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
André André plays for Varzim S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. | André AndréAndré Filipe Brás André (born 26 August 1989) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Vitória S.C. as a midfielder.After starting his career at Varzim, he made over 200 Primeira Liga appearances for Vitória de Guimarães and Porto, winning a league title with the latter in 2018.Born in Vila do Conde, André was brought up at FC Porto and Varzim SC. He made his senior debut with the latter in 2008, going on to total six goals in 49 second division games over two seasons.In the first half of the 2010–11 campaign, André joined Deportivo de La Coruña B in Spain on a 2+2 contract, suffering relegation from the third tier (only three appearances), a fate which also befell his previous team. He returned to Varzim in January 2011.André netted 12 times from his midfield position in 2011–12, to help Varzim return to division two after just one year. No promotion eventually befell, however, due to irregularities.In summer 2012, André signed with Vitória S.C. of the Primeira Liga. In his first year, he contributed five scoreless appearances in the Taça de Portugal as the club won the competition for the first time in its history. On 27 April 2014, he was one of four first-teamers parachuted into the B team for a crucial 2–1 home win over promotion rivals F.C. Vizela.André scored 11 goals in the 2014–15 season – eight from penalties– as the Minho Province side finished fifth and qualified to the UEFA Europa League. Highlights included a hat-trick in a 4–0 home win against C.D. Nacional, on 4 January 2015.André returned to Porto in June 2015 after eight years, agreeing to a four or five-year deal. In late September, in two home games separated by nine days, he scored his first competitive goals with the club, helping to victories over S.L. Benfica (1–0) and Chelsea (2–1), the latter in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.In the 2017–18 campaign, André played 13 matches to help his team win the national championship after a five-year wait.André returned to Guimarães on 4 July 2018. On his debut on 10 August, he scored in a 2–3 loss at Benfica, and fifteen days later on his return to the "Estádio do Dragão", he netted a penalty as his team overturned a half-time deficit to beat Porto 3–2.On 21 March 2021, André extended his contract at the "Estádio D. Afonso Henriques" up to June 2024.André represented Portugal at under-19 level. He made his debut with the full side on 31 March 2015, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute for Adrien Silva in a 0–2 friendly defeat against Cape Verde in Estoril.André scored his first goal on 17 November 2015, finishing Vieirinha's cross to open a 2–0 win over Luxembourg at the Stade Josy Barthel.André's father, António, was also a footballer and a midfielder. He represented Porto for more than one decade, and appeared with Portugal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.VarzimVitória GuimarãesPorto | [
"Portugal national under-19 football team",
"Portugal national association football team",
"Vitória S.C.",
"Deportivo de La Coruña B",
"Futebol Clube do Porto"
] | |
Which team did André André play for in Jul, 2013? | July 30, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Vitória S.C."
]
} | L2_Q4759899_P54_3 | André André plays for Deportivo de La Coruña B from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
André André plays for Futebol Clube do Porto from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Varzim S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
André André plays for Portugal national under-19 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
André André plays for Vitória S.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
André André plays for Portugal national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | André AndréAndré Filipe Brás André (born 26 August 1989) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Vitória S.C. as a midfielder.After starting his career at Varzim, he made over 200 Primeira Liga appearances for Vitória de Guimarães and Porto, winning a league title with the latter in 2018.Born in Vila do Conde, André was brought up at FC Porto and Varzim SC. He made his senior debut with the latter in 2008, going on to total six goals in 49 second division games over two seasons.In the first half of the 2010–11 campaign, André joined Deportivo de La Coruña B in Spain on a 2+2 contract, suffering relegation from the third tier (only three appearances), a fate which also befell his previous team. He returned to Varzim in January 2011.André netted 12 times from his midfield position in 2011–12, to help Varzim return to division two after just one year. No promotion eventually befell, however, due to irregularities.In summer 2012, André signed with Vitória S.C. of the Primeira Liga. In his first year, he contributed five scoreless appearances in the Taça de Portugal as the club won the competition for the first time in its history. On 27 April 2014, he was one of four first-teamers parachuted into the B team for a crucial 2–1 home win over promotion rivals F.C. Vizela.André scored 11 goals in the 2014–15 season – eight from penalties– as the Minho Province side finished fifth and qualified to the UEFA Europa League. Highlights included a hat-trick in a 4–0 home win against C.D. Nacional, on 4 January 2015.André returned to Porto in June 2015 after eight years, agreeing to a four or five-year deal. In late September, in two home games separated by nine days, he scored his first competitive goals with the club, helping to victories over S.L. Benfica (1–0) and Chelsea (2–1), the latter in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.In the 2017–18 campaign, André played 13 matches to help his team win the national championship after a five-year wait.André returned to Guimarães on 4 July 2018. On his debut on 10 August, he scored in a 2–3 loss at Benfica, and fifteen days later on his return to the "Estádio do Dragão", he netted a penalty as his team overturned a half-time deficit to beat Porto 3–2.On 21 March 2021, André extended his contract at the "Estádio D. Afonso Henriques" up to June 2024.André represented Portugal at under-19 level. He made his debut with the full side on 31 March 2015, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute for Adrien Silva in a 0–2 friendly defeat against Cape Verde in Estoril.André scored his first goal on 17 November 2015, finishing Vieirinha's cross to open a 2–0 win over Luxembourg at the Stade Josy Barthel.André's father, António, was also a footballer and a midfielder. He represented Porto for more than one decade, and appeared with Portugal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.VarzimVitória GuimarãesPorto | [
"Portugal national under-19 football team",
"Portugal national association football team",
"Varzim S.C.",
"Deportivo de La Coruña B",
"Futebol Clube do Porto"
] | |
Which team did André André play for in Jul, 2018? | July 03, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Futebol Clube do Porto",
"Portugal national association football team"
]
} | L2_Q4759899_P54_4 | André André plays for Deportivo de La Coruña B from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
André André plays for Varzim S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
André André plays for Vitória S.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
André André plays for Portugal national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Portugal national under-19 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
André André plays for Futebol Clube do Porto from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | André AndréAndré Filipe Brás André (born 26 August 1989) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Vitória S.C. as a midfielder.After starting his career at Varzim, he made over 200 Primeira Liga appearances for Vitória de Guimarães and Porto, winning a league title with the latter in 2018.Born in Vila do Conde, André was brought up at FC Porto and Varzim SC. He made his senior debut with the latter in 2008, going on to total six goals in 49 second division games over two seasons.In the first half of the 2010–11 campaign, André joined Deportivo de La Coruña B in Spain on a 2+2 contract, suffering relegation from the third tier (only three appearances), a fate which also befell his previous team. He returned to Varzim in January 2011.André netted 12 times from his midfield position in 2011–12, to help Varzim return to division two after just one year. No promotion eventually befell, however, due to irregularities.In summer 2012, André signed with Vitória S.C. of the Primeira Liga. In his first year, he contributed five scoreless appearances in the Taça de Portugal as the club won the competition for the first time in its history. On 27 April 2014, he was one of four first-teamers parachuted into the B team for a crucial 2–1 home win over promotion rivals F.C. Vizela.André scored 11 goals in the 2014–15 season – eight from penalties– as the Minho Province side finished fifth and qualified to the UEFA Europa League. Highlights included a hat-trick in a 4–0 home win against C.D. Nacional, on 4 January 2015.André returned to Porto in June 2015 after eight years, agreeing to a four or five-year deal. In late September, in two home games separated by nine days, he scored his first competitive goals with the club, helping to victories over S.L. Benfica (1–0) and Chelsea (2–1), the latter in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.In the 2017–18 campaign, André played 13 matches to help his team win the national championship after a five-year wait.André returned to Guimarães on 4 July 2018. On his debut on 10 August, he scored in a 2–3 loss at Benfica, and fifteen days later on his return to the "Estádio do Dragão", he netted a penalty as his team overturned a half-time deficit to beat Porto 3–2.On 21 March 2021, André extended his contract at the "Estádio D. Afonso Henriques" up to June 2024.André represented Portugal at under-19 level. He made his debut with the full side on 31 March 2015, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute for Adrien Silva in a 0–2 friendly defeat against Cape Verde in Estoril.André scored his first goal on 17 November 2015, finishing Vieirinha's cross to open a 2–0 win over Luxembourg at the Stade Josy Barthel.André's father, António, was also a footballer and a midfielder. He represented Porto for more than one decade, and appeared with Portugal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.VarzimVitória GuimarãesPorto | [
"Varzim S.C.",
"Deportivo de La Coruña B",
"Portugal national under-19 football team",
"Vitória S.C."
] | |
Which team did André André play for in Dec, 2021? | December 02, 2021 | {
"text": [
"Futebol Clube do Porto",
"Portugal national association football team"
]
} | L2_Q4759899_P54_5 | André André plays for Portugal national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Futebol Clube do Porto from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
André André plays for Deportivo de La Coruña B from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
André André plays for Portugal national under-19 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
André André plays for Vitória S.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
André André plays for Varzim S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. | André AndréAndré Filipe Brás André (born 26 August 1989) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Vitória S.C. as a midfielder.After starting his career at Varzim, he made over 200 Primeira Liga appearances for Vitória de Guimarães and Porto, winning a league title with the latter in 2018.Born in Vila do Conde, André was brought up at FC Porto and Varzim SC. He made his senior debut with the latter in 2008, going on to total six goals in 49 second division games over two seasons.In the first half of the 2010–11 campaign, André joined Deportivo de La Coruña B in Spain on a 2+2 contract, suffering relegation from the third tier (only three appearances), a fate which also befell his previous team. He returned to Varzim in January 2011.André netted 12 times from his midfield position in 2011–12, to help Varzim return to division two after just one year. No promotion eventually befell, however, due to irregularities.In summer 2012, André signed with Vitória S.C. of the Primeira Liga. In his first year, he contributed five scoreless appearances in the Taça de Portugal as the club won the competition for the first time in its history. On 27 April 2014, he was one of four first-teamers parachuted into the B team for a crucial 2–1 home win over promotion rivals F.C. Vizela.André scored 11 goals in the 2014–15 season – eight from penalties– as the Minho Province side finished fifth and qualified to the UEFA Europa League. Highlights included a hat-trick in a 4–0 home win against C.D. Nacional, on 4 January 2015.André returned to Porto in June 2015 after eight years, agreeing to a four or five-year deal. In late September, in two home games separated by nine days, he scored his first competitive goals with the club, helping to victories over S.L. Benfica (1–0) and Chelsea (2–1), the latter in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.In the 2017–18 campaign, André played 13 matches to help his team win the national championship after a five-year wait.André returned to Guimarães on 4 July 2018. On his debut on 10 August, he scored in a 2–3 loss at Benfica, and fifteen days later on his return to the "Estádio do Dragão", he netted a penalty as his team overturned a half-time deficit to beat Porto 3–2.On 21 March 2021, André extended his contract at the "Estádio D. Afonso Henriques" up to June 2024.André represented Portugal at under-19 level. He made his debut with the full side on 31 March 2015, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute for Adrien Silva in a 0–2 friendly defeat against Cape Verde in Estoril.André scored his first goal on 17 November 2015, finishing Vieirinha's cross to open a 2–0 win over Luxembourg at the Stade Josy Barthel.André's father, António, was also a footballer and a midfielder. He represented Porto for more than one decade, and appeared with Portugal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.VarzimVitória GuimarãesPorto | [
"Varzim S.C.",
"Deportivo de La Coruña B",
"Portugal national under-19 football team",
"Vitória S.C."
] | |
Who was the head of Kleinmachnow in Jan, 1945? | January 11, 1945 | {
"text": [
"Ernst Lemmer"
]
} | L2_Q104192_P6_0 | Klaus Nitzsche is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994.
Michael Grubert is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Ernst Lemmer is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Wolfgang Blasig is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2009. | KleinmachnowKleinmachnow is a municipality of about 20,000 inhabitants in the Potsdam-Mittelmark district, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated southwest from the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf and east from Potsdam.First mentioned in the Landbuch of Karl IV in 1375, the place played an important role at the Bäke crossing, secured by multiple medieval castles. The last of these castles (none of which are preserved today) belonged to the Knights of Hake, a family which shaped the local history until the 20th century. The replacement of the Bäke with the Teltow Canal in 1906 brought the village the now listed historic Kleinmachnow Floodgate.In the first half of the 20th century, Kleinmachnow grew from a rural village to a suburb municipality of the Berlin Metropolitan Area. The construction of the Berlin Wall cut Kleinmachnow off from West Berlin. The community's location near the border meant it was relatively isolated in the GDR. Since the German reunification, Kleinmachnow has been part of the growth of the countryside areas outside of Berlin.It is situated southwest of the centre of Berlin, immediately neighbouring the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf, and east of Potsdam. The municipality encompasses the settlement of "Dreilinden".Kleinmachnow arose at the former "Bäke" creek, today replaced by the Teltow Canal built in 1906. "Parvo Machenow" was first mentioned in the 1375 land registry ("Landbuch") of Emperor Charles IV, then also Brandenburg Elector. In medieval times the ford was controlled by a castle, recently held by the Hake noble family. Together with the canal the Kleinmachnow lock was erected, soon becoming a landmark.From the early 20th century the former village developed to an affluent suburb of Berlin. In 1937 Wilhelm Ohnesorge, minister of the Reichspost, acquired the "Hakeburg" mansion as his residence and established a large research facility of communications-electronics here. In World War II Kleinmachnow was the site of a labour camp with about 5,000 inmates, including a subcamp of Sachsenhausen.On the night of 2–3 December 1943, a Lancaster plane of the Royal Australian Air Force (flight LM 316) was shot down over Kleinmachnow, one of those killed being the well-known Norwegian writer and poet Nordahl Grieg, at the time serving as a war correspondent. (A memorial stone was unveiled at the site () in November 2003.)In 1946 the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) seized the "Hakeburg", which hosted the party's academy in the following years. From 1961 to 1989 the municipality was girded by the Berlin Wall on three sides and the motorway near "Dreilinden" (today Bundesautobahn 115) was the site of a major border crossing, counterpart of the Allied checkpoint Bravo in West Berlin. Since German reunification Kleinmachnow has seen a major increase of population, while the restitution of numerous plots in favour of those owners who had fled from the GDR led to fierce conflicts.Seats in the municipal assembly ("Gemeindevertretung") as of 2008 elections:Kleinmachnow is one of the three home towns of the basketball team TKS 49ers. | [
"Klaus Nitzsche",
"Michael Grubert",
"Wolfgang Blasig"
] | |
Who was the head of Kleinmachnow in Sep, 1993? | September 26, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Klaus Nitzsche"
]
} | L2_Q104192_P6_1 | Ernst Lemmer is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Wolfgang Blasig is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2009.
Michael Grubert is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Klaus Nitzsche is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994. | KleinmachnowKleinmachnow is a municipality of about 20,000 inhabitants in the Potsdam-Mittelmark district, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated southwest from the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf and east from Potsdam.First mentioned in the Landbuch of Karl IV in 1375, the place played an important role at the Bäke crossing, secured by multiple medieval castles. The last of these castles (none of which are preserved today) belonged to the Knights of Hake, a family which shaped the local history until the 20th century. The replacement of the Bäke with the Teltow Canal in 1906 brought the village the now listed historic Kleinmachnow Floodgate.In the first half of the 20th century, Kleinmachnow grew from a rural village to a suburb municipality of the Berlin Metropolitan Area. The construction of the Berlin Wall cut Kleinmachnow off from West Berlin. The community's location near the border meant it was relatively isolated in the GDR. Since the German reunification, Kleinmachnow has been part of the growth of the countryside areas outside of Berlin.It is situated southwest of the centre of Berlin, immediately neighbouring the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf, and east of Potsdam. The municipality encompasses the settlement of "Dreilinden".Kleinmachnow arose at the former "Bäke" creek, today replaced by the Teltow Canal built in 1906. "Parvo Machenow" was first mentioned in the 1375 land registry ("Landbuch") of Emperor Charles IV, then also Brandenburg Elector. In medieval times the ford was controlled by a castle, recently held by the Hake noble family. Together with the canal the Kleinmachnow lock was erected, soon becoming a landmark.From the early 20th century the former village developed to an affluent suburb of Berlin. In 1937 Wilhelm Ohnesorge, minister of the Reichspost, acquired the "Hakeburg" mansion as his residence and established a large research facility of communications-electronics here. In World War II Kleinmachnow was the site of a labour camp with about 5,000 inmates, including a subcamp of Sachsenhausen.On the night of 2–3 December 1943, a Lancaster plane of the Royal Australian Air Force (flight LM 316) was shot down over Kleinmachnow, one of those killed being the well-known Norwegian writer and poet Nordahl Grieg, at the time serving as a war correspondent. (A memorial stone was unveiled at the site () in November 2003.)In 1946 the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) seized the "Hakeburg", which hosted the party's academy in the following years. From 1961 to 1989 the municipality was girded by the Berlin Wall on three sides and the motorway near "Dreilinden" (today Bundesautobahn 115) was the site of a major border crossing, counterpart of the Allied checkpoint Bravo in West Berlin. Since German reunification Kleinmachnow has seen a major increase of population, while the restitution of numerous plots in favour of those owners who had fled from the GDR led to fierce conflicts.Seats in the municipal assembly ("Gemeindevertretung") as of 2008 elections:Kleinmachnow is one of the three home towns of the basketball team TKS 49ers. | [
"Ernst Lemmer",
"Michael Grubert",
"Wolfgang Blasig"
] | |
Who was the head of Kleinmachnow in Feb, 2005? | February 06, 2005 | {
"text": [
"Wolfgang Blasig"
]
} | L2_Q104192_P6_2 | Klaus Nitzsche is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994.
Wolfgang Blasig is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2009.
Michael Grubert is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Ernst Lemmer is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946. | KleinmachnowKleinmachnow is a municipality of about 20,000 inhabitants in the Potsdam-Mittelmark district, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated southwest from the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf and east from Potsdam.First mentioned in the Landbuch of Karl IV in 1375, the place played an important role at the Bäke crossing, secured by multiple medieval castles. The last of these castles (none of which are preserved today) belonged to the Knights of Hake, a family which shaped the local history until the 20th century. The replacement of the Bäke with the Teltow Canal in 1906 brought the village the now listed historic Kleinmachnow Floodgate.In the first half of the 20th century, Kleinmachnow grew from a rural village to a suburb municipality of the Berlin Metropolitan Area. The construction of the Berlin Wall cut Kleinmachnow off from West Berlin. The community's location near the border meant it was relatively isolated in the GDR. Since the German reunification, Kleinmachnow has been part of the growth of the countryside areas outside of Berlin.It is situated southwest of the centre of Berlin, immediately neighbouring the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf, and east of Potsdam. The municipality encompasses the settlement of "Dreilinden".Kleinmachnow arose at the former "Bäke" creek, today replaced by the Teltow Canal built in 1906. "Parvo Machenow" was first mentioned in the 1375 land registry ("Landbuch") of Emperor Charles IV, then also Brandenburg Elector. In medieval times the ford was controlled by a castle, recently held by the Hake noble family. Together with the canal the Kleinmachnow lock was erected, soon becoming a landmark.From the early 20th century the former village developed to an affluent suburb of Berlin. In 1937 Wilhelm Ohnesorge, minister of the Reichspost, acquired the "Hakeburg" mansion as his residence and established a large research facility of communications-electronics here. In World War II Kleinmachnow was the site of a labour camp with about 5,000 inmates, including a subcamp of Sachsenhausen.On the night of 2–3 December 1943, a Lancaster plane of the Royal Australian Air Force (flight LM 316) was shot down over Kleinmachnow, one of those killed being the well-known Norwegian writer and poet Nordahl Grieg, at the time serving as a war correspondent. (A memorial stone was unveiled at the site () in November 2003.)In 1946 the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) seized the "Hakeburg", which hosted the party's academy in the following years. From 1961 to 1989 the municipality was girded by the Berlin Wall on three sides and the motorway near "Dreilinden" (today Bundesautobahn 115) was the site of a major border crossing, counterpart of the Allied checkpoint Bravo in West Berlin. Since German reunification Kleinmachnow has seen a major increase of population, while the restitution of numerous plots in favour of those owners who had fled from the GDR led to fierce conflicts.Seats in the municipal assembly ("Gemeindevertretung") as of 2008 elections:Kleinmachnow is one of the three home towns of the basketball team TKS 49ers. | [
"Klaus Nitzsche",
"Ernst Lemmer",
"Michael Grubert"
] | |
Who was the head of Kleinmachnow in May, 2018? | May 28, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Michael Grubert"
]
} | L2_Q104192_P6_3 | Michael Grubert is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Wolfgang Blasig is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2009.
Klaus Nitzsche is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994.
Ernst Lemmer is the head of the government of Kleinmachnow from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946. | KleinmachnowKleinmachnow is a municipality of about 20,000 inhabitants in the Potsdam-Mittelmark district, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated southwest from the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf and east from Potsdam.First mentioned in the Landbuch of Karl IV in 1375, the place played an important role at the Bäke crossing, secured by multiple medieval castles. The last of these castles (none of which are preserved today) belonged to the Knights of Hake, a family which shaped the local history until the 20th century. The replacement of the Bäke with the Teltow Canal in 1906 brought the village the now listed historic Kleinmachnow Floodgate.In the first half of the 20th century, Kleinmachnow grew from a rural village to a suburb municipality of the Berlin Metropolitan Area. The construction of the Berlin Wall cut Kleinmachnow off from West Berlin. The community's location near the border meant it was relatively isolated in the GDR. Since the German reunification, Kleinmachnow has been part of the growth of the countryside areas outside of Berlin.It is situated southwest of the centre of Berlin, immediately neighbouring the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf, and east of Potsdam. The municipality encompasses the settlement of "Dreilinden".Kleinmachnow arose at the former "Bäke" creek, today replaced by the Teltow Canal built in 1906. "Parvo Machenow" was first mentioned in the 1375 land registry ("Landbuch") of Emperor Charles IV, then also Brandenburg Elector. In medieval times the ford was controlled by a castle, recently held by the Hake noble family. Together with the canal the Kleinmachnow lock was erected, soon becoming a landmark.From the early 20th century the former village developed to an affluent suburb of Berlin. In 1937 Wilhelm Ohnesorge, minister of the Reichspost, acquired the "Hakeburg" mansion as his residence and established a large research facility of communications-electronics here. In World War II Kleinmachnow was the site of a labour camp with about 5,000 inmates, including a subcamp of Sachsenhausen.On the night of 2–3 December 1943, a Lancaster plane of the Royal Australian Air Force (flight LM 316) was shot down over Kleinmachnow, one of those killed being the well-known Norwegian writer and poet Nordahl Grieg, at the time serving as a war correspondent. (A memorial stone was unveiled at the site () in November 2003.)In 1946 the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) seized the "Hakeburg", which hosted the party's academy in the following years. From 1961 to 1989 the municipality was girded by the Berlin Wall on three sides and the motorway near "Dreilinden" (today Bundesautobahn 115) was the site of a major border crossing, counterpart of the Allied checkpoint Bravo in West Berlin. Since German reunification Kleinmachnow has seen a major increase of population, while the restitution of numerous plots in favour of those owners who had fled from the GDR led to fierce conflicts.Seats in the municipal assembly ("Gemeindevertretung") as of 2008 elections:Kleinmachnow is one of the three home towns of the basketball team TKS 49ers. | [
"Ernst Lemmer",
"Klaus Nitzsche",
"Wolfgang Blasig"
] | |
Who was the head of state of Republic of Artsakh in Nov, 1996? | November 15, 1996 | {
"text": [
"Robert Kocharyan"
]
} | L2_Q244165_P35_0 | Leonard Petrosyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Mar, 1997 to Sep, 1997.
Bako Sahakyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 2007 to May, 2020.
Robert Kocharyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Dec, 1994 to Mar, 1997.
Arayik Harutyunyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Arkadi Ghukasyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 1997 to Sep, 2007. | Republic of ArtsakhArtsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh (; ) or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (; , ), is a breakaway state in the South Caucasus supported by Armenia, whose territory is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh controls part of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, including the capital of Stepanakert. It is an enclave within Azerbaijan. Its only overland access route to Armenia is via the wide Lachin corridor which is under the control of Russian peacekeepers.The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumyan Province resulted in a declaration of independence. Ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War. Conflict has sporadically broken out since then, most significantly in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.Artsakh is a presidential democracy with a unicameral legislature. The country is reliant on and closely integrated with Armenia, in many ways functioning de facto as part of Armenia.The country is very mountainous, averaging above sea level. The population is 99.7% ethnic Armenian, and the primary spoken language is the Armenian language. The population is overwhelmingly Christian, most being affiliated with the Armenian Apostolic Church. Several historical monasteries are popular with tourists, mostly from the Armenian diaspora, as most travel can take place only between Armenia and Artsakh.According to scholars, inscriptions dating to the Urartian period mention the region under a variety of names: "Ardakh", "Urdekhe", and "Atakhuni". In his "Geography", the classical historian Strabo refers to an Armenian region which he calls "Orchistene", which is believed by some to be a Greek version of the old name of Artsakh.According to another hypothesis put forth by David M. Lang, the ancient name of Artsakh possibly derives from the name of King Artaxias I of Armenia (190–159 BC), founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty and the kingdom of Greater Armenia.Folk etymology holds that the name is derived from "Ar" (Aran) and "tsakh" (woods, garden) (i.e., the gardens of Aran Sisakean, the first nakharar of northeastern Armenia).The name "Nagorno-Karabakh", commonly used in English, comes from the Russian name which means "Mountainous Karabakh". Karabakh is a Turkish/Persian word thought to mean "black garden". The Azerbaijani name for the area, "Dağlıq Qarabağ", has the same meaning as the Russian name. The term "Artsakh" lacks the non-Armenian influences present in "Nagorno-Karabakh". It was revived for use in the 19th century, and is the preferred term used by the locals, in English and Russian as well as Armenian.The earliest record of the region covered by modern-day Artsakh is from Urartian inscriptions referring to the region as "Urtekhini". It is unclear if the region was ever ruled by Urartu, but it was in close proximity to other Urartian domains. It may have been inhabited by Caspian tribes and/or by Scythians.After decades of raids by the Cimmerians, Scythians, and the Medes, Urartu finally collapsed with the rise of the Median Empire, and shortly after, the geopolitical region previously ruled as Urartu re-emerged as Armenia. By the 5th century BC, Artsakh was part of Armenia under the Orontid Dynasty. It continued to be part of the Kingdom of Armenia under the Artaxiad Dynasty, under which Armenia became one of the largest realms in Western Asia. At its greatest extent, the Great King of Armenia, Tigranes II, built several cities named after himself in regions he considered particularly important, one of which was the city he built in Artsakh.Following wars with the Romans and Persians, Armenia was partitioned between the two empires. Artsakh was removed from Persian Armenia and included into the neighbouring satrapy of Arran. At this time, the population of Artsakh consisted of Armenians and "Armenicized" aborigines, though many of the latter were still cited as distinct ethnic entities. The dialect of Armenian spoken in Artsakh was among the earliest ever recorded dialects of Armenian, which was described around this time in the 7th century AD by a contemporary named Stephanos Siunetzi.Artsakh remained part of Arran throughout Persian rule, during the fall of Iran to the Muslims, and following the Muslim conquest of Armenia. Under the Arabs, most of the South Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands, including Iberia and Arran, were unified into an emirate called "Arminiya", under which Artsakh continued to remain as part of Arran.Despite being under Persian and Arab rule, many of the Armenian territories, including Artsakh, were governed by Armenian nobility. Arran gradually disappeared as a geopolitical entity, while its population was assimilated by neighbouring ethnic groups with whom they shared a common culture and religion. Many Christians from Arran would form part of the ethnic composition of the Armenians living in modern-day Artsakh.Fragmentation of Arab authority provided the opportunity for the resurgence of an Armenian state in the Armenian Highlands. One particular noble dynasty, the Bagratids, began annexing territories from other Armenian nobles, which, in the latter half of the 9th century gave rise to a new Armenian kingdom which included Artsakh.The new Kingdom didn't stay united for long, however, due to internal conflicts, civil wars, and external pressures, Armenia often found itself fragmented between other noble Armenian houses, most notably the Mamikonian and Siunia families, the latter of which would produce a cadet branch known as the House of Khachen, named after their stronghold in Artsakh. The House of Khachen ruled the Kingdom of Artsakh in the 11th century as an independent kingdom under the protectorate of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia. Under the House of Khachen, the region historically called Artsakh became synonymous with the name "Khachen".Following wars with the Byzantine Empire, and with the arrival of Seljuk Turks in the latter half of the 11th century, the Kingdom of Armenia collapsed, and Artsakh became the autonomous Principality of Khachen, ruled by the House of Hasan-Jalalyan, within the Kingdom of Georgia for a short time until the Mongols acquired the region. Although the Armenians of Artsakh did not rule the lands as fully sovereign entities, the mountainous geography of the location allowed them to maintain a semi-independent or autonomous status within other realms, such as the Timurid, Kara Koyunlu, and Ak Koyunlu realms.During this time, the lands to the west of the Kura river up to the eastern slopes of the Zangezur mountain range became known as "Karabakh", with the lands of the Principality of Khachen corresponding to the highlands. During the period of Mongol domination, a great number of Armenians left the lowlands of Karabakh and sought refuge in the mountainous heights of the region.The Principality of Khachen was eventually divided amongst five Armenian princes, known as meliks, who collectively became known as the Five Melikdoms of Karabakh (literally "five principalities of Karabakh"; also referred to as "Khamsa", meaning "five" in Arabic).In the 16th century, Karabakh came under Iranian rule for the first time in almost a millennium with the rise of the Safavid Empire, within which the territory of modern-day Artsakh became part of the Province of Karabakh. The Armenian princes continued to rule autonomously over the highlands of Karabakh during this time.In the mid-18th century, the whole of Karabakh became a semi-independent khanate called the Karabakh Khanate which lasted for about 75 years. The Russian Empire advanced into the region in 1805, declared Artsakh a Russian protectorate and formally annexed it from Iran in 1813 according to the Treaty of Gulistan. The Armenian princes lost their status as princes ("meliks") in 1822.Following the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Transcaucasia became the stage of wars between every political entity that emerged in the region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) and their neighbours (Ottoman Empire). The newly formed Republic of Armenia (declared on 28 May 1918) claimed most of the highlands of Karabakh, which was also claimed by the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Assistance from the Republic of Armenia to Karabakh was limited as it found itself fighting enemies on all fronts, but the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and the territories formerly known as Khachen (Artsakh) managed to maintain their control over the lands, consistently fighting off offensives from Azerbaijan and quelling Muslim uprisings from within. Azerbaijan maintained control of the lowlands of Karabakh and some regions between Zangezur and Artsakh.In 1918, the predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijani SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumian region resulted in a declaration of independence. The ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War, which ended with a ceasefire along roughly the current borders. According to UNHCR, the conflict resulted in over 600,000 internally displaced persons within Azerbaijan.Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire established itself in Azerbaijan, and advocated that all of Karabakh (including Zangezur and Artsakh) should be part of Azerbaijan until the boundaries can be decided upon peacefully at the upcoming Paris Peace Conference of 1919, but the battles did not cease until the Red Army from Russia began reclaiming the former territories of the Russian Empire and created Soviet Azerbaijan out of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1920. The Armenians of Zangezur and Artsakh had consistently maintained control of the region and intended to unite with Armenia during the entirety of the two years of chaos, with Azerbaijan only temporarily occupying parts of the regions at certain times. The fall of Azerbaijan gave Armenia the opportunity to properly unite with the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and Artsakh, but they were taken by the Red Army on 26 May 1920. The rest of Armenia fell to the Red Army shortly after.The Bolsheviks tried to end the centuries-long rivalry between Russia and Turkey, and in 1921, Joseph Stalin formally transferred the Armenian-populated highlands of Karabakh to Soviet Azerbaijan to try to placate Turkey, though the majority of Zangezur remained within Soviet Armenia. In December 1920 under Soviet pressure central authorities issued a statement that Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhjivan were all transferred to Armenian control. Stalin (then commissar for nationalities) made the decision public on 2 December, but the Azerbaijani leader Narimanov later denied the transfer.Under these circumstances, Soviet Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan were admitted to the Soviet Union on 20 December 1922. The inclusion of Artsakh within Soviet Azerbaijan caused an uproar amongst Armenians, which led to the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan on 7 July 1923 (implemented in November 1924). Although the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh continued to desire reunification with Armenia, the conflict was largely dormant during the Soviet era.During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict was revitalized. The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh declared their independence as the "Republic of Mountainous Karabakh" with the intention of reunifying with the newly independent Armenia. The declaration was rejected by the newly independent Azerbaijan, leading to the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 20 February 1988 to 12 May 1994, resulting in a ceasefire in May 1994 and the de facto independence of the Republic of Artsakh, whose territory remains internationally recognized as part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.Intermittent fighting over the region continued after the 1994 ceasefire without significant territorial changes, while long-standing international mediation attempts to create a peace process were initiated by the OSCE Minsk Group in 1994. From late September 2020 until November, significant fighting resumed and Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A peace deal signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh over the next month. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement"Artsakh is a presidential democracy (in the middle of transforming from a semi-presidential one, after the 2017 referendum). The Prime Minister's post was abolished and the executive power is now residing with the President who is both the head of state and head of government. The president is directly elected for a maximum of two-consecutive five-year terms. The current President is Arayik Harutyunyan who was sworn in on 21 May 2020.The National Assembly is a unicameral legislature. It has 33 members who are elected for 5-year terms. Elections take place within a multi-party system; in 2009, the American NGO Freedom House ranked the Republic of Artsakh above the republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan with respect to civil and political rights. Five parties have members in the parliament: the Free Motherland party has 15 members, ARF has 8 members, Democratic Party of Artsakh has 7 members, Movement 88 has 2 members and the National Revival party has one member. A number of non-partisan candidates have also taken part in the elections, with some success; in 2015, two of the 33 members to the National Assembly took their seats without running under the banner of any of the established political parties in the republic. Elections in Artsakh are not recognised by international bodies such as the European Union and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, as well as numerous individual countries, who called them a source of increased tensions.Artsakh is heavily dependent on Armenia, and in many ways "de facto" functions and is administered as part of Armenia. However, Armenia is hesitant to officially recognise Artsakh.The founding documents of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic were the "Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" and the "Declaration of State Independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic". For a long time no constitution was created, with the republic instead declaring Armenian law applied on its territory through a 1992 law. Even when new laws were passed, they were often copies of equivalent Armenian laws.On 3 November 2006, the then-President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Arkadi Ghukasyan, signed a decree to hold a referendum on a draft Nagorno-Karabakh constitution. It was held on 10 December of the same year and according to official preliminary results, with a turnout of 87.2%, as many as 98.6 percent of voters approved the constitution. The first article of the document described the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, alternatively called the Republic of Artsakh, as "a sovereign, democratic state based on social justice and the rule of law." More than 100 non-governmental international observers and journalists who monitored the poll evaluated it positively, stating that it was held to a high international standard.However, the vote was criticised harshly by inter-governmental organisations such as the European Union, OSCE and GUAM, which rejected the referendum, deeming it illegitimate. The EU announced it was "aware that a 'constitutional referendum' has taken place," but emphasised its stance that only a negotiated settlement between Azerbaijan and ethnic Armenians could bring a lasting solution. Secretary General of the Council of Europe Terry Davis asserted that the poll "will not be recognized... and is therefore of no consequence".In a statement, the OSCE chairman in office Karel De Gucht voiced his concern that the vote would prove harmful to the ongoing conflict settlement process, which, he said, had shown "visible progress" and was at a "promising juncture".The holding of the referendum was also criticised by Turkey, which traditionally supports Azerbaijan because of common ethnic Turkic roots, and has historically had severe tensions with Armenia.Another referendum was held on 20 February 2017, with an 87.6% vote in favour on a 76% turnout for instituting a new constitution. This constitution among other changes turned the government from a semi-presidential to a fully presidential model. Its name was changed from "Constitution of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" to "Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh", though both remained official names of the country. The new name implies a claim to the areas occupied beyond the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, and the Presidential system allows for quicker decisions on security matters. The referendum is seen as a response to the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is based in Stepanakert. Since no UN member or observer currently recognizes Artsakh, none of its foreign relations are of an official diplomatic nature. However, the Republic of Artsakh operates five permanent Missions and one Bureau of Social-Politic Information in France. Artsakh's Permanent Missions exist in Armenia, Australia, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, and one for Middle East countries based in Beirut. The goals of the offices are to present the Republic's positions on various issues, to provide information and to facilitate the peace process.In his 2015 speech, the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan stated that he considered Nagorno-Karabakh "an inseparable part of Armenia".The Republic of Artsakh is neither a member nor observer of the UN or any of its specialized agencies. However, it is a member of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations, commonly known as the "Commonwealth of Unrecognized States", and is recognized by Transnistria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.According to the Constitution of Artsakh, the army is under the civilian command of the government. The Artsakh Defense Army was officially established on 9 May 1992 as a defense against Azerbaijan. It fought the Azerbaijani army to a ceasefire on 12 May 1994. Currently the Artsakh Defense Army consists of around 18,000–20,000 officers and soldiers. However, only 8,500 citizens from Artsakh serve in the Artsakh army; some 10,000 come from Armenia. There are also 177–316 tanks, 256–324 additional fighting vehicles, and 291–322 guns and mortars. Armenia supplies arms and other military necessities to Artsakh. Several battalions of Armenia's army are deployed directly in the Artsakh zone on occupied Azerbaijani territory.The Artsakh Defense Army fought in Shusha in 1992, opening the Lachin corridor between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (1992), and staged the defence of the Martakert front from 1992 to 1994.Mines were laid in the region from 1991 to 1994 by both conflicting parties in the first Nagorno-Karabakh War. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) claims that 123 people have been killed and over 300 injured by landmines near the disputed enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh since a 1994 truce ended a six-year conflict between ethnic Armenian and Azerbaijani forces.The HALO Trust, a UK-based demining NGO, is the only international organisation conducting demining in Nagorno Karabakh. They have destroyed 180,858 small arms ammunition, 48,572 units of "other explosive items", 12,423 cluster bombs, 8,733 anti-personnel landmines, and 2,584 anti-tank landmines between 2000 and 2016. By 2018, they had cleared 88% of the territory's minefields, with a target to clear the rest by 2020. The main cities of Stepanakert and Shusha, as well as the main north–south highway, have been cleared and are safe for travel. The demining effort has been largely funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Today, Artsakh is a "de facto" independent state, calling itself the "Republic of Artsakh". It has close relations with Armenia and uses the same currency, the dram. According to Human Rights Watch, "from the beginning of the Karabakh conflict, Armenia provided aid, weapons, and volunteers. Armenian involvement in Artsakh escalated after a December 1993 Azerbaijani offensive. The Republic of Armenia began sending conscripts and regular Army and Interior Ministry troops to fight in Artsakh." The politics of Armenia and the de facto Artsakh are so intertwined that Robert Kocharyan served as the first President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, from 1994 to 1997, then as prime minister of Armenia from 1997 to 1998, and then as the second President of Armenia, from 1998 to 2008.However, Armenian governments have repeatedly resisted internal pressure to unite the two, due to ongoing negotiations under the auspices of the OSCE Minsk Group. In his case study of Eurasia, Dov Lynch of the Institute for Security Studies of WEU believes that "Karabakh's independence allows the new Armenian state to avoid the international stigma of aggression, despite the fact that Armenian troops fought in the war between 1991–94 and continue to man the Line of Contact between Karabakh and Azerbaijan." Lynch also cites that the "strength of the Armenian armed forces, and Armenia's strategic alliance with Russia, are seen as key shields protecting the Karabakh state by the authorities in Stepanakert". Some sources consider Artsakh as functioning "de facto" as a part of Armenia.At present, the mediation process is at a standstill, with the most recent discussions in Rambouillet, France, yielding no agreement. Azerbaijan has officially requested Armenian troops to withdraw from all disputed areas of Azerbaijan outside Nagorno-Karabakh, and that all displaced persons be allowed to return to their homes before the status of Karabakh can be discussed. Armenia does not recognise Azerbaijani claims to Nagorno-Karabakh and believes the territory should have self-determination. Both the Armenian and Artsakhi governments note that the independence of Artsakh was declared around the time the Soviet Union dissolved and its members became independent. The Armenian government insists that the government of Artsakh be part of any discussions on the region's future, and rejects ceding occupied territory or allowing refugees to return before talks on the region's status.Representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, France, Russia and the United States met in Paris and in Key West, Florida, in early 2001. Despite rumours that the parties were close to a solution, the Azerbaijani authorities – both during Heydar Aliyev's period of office, and after the accession of his son Ilham Aliyev in the October 2003 elections – have firmly denied that any agreement was reached in Paris or Key West.Further talks between the Azerbaijani and Armenian presidents, Ilham Aliyev and Robert Kocharyan, were held in September 2004 in Astana, Kazakhstan, on the sidelines of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) summit. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of the occupying forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Artsakh and then holding referendums (plebiscites) in Artsakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. On 10 and 11 February 2006, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in Rambouillet, France, to discuss the fundamental principles of a settlement to the conflict. Contrary to the initial optimism, the Rambouillet talks did not produce any agreement, with key issues such as the status of Artsakh and whether Armenian troops would withdraw from Kalbajar still being contentious.Talks were held at the Polish embassy in Bucharest in June 2006. Again, American, Russian, and French diplomats attended the talks that lasted over 40 minutes. Earlier, Armenian President Kocharyan announced that he was ready to "continue dialogue with Azerbaijan for the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and with Turkey on establishing relations without any preconditions".According to Armenian foreign minister, Vardan Oskanyan, no progress was made at this latest meeting. Both presidents failed to reach a consensus on the issues from the earlier Rambouillet conference. He noted that the Kocharyan-Aliyev meeting was held in a normal atmosphere. "Nevertheless," he added, "the foreign ministers of the two countries are commissioned to continue talks over the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and try to find common points before the next meeting of the presidents."The major disagreement between both sides at the Bucharest conference was the status of Artsakh. Azerbaijan's preferred solution would be to give Artsakh the "highest status of autonomy adopted in the world". Armenia, on the other hand, endorsed a popular vote by the inhabitants of Artsakh to decide their future, a position that was also taken by the international mediators. On 27 June, the Armenian foreign minister said both parties agreed to allow the residents of Artsakh to vote regarding the future status of the region. The Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially refuted that statement. According to Azeri opposition leader Isa Gambar, however, Azerbaijan did indeed agree to the referendum. Still, nothing official has confirmed this yet.The ongoing "Prague Process" overseen by the OSCE Minsk Group was brought into sharp relief in the summer of 2006 with a series of rare public revelations seemingly designed to jump-start the stalled negotiations. After the release in June of a paper outlining its position, which had until then been carefully guarded, U.S. State Department official Matthew Bryza told Radio Free Europe that the Minsk Group favoured a referendum in Karabakh that would determine its final status. The referendum, in the view of the OSCE, should take place not in Azerbaijan as a whole, but in Artsakh only. This was a blow to Azerbaijan, and despite talk that their government might eventually seek a more sympathetic forum for future negotiations, this has not yet happened.On 10 December 2007 Azerbaijan's deputy foreign minister said Azerbaijan would be prepared to conduct anti-terrorist operations in Nagorno-Karabakh against alleged bases of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Armenian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Vladimir Karapetian previously rejected the allegations as "fabricated" and suggested the accusations of the PKK presence were a form of provocation.In 2008, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev stated that "Nagorno-Karabakh will never be independent; the position is backed by international mediators as well; Armenia has to accept the reality" and that "in 1918, Yerevan was granted to the Armenians. It was a great mistake. The khanate of Iravan was the Azeri territory, the Armenians were guests here". On the other hand, in 2009, the president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Bako Sahakyan declared that "Artsakh will never be a part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh security should never be an article of commerce either. As to other issues, we are ready to discuss them with Azerbaijan.". In 2010 president of Republic of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan in his speech in the Chatham House of the British Royal Institute of International Affairs declared that "Karabakh was never a part of independent Azerbaijan: it was annexed to Azerbaijan by a decision of the Soviet Union party body. The people of Karabakh never put up with this decision, and upon the first opportunity, seceded from the Soviet Union fully in line with the laws of the Soviet Union and the applicable international law".On 14 March 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution by a vote of 39 to 7, with 100 abstentions, reaffirming Azerbaijan's territorial integrity, expressing support for that country's internationally recognised borders and demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories there. The resolution was supported mainly by members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and GUAM, Azerbaijan is a member in both groups, as well as other nations facing breakaway regions. The resolution was opposed by all three members of the OSCE Minsk Group.On 20 May 2010, the European Parliament adopted a resolution "on the need for an EU strategy for the South Caucasus", which states that EU must pursue a strategy to promote stability, prosperity and conflict resolution in the South Caucasus. The resolution "calls on the parties to intensify their peace talk efforts for the purpose of a settlement in the coming months, to show a more constructive attitude and to abandon preferences to perpetuate the status quo created by force and with no international legitimacy, creating in this way instability and prolonging the suffering of the war-affected populations; condemns the idea of a military solution and the heavy consequences of military force already used, and calls on both parties to avoid any further breaches of the 1994 ceasefire". The resolution also calls for the withdrawal of Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan, accompanied by the deployment of international forces to be organised with respect of the UN Charter in order to provide the necessary security guarantees in a period of transition, which will ensure the security of the population of Artsakh and allow the displaced persons to return to their homes and further conflicts caused by homelessness to be prevented; and states that the EU believes that the position according to which Artsakh includes all occupied Azerbaijani lands surrounding Artsakh should rapidly be abandoned. It also notes "that an interim status for Nagorno-Karabakh could offer a solution until the final status is determined and that it could create a transitional framework for peaceful coexistence and cooperation of Armenian and Azerbaijani populations in the region."On 26 June 2010, the presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group's Co-Chair countries, France, Russia, and United States made a joint statement, reaffirming their "commitment to support the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan as they finalize the Basic Principles for the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict".During his August 2019 visit to Stepanakert, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan presented the strategic development goals set for Armenia for the next three decades. He added that he made no special provision for Nagorno-Karabakh because "Artsakh is Armenia and there is no alternative". Soon afterwards, Armenia's Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan commented on Pashinyan's statement by saying he had "nothing to add" to Pashinyan's formulation of Armenia's position in the conflict.On September 27, 2020, fighting broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Artsakh, which may have claimed thousands of lives. Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A ceasefire agreement signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast over the next month, while maintaining control over the areas of the former oblast that had not been captured during the war. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement".No UN member states have recognised Artsakh, although some unrecognised and partially recognized states have done so. Various sub-national governments have issued calls for recognition of Artsakh by their national governments.In 2021, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia held a trilateral meeting about Artsakh. This is expected to be the first of a regular series of meetings between the three countries, per an agreement to promote economic and infrastructure development throughout the region.The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has resulted in the displacement of 597,000 Azerbaijanis (this figure includes 230,000 children born to internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 54,000 who have returned) including Artsakh, and 220,000 Azeris, 18,000 Kurds and 3,500 Russians fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan from 1988 to 1989. The Azerbaijani government has estimated that 63% of IDPs lived below the poverty line as compared to 49% of the total population. About 154,000 lived in the capital, Baku. According to the International Organization for Migration, 40,000 IDPs lived in camps, 60,000 in dugout shelters, and 20,000 in railway cars. Forty-thousand IDPs lived in EU-funded settlements and UNHCR provided housing for another 40,000. Another 5,000 IDPs lived in abandoned or rapidly deteriorating schools. Others lived in trains, on roadsides in half-constructed buildings, or in public buildings such as tourist and health facilities. Tens of thousands lived in seven tent camps where poor water supply and sanitation caused gastrointestinal infections, tuberculosis, and malaria.The government required IDPs to register their place of residence in an attempt to better target the limited and largely inadequate national and international assistance due to the Armenian advocated and US imposed restrictions on humanitarian aid to Azerbaijan. Many IDPs were from rural areas and found it difficult to integrate into the urban labor market. Many international humanitarian agencies reduced or ceased assistance for IDPs citing increasing oil revenues of the country. The infant mortality among displaced Azerbaijani children is 3–4 times higher than in the rest of the population. The rate of stillbirth was 88.2 per 1,000 births among the internally displaced people. The majority of the displaced have lived in difficult conditions for more than 13 years.During the 2020 war President Aliyev stated he intends for refugees to return to the area. While many former cities are currently uninhabitable, the Azerbaijani government and some Azerbaijani companies have announced plans to rebuild infrastructure and invest in the newly controlled territories. The Azerbaijani military is clearing mines prior to resettlement, which may take 10–13 years.280,000 persons—virtually all ethnic Armenians who fled Azerbaijan during the 1988–1993 war over the disputed region of Artsakh—were living in refugee-like circumstances in Armenia. Some left the country, principally to Russia. Their children born in Armenia acquire citizenship automatically. Their numbers are thus subject to constant decline due to departure, and de-registration required for naturalization. Of these, about 250,000 fled Azerbaijan (areas outside Nagorno-Karabakh); approximately 30,000 came from Nagorno-Karabakh. All were registered with the government as refugees at year's end.The Artsakh Republic is mountainous, a feature which has given it its former name (from the Russian for "Mountainous/Highland Karabakh"). It is in area. The highest point in the country is Mount Kirs at . The largest water body is the Sarsang reservoir, and the major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers. The country is on a plateau which slopes downwards towards the east and southeast, with the average altitude being above sea level. Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh Valley.The climate is mild and temperate. The average temperature is , which fluctuates annually between in July and in January. The average precipitation can reach in some regions, and it is foggy for over 100 days a year. Over 2,000 kinds of plants exist in Artsakh, and more than 36% of the country is forested. The plant life on the steppes consists mostly of semi-desert vegetation, while subalpine zone and alpine tundra ecosystems can be found above the forest in the highlands and mountains.The Republic of Artsakh currently claims seven administrative divisions. When established, Artsakh established eight administrative divisions, however, after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Kashatagh Province ceased to exist, as a claim no longer exists on this territory with the per the ceasefire agreement that ended the conflict. The territory of Artsakh includes most of four districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), with the fifth district, Hadrut Province, completely under Azerbaijani control. Also claimed by Artsakh is the Shahumyan Region of the Azerbaijan SSR, which has been under Azerbaijani control since the First Nagorno-Karabakh war. While the Shahumyan Region was not part of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, representatives from Shahumyan declared independence along with the Oblast, and the proclamation of Artsakh includes the Shahumyan region within its borders.Prior to the 2020 war, the territory of Artsakh included most of the five districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), and parts of seven other former districts of the Azerbaijan SSR around the former NKAO that were under the control of Artsakhi forces.Following the Republic of Artsakh's declaration of independence, the Azerbaijani government abolished the NKAO and created Azerbaijani districts in its place. As a result, some of Artsakh's divisions corresponded with the Azerbaijani districts, while others had different borders. A comparative table of the established divisions of Artsakh and the corresponding districts of Azerbaijan follows:In 2002, the country's population was 145,000, made up of 95% Armenians and 5% others. This composition represents a sharp change from the 1979 and 1989 census, when the Azerbaijani population was 23 and 21.5 percent, respectively. In March 2007, the local government announced that its population had grown to 138,000. The annual birth rate was recorded at 2,200–2,300 per year, an increase from nearly 1,500 in 1999.OSCE report, released in March 2011, estimates the population of the "seven occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh" to be 14,000, and states "there has been no significant growth in the population since 2005." An International Crisis Group report published in December 2019 recorded the population of these territories to be 17,000, or 11.48% of the total population: 15,000 west and southwest of the former oblast, and 2000 in the Agdam District.Until 2000, the country's net migration was at a negative. For the first half of 2007, 1,010 births and 659 deaths were reported, with a net emigration of 27.According to age group: 15,700 (0–6), 25,200 (7–17) 75,800 (18–59) and 21,000 (60+)Population by province (2006):Population of the Republic of Artsakh (2000–2008)Ethnic Groups of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1926–1989) and the Republic of Artsakh (2015) according to census dataThe primary language spoken by the population 99.7% ethnic Armenian is the Armenian language, which functions as the only state language and an official language in the Republic of Artsakh.Russian is widely spoken in Arstakh and since late 2020-2021 efforts have been made in the parliament in Stepanakert to establish it as an additional official language; the official justifications for this being that Russian is already the second language of many residents, and that it "creates conditions for deepening cooperation in all spheres, and in the forseeable future will contribute to the development of relations within the legal framework." While Russian may soon get official status, Armenian will remain the only state language. The law recognises the state language as a "prevailing language in the republic" with "protection and sponsorship of the republic", and recognises the official language as that "which serves literary and scientific needs of the society", implicitly suggesting the utility of Russian in educational institutions and in science, but not necessarily in government procedures. There are some features to the variety of Russian as spoken in Arstakh, such as the use of "шпилька" in place of "прищепка" (clothespin), "пулпулак" for a waterfountain, and "финки" for sweatpants. The capital and by far largest city in Artsakh is Stepanakert (55,200 inhabitants in 2015), followed by Martuni (5,700), Martakert (4,600), Chartar (4,000), Askeran (2,300), Berdzor (1,900), Haterk (c. 1,600), Berdashen (c. 1,600), Vank (c. 1,600), Noragyugh (c. 1,500), Ivanyan (c. 1,400), Taghavard (c. 1,300), Gishi (c. 1,100), Karmir Shuka (c. 1,100), Sos (c. 1,100), Aygestan (c. 1,100) and Khnapat (c. 1,000). This list only includes towns that remain in Artsakh after the 2020 war.While the territory captured outside the former NKAO was initially treated as a potential bargaining chip, it slowly began to be seen as part of the country by both officials and the general population. The Stepanakert-based administration launched various programs aimed at bringing in permanent Armenian settlers to the depopulated lands, including into regions previously populated by Azeris, with those that bordered Armenia – Lachin and Kalbajar – being the priority. Lachin was key to a land connection between Armenia and the former NKAO, and Kalbajar had water resources utilised by both Artsakh and Armenia. Incentives in the form of free housing, access to property, social infrastructure, inexpensive or sometimes free electricity, running water, low taxes or limited tax exemptions were offered to new settlers.Azerbaijan regards this as a violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, to which Armenia became party in 1993, whereby "[t]he Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies". The ruling party of Azerbaijan accuses the Armenian side of artificially changing the demographic situation and the ethnic composition of the occupied region so that it can lay future claims to them, comparing this to the 1950s campaign of resettling diaspora Armenians in previously Azeri-populated locales in Soviet Armenia where Azeris were forcibly deported from in 1948–1950.In 1979, the total Armenian population of the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Qubadli, Zangilan, Jabrayil, Fuzuli and Agdam was around 1,400 people. An OSCE fact-finding mission established at Azerbaijan's request visited these regions in February 2005 with the intention to assess the scale of the settlement attempts. The mission's findings showed that these districts had as of 2005 an overall population of 14,000 persons, mostly living in precarious social conditions. It consisted primarily of ethnic Armenians displaced from the non-conflict zones of Azerbaijan during the war. It was noted, however, that most of them had settled in the conflict zone after having lived in Armenia for several years and some held Armenian passports and even voted in Armenian elections. A smaller segment of the settlers was originally from the towns of Gyumri and Spitak in Armenia who had lived in temporary shelters following the devastating 1988 earthquake before moving to Karabakh, as well as a small number of natives of Yerevan who moved there for financial reasons. A field assessment mission revisited the region in October 2010, confirming that there had not been much growth in population or change in the living conditions of the settlers. The Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group who visited Nagorno-Karabakh, Kalbajar and Lachin in 2014 reported seeing signs of improvements in the infrastructure but could not observe any indications that the size of the population had changed in recent years.By June 2015, an estimated 17,000 of Syria's once 80,000-strong Armenian population had fled the civil war and sought refuge in Armenia. David Babayan, spokesperson of the Artsakh leader Bako Sahakyan, confirmed that some of those refugees had been resettled in Artsakh. "The Economist" put the number of the resettled families at 30 as of June 2017. In December 2014, Armenian media cited local municipal authorities in stating that dozens of Syrian Armenian families had been resettled in the disputed zone, in particular in the city of Lachin and the village of Xanlıq in Qubadli. Azerbaijan's Minister of Foreign Affairs Elmar Mammadyarov expressed his concern over Armenia's attempts to change the demographic situation in the region and informed of his intention to raise this issue with the Minsk Group.In February 2019, Armenia's National Security Service director Artur Vanetsyan visited Nagorno-Karabakh amid public concern about Nikol Pashinyan's government alleged readiness to cede some of the Armenian-controlled territories as part of a peace settlement. Vanetsyan pointed out that settling Armenians and investing into infrastructural projects along the Iranian border, in the previously Azeri-populated regions outside of the former autonomous province, was "a clear message" to the international community that there would be no territorial concessions. He referred to the ongoing settlement efforts as a method of "guaranteeing security". Azerbaijan's Foreign Ministry reacted by qualifying Vanetsyan's statement as an "attempt to undermine the peace talks and defy the work of the mediators" and vowed to address the issue to the UN and the OSCE.The ceasefire ending the 2020 war stipulated that these territories were to be turned over to Azerbaijani control. Armenian settlers in these areas evacuated prior to the arrival of Azerbaijani forces.Most of the Armenian population in Artsakh is Christian and belongs to the Armenian Apostolic Church which is an Oriental Orthodox Church.Certain Eastern Orthodox and Evangelical denominations also exist. However, military authorities prohibited any Christian sect activity in Artsakh, for the reason that they would preach pacifism among the population.As a result of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan retook control over territories containing several important Armenian monasteries and churches, such as the monasteries of Dadivank, Tzitzernavank, Gtichavank, and the Ghazanchetsots Cathedral, as well as the churches of Kanach Zham and .The socio-economic situation of the Republic of Artsakh was greatly affected by the 1991–1994 conflict. Yet, foreign investments began to come. The origin of most venture capital comes from Armenians in Armenia, Russia, United States, France, Australia, Iran, and the Middle East.Notably the telecommunications sector was developed with Karabakh Telecom investing millions of dollars in mobile telephony, spearheaded by a Lebanese company.Copper and gold mining has been advancing since 2002 with development and launch of operations at Drmbon deposit. Approximately 27–28 thousand tons (wet weight) of concentrates are produced with average copper content of 19–21% and gold content of 32–34 g/t. Azerbaijan considers any mining operations in Nagorno-Karabakh illegal and has vowed to engage an international audit company to determine the damages suffered by Azerbaijan's state-run ore management company as a result. In 2018, the government of Azerbaijan announced that it was planning to appeal to an international court and the law enforcement agencies of the countries where the mining companies involved are registered.The banking system is administered by Artsakhbank (a Yerevan-based Armenian bank fulfilling the functions of the state bank of Nagorno-Karabakh) and a number of other Armenian banks. The republic uses the Armenian dram.Wine growing and processing of agricultural products, particularly wine (i.e., storage of wine, wine stuffs, cognac alcohol) is one of the prioritized directions of the economic development.Prior to the 2020 war, the republic developed a tourist industry geared to Armenia and the Armenian diaspora. The republic showed a major increase in tourists over the last several years because of Artsakh's many cultural sights. Before the 2020 war there were nine hotels in Stepanakert. The Artsakh development agency says 4,000 tourists visited Artsakh in 2005. The figures rose to 8,000 in 2010 (excluding visitors from Armenia). The agency cooperated with the Armenia Tourism Development Agency (ATDA) as Armenia is the only way tourists (mainly Armenians) can access Artsakh. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Artsakh reported continuous expansion of visitors' geography. Tourist infrastructure was developed around sites such as monasteries that showcase the Armenian history in the region, with Islamic sites rarely restored, while some ghost cities and areas near the front line were off limit to tourists.The Tourism Development Agency of Artsakh was established in Yerevan as a non-governmental organisation in the Republic of Armenia to promote tourism further in Artsakh. It makes preparations for tour operators, travel agencies and journalists covering the region, and arranges for hotel services, shopping, catering, recreation centers.Tourist attractions included:Other tourist attractions included:Janapar Trail is a marked trail, through mountains, valleys, and villages of Artsakh, with monasteries and fortresses along the way. It's not hikable since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The trail was broken into day hikes, which brought tourists to a different village each night. The paths have existed for centuries but now are marked specifically for hikers. The Himnakan Janapar (backbone trail), marked in 2007, leads from the northwest region of Shahumian to the southern town of Hadrut, now under Azerbaijani control. Side trails and mini trails take one to additional parts of Artsakh. The important sites passed along this hike include Dadivank Monastery, Gandzasar monastery, Shusha, the Karkar Canyon with its high cliffs, Zontik Waterfall, and the ruins of Hunot and Gtichavank monastery.One of the noteworthy side trails is the Gtichavank Loop Trail. This loop starts from Tugh Village, now under Azerbaijani control.The cost of staying in Artsakh is relatively cheap in comparison with the rest of the region and varies approximately between 25 – US$70 for a single person as of May 2017.However, those who travelled to Artsakh without the Azerbaijani government's prior consent and permission will be denied entry to Azerbaijan since the country considers Artsakh their territory unlawfully occupied by the Armenian army. The Azerbaijani government also keeps and publishes online a list of foreign nationals who visited these occupied areas without prior approval. In late 2017, the list contained 699 names with additional details (date, country, profession, purpose of visit). The earliest entry recorded a visit to Artsakh that occurred on an unspecified date sometime between 1993 and 1996. The list includes many journalists and members of parliaments of foreign countries.Before the 2020 war, the Artsakh Wine Fest took place annually in Togh since 2014. The festival was held on the third Saturday of each September.The festival was initiated by the Department of Tourism and Protection of Historical Places of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Youth Affairs of the Republic of Artsakh and was aimed to develop tourism in Artsakh. It was meant to restore Artsakh winemaking traditions. The festival provided a platform to the winemakers of Artsakh and Armenia giving them an opportunity to sell their products, exchange knowledge, promote their wine etc. The annual festival's program included grape stomping, tasting of traditional Artsakh cuisine, an exhibition of artworks, an exhibition of ancient artefacts that belonged to the Melik Yegan's Palace, as well as an exhibition and sale of local wine, where one could find products from 5 different regions of Artsakh and Armenia. Traditionally, the festival was accompanied by Armenian national singing and dancing. The festival evolved into a national holiday.The transportation system had been damaged by the 1991–1994 conflict, but was noticeably improved before the 2020 war: the North–South Artsakh motorway alone largely facilitated the development of the transportation system.Before the 2020 war, the Hadrut-Stepanakert-Askeran-Martakert motorway, the locals said, was the lifeline of Artsakh, and $25 million donated during the Hayastan All-Armenian Foundation telethons was allotted for the construction of the road.Stepanakert Airport, the sole civilian airport of the Republic of Artsakh, located about east of the capital, has been closed since the onset of the war in 1990. However, the government was pressing ahead with plans to reopen the airport , and raised about 1 billion drams ($2.8 million) for its reconstruction from unspecified "charitable sources". It began building a new airport terminal and repairing the runway in late 2009. In any case, its unresolved status makes direct air communication with other countries all but impossible according to IATA conventions.Though originally scheduled to launch the first commercial flights on 9 May 2011, Artsakh officials postponed a new reopening date throughout the whole of 2011. In May 2012, the director of the Artsakh Civil Aviation Administration, Tigran Gabrielyan, announced that the airport would begin operations in mid-2012. However the airport still remains closed due to security reasons, as Azerbaijan has threatened to shoot down planes using the airport.A new route from the Armenian capital Yerevan to Stepanakert was planned to bypass the 8–9 hours drive via the Lachin corridor. It was opened in September 2017. A third road was planned in 2019. Following the 2020 war, a new road will be built along the Lachin corridor to bypass Shusha.Authorities in the USSR opened a railway line in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in 1944. It line connected the capital, Stepanakert, and Yevlax in Azerbaijan. It was built to Russian standard gauge of 1520mm. Due to the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, the line the railway was badly damaged and the line was closed.Education in Artsakh is compulsory, and is free up to the age of 18. The education system is inherited from the old system of the Soviet Union.Artsakh's school system was severely damaged because of the 1991–1994 conflict. But the government of the Republic of Artsakh with considerable aid from the Republic of Armenia and with donations from the Armenian diaspora, rebuilt many of the schools. Prior to the 2020 war, Artsakh had around 250 schools of various sizes, with more than 200 lying in the regions. The student population was estimated at more than 20,000, with almost half in the capital city of Stepanakert.Artsakh State University was founded by Artsakh and Armenian governments' joint efforts, with main campus in Stepanakert. The university opening ceremony took place on 10 May 1992.Yerevan University of Management also opened a branch in Stepanakert."We Are Our Mountains" () by Sargis Baghdasaryan is a monument located in Stepanakert. The sculpture is widely regarded as a symbol of the "de facto" independent Republic of Artsakh. It is a large monument from tuff of an old Armenian man and woman hewn from rock, representing the mountain people of Artsakh. It is also known as "Tatik yev Papik" (Տատիկ և Պապիկ) in Armenian. The sculpture is featured prominently on Artsakh's coat of arms.Artsakh State Museum is the historical museum of the Republic of Artsakh. Located at 4 Sasunstsi David Street, in Stepanakert, the museum offers an assortment of ancient artifacts and Christian manuscripts. There are also more recent items, ranging in date from the 19th century to World War II and from events of the Karabakh Independence War.Artsakh has its own brand of popular music. As Artsakh question became a pan-Armenian question, Artsakh music was further promoted worldwide.Many nationalist songs, performed by Artsakhi artists, as well as artists from Republic of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora, show support for the Artsakh independence movement; videos for the songs, incorporate footage of Artsakhi military campaigns. These videos are posted to sites such as YouTube, where they often generate conflicting nationalist Armenian and Azerbaijani comments."Azat Artsakh" is the official newspaper of the Republic of Artsakh.Sports in the Republic of Artsakh are organised by the Artsakh Ministry of Culture and Youth. Due to the non-recognition of Artsakh, sports teams from the country cannot compete in most international tournaments.Football is the most popular sport in Artsakh. Stepanakert has a well-built football stadium. Since the mid-1990s, football teams from Artsakh started taking part in some domestic competitions in Armenia. Lernayin Artsakh FC represents the city of Stepanakert. In Artsakh, domestic football clubs play in the Artsakh Football League. The Artsakh football league was launched in 2009. The Artsakh national football team was formed in 2012 and played their first competitive match against the Abkhazia national football team in Sokhumi, a match that ended with a result of 1–1 draw. The return match between the unrecognized teams took place at the Stepanakert Stadium, on 21 October 2012, when the team from Artsakh defeated the Abkhazian team 3–0.There is also interest in other sports, including basketball and volleyball. Sailing is practised in the town of Martakert.Artsakh sports teams and athletes also participate in the Pan-Armenian Games organised in Armenia. | [
"Arkadi Ghukasyan",
"Leonard Petrosyan",
"Bako Sahakyan",
"Arayik Harutyunyan"
] | |
Who was the head of state of Republic of Artsakh in Mar, 1997? | March 30, 1997 | {
"text": [
"Leonard Petrosyan",
"Robert Kocharyan"
]
} | L2_Q244165_P35_1 | Arkadi Ghukasyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 1997 to Sep, 2007.
Bako Sahakyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 2007 to May, 2020.
Arayik Harutyunyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Leonard Petrosyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Mar, 1997 to Sep, 1997.
Robert Kocharyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Dec, 1994 to Mar, 1997. | Republic of ArtsakhArtsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh (; ) or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (; , ), is a breakaway state in the South Caucasus supported by Armenia, whose territory is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh controls part of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, including the capital of Stepanakert. It is an enclave within Azerbaijan. Its only overland access route to Armenia is via the wide Lachin corridor which is under the control of Russian peacekeepers.The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumyan Province resulted in a declaration of independence. Ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War. Conflict has sporadically broken out since then, most significantly in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.Artsakh is a presidential democracy with a unicameral legislature. The country is reliant on and closely integrated with Armenia, in many ways functioning de facto as part of Armenia.The country is very mountainous, averaging above sea level. The population is 99.7% ethnic Armenian, and the primary spoken language is the Armenian language. The population is overwhelmingly Christian, most being affiliated with the Armenian Apostolic Church. Several historical monasteries are popular with tourists, mostly from the Armenian diaspora, as most travel can take place only between Armenia and Artsakh.According to scholars, inscriptions dating to the Urartian period mention the region under a variety of names: "Ardakh", "Urdekhe", and "Atakhuni". In his "Geography", the classical historian Strabo refers to an Armenian region which he calls "Orchistene", which is believed by some to be a Greek version of the old name of Artsakh.According to another hypothesis put forth by David M. Lang, the ancient name of Artsakh possibly derives from the name of King Artaxias I of Armenia (190–159 BC), founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty and the kingdom of Greater Armenia.Folk etymology holds that the name is derived from "Ar" (Aran) and "tsakh" (woods, garden) (i.e., the gardens of Aran Sisakean, the first nakharar of northeastern Armenia).The name "Nagorno-Karabakh", commonly used in English, comes from the Russian name which means "Mountainous Karabakh". Karabakh is a Turkish/Persian word thought to mean "black garden". The Azerbaijani name for the area, "Dağlıq Qarabağ", has the same meaning as the Russian name. The term "Artsakh" lacks the non-Armenian influences present in "Nagorno-Karabakh". It was revived for use in the 19th century, and is the preferred term used by the locals, in English and Russian as well as Armenian.The earliest record of the region covered by modern-day Artsakh is from Urartian inscriptions referring to the region as "Urtekhini". It is unclear if the region was ever ruled by Urartu, but it was in close proximity to other Urartian domains. It may have been inhabited by Caspian tribes and/or by Scythians.After decades of raids by the Cimmerians, Scythians, and the Medes, Urartu finally collapsed with the rise of the Median Empire, and shortly after, the geopolitical region previously ruled as Urartu re-emerged as Armenia. By the 5th century BC, Artsakh was part of Armenia under the Orontid Dynasty. It continued to be part of the Kingdom of Armenia under the Artaxiad Dynasty, under which Armenia became one of the largest realms in Western Asia. At its greatest extent, the Great King of Armenia, Tigranes II, built several cities named after himself in regions he considered particularly important, one of which was the city he built in Artsakh.Following wars with the Romans and Persians, Armenia was partitioned between the two empires. Artsakh was removed from Persian Armenia and included into the neighbouring satrapy of Arran. At this time, the population of Artsakh consisted of Armenians and "Armenicized" aborigines, though many of the latter were still cited as distinct ethnic entities. The dialect of Armenian spoken in Artsakh was among the earliest ever recorded dialects of Armenian, which was described around this time in the 7th century AD by a contemporary named Stephanos Siunetzi.Artsakh remained part of Arran throughout Persian rule, during the fall of Iran to the Muslims, and following the Muslim conquest of Armenia. Under the Arabs, most of the South Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands, including Iberia and Arran, were unified into an emirate called "Arminiya", under which Artsakh continued to remain as part of Arran.Despite being under Persian and Arab rule, many of the Armenian territories, including Artsakh, were governed by Armenian nobility. Arran gradually disappeared as a geopolitical entity, while its population was assimilated by neighbouring ethnic groups with whom they shared a common culture and religion. Many Christians from Arran would form part of the ethnic composition of the Armenians living in modern-day Artsakh.Fragmentation of Arab authority provided the opportunity for the resurgence of an Armenian state in the Armenian Highlands. One particular noble dynasty, the Bagratids, began annexing territories from other Armenian nobles, which, in the latter half of the 9th century gave rise to a new Armenian kingdom which included Artsakh.The new Kingdom didn't stay united for long, however, due to internal conflicts, civil wars, and external pressures, Armenia often found itself fragmented between other noble Armenian houses, most notably the Mamikonian and Siunia families, the latter of which would produce a cadet branch known as the House of Khachen, named after their stronghold in Artsakh. The House of Khachen ruled the Kingdom of Artsakh in the 11th century as an independent kingdom under the protectorate of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia. Under the House of Khachen, the region historically called Artsakh became synonymous with the name "Khachen".Following wars with the Byzantine Empire, and with the arrival of Seljuk Turks in the latter half of the 11th century, the Kingdom of Armenia collapsed, and Artsakh became the autonomous Principality of Khachen, ruled by the House of Hasan-Jalalyan, within the Kingdom of Georgia for a short time until the Mongols acquired the region. Although the Armenians of Artsakh did not rule the lands as fully sovereign entities, the mountainous geography of the location allowed them to maintain a semi-independent or autonomous status within other realms, such as the Timurid, Kara Koyunlu, and Ak Koyunlu realms.During this time, the lands to the west of the Kura river up to the eastern slopes of the Zangezur mountain range became known as "Karabakh", with the lands of the Principality of Khachen corresponding to the highlands. During the period of Mongol domination, a great number of Armenians left the lowlands of Karabakh and sought refuge in the mountainous heights of the region.The Principality of Khachen was eventually divided amongst five Armenian princes, known as meliks, who collectively became known as the Five Melikdoms of Karabakh (literally "five principalities of Karabakh"; also referred to as "Khamsa", meaning "five" in Arabic).In the 16th century, Karabakh came under Iranian rule for the first time in almost a millennium with the rise of the Safavid Empire, within which the territory of modern-day Artsakh became part of the Province of Karabakh. The Armenian princes continued to rule autonomously over the highlands of Karabakh during this time.In the mid-18th century, the whole of Karabakh became a semi-independent khanate called the Karabakh Khanate which lasted for about 75 years. The Russian Empire advanced into the region in 1805, declared Artsakh a Russian protectorate and formally annexed it from Iran in 1813 according to the Treaty of Gulistan. The Armenian princes lost their status as princes ("meliks") in 1822.Following the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Transcaucasia became the stage of wars between every political entity that emerged in the region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) and their neighbours (Ottoman Empire). The newly formed Republic of Armenia (declared on 28 May 1918) claimed most of the highlands of Karabakh, which was also claimed by the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Assistance from the Republic of Armenia to Karabakh was limited as it found itself fighting enemies on all fronts, but the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and the territories formerly known as Khachen (Artsakh) managed to maintain their control over the lands, consistently fighting off offensives from Azerbaijan and quelling Muslim uprisings from within. Azerbaijan maintained control of the lowlands of Karabakh and some regions between Zangezur and Artsakh.In 1918, the predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijani SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumian region resulted in a declaration of independence. The ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War, which ended with a ceasefire along roughly the current borders. According to UNHCR, the conflict resulted in over 600,000 internally displaced persons within Azerbaijan.Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire established itself in Azerbaijan, and advocated that all of Karabakh (including Zangezur and Artsakh) should be part of Azerbaijan until the boundaries can be decided upon peacefully at the upcoming Paris Peace Conference of 1919, but the battles did not cease until the Red Army from Russia began reclaiming the former territories of the Russian Empire and created Soviet Azerbaijan out of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1920. The Armenians of Zangezur and Artsakh had consistently maintained control of the region and intended to unite with Armenia during the entirety of the two years of chaos, with Azerbaijan only temporarily occupying parts of the regions at certain times. The fall of Azerbaijan gave Armenia the opportunity to properly unite with the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and Artsakh, but they were taken by the Red Army on 26 May 1920. The rest of Armenia fell to the Red Army shortly after.The Bolsheviks tried to end the centuries-long rivalry between Russia and Turkey, and in 1921, Joseph Stalin formally transferred the Armenian-populated highlands of Karabakh to Soviet Azerbaijan to try to placate Turkey, though the majority of Zangezur remained within Soviet Armenia. In December 1920 under Soviet pressure central authorities issued a statement that Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhjivan were all transferred to Armenian control. Stalin (then commissar for nationalities) made the decision public on 2 December, but the Azerbaijani leader Narimanov later denied the transfer.Under these circumstances, Soviet Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan were admitted to the Soviet Union on 20 December 1922. The inclusion of Artsakh within Soviet Azerbaijan caused an uproar amongst Armenians, which led to the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan on 7 July 1923 (implemented in November 1924). Although the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh continued to desire reunification with Armenia, the conflict was largely dormant during the Soviet era.During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict was revitalized. The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh declared their independence as the "Republic of Mountainous Karabakh" with the intention of reunifying with the newly independent Armenia. The declaration was rejected by the newly independent Azerbaijan, leading to the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 20 February 1988 to 12 May 1994, resulting in a ceasefire in May 1994 and the de facto independence of the Republic of Artsakh, whose territory remains internationally recognized as part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.Intermittent fighting over the region continued after the 1994 ceasefire without significant territorial changes, while long-standing international mediation attempts to create a peace process were initiated by the OSCE Minsk Group in 1994. From late September 2020 until November, significant fighting resumed and Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A peace deal signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh over the next month. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement"Artsakh is a presidential democracy (in the middle of transforming from a semi-presidential one, after the 2017 referendum). The Prime Minister's post was abolished and the executive power is now residing with the President who is both the head of state and head of government. The president is directly elected for a maximum of two-consecutive five-year terms. The current President is Arayik Harutyunyan who was sworn in on 21 May 2020.The National Assembly is a unicameral legislature. It has 33 members who are elected for 5-year terms. Elections take place within a multi-party system; in 2009, the American NGO Freedom House ranked the Republic of Artsakh above the republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan with respect to civil and political rights. Five parties have members in the parliament: the Free Motherland party has 15 members, ARF has 8 members, Democratic Party of Artsakh has 7 members, Movement 88 has 2 members and the National Revival party has one member. A number of non-partisan candidates have also taken part in the elections, with some success; in 2015, two of the 33 members to the National Assembly took their seats without running under the banner of any of the established political parties in the republic. Elections in Artsakh are not recognised by international bodies such as the European Union and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, as well as numerous individual countries, who called them a source of increased tensions.Artsakh is heavily dependent on Armenia, and in many ways "de facto" functions and is administered as part of Armenia. However, Armenia is hesitant to officially recognise Artsakh.The founding documents of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic were the "Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" and the "Declaration of State Independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic". For a long time no constitution was created, with the republic instead declaring Armenian law applied on its territory through a 1992 law. Even when new laws were passed, they were often copies of equivalent Armenian laws.On 3 November 2006, the then-President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Arkadi Ghukasyan, signed a decree to hold a referendum on a draft Nagorno-Karabakh constitution. It was held on 10 December of the same year and according to official preliminary results, with a turnout of 87.2%, as many as 98.6 percent of voters approved the constitution. The first article of the document described the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, alternatively called the Republic of Artsakh, as "a sovereign, democratic state based on social justice and the rule of law." More than 100 non-governmental international observers and journalists who monitored the poll evaluated it positively, stating that it was held to a high international standard.However, the vote was criticised harshly by inter-governmental organisations such as the European Union, OSCE and GUAM, which rejected the referendum, deeming it illegitimate. The EU announced it was "aware that a 'constitutional referendum' has taken place," but emphasised its stance that only a negotiated settlement between Azerbaijan and ethnic Armenians could bring a lasting solution. Secretary General of the Council of Europe Terry Davis asserted that the poll "will not be recognized... and is therefore of no consequence".In a statement, the OSCE chairman in office Karel De Gucht voiced his concern that the vote would prove harmful to the ongoing conflict settlement process, which, he said, had shown "visible progress" and was at a "promising juncture".The holding of the referendum was also criticised by Turkey, which traditionally supports Azerbaijan because of common ethnic Turkic roots, and has historically had severe tensions with Armenia.Another referendum was held on 20 February 2017, with an 87.6% vote in favour on a 76% turnout for instituting a new constitution. This constitution among other changes turned the government from a semi-presidential to a fully presidential model. Its name was changed from "Constitution of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" to "Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh", though both remained official names of the country. The new name implies a claim to the areas occupied beyond the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, and the Presidential system allows for quicker decisions on security matters. The referendum is seen as a response to the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is based in Stepanakert. Since no UN member or observer currently recognizes Artsakh, none of its foreign relations are of an official diplomatic nature. However, the Republic of Artsakh operates five permanent Missions and one Bureau of Social-Politic Information in France. Artsakh's Permanent Missions exist in Armenia, Australia, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, and one for Middle East countries based in Beirut. The goals of the offices are to present the Republic's positions on various issues, to provide information and to facilitate the peace process.In his 2015 speech, the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan stated that he considered Nagorno-Karabakh "an inseparable part of Armenia".The Republic of Artsakh is neither a member nor observer of the UN or any of its specialized agencies. However, it is a member of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations, commonly known as the "Commonwealth of Unrecognized States", and is recognized by Transnistria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.According to the Constitution of Artsakh, the army is under the civilian command of the government. The Artsakh Defense Army was officially established on 9 May 1992 as a defense against Azerbaijan. It fought the Azerbaijani army to a ceasefire on 12 May 1994. Currently the Artsakh Defense Army consists of around 18,000–20,000 officers and soldiers. However, only 8,500 citizens from Artsakh serve in the Artsakh army; some 10,000 come from Armenia. There are also 177–316 tanks, 256–324 additional fighting vehicles, and 291–322 guns and mortars. Armenia supplies arms and other military necessities to Artsakh. Several battalions of Armenia's army are deployed directly in the Artsakh zone on occupied Azerbaijani territory.The Artsakh Defense Army fought in Shusha in 1992, opening the Lachin corridor between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (1992), and staged the defence of the Martakert front from 1992 to 1994.Mines were laid in the region from 1991 to 1994 by both conflicting parties in the first Nagorno-Karabakh War. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) claims that 123 people have been killed and over 300 injured by landmines near the disputed enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh since a 1994 truce ended a six-year conflict between ethnic Armenian and Azerbaijani forces.The HALO Trust, a UK-based demining NGO, is the only international organisation conducting demining in Nagorno Karabakh. They have destroyed 180,858 small arms ammunition, 48,572 units of "other explosive items", 12,423 cluster bombs, 8,733 anti-personnel landmines, and 2,584 anti-tank landmines between 2000 and 2016. By 2018, they had cleared 88% of the territory's minefields, with a target to clear the rest by 2020. The main cities of Stepanakert and Shusha, as well as the main north–south highway, have been cleared and are safe for travel. The demining effort has been largely funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Today, Artsakh is a "de facto" independent state, calling itself the "Republic of Artsakh". It has close relations with Armenia and uses the same currency, the dram. According to Human Rights Watch, "from the beginning of the Karabakh conflict, Armenia provided aid, weapons, and volunteers. Armenian involvement in Artsakh escalated after a December 1993 Azerbaijani offensive. The Republic of Armenia began sending conscripts and regular Army and Interior Ministry troops to fight in Artsakh." The politics of Armenia and the de facto Artsakh are so intertwined that Robert Kocharyan served as the first President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, from 1994 to 1997, then as prime minister of Armenia from 1997 to 1998, and then as the second President of Armenia, from 1998 to 2008.However, Armenian governments have repeatedly resisted internal pressure to unite the two, due to ongoing negotiations under the auspices of the OSCE Minsk Group. In his case study of Eurasia, Dov Lynch of the Institute for Security Studies of WEU believes that "Karabakh's independence allows the new Armenian state to avoid the international stigma of aggression, despite the fact that Armenian troops fought in the war between 1991–94 and continue to man the Line of Contact between Karabakh and Azerbaijan." Lynch also cites that the "strength of the Armenian armed forces, and Armenia's strategic alliance with Russia, are seen as key shields protecting the Karabakh state by the authorities in Stepanakert". Some sources consider Artsakh as functioning "de facto" as a part of Armenia.At present, the mediation process is at a standstill, with the most recent discussions in Rambouillet, France, yielding no agreement. Azerbaijan has officially requested Armenian troops to withdraw from all disputed areas of Azerbaijan outside Nagorno-Karabakh, and that all displaced persons be allowed to return to their homes before the status of Karabakh can be discussed. Armenia does not recognise Azerbaijani claims to Nagorno-Karabakh and believes the territory should have self-determination. Both the Armenian and Artsakhi governments note that the independence of Artsakh was declared around the time the Soviet Union dissolved and its members became independent. The Armenian government insists that the government of Artsakh be part of any discussions on the region's future, and rejects ceding occupied territory or allowing refugees to return before talks on the region's status.Representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, France, Russia and the United States met in Paris and in Key West, Florida, in early 2001. Despite rumours that the parties were close to a solution, the Azerbaijani authorities – both during Heydar Aliyev's period of office, and after the accession of his son Ilham Aliyev in the October 2003 elections – have firmly denied that any agreement was reached in Paris or Key West.Further talks between the Azerbaijani and Armenian presidents, Ilham Aliyev and Robert Kocharyan, were held in September 2004 in Astana, Kazakhstan, on the sidelines of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) summit. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of the occupying forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Artsakh and then holding referendums (plebiscites) in Artsakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. On 10 and 11 February 2006, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in Rambouillet, France, to discuss the fundamental principles of a settlement to the conflict. Contrary to the initial optimism, the Rambouillet talks did not produce any agreement, with key issues such as the status of Artsakh and whether Armenian troops would withdraw from Kalbajar still being contentious.Talks were held at the Polish embassy in Bucharest in June 2006. Again, American, Russian, and French diplomats attended the talks that lasted over 40 minutes. Earlier, Armenian President Kocharyan announced that he was ready to "continue dialogue with Azerbaijan for the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and with Turkey on establishing relations without any preconditions".According to Armenian foreign minister, Vardan Oskanyan, no progress was made at this latest meeting. Both presidents failed to reach a consensus on the issues from the earlier Rambouillet conference. He noted that the Kocharyan-Aliyev meeting was held in a normal atmosphere. "Nevertheless," he added, "the foreign ministers of the two countries are commissioned to continue talks over the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and try to find common points before the next meeting of the presidents."The major disagreement between both sides at the Bucharest conference was the status of Artsakh. Azerbaijan's preferred solution would be to give Artsakh the "highest status of autonomy adopted in the world". Armenia, on the other hand, endorsed a popular vote by the inhabitants of Artsakh to decide their future, a position that was also taken by the international mediators. On 27 June, the Armenian foreign minister said both parties agreed to allow the residents of Artsakh to vote regarding the future status of the region. The Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially refuted that statement. According to Azeri opposition leader Isa Gambar, however, Azerbaijan did indeed agree to the referendum. Still, nothing official has confirmed this yet.The ongoing "Prague Process" overseen by the OSCE Minsk Group was brought into sharp relief in the summer of 2006 with a series of rare public revelations seemingly designed to jump-start the stalled negotiations. After the release in June of a paper outlining its position, which had until then been carefully guarded, U.S. State Department official Matthew Bryza told Radio Free Europe that the Minsk Group favoured a referendum in Karabakh that would determine its final status. The referendum, in the view of the OSCE, should take place not in Azerbaijan as a whole, but in Artsakh only. This was a blow to Azerbaijan, and despite talk that their government might eventually seek a more sympathetic forum for future negotiations, this has not yet happened.On 10 December 2007 Azerbaijan's deputy foreign minister said Azerbaijan would be prepared to conduct anti-terrorist operations in Nagorno-Karabakh against alleged bases of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Armenian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Vladimir Karapetian previously rejected the allegations as "fabricated" and suggested the accusations of the PKK presence were a form of provocation.In 2008, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev stated that "Nagorno-Karabakh will never be independent; the position is backed by international mediators as well; Armenia has to accept the reality" and that "in 1918, Yerevan was granted to the Armenians. It was a great mistake. The khanate of Iravan was the Azeri territory, the Armenians were guests here". On the other hand, in 2009, the president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Bako Sahakyan declared that "Artsakh will never be a part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh security should never be an article of commerce either. As to other issues, we are ready to discuss them with Azerbaijan.". In 2010 president of Republic of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan in his speech in the Chatham House of the British Royal Institute of International Affairs declared that "Karabakh was never a part of independent Azerbaijan: it was annexed to Azerbaijan by a decision of the Soviet Union party body. The people of Karabakh never put up with this decision, and upon the first opportunity, seceded from the Soviet Union fully in line with the laws of the Soviet Union and the applicable international law".On 14 March 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution by a vote of 39 to 7, with 100 abstentions, reaffirming Azerbaijan's territorial integrity, expressing support for that country's internationally recognised borders and demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories there. The resolution was supported mainly by members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and GUAM, Azerbaijan is a member in both groups, as well as other nations facing breakaway regions. The resolution was opposed by all three members of the OSCE Minsk Group.On 20 May 2010, the European Parliament adopted a resolution "on the need for an EU strategy for the South Caucasus", which states that EU must pursue a strategy to promote stability, prosperity and conflict resolution in the South Caucasus. The resolution "calls on the parties to intensify their peace talk efforts for the purpose of a settlement in the coming months, to show a more constructive attitude and to abandon preferences to perpetuate the status quo created by force and with no international legitimacy, creating in this way instability and prolonging the suffering of the war-affected populations; condemns the idea of a military solution and the heavy consequences of military force already used, and calls on both parties to avoid any further breaches of the 1994 ceasefire". The resolution also calls for the withdrawal of Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan, accompanied by the deployment of international forces to be organised with respect of the UN Charter in order to provide the necessary security guarantees in a period of transition, which will ensure the security of the population of Artsakh and allow the displaced persons to return to their homes and further conflicts caused by homelessness to be prevented; and states that the EU believes that the position according to which Artsakh includes all occupied Azerbaijani lands surrounding Artsakh should rapidly be abandoned. It also notes "that an interim status for Nagorno-Karabakh could offer a solution until the final status is determined and that it could create a transitional framework for peaceful coexistence and cooperation of Armenian and Azerbaijani populations in the region."On 26 June 2010, the presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group's Co-Chair countries, France, Russia, and United States made a joint statement, reaffirming their "commitment to support the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan as they finalize the Basic Principles for the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict".During his August 2019 visit to Stepanakert, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan presented the strategic development goals set for Armenia for the next three decades. He added that he made no special provision for Nagorno-Karabakh because "Artsakh is Armenia and there is no alternative". Soon afterwards, Armenia's Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan commented on Pashinyan's statement by saying he had "nothing to add" to Pashinyan's formulation of Armenia's position in the conflict.On September 27, 2020, fighting broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Artsakh, which may have claimed thousands of lives. Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A ceasefire agreement signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast over the next month, while maintaining control over the areas of the former oblast that had not been captured during the war. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement".No UN member states have recognised Artsakh, although some unrecognised and partially recognized states have done so. Various sub-national governments have issued calls for recognition of Artsakh by their national governments.In 2021, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia held a trilateral meeting about Artsakh. This is expected to be the first of a regular series of meetings between the three countries, per an agreement to promote economic and infrastructure development throughout the region.The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has resulted in the displacement of 597,000 Azerbaijanis (this figure includes 230,000 children born to internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 54,000 who have returned) including Artsakh, and 220,000 Azeris, 18,000 Kurds and 3,500 Russians fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan from 1988 to 1989. The Azerbaijani government has estimated that 63% of IDPs lived below the poverty line as compared to 49% of the total population. About 154,000 lived in the capital, Baku. According to the International Organization for Migration, 40,000 IDPs lived in camps, 60,000 in dugout shelters, and 20,000 in railway cars. Forty-thousand IDPs lived in EU-funded settlements and UNHCR provided housing for another 40,000. Another 5,000 IDPs lived in abandoned or rapidly deteriorating schools. Others lived in trains, on roadsides in half-constructed buildings, or in public buildings such as tourist and health facilities. Tens of thousands lived in seven tent camps where poor water supply and sanitation caused gastrointestinal infections, tuberculosis, and malaria.The government required IDPs to register their place of residence in an attempt to better target the limited and largely inadequate national and international assistance due to the Armenian advocated and US imposed restrictions on humanitarian aid to Azerbaijan. Many IDPs were from rural areas and found it difficult to integrate into the urban labor market. Many international humanitarian agencies reduced or ceased assistance for IDPs citing increasing oil revenues of the country. The infant mortality among displaced Azerbaijani children is 3–4 times higher than in the rest of the population. The rate of stillbirth was 88.2 per 1,000 births among the internally displaced people. The majority of the displaced have lived in difficult conditions for more than 13 years.During the 2020 war President Aliyev stated he intends for refugees to return to the area. While many former cities are currently uninhabitable, the Azerbaijani government and some Azerbaijani companies have announced plans to rebuild infrastructure and invest in the newly controlled territories. The Azerbaijani military is clearing mines prior to resettlement, which may take 10–13 years.280,000 persons—virtually all ethnic Armenians who fled Azerbaijan during the 1988–1993 war over the disputed region of Artsakh—were living in refugee-like circumstances in Armenia. Some left the country, principally to Russia. Their children born in Armenia acquire citizenship automatically. Their numbers are thus subject to constant decline due to departure, and de-registration required for naturalization. Of these, about 250,000 fled Azerbaijan (areas outside Nagorno-Karabakh); approximately 30,000 came from Nagorno-Karabakh. All were registered with the government as refugees at year's end.The Artsakh Republic is mountainous, a feature which has given it its former name (from the Russian for "Mountainous/Highland Karabakh"). It is in area. The highest point in the country is Mount Kirs at . The largest water body is the Sarsang reservoir, and the major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers. The country is on a plateau which slopes downwards towards the east and southeast, with the average altitude being above sea level. Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh Valley.The climate is mild and temperate. The average temperature is , which fluctuates annually between in July and in January. The average precipitation can reach in some regions, and it is foggy for over 100 days a year. Over 2,000 kinds of plants exist in Artsakh, and more than 36% of the country is forested. The plant life on the steppes consists mostly of semi-desert vegetation, while subalpine zone and alpine tundra ecosystems can be found above the forest in the highlands and mountains.The Republic of Artsakh currently claims seven administrative divisions. When established, Artsakh established eight administrative divisions, however, after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Kashatagh Province ceased to exist, as a claim no longer exists on this territory with the per the ceasefire agreement that ended the conflict. The territory of Artsakh includes most of four districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), with the fifth district, Hadrut Province, completely under Azerbaijani control. Also claimed by Artsakh is the Shahumyan Region of the Azerbaijan SSR, which has been under Azerbaijani control since the First Nagorno-Karabakh war. While the Shahumyan Region was not part of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, representatives from Shahumyan declared independence along with the Oblast, and the proclamation of Artsakh includes the Shahumyan region within its borders.Prior to the 2020 war, the territory of Artsakh included most of the five districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), and parts of seven other former districts of the Azerbaijan SSR around the former NKAO that were under the control of Artsakhi forces.Following the Republic of Artsakh's declaration of independence, the Azerbaijani government abolished the NKAO and created Azerbaijani districts in its place. As a result, some of Artsakh's divisions corresponded with the Azerbaijani districts, while others had different borders. A comparative table of the established divisions of Artsakh and the corresponding districts of Azerbaijan follows:In 2002, the country's population was 145,000, made up of 95% Armenians and 5% others. This composition represents a sharp change from the 1979 and 1989 census, when the Azerbaijani population was 23 and 21.5 percent, respectively. In March 2007, the local government announced that its population had grown to 138,000. The annual birth rate was recorded at 2,200–2,300 per year, an increase from nearly 1,500 in 1999.OSCE report, released in March 2011, estimates the population of the "seven occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh" to be 14,000, and states "there has been no significant growth in the population since 2005." An International Crisis Group report published in December 2019 recorded the population of these territories to be 17,000, or 11.48% of the total population: 15,000 west and southwest of the former oblast, and 2000 in the Agdam District.Until 2000, the country's net migration was at a negative. For the first half of 2007, 1,010 births and 659 deaths were reported, with a net emigration of 27.According to age group: 15,700 (0–6), 25,200 (7–17) 75,800 (18–59) and 21,000 (60+)Population by province (2006):Population of the Republic of Artsakh (2000–2008)Ethnic Groups of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1926–1989) and the Republic of Artsakh (2015) according to census dataThe primary language spoken by the population 99.7% ethnic Armenian is the Armenian language, which functions as the only state language and an official language in the Republic of Artsakh.Russian is widely spoken in Arstakh and since late 2020-2021 efforts have been made in the parliament in Stepanakert to establish it as an additional official language; the official justifications for this being that Russian is already the second language of many residents, and that it "creates conditions for deepening cooperation in all spheres, and in the forseeable future will contribute to the development of relations within the legal framework." While Russian may soon get official status, Armenian will remain the only state language. The law recognises the state language as a "prevailing language in the republic" with "protection and sponsorship of the republic", and recognises the official language as that "which serves literary and scientific needs of the society", implicitly suggesting the utility of Russian in educational institutions and in science, but not necessarily in government procedures. There are some features to the variety of Russian as spoken in Arstakh, such as the use of "шпилька" in place of "прищепка" (clothespin), "пулпулак" for a waterfountain, and "финки" for sweatpants. The capital and by far largest city in Artsakh is Stepanakert (55,200 inhabitants in 2015), followed by Martuni (5,700), Martakert (4,600), Chartar (4,000), Askeran (2,300), Berdzor (1,900), Haterk (c. 1,600), Berdashen (c. 1,600), Vank (c. 1,600), Noragyugh (c. 1,500), Ivanyan (c. 1,400), Taghavard (c. 1,300), Gishi (c. 1,100), Karmir Shuka (c. 1,100), Sos (c. 1,100), Aygestan (c. 1,100) and Khnapat (c. 1,000). This list only includes towns that remain in Artsakh after the 2020 war.While the territory captured outside the former NKAO was initially treated as a potential bargaining chip, it slowly began to be seen as part of the country by both officials and the general population. The Stepanakert-based administration launched various programs aimed at bringing in permanent Armenian settlers to the depopulated lands, including into regions previously populated by Azeris, with those that bordered Armenia – Lachin and Kalbajar – being the priority. Lachin was key to a land connection between Armenia and the former NKAO, and Kalbajar had water resources utilised by both Artsakh and Armenia. Incentives in the form of free housing, access to property, social infrastructure, inexpensive or sometimes free electricity, running water, low taxes or limited tax exemptions were offered to new settlers.Azerbaijan regards this as a violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, to which Armenia became party in 1993, whereby "[t]he Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies". The ruling party of Azerbaijan accuses the Armenian side of artificially changing the demographic situation and the ethnic composition of the occupied region so that it can lay future claims to them, comparing this to the 1950s campaign of resettling diaspora Armenians in previously Azeri-populated locales in Soviet Armenia where Azeris were forcibly deported from in 1948–1950.In 1979, the total Armenian population of the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Qubadli, Zangilan, Jabrayil, Fuzuli and Agdam was around 1,400 people. An OSCE fact-finding mission established at Azerbaijan's request visited these regions in February 2005 with the intention to assess the scale of the settlement attempts. The mission's findings showed that these districts had as of 2005 an overall population of 14,000 persons, mostly living in precarious social conditions. It consisted primarily of ethnic Armenians displaced from the non-conflict zones of Azerbaijan during the war. It was noted, however, that most of them had settled in the conflict zone after having lived in Armenia for several years and some held Armenian passports and even voted in Armenian elections. A smaller segment of the settlers was originally from the towns of Gyumri and Spitak in Armenia who had lived in temporary shelters following the devastating 1988 earthquake before moving to Karabakh, as well as a small number of natives of Yerevan who moved there for financial reasons. A field assessment mission revisited the region in October 2010, confirming that there had not been much growth in population or change in the living conditions of the settlers. The Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group who visited Nagorno-Karabakh, Kalbajar and Lachin in 2014 reported seeing signs of improvements in the infrastructure but could not observe any indications that the size of the population had changed in recent years.By June 2015, an estimated 17,000 of Syria's once 80,000-strong Armenian population had fled the civil war and sought refuge in Armenia. David Babayan, spokesperson of the Artsakh leader Bako Sahakyan, confirmed that some of those refugees had been resettled in Artsakh. "The Economist" put the number of the resettled families at 30 as of June 2017. In December 2014, Armenian media cited local municipal authorities in stating that dozens of Syrian Armenian families had been resettled in the disputed zone, in particular in the city of Lachin and the village of Xanlıq in Qubadli. Azerbaijan's Minister of Foreign Affairs Elmar Mammadyarov expressed his concern over Armenia's attempts to change the demographic situation in the region and informed of his intention to raise this issue with the Minsk Group.In February 2019, Armenia's National Security Service director Artur Vanetsyan visited Nagorno-Karabakh amid public concern about Nikol Pashinyan's government alleged readiness to cede some of the Armenian-controlled territories as part of a peace settlement. Vanetsyan pointed out that settling Armenians and investing into infrastructural projects along the Iranian border, in the previously Azeri-populated regions outside of the former autonomous province, was "a clear message" to the international community that there would be no territorial concessions. He referred to the ongoing settlement efforts as a method of "guaranteeing security". Azerbaijan's Foreign Ministry reacted by qualifying Vanetsyan's statement as an "attempt to undermine the peace talks and defy the work of the mediators" and vowed to address the issue to the UN and the OSCE.The ceasefire ending the 2020 war stipulated that these territories were to be turned over to Azerbaijani control. Armenian settlers in these areas evacuated prior to the arrival of Azerbaijani forces.Most of the Armenian population in Artsakh is Christian and belongs to the Armenian Apostolic Church which is an Oriental Orthodox Church.Certain Eastern Orthodox and Evangelical denominations also exist. However, military authorities prohibited any Christian sect activity in Artsakh, for the reason that they would preach pacifism among the population.As a result of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan retook control over territories containing several important Armenian monasteries and churches, such as the monasteries of Dadivank, Tzitzernavank, Gtichavank, and the Ghazanchetsots Cathedral, as well as the churches of Kanach Zham and .The socio-economic situation of the Republic of Artsakh was greatly affected by the 1991–1994 conflict. Yet, foreign investments began to come. The origin of most venture capital comes from Armenians in Armenia, Russia, United States, France, Australia, Iran, and the Middle East.Notably the telecommunications sector was developed with Karabakh Telecom investing millions of dollars in mobile telephony, spearheaded by a Lebanese company.Copper and gold mining has been advancing since 2002 with development and launch of operations at Drmbon deposit. Approximately 27–28 thousand tons (wet weight) of concentrates are produced with average copper content of 19–21% and gold content of 32–34 g/t. Azerbaijan considers any mining operations in Nagorno-Karabakh illegal and has vowed to engage an international audit company to determine the damages suffered by Azerbaijan's state-run ore management company as a result. In 2018, the government of Azerbaijan announced that it was planning to appeal to an international court and the law enforcement agencies of the countries where the mining companies involved are registered.The banking system is administered by Artsakhbank (a Yerevan-based Armenian bank fulfilling the functions of the state bank of Nagorno-Karabakh) and a number of other Armenian banks. The republic uses the Armenian dram.Wine growing and processing of agricultural products, particularly wine (i.e., storage of wine, wine stuffs, cognac alcohol) is one of the prioritized directions of the economic development.Prior to the 2020 war, the republic developed a tourist industry geared to Armenia and the Armenian diaspora. The republic showed a major increase in tourists over the last several years because of Artsakh's many cultural sights. Before the 2020 war there were nine hotels in Stepanakert. The Artsakh development agency says 4,000 tourists visited Artsakh in 2005. The figures rose to 8,000 in 2010 (excluding visitors from Armenia). The agency cooperated with the Armenia Tourism Development Agency (ATDA) as Armenia is the only way tourists (mainly Armenians) can access Artsakh. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Artsakh reported continuous expansion of visitors' geography. Tourist infrastructure was developed around sites such as monasteries that showcase the Armenian history in the region, with Islamic sites rarely restored, while some ghost cities and areas near the front line were off limit to tourists.The Tourism Development Agency of Artsakh was established in Yerevan as a non-governmental organisation in the Republic of Armenia to promote tourism further in Artsakh. It makes preparations for tour operators, travel agencies and journalists covering the region, and arranges for hotel services, shopping, catering, recreation centers.Tourist attractions included:Other tourist attractions included:Janapar Trail is a marked trail, through mountains, valleys, and villages of Artsakh, with monasteries and fortresses along the way. It's not hikable since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The trail was broken into day hikes, which brought tourists to a different village each night. The paths have existed for centuries but now are marked specifically for hikers. The Himnakan Janapar (backbone trail), marked in 2007, leads from the northwest region of Shahumian to the southern town of Hadrut, now under Azerbaijani control. Side trails and mini trails take one to additional parts of Artsakh. The important sites passed along this hike include Dadivank Monastery, Gandzasar monastery, Shusha, the Karkar Canyon with its high cliffs, Zontik Waterfall, and the ruins of Hunot and Gtichavank monastery.One of the noteworthy side trails is the Gtichavank Loop Trail. This loop starts from Tugh Village, now under Azerbaijani control.The cost of staying in Artsakh is relatively cheap in comparison with the rest of the region and varies approximately between 25 – US$70 for a single person as of May 2017.However, those who travelled to Artsakh without the Azerbaijani government's prior consent and permission will be denied entry to Azerbaijan since the country considers Artsakh their territory unlawfully occupied by the Armenian army. The Azerbaijani government also keeps and publishes online a list of foreign nationals who visited these occupied areas without prior approval. In late 2017, the list contained 699 names with additional details (date, country, profession, purpose of visit). The earliest entry recorded a visit to Artsakh that occurred on an unspecified date sometime between 1993 and 1996. The list includes many journalists and members of parliaments of foreign countries.Before the 2020 war, the Artsakh Wine Fest took place annually in Togh since 2014. The festival was held on the third Saturday of each September.The festival was initiated by the Department of Tourism and Protection of Historical Places of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Youth Affairs of the Republic of Artsakh and was aimed to develop tourism in Artsakh. It was meant to restore Artsakh winemaking traditions. The festival provided a platform to the winemakers of Artsakh and Armenia giving them an opportunity to sell their products, exchange knowledge, promote their wine etc. The annual festival's program included grape stomping, tasting of traditional Artsakh cuisine, an exhibition of artworks, an exhibition of ancient artefacts that belonged to the Melik Yegan's Palace, as well as an exhibition and sale of local wine, where one could find products from 5 different regions of Artsakh and Armenia. Traditionally, the festival was accompanied by Armenian national singing and dancing. The festival evolved into a national holiday.The transportation system had been damaged by the 1991–1994 conflict, but was noticeably improved before the 2020 war: the North–South Artsakh motorway alone largely facilitated the development of the transportation system.Before the 2020 war, the Hadrut-Stepanakert-Askeran-Martakert motorway, the locals said, was the lifeline of Artsakh, and $25 million donated during the Hayastan All-Armenian Foundation telethons was allotted for the construction of the road.Stepanakert Airport, the sole civilian airport of the Republic of Artsakh, located about east of the capital, has been closed since the onset of the war in 1990. However, the government was pressing ahead with plans to reopen the airport , and raised about 1 billion drams ($2.8 million) for its reconstruction from unspecified "charitable sources". It began building a new airport terminal and repairing the runway in late 2009. In any case, its unresolved status makes direct air communication with other countries all but impossible according to IATA conventions.Though originally scheduled to launch the first commercial flights on 9 May 2011, Artsakh officials postponed a new reopening date throughout the whole of 2011. In May 2012, the director of the Artsakh Civil Aviation Administration, Tigran Gabrielyan, announced that the airport would begin operations in mid-2012. However the airport still remains closed due to security reasons, as Azerbaijan has threatened to shoot down planes using the airport.A new route from the Armenian capital Yerevan to Stepanakert was planned to bypass the 8–9 hours drive via the Lachin corridor. It was opened in September 2017. A third road was planned in 2019. Following the 2020 war, a new road will be built along the Lachin corridor to bypass Shusha.Authorities in the USSR opened a railway line in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in 1944. It line connected the capital, Stepanakert, and Yevlax in Azerbaijan. It was built to Russian standard gauge of 1520mm. Due to the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, the line the railway was badly damaged and the line was closed.Education in Artsakh is compulsory, and is free up to the age of 18. The education system is inherited from the old system of the Soviet Union.Artsakh's school system was severely damaged because of the 1991–1994 conflict. But the government of the Republic of Artsakh with considerable aid from the Republic of Armenia and with donations from the Armenian diaspora, rebuilt many of the schools. Prior to the 2020 war, Artsakh had around 250 schools of various sizes, with more than 200 lying in the regions. The student population was estimated at more than 20,000, with almost half in the capital city of Stepanakert.Artsakh State University was founded by Artsakh and Armenian governments' joint efforts, with main campus in Stepanakert. The university opening ceremony took place on 10 May 1992.Yerevan University of Management also opened a branch in Stepanakert."We Are Our Mountains" () by Sargis Baghdasaryan is a monument located in Stepanakert. The sculpture is widely regarded as a symbol of the "de facto" independent Republic of Artsakh. It is a large monument from tuff of an old Armenian man and woman hewn from rock, representing the mountain people of Artsakh. It is also known as "Tatik yev Papik" (Տատիկ և Պապիկ) in Armenian. The sculpture is featured prominently on Artsakh's coat of arms.Artsakh State Museum is the historical museum of the Republic of Artsakh. Located at 4 Sasunstsi David Street, in Stepanakert, the museum offers an assortment of ancient artifacts and Christian manuscripts. There are also more recent items, ranging in date from the 19th century to World War II and from events of the Karabakh Independence War.Artsakh has its own brand of popular music. As Artsakh question became a pan-Armenian question, Artsakh music was further promoted worldwide.Many nationalist songs, performed by Artsakhi artists, as well as artists from Republic of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora, show support for the Artsakh independence movement; videos for the songs, incorporate footage of Artsakhi military campaigns. These videos are posted to sites such as YouTube, where they often generate conflicting nationalist Armenian and Azerbaijani comments."Azat Artsakh" is the official newspaper of the Republic of Artsakh.Sports in the Republic of Artsakh are organised by the Artsakh Ministry of Culture and Youth. Due to the non-recognition of Artsakh, sports teams from the country cannot compete in most international tournaments.Football is the most popular sport in Artsakh. Stepanakert has a well-built football stadium. Since the mid-1990s, football teams from Artsakh started taking part in some domestic competitions in Armenia. Lernayin Artsakh FC represents the city of Stepanakert. In Artsakh, domestic football clubs play in the Artsakh Football League. The Artsakh football league was launched in 2009. The Artsakh national football team was formed in 2012 and played their first competitive match against the Abkhazia national football team in Sokhumi, a match that ended with a result of 1–1 draw. The return match between the unrecognized teams took place at the Stepanakert Stadium, on 21 October 2012, when the team from Artsakh defeated the Abkhazian team 3–0.There is also interest in other sports, including basketball and volleyball. Sailing is practised in the town of Martakert.Artsakh sports teams and athletes also participate in the Pan-Armenian Games organised in Armenia. | [
"Arkadi Ghukasyan",
"Bako Sahakyan",
"Robert Kocharyan",
"Arayik Harutyunyan",
"Arkadi Ghukasyan",
"Bako Sahakyan",
"Arayik Harutyunyan"
] | |
Who was the head of state of Republic of Artsakh in Dec, 2000? | December 04, 2000 | {
"text": [
"Arkadi Ghukasyan"
]
} | L2_Q244165_P35_2 | Leonard Petrosyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Mar, 1997 to Sep, 1997.
Bako Sahakyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 2007 to May, 2020.
Arkadi Ghukasyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 1997 to Sep, 2007.
Arayik Harutyunyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Robert Kocharyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Dec, 1994 to Mar, 1997. | Republic of ArtsakhArtsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh (; ) or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (; , ), is a breakaway state in the South Caucasus supported by Armenia, whose territory is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh controls part of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, including the capital of Stepanakert. It is an enclave within Azerbaijan. Its only overland access route to Armenia is via the wide Lachin corridor which is under the control of Russian peacekeepers.The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumyan Province resulted in a declaration of independence. Ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War. Conflict has sporadically broken out since then, most significantly in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.Artsakh is a presidential democracy with a unicameral legislature. The country is reliant on and closely integrated with Armenia, in many ways functioning de facto as part of Armenia.The country is very mountainous, averaging above sea level. The population is 99.7% ethnic Armenian, and the primary spoken language is the Armenian language. The population is overwhelmingly Christian, most being affiliated with the Armenian Apostolic Church. Several historical monasteries are popular with tourists, mostly from the Armenian diaspora, as most travel can take place only between Armenia and Artsakh.According to scholars, inscriptions dating to the Urartian period mention the region under a variety of names: "Ardakh", "Urdekhe", and "Atakhuni". In his "Geography", the classical historian Strabo refers to an Armenian region which he calls "Orchistene", which is believed by some to be a Greek version of the old name of Artsakh.According to another hypothesis put forth by David M. Lang, the ancient name of Artsakh possibly derives from the name of King Artaxias I of Armenia (190–159 BC), founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty and the kingdom of Greater Armenia.Folk etymology holds that the name is derived from "Ar" (Aran) and "tsakh" (woods, garden) (i.e., the gardens of Aran Sisakean, the first nakharar of northeastern Armenia).The name "Nagorno-Karabakh", commonly used in English, comes from the Russian name which means "Mountainous Karabakh". Karabakh is a Turkish/Persian word thought to mean "black garden". The Azerbaijani name for the area, "Dağlıq Qarabağ", has the same meaning as the Russian name. The term "Artsakh" lacks the non-Armenian influences present in "Nagorno-Karabakh". It was revived for use in the 19th century, and is the preferred term used by the locals, in English and Russian as well as Armenian.The earliest record of the region covered by modern-day Artsakh is from Urartian inscriptions referring to the region as "Urtekhini". It is unclear if the region was ever ruled by Urartu, but it was in close proximity to other Urartian domains. It may have been inhabited by Caspian tribes and/or by Scythians.After decades of raids by the Cimmerians, Scythians, and the Medes, Urartu finally collapsed with the rise of the Median Empire, and shortly after, the geopolitical region previously ruled as Urartu re-emerged as Armenia. By the 5th century BC, Artsakh was part of Armenia under the Orontid Dynasty. It continued to be part of the Kingdom of Armenia under the Artaxiad Dynasty, under which Armenia became one of the largest realms in Western Asia. At its greatest extent, the Great King of Armenia, Tigranes II, built several cities named after himself in regions he considered particularly important, one of which was the city he built in Artsakh.Following wars with the Romans and Persians, Armenia was partitioned between the two empires. Artsakh was removed from Persian Armenia and included into the neighbouring satrapy of Arran. At this time, the population of Artsakh consisted of Armenians and "Armenicized" aborigines, though many of the latter were still cited as distinct ethnic entities. The dialect of Armenian spoken in Artsakh was among the earliest ever recorded dialects of Armenian, which was described around this time in the 7th century AD by a contemporary named Stephanos Siunetzi.Artsakh remained part of Arran throughout Persian rule, during the fall of Iran to the Muslims, and following the Muslim conquest of Armenia. Under the Arabs, most of the South Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands, including Iberia and Arran, were unified into an emirate called "Arminiya", under which Artsakh continued to remain as part of Arran.Despite being under Persian and Arab rule, many of the Armenian territories, including Artsakh, were governed by Armenian nobility. Arran gradually disappeared as a geopolitical entity, while its population was assimilated by neighbouring ethnic groups with whom they shared a common culture and religion. Many Christians from Arran would form part of the ethnic composition of the Armenians living in modern-day Artsakh.Fragmentation of Arab authority provided the opportunity for the resurgence of an Armenian state in the Armenian Highlands. One particular noble dynasty, the Bagratids, began annexing territories from other Armenian nobles, which, in the latter half of the 9th century gave rise to a new Armenian kingdom which included Artsakh.The new Kingdom didn't stay united for long, however, due to internal conflicts, civil wars, and external pressures, Armenia often found itself fragmented between other noble Armenian houses, most notably the Mamikonian and Siunia families, the latter of which would produce a cadet branch known as the House of Khachen, named after their stronghold in Artsakh. The House of Khachen ruled the Kingdom of Artsakh in the 11th century as an independent kingdom under the protectorate of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia. Under the House of Khachen, the region historically called Artsakh became synonymous with the name "Khachen".Following wars with the Byzantine Empire, and with the arrival of Seljuk Turks in the latter half of the 11th century, the Kingdom of Armenia collapsed, and Artsakh became the autonomous Principality of Khachen, ruled by the House of Hasan-Jalalyan, within the Kingdom of Georgia for a short time until the Mongols acquired the region. Although the Armenians of Artsakh did not rule the lands as fully sovereign entities, the mountainous geography of the location allowed them to maintain a semi-independent or autonomous status within other realms, such as the Timurid, Kara Koyunlu, and Ak Koyunlu realms.During this time, the lands to the west of the Kura river up to the eastern slopes of the Zangezur mountain range became known as "Karabakh", with the lands of the Principality of Khachen corresponding to the highlands. During the period of Mongol domination, a great number of Armenians left the lowlands of Karabakh and sought refuge in the mountainous heights of the region.The Principality of Khachen was eventually divided amongst five Armenian princes, known as meliks, who collectively became known as the Five Melikdoms of Karabakh (literally "five principalities of Karabakh"; also referred to as "Khamsa", meaning "five" in Arabic).In the 16th century, Karabakh came under Iranian rule for the first time in almost a millennium with the rise of the Safavid Empire, within which the territory of modern-day Artsakh became part of the Province of Karabakh. The Armenian princes continued to rule autonomously over the highlands of Karabakh during this time.In the mid-18th century, the whole of Karabakh became a semi-independent khanate called the Karabakh Khanate which lasted for about 75 years. The Russian Empire advanced into the region in 1805, declared Artsakh a Russian protectorate and formally annexed it from Iran in 1813 according to the Treaty of Gulistan. The Armenian princes lost their status as princes ("meliks") in 1822.Following the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Transcaucasia became the stage of wars between every political entity that emerged in the region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) and their neighbours (Ottoman Empire). The newly formed Republic of Armenia (declared on 28 May 1918) claimed most of the highlands of Karabakh, which was also claimed by the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Assistance from the Republic of Armenia to Karabakh was limited as it found itself fighting enemies on all fronts, but the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and the territories formerly known as Khachen (Artsakh) managed to maintain their control over the lands, consistently fighting off offensives from Azerbaijan and quelling Muslim uprisings from within. Azerbaijan maintained control of the lowlands of Karabakh and some regions between Zangezur and Artsakh.In 1918, the predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijani SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumian region resulted in a declaration of independence. The ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War, which ended with a ceasefire along roughly the current borders. According to UNHCR, the conflict resulted in over 600,000 internally displaced persons within Azerbaijan.Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire established itself in Azerbaijan, and advocated that all of Karabakh (including Zangezur and Artsakh) should be part of Azerbaijan until the boundaries can be decided upon peacefully at the upcoming Paris Peace Conference of 1919, but the battles did not cease until the Red Army from Russia began reclaiming the former territories of the Russian Empire and created Soviet Azerbaijan out of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1920. The Armenians of Zangezur and Artsakh had consistently maintained control of the region and intended to unite with Armenia during the entirety of the two years of chaos, with Azerbaijan only temporarily occupying parts of the regions at certain times. The fall of Azerbaijan gave Armenia the opportunity to properly unite with the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and Artsakh, but they were taken by the Red Army on 26 May 1920. The rest of Armenia fell to the Red Army shortly after.The Bolsheviks tried to end the centuries-long rivalry between Russia and Turkey, and in 1921, Joseph Stalin formally transferred the Armenian-populated highlands of Karabakh to Soviet Azerbaijan to try to placate Turkey, though the majority of Zangezur remained within Soviet Armenia. In December 1920 under Soviet pressure central authorities issued a statement that Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhjivan were all transferred to Armenian control. Stalin (then commissar for nationalities) made the decision public on 2 December, but the Azerbaijani leader Narimanov later denied the transfer.Under these circumstances, Soviet Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan were admitted to the Soviet Union on 20 December 1922. The inclusion of Artsakh within Soviet Azerbaijan caused an uproar amongst Armenians, which led to the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan on 7 July 1923 (implemented in November 1924). Although the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh continued to desire reunification with Armenia, the conflict was largely dormant during the Soviet era.During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict was revitalized. The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh declared their independence as the "Republic of Mountainous Karabakh" with the intention of reunifying with the newly independent Armenia. The declaration was rejected by the newly independent Azerbaijan, leading to the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 20 February 1988 to 12 May 1994, resulting in a ceasefire in May 1994 and the de facto independence of the Republic of Artsakh, whose territory remains internationally recognized as part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.Intermittent fighting over the region continued after the 1994 ceasefire without significant territorial changes, while long-standing international mediation attempts to create a peace process were initiated by the OSCE Minsk Group in 1994. From late September 2020 until November, significant fighting resumed and Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A peace deal signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh over the next month. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement"Artsakh is a presidential democracy (in the middle of transforming from a semi-presidential one, after the 2017 referendum). The Prime Minister's post was abolished and the executive power is now residing with the President who is both the head of state and head of government. The president is directly elected for a maximum of two-consecutive five-year terms. The current President is Arayik Harutyunyan who was sworn in on 21 May 2020.The National Assembly is a unicameral legislature. It has 33 members who are elected for 5-year terms. Elections take place within a multi-party system; in 2009, the American NGO Freedom House ranked the Republic of Artsakh above the republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan with respect to civil and political rights. Five parties have members in the parliament: the Free Motherland party has 15 members, ARF has 8 members, Democratic Party of Artsakh has 7 members, Movement 88 has 2 members and the National Revival party has one member. A number of non-partisan candidates have also taken part in the elections, with some success; in 2015, two of the 33 members to the National Assembly took their seats without running under the banner of any of the established political parties in the republic. Elections in Artsakh are not recognised by international bodies such as the European Union and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, as well as numerous individual countries, who called them a source of increased tensions.Artsakh is heavily dependent on Armenia, and in many ways "de facto" functions and is administered as part of Armenia. However, Armenia is hesitant to officially recognise Artsakh.The founding documents of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic were the "Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" and the "Declaration of State Independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic". For a long time no constitution was created, with the republic instead declaring Armenian law applied on its territory through a 1992 law. Even when new laws were passed, they were often copies of equivalent Armenian laws.On 3 November 2006, the then-President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Arkadi Ghukasyan, signed a decree to hold a referendum on a draft Nagorno-Karabakh constitution. It was held on 10 December of the same year and according to official preliminary results, with a turnout of 87.2%, as many as 98.6 percent of voters approved the constitution. The first article of the document described the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, alternatively called the Republic of Artsakh, as "a sovereign, democratic state based on social justice and the rule of law." More than 100 non-governmental international observers and journalists who monitored the poll evaluated it positively, stating that it was held to a high international standard.However, the vote was criticised harshly by inter-governmental organisations such as the European Union, OSCE and GUAM, which rejected the referendum, deeming it illegitimate. The EU announced it was "aware that a 'constitutional referendum' has taken place," but emphasised its stance that only a negotiated settlement between Azerbaijan and ethnic Armenians could bring a lasting solution. Secretary General of the Council of Europe Terry Davis asserted that the poll "will not be recognized... and is therefore of no consequence".In a statement, the OSCE chairman in office Karel De Gucht voiced his concern that the vote would prove harmful to the ongoing conflict settlement process, which, he said, had shown "visible progress" and was at a "promising juncture".The holding of the referendum was also criticised by Turkey, which traditionally supports Azerbaijan because of common ethnic Turkic roots, and has historically had severe tensions with Armenia.Another referendum was held on 20 February 2017, with an 87.6% vote in favour on a 76% turnout for instituting a new constitution. This constitution among other changes turned the government from a semi-presidential to a fully presidential model. Its name was changed from "Constitution of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" to "Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh", though both remained official names of the country. The new name implies a claim to the areas occupied beyond the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, and the Presidential system allows for quicker decisions on security matters. The referendum is seen as a response to the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is based in Stepanakert. Since no UN member or observer currently recognizes Artsakh, none of its foreign relations are of an official diplomatic nature. However, the Republic of Artsakh operates five permanent Missions and one Bureau of Social-Politic Information in France. Artsakh's Permanent Missions exist in Armenia, Australia, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, and one for Middle East countries based in Beirut. The goals of the offices are to present the Republic's positions on various issues, to provide information and to facilitate the peace process.In his 2015 speech, the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan stated that he considered Nagorno-Karabakh "an inseparable part of Armenia".The Republic of Artsakh is neither a member nor observer of the UN or any of its specialized agencies. However, it is a member of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations, commonly known as the "Commonwealth of Unrecognized States", and is recognized by Transnistria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.According to the Constitution of Artsakh, the army is under the civilian command of the government. The Artsakh Defense Army was officially established on 9 May 1992 as a defense against Azerbaijan. It fought the Azerbaijani army to a ceasefire on 12 May 1994. Currently the Artsakh Defense Army consists of around 18,000–20,000 officers and soldiers. However, only 8,500 citizens from Artsakh serve in the Artsakh army; some 10,000 come from Armenia. There are also 177–316 tanks, 256–324 additional fighting vehicles, and 291–322 guns and mortars. Armenia supplies arms and other military necessities to Artsakh. Several battalions of Armenia's army are deployed directly in the Artsakh zone on occupied Azerbaijani territory.The Artsakh Defense Army fought in Shusha in 1992, opening the Lachin corridor between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (1992), and staged the defence of the Martakert front from 1992 to 1994.Mines were laid in the region from 1991 to 1994 by both conflicting parties in the first Nagorno-Karabakh War. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) claims that 123 people have been killed and over 300 injured by landmines near the disputed enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh since a 1994 truce ended a six-year conflict between ethnic Armenian and Azerbaijani forces.The HALO Trust, a UK-based demining NGO, is the only international organisation conducting demining in Nagorno Karabakh. They have destroyed 180,858 small arms ammunition, 48,572 units of "other explosive items", 12,423 cluster bombs, 8,733 anti-personnel landmines, and 2,584 anti-tank landmines between 2000 and 2016. By 2018, they had cleared 88% of the territory's minefields, with a target to clear the rest by 2020. The main cities of Stepanakert and Shusha, as well as the main north–south highway, have been cleared and are safe for travel. The demining effort has been largely funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Today, Artsakh is a "de facto" independent state, calling itself the "Republic of Artsakh". It has close relations with Armenia and uses the same currency, the dram. According to Human Rights Watch, "from the beginning of the Karabakh conflict, Armenia provided aid, weapons, and volunteers. Armenian involvement in Artsakh escalated after a December 1993 Azerbaijani offensive. The Republic of Armenia began sending conscripts and regular Army and Interior Ministry troops to fight in Artsakh." The politics of Armenia and the de facto Artsakh are so intertwined that Robert Kocharyan served as the first President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, from 1994 to 1997, then as prime minister of Armenia from 1997 to 1998, and then as the second President of Armenia, from 1998 to 2008.However, Armenian governments have repeatedly resisted internal pressure to unite the two, due to ongoing negotiations under the auspices of the OSCE Minsk Group. In his case study of Eurasia, Dov Lynch of the Institute for Security Studies of WEU believes that "Karabakh's independence allows the new Armenian state to avoid the international stigma of aggression, despite the fact that Armenian troops fought in the war between 1991–94 and continue to man the Line of Contact between Karabakh and Azerbaijan." Lynch also cites that the "strength of the Armenian armed forces, and Armenia's strategic alliance with Russia, are seen as key shields protecting the Karabakh state by the authorities in Stepanakert". Some sources consider Artsakh as functioning "de facto" as a part of Armenia.At present, the mediation process is at a standstill, with the most recent discussions in Rambouillet, France, yielding no agreement. Azerbaijan has officially requested Armenian troops to withdraw from all disputed areas of Azerbaijan outside Nagorno-Karabakh, and that all displaced persons be allowed to return to their homes before the status of Karabakh can be discussed. Armenia does not recognise Azerbaijani claims to Nagorno-Karabakh and believes the territory should have self-determination. Both the Armenian and Artsakhi governments note that the independence of Artsakh was declared around the time the Soviet Union dissolved and its members became independent. The Armenian government insists that the government of Artsakh be part of any discussions on the region's future, and rejects ceding occupied territory or allowing refugees to return before talks on the region's status.Representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, France, Russia and the United States met in Paris and in Key West, Florida, in early 2001. Despite rumours that the parties were close to a solution, the Azerbaijani authorities – both during Heydar Aliyev's period of office, and after the accession of his son Ilham Aliyev in the October 2003 elections – have firmly denied that any agreement was reached in Paris or Key West.Further talks between the Azerbaijani and Armenian presidents, Ilham Aliyev and Robert Kocharyan, were held in September 2004 in Astana, Kazakhstan, on the sidelines of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) summit. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of the occupying forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Artsakh and then holding referendums (plebiscites) in Artsakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. On 10 and 11 February 2006, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in Rambouillet, France, to discuss the fundamental principles of a settlement to the conflict. Contrary to the initial optimism, the Rambouillet talks did not produce any agreement, with key issues such as the status of Artsakh and whether Armenian troops would withdraw from Kalbajar still being contentious.Talks were held at the Polish embassy in Bucharest in June 2006. Again, American, Russian, and French diplomats attended the talks that lasted over 40 minutes. Earlier, Armenian President Kocharyan announced that he was ready to "continue dialogue with Azerbaijan for the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and with Turkey on establishing relations without any preconditions".According to Armenian foreign minister, Vardan Oskanyan, no progress was made at this latest meeting. Both presidents failed to reach a consensus on the issues from the earlier Rambouillet conference. He noted that the Kocharyan-Aliyev meeting was held in a normal atmosphere. "Nevertheless," he added, "the foreign ministers of the two countries are commissioned to continue talks over the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and try to find common points before the next meeting of the presidents."The major disagreement between both sides at the Bucharest conference was the status of Artsakh. Azerbaijan's preferred solution would be to give Artsakh the "highest status of autonomy adopted in the world". Armenia, on the other hand, endorsed a popular vote by the inhabitants of Artsakh to decide their future, a position that was also taken by the international mediators. On 27 June, the Armenian foreign minister said both parties agreed to allow the residents of Artsakh to vote regarding the future status of the region. The Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially refuted that statement. According to Azeri opposition leader Isa Gambar, however, Azerbaijan did indeed agree to the referendum. Still, nothing official has confirmed this yet.The ongoing "Prague Process" overseen by the OSCE Minsk Group was brought into sharp relief in the summer of 2006 with a series of rare public revelations seemingly designed to jump-start the stalled negotiations. After the release in June of a paper outlining its position, which had until then been carefully guarded, U.S. State Department official Matthew Bryza told Radio Free Europe that the Minsk Group favoured a referendum in Karabakh that would determine its final status. The referendum, in the view of the OSCE, should take place not in Azerbaijan as a whole, but in Artsakh only. This was a blow to Azerbaijan, and despite talk that their government might eventually seek a more sympathetic forum for future negotiations, this has not yet happened.On 10 December 2007 Azerbaijan's deputy foreign minister said Azerbaijan would be prepared to conduct anti-terrorist operations in Nagorno-Karabakh against alleged bases of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Armenian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Vladimir Karapetian previously rejected the allegations as "fabricated" and suggested the accusations of the PKK presence were a form of provocation.In 2008, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev stated that "Nagorno-Karabakh will never be independent; the position is backed by international mediators as well; Armenia has to accept the reality" and that "in 1918, Yerevan was granted to the Armenians. It was a great mistake. The khanate of Iravan was the Azeri territory, the Armenians were guests here". On the other hand, in 2009, the president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Bako Sahakyan declared that "Artsakh will never be a part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh security should never be an article of commerce either. As to other issues, we are ready to discuss them with Azerbaijan.". In 2010 president of Republic of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan in his speech in the Chatham House of the British Royal Institute of International Affairs declared that "Karabakh was never a part of independent Azerbaijan: it was annexed to Azerbaijan by a decision of the Soviet Union party body. The people of Karabakh never put up with this decision, and upon the first opportunity, seceded from the Soviet Union fully in line with the laws of the Soviet Union and the applicable international law".On 14 March 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution by a vote of 39 to 7, with 100 abstentions, reaffirming Azerbaijan's territorial integrity, expressing support for that country's internationally recognised borders and demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories there. The resolution was supported mainly by members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and GUAM, Azerbaijan is a member in both groups, as well as other nations facing breakaway regions. The resolution was opposed by all three members of the OSCE Minsk Group.On 20 May 2010, the European Parliament adopted a resolution "on the need for an EU strategy for the South Caucasus", which states that EU must pursue a strategy to promote stability, prosperity and conflict resolution in the South Caucasus. The resolution "calls on the parties to intensify their peace talk efforts for the purpose of a settlement in the coming months, to show a more constructive attitude and to abandon preferences to perpetuate the status quo created by force and with no international legitimacy, creating in this way instability and prolonging the suffering of the war-affected populations; condemns the idea of a military solution and the heavy consequences of military force already used, and calls on both parties to avoid any further breaches of the 1994 ceasefire". The resolution also calls for the withdrawal of Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan, accompanied by the deployment of international forces to be organised with respect of the UN Charter in order to provide the necessary security guarantees in a period of transition, which will ensure the security of the population of Artsakh and allow the displaced persons to return to their homes and further conflicts caused by homelessness to be prevented; and states that the EU believes that the position according to which Artsakh includes all occupied Azerbaijani lands surrounding Artsakh should rapidly be abandoned. It also notes "that an interim status for Nagorno-Karabakh could offer a solution until the final status is determined and that it could create a transitional framework for peaceful coexistence and cooperation of Armenian and Azerbaijani populations in the region."On 26 June 2010, the presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group's Co-Chair countries, France, Russia, and United States made a joint statement, reaffirming their "commitment to support the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan as they finalize the Basic Principles for the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict".During his August 2019 visit to Stepanakert, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan presented the strategic development goals set for Armenia for the next three decades. He added that he made no special provision for Nagorno-Karabakh because "Artsakh is Armenia and there is no alternative". Soon afterwards, Armenia's Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan commented on Pashinyan's statement by saying he had "nothing to add" to Pashinyan's formulation of Armenia's position in the conflict.On September 27, 2020, fighting broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Artsakh, which may have claimed thousands of lives. Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A ceasefire agreement signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast over the next month, while maintaining control over the areas of the former oblast that had not been captured during the war. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement".No UN member states have recognised Artsakh, although some unrecognised and partially recognized states have done so. Various sub-national governments have issued calls for recognition of Artsakh by their national governments.In 2021, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia held a trilateral meeting about Artsakh. This is expected to be the first of a regular series of meetings between the three countries, per an agreement to promote economic and infrastructure development throughout the region.The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has resulted in the displacement of 597,000 Azerbaijanis (this figure includes 230,000 children born to internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 54,000 who have returned) including Artsakh, and 220,000 Azeris, 18,000 Kurds and 3,500 Russians fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan from 1988 to 1989. The Azerbaijani government has estimated that 63% of IDPs lived below the poverty line as compared to 49% of the total population. About 154,000 lived in the capital, Baku. According to the International Organization for Migration, 40,000 IDPs lived in camps, 60,000 in dugout shelters, and 20,000 in railway cars. Forty-thousand IDPs lived in EU-funded settlements and UNHCR provided housing for another 40,000. Another 5,000 IDPs lived in abandoned or rapidly deteriorating schools. Others lived in trains, on roadsides in half-constructed buildings, or in public buildings such as tourist and health facilities. Tens of thousands lived in seven tent camps where poor water supply and sanitation caused gastrointestinal infections, tuberculosis, and malaria.The government required IDPs to register their place of residence in an attempt to better target the limited and largely inadequate national and international assistance due to the Armenian advocated and US imposed restrictions on humanitarian aid to Azerbaijan. Many IDPs were from rural areas and found it difficult to integrate into the urban labor market. Many international humanitarian agencies reduced or ceased assistance for IDPs citing increasing oil revenues of the country. The infant mortality among displaced Azerbaijani children is 3–4 times higher than in the rest of the population. The rate of stillbirth was 88.2 per 1,000 births among the internally displaced people. The majority of the displaced have lived in difficult conditions for more than 13 years.During the 2020 war President Aliyev stated he intends for refugees to return to the area. While many former cities are currently uninhabitable, the Azerbaijani government and some Azerbaijani companies have announced plans to rebuild infrastructure and invest in the newly controlled territories. The Azerbaijani military is clearing mines prior to resettlement, which may take 10–13 years.280,000 persons—virtually all ethnic Armenians who fled Azerbaijan during the 1988–1993 war over the disputed region of Artsakh—were living in refugee-like circumstances in Armenia. Some left the country, principally to Russia. Their children born in Armenia acquire citizenship automatically. Their numbers are thus subject to constant decline due to departure, and de-registration required for naturalization. Of these, about 250,000 fled Azerbaijan (areas outside Nagorno-Karabakh); approximately 30,000 came from Nagorno-Karabakh. All were registered with the government as refugees at year's end.The Artsakh Republic is mountainous, a feature which has given it its former name (from the Russian for "Mountainous/Highland Karabakh"). It is in area. The highest point in the country is Mount Kirs at . The largest water body is the Sarsang reservoir, and the major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers. The country is on a plateau which slopes downwards towards the east and southeast, with the average altitude being above sea level. Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh Valley.The climate is mild and temperate. The average temperature is , which fluctuates annually between in July and in January. The average precipitation can reach in some regions, and it is foggy for over 100 days a year. Over 2,000 kinds of plants exist in Artsakh, and more than 36% of the country is forested. The plant life on the steppes consists mostly of semi-desert vegetation, while subalpine zone and alpine tundra ecosystems can be found above the forest in the highlands and mountains.The Republic of Artsakh currently claims seven administrative divisions. When established, Artsakh established eight administrative divisions, however, after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Kashatagh Province ceased to exist, as a claim no longer exists on this territory with the per the ceasefire agreement that ended the conflict. The territory of Artsakh includes most of four districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), with the fifth district, Hadrut Province, completely under Azerbaijani control. Also claimed by Artsakh is the Shahumyan Region of the Azerbaijan SSR, which has been under Azerbaijani control since the First Nagorno-Karabakh war. While the Shahumyan Region was not part of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, representatives from Shahumyan declared independence along with the Oblast, and the proclamation of Artsakh includes the Shahumyan region within its borders.Prior to the 2020 war, the territory of Artsakh included most of the five districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), and parts of seven other former districts of the Azerbaijan SSR around the former NKAO that were under the control of Artsakhi forces.Following the Republic of Artsakh's declaration of independence, the Azerbaijani government abolished the NKAO and created Azerbaijani districts in its place. As a result, some of Artsakh's divisions corresponded with the Azerbaijani districts, while others had different borders. A comparative table of the established divisions of Artsakh and the corresponding districts of Azerbaijan follows:In 2002, the country's population was 145,000, made up of 95% Armenians and 5% others. This composition represents a sharp change from the 1979 and 1989 census, when the Azerbaijani population was 23 and 21.5 percent, respectively. In March 2007, the local government announced that its population had grown to 138,000. The annual birth rate was recorded at 2,200–2,300 per year, an increase from nearly 1,500 in 1999.OSCE report, released in March 2011, estimates the population of the "seven occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh" to be 14,000, and states "there has been no significant growth in the population since 2005." An International Crisis Group report published in December 2019 recorded the population of these territories to be 17,000, or 11.48% of the total population: 15,000 west and southwest of the former oblast, and 2000 in the Agdam District.Until 2000, the country's net migration was at a negative. For the first half of 2007, 1,010 births and 659 deaths were reported, with a net emigration of 27.According to age group: 15,700 (0–6), 25,200 (7–17) 75,800 (18–59) and 21,000 (60+)Population by province (2006):Population of the Republic of Artsakh (2000–2008)Ethnic Groups of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1926–1989) and the Republic of Artsakh (2015) according to census dataThe primary language spoken by the population 99.7% ethnic Armenian is the Armenian language, which functions as the only state language and an official language in the Republic of Artsakh.Russian is widely spoken in Arstakh and since late 2020-2021 efforts have been made in the parliament in Stepanakert to establish it as an additional official language; the official justifications for this being that Russian is already the second language of many residents, and that it "creates conditions for deepening cooperation in all spheres, and in the forseeable future will contribute to the development of relations within the legal framework." While Russian may soon get official status, Armenian will remain the only state language. The law recognises the state language as a "prevailing language in the republic" with "protection and sponsorship of the republic", and recognises the official language as that "which serves literary and scientific needs of the society", implicitly suggesting the utility of Russian in educational institutions and in science, but not necessarily in government procedures. There are some features to the variety of Russian as spoken in Arstakh, such as the use of "шпилька" in place of "прищепка" (clothespin), "пулпулак" for a waterfountain, and "финки" for sweatpants. The capital and by far largest city in Artsakh is Stepanakert (55,200 inhabitants in 2015), followed by Martuni (5,700), Martakert (4,600), Chartar (4,000), Askeran (2,300), Berdzor (1,900), Haterk (c. 1,600), Berdashen (c. 1,600), Vank (c. 1,600), Noragyugh (c. 1,500), Ivanyan (c. 1,400), Taghavard (c. 1,300), Gishi (c. 1,100), Karmir Shuka (c. 1,100), Sos (c. 1,100), Aygestan (c. 1,100) and Khnapat (c. 1,000). This list only includes towns that remain in Artsakh after the 2020 war.While the territory captured outside the former NKAO was initially treated as a potential bargaining chip, it slowly began to be seen as part of the country by both officials and the general population. The Stepanakert-based administration launched various programs aimed at bringing in permanent Armenian settlers to the depopulated lands, including into regions previously populated by Azeris, with those that bordered Armenia – Lachin and Kalbajar – being the priority. Lachin was key to a land connection between Armenia and the former NKAO, and Kalbajar had water resources utilised by both Artsakh and Armenia. Incentives in the form of free housing, access to property, social infrastructure, inexpensive or sometimes free electricity, running water, low taxes or limited tax exemptions were offered to new settlers.Azerbaijan regards this as a violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, to which Armenia became party in 1993, whereby "[t]he Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies". The ruling party of Azerbaijan accuses the Armenian side of artificially changing the demographic situation and the ethnic composition of the occupied region so that it can lay future claims to them, comparing this to the 1950s campaign of resettling diaspora Armenians in previously Azeri-populated locales in Soviet Armenia where Azeris were forcibly deported from in 1948–1950.In 1979, the total Armenian population of the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Qubadli, Zangilan, Jabrayil, Fuzuli and Agdam was around 1,400 people. An OSCE fact-finding mission established at Azerbaijan's request visited these regions in February 2005 with the intention to assess the scale of the settlement attempts. The mission's findings showed that these districts had as of 2005 an overall population of 14,000 persons, mostly living in precarious social conditions. It consisted primarily of ethnic Armenians displaced from the non-conflict zones of Azerbaijan during the war. It was noted, however, that most of them had settled in the conflict zone after having lived in Armenia for several years and some held Armenian passports and even voted in Armenian elections. A smaller segment of the settlers was originally from the towns of Gyumri and Spitak in Armenia who had lived in temporary shelters following the devastating 1988 earthquake before moving to Karabakh, as well as a small number of natives of Yerevan who moved there for financial reasons. A field assessment mission revisited the region in October 2010, confirming that there had not been much growth in population or change in the living conditions of the settlers. The Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group who visited Nagorno-Karabakh, Kalbajar and Lachin in 2014 reported seeing signs of improvements in the infrastructure but could not observe any indications that the size of the population had changed in recent years.By June 2015, an estimated 17,000 of Syria's once 80,000-strong Armenian population had fled the civil war and sought refuge in Armenia. David Babayan, spokesperson of the Artsakh leader Bako Sahakyan, confirmed that some of those refugees had been resettled in Artsakh. "The Economist" put the number of the resettled families at 30 as of June 2017. In December 2014, Armenian media cited local municipal authorities in stating that dozens of Syrian Armenian families had been resettled in the disputed zone, in particular in the city of Lachin and the village of Xanlıq in Qubadli. Azerbaijan's Minister of Foreign Affairs Elmar Mammadyarov expressed his concern over Armenia's attempts to change the demographic situation in the region and informed of his intention to raise this issue with the Minsk Group.In February 2019, Armenia's National Security Service director Artur Vanetsyan visited Nagorno-Karabakh amid public concern about Nikol Pashinyan's government alleged readiness to cede some of the Armenian-controlled territories as part of a peace settlement. Vanetsyan pointed out that settling Armenians and investing into infrastructural projects along the Iranian border, in the previously Azeri-populated regions outside of the former autonomous province, was "a clear message" to the international community that there would be no territorial concessions. He referred to the ongoing settlement efforts as a method of "guaranteeing security". Azerbaijan's Foreign Ministry reacted by qualifying Vanetsyan's statement as an "attempt to undermine the peace talks and defy the work of the mediators" and vowed to address the issue to the UN and the OSCE.The ceasefire ending the 2020 war stipulated that these territories were to be turned over to Azerbaijani control. Armenian settlers in these areas evacuated prior to the arrival of Azerbaijani forces.Most of the Armenian population in Artsakh is Christian and belongs to the Armenian Apostolic Church which is an Oriental Orthodox Church.Certain Eastern Orthodox and Evangelical denominations also exist. However, military authorities prohibited any Christian sect activity in Artsakh, for the reason that they would preach pacifism among the population.As a result of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan retook control over territories containing several important Armenian monasteries and churches, such as the monasteries of Dadivank, Tzitzernavank, Gtichavank, and the Ghazanchetsots Cathedral, as well as the churches of Kanach Zham and .The socio-economic situation of the Republic of Artsakh was greatly affected by the 1991–1994 conflict. Yet, foreign investments began to come. The origin of most venture capital comes from Armenians in Armenia, Russia, United States, France, Australia, Iran, and the Middle East.Notably the telecommunications sector was developed with Karabakh Telecom investing millions of dollars in mobile telephony, spearheaded by a Lebanese company.Copper and gold mining has been advancing since 2002 with development and launch of operations at Drmbon deposit. Approximately 27–28 thousand tons (wet weight) of concentrates are produced with average copper content of 19–21% and gold content of 32–34 g/t. Azerbaijan considers any mining operations in Nagorno-Karabakh illegal and has vowed to engage an international audit company to determine the damages suffered by Azerbaijan's state-run ore management company as a result. In 2018, the government of Azerbaijan announced that it was planning to appeal to an international court and the law enforcement agencies of the countries where the mining companies involved are registered.The banking system is administered by Artsakhbank (a Yerevan-based Armenian bank fulfilling the functions of the state bank of Nagorno-Karabakh) and a number of other Armenian banks. The republic uses the Armenian dram.Wine growing and processing of agricultural products, particularly wine (i.e., storage of wine, wine stuffs, cognac alcohol) is one of the prioritized directions of the economic development.Prior to the 2020 war, the republic developed a tourist industry geared to Armenia and the Armenian diaspora. The republic showed a major increase in tourists over the last several years because of Artsakh's many cultural sights. Before the 2020 war there were nine hotels in Stepanakert. The Artsakh development agency says 4,000 tourists visited Artsakh in 2005. The figures rose to 8,000 in 2010 (excluding visitors from Armenia). The agency cooperated with the Armenia Tourism Development Agency (ATDA) as Armenia is the only way tourists (mainly Armenians) can access Artsakh. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Artsakh reported continuous expansion of visitors' geography. Tourist infrastructure was developed around sites such as monasteries that showcase the Armenian history in the region, with Islamic sites rarely restored, while some ghost cities and areas near the front line were off limit to tourists.The Tourism Development Agency of Artsakh was established in Yerevan as a non-governmental organisation in the Republic of Armenia to promote tourism further in Artsakh. It makes preparations for tour operators, travel agencies and journalists covering the region, and arranges for hotel services, shopping, catering, recreation centers.Tourist attractions included:Other tourist attractions included:Janapar Trail is a marked trail, through mountains, valleys, and villages of Artsakh, with monasteries and fortresses along the way. It's not hikable since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The trail was broken into day hikes, which brought tourists to a different village each night. The paths have existed for centuries but now are marked specifically for hikers. The Himnakan Janapar (backbone trail), marked in 2007, leads from the northwest region of Shahumian to the southern town of Hadrut, now under Azerbaijani control. Side trails and mini trails take one to additional parts of Artsakh. The important sites passed along this hike include Dadivank Monastery, Gandzasar monastery, Shusha, the Karkar Canyon with its high cliffs, Zontik Waterfall, and the ruins of Hunot and Gtichavank monastery.One of the noteworthy side trails is the Gtichavank Loop Trail. This loop starts from Tugh Village, now under Azerbaijani control.The cost of staying in Artsakh is relatively cheap in comparison with the rest of the region and varies approximately between 25 – US$70 for a single person as of May 2017.However, those who travelled to Artsakh without the Azerbaijani government's prior consent and permission will be denied entry to Azerbaijan since the country considers Artsakh their territory unlawfully occupied by the Armenian army. The Azerbaijani government also keeps and publishes online a list of foreign nationals who visited these occupied areas without prior approval. In late 2017, the list contained 699 names with additional details (date, country, profession, purpose of visit). The earliest entry recorded a visit to Artsakh that occurred on an unspecified date sometime between 1993 and 1996. The list includes many journalists and members of parliaments of foreign countries.Before the 2020 war, the Artsakh Wine Fest took place annually in Togh since 2014. The festival was held on the third Saturday of each September.The festival was initiated by the Department of Tourism and Protection of Historical Places of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Youth Affairs of the Republic of Artsakh and was aimed to develop tourism in Artsakh. It was meant to restore Artsakh winemaking traditions. The festival provided a platform to the winemakers of Artsakh and Armenia giving them an opportunity to sell their products, exchange knowledge, promote their wine etc. The annual festival's program included grape stomping, tasting of traditional Artsakh cuisine, an exhibition of artworks, an exhibition of ancient artefacts that belonged to the Melik Yegan's Palace, as well as an exhibition and sale of local wine, where one could find products from 5 different regions of Artsakh and Armenia. Traditionally, the festival was accompanied by Armenian national singing and dancing. The festival evolved into a national holiday.The transportation system had been damaged by the 1991–1994 conflict, but was noticeably improved before the 2020 war: the North–South Artsakh motorway alone largely facilitated the development of the transportation system.Before the 2020 war, the Hadrut-Stepanakert-Askeran-Martakert motorway, the locals said, was the lifeline of Artsakh, and $25 million donated during the Hayastan All-Armenian Foundation telethons was allotted for the construction of the road.Stepanakert Airport, the sole civilian airport of the Republic of Artsakh, located about east of the capital, has been closed since the onset of the war in 1990. However, the government was pressing ahead with plans to reopen the airport , and raised about 1 billion drams ($2.8 million) for its reconstruction from unspecified "charitable sources". It began building a new airport terminal and repairing the runway in late 2009. In any case, its unresolved status makes direct air communication with other countries all but impossible according to IATA conventions.Though originally scheduled to launch the first commercial flights on 9 May 2011, Artsakh officials postponed a new reopening date throughout the whole of 2011. In May 2012, the director of the Artsakh Civil Aviation Administration, Tigran Gabrielyan, announced that the airport would begin operations in mid-2012. However the airport still remains closed due to security reasons, as Azerbaijan has threatened to shoot down planes using the airport.A new route from the Armenian capital Yerevan to Stepanakert was planned to bypass the 8–9 hours drive via the Lachin corridor. It was opened in September 2017. A third road was planned in 2019. Following the 2020 war, a new road will be built along the Lachin corridor to bypass Shusha.Authorities in the USSR opened a railway line in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in 1944. It line connected the capital, Stepanakert, and Yevlax in Azerbaijan. It was built to Russian standard gauge of 1520mm. Due to the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, the line the railway was badly damaged and the line was closed.Education in Artsakh is compulsory, and is free up to the age of 18. The education system is inherited from the old system of the Soviet Union.Artsakh's school system was severely damaged because of the 1991–1994 conflict. But the government of the Republic of Artsakh with considerable aid from the Republic of Armenia and with donations from the Armenian diaspora, rebuilt many of the schools. Prior to the 2020 war, Artsakh had around 250 schools of various sizes, with more than 200 lying in the regions. The student population was estimated at more than 20,000, with almost half in the capital city of Stepanakert.Artsakh State University was founded by Artsakh and Armenian governments' joint efforts, with main campus in Stepanakert. The university opening ceremony took place on 10 May 1992.Yerevan University of Management also opened a branch in Stepanakert."We Are Our Mountains" () by Sargis Baghdasaryan is a monument located in Stepanakert. The sculpture is widely regarded as a symbol of the "de facto" independent Republic of Artsakh. It is a large monument from tuff of an old Armenian man and woman hewn from rock, representing the mountain people of Artsakh. It is also known as "Tatik yev Papik" (Տատիկ և Պապիկ) in Armenian. The sculpture is featured prominently on Artsakh's coat of arms.Artsakh State Museum is the historical museum of the Republic of Artsakh. Located at 4 Sasunstsi David Street, in Stepanakert, the museum offers an assortment of ancient artifacts and Christian manuscripts. There are also more recent items, ranging in date from the 19th century to World War II and from events of the Karabakh Independence War.Artsakh has its own brand of popular music. As Artsakh question became a pan-Armenian question, Artsakh music was further promoted worldwide.Many nationalist songs, performed by Artsakhi artists, as well as artists from Republic of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora, show support for the Artsakh independence movement; videos for the songs, incorporate footage of Artsakhi military campaigns. These videos are posted to sites such as YouTube, where they often generate conflicting nationalist Armenian and Azerbaijani comments."Azat Artsakh" is the official newspaper of the Republic of Artsakh.Sports in the Republic of Artsakh are organised by the Artsakh Ministry of Culture and Youth. Due to the non-recognition of Artsakh, sports teams from the country cannot compete in most international tournaments.Football is the most popular sport in Artsakh. Stepanakert has a well-built football stadium. Since the mid-1990s, football teams from Artsakh started taking part in some domestic competitions in Armenia. Lernayin Artsakh FC represents the city of Stepanakert. In Artsakh, domestic football clubs play in the Artsakh Football League. The Artsakh football league was launched in 2009. The Artsakh national football team was formed in 2012 and played their first competitive match against the Abkhazia national football team in Sokhumi, a match that ended with a result of 1–1 draw. The return match between the unrecognized teams took place at the Stepanakert Stadium, on 21 October 2012, when the team from Artsakh defeated the Abkhazian team 3–0.There is also interest in other sports, including basketball and volleyball. Sailing is practised in the town of Martakert.Artsakh sports teams and athletes also participate in the Pan-Armenian Games organised in Armenia. | [
"Leonard Petrosyan",
"Bako Sahakyan",
"Robert Kocharyan",
"Arayik Harutyunyan"
] | |
Who was the head of state of Republic of Artsakh in Dec, 2014? | December 11, 2014 | {
"text": [
"Bako Sahakyan"
]
} | L2_Q244165_P35_3 | Arkadi Ghukasyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 1997 to Sep, 2007.
Robert Kocharyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Dec, 1994 to Mar, 1997.
Arayik Harutyunyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Leonard Petrosyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Mar, 1997 to Sep, 1997.
Bako Sahakyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 2007 to May, 2020. | Republic of ArtsakhArtsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh (; ) or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (; , ), is a breakaway state in the South Caucasus supported by Armenia, whose territory is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh controls part of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, including the capital of Stepanakert. It is an enclave within Azerbaijan. Its only overland access route to Armenia is via the wide Lachin corridor which is under the control of Russian peacekeepers.The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumyan Province resulted in a declaration of independence. Ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War. Conflict has sporadically broken out since then, most significantly in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.Artsakh is a presidential democracy with a unicameral legislature. The country is reliant on and closely integrated with Armenia, in many ways functioning de facto as part of Armenia.The country is very mountainous, averaging above sea level. The population is 99.7% ethnic Armenian, and the primary spoken language is the Armenian language. The population is overwhelmingly Christian, most being affiliated with the Armenian Apostolic Church. Several historical monasteries are popular with tourists, mostly from the Armenian diaspora, as most travel can take place only between Armenia and Artsakh.According to scholars, inscriptions dating to the Urartian period mention the region under a variety of names: "Ardakh", "Urdekhe", and "Atakhuni". In his "Geography", the classical historian Strabo refers to an Armenian region which he calls "Orchistene", which is believed by some to be a Greek version of the old name of Artsakh.According to another hypothesis put forth by David M. Lang, the ancient name of Artsakh possibly derives from the name of King Artaxias I of Armenia (190–159 BC), founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty and the kingdom of Greater Armenia.Folk etymology holds that the name is derived from "Ar" (Aran) and "tsakh" (woods, garden) (i.e., the gardens of Aran Sisakean, the first nakharar of northeastern Armenia).The name "Nagorno-Karabakh", commonly used in English, comes from the Russian name which means "Mountainous Karabakh". Karabakh is a Turkish/Persian word thought to mean "black garden". The Azerbaijani name for the area, "Dağlıq Qarabağ", has the same meaning as the Russian name. The term "Artsakh" lacks the non-Armenian influences present in "Nagorno-Karabakh". It was revived for use in the 19th century, and is the preferred term used by the locals, in English and Russian as well as Armenian.The earliest record of the region covered by modern-day Artsakh is from Urartian inscriptions referring to the region as "Urtekhini". It is unclear if the region was ever ruled by Urartu, but it was in close proximity to other Urartian domains. It may have been inhabited by Caspian tribes and/or by Scythians.After decades of raids by the Cimmerians, Scythians, and the Medes, Urartu finally collapsed with the rise of the Median Empire, and shortly after, the geopolitical region previously ruled as Urartu re-emerged as Armenia. By the 5th century BC, Artsakh was part of Armenia under the Orontid Dynasty. It continued to be part of the Kingdom of Armenia under the Artaxiad Dynasty, under which Armenia became one of the largest realms in Western Asia. At its greatest extent, the Great King of Armenia, Tigranes II, built several cities named after himself in regions he considered particularly important, one of which was the city he built in Artsakh.Following wars with the Romans and Persians, Armenia was partitioned between the two empires. Artsakh was removed from Persian Armenia and included into the neighbouring satrapy of Arran. At this time, the population of Artsakh consisted of Armenians and "Armenicized" aborigines, though many of the latter were still cited as distinct ethnic entities. The dialect of Armenian spoken in Artsakh was among the earliest ever recorded dialects of Armenian, which was described around this time in the 7th century AD by a contemporary named Stephanos Siunetzi.Artsakh remained part of Arran throughout Persian rule, during the fall of Iran to the Muslims, and following the Muslim conquest of Armenia. Under the Arabs, most of the South Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands, including Iberia and Arran, were unified into an emirate called "Arminiya", under which Artsakh continued to remain as part of Arran.Despite being under Persian and Arab rule, many of the Armenian territories, including Artsakh, were governed by Armenian nobility. Arran gradually disappeared as a geopolitical entity, while its population was assimilated by neighbouring ethnic groups with whom they shared a common culture and religion. Many Christians from Arran would form part of the ethnic composition of the Armenians living in modern-day Artsakh.Fragmentation of Arab authority provided the opportunity for the resurgence of an Armenian state in the Armenian Highlands. One particular noble dynasty, the Bagratids, began annexing territories from other Armenian nobles, which, in the latter half of the 9th century gave rise to a new Armenian kingdom which included Artsakh.The new Kingdom didn't stay united for long, however, due to internal conflicts, civil wars, and external pressures, Armenia often found itself fragmented between other noble Armenian houses, most notably the Mamikonian and Siunia families, the latter of which would produce a cadet branch known as the House of Khachen, named after their stronghold in Artsakh. The House of Khachen ruled the Kingdom of Artsakh in the 11th century as an independent kingdom under the protectorate of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia. Under the House of Khachen, the region historically called Artsakh became synonymous with the name "Khachen".Following wars with the Byzantine Empire, and with the arrival of Seljuk Turks in the latter half of the 11th century, the Kingdom of Armenia collapsed, and Artsakh became the autonomous Principality of Khachen, ruled by the House of Hasan-Jalalyan, within the Kingdom of Georgia for a short time until the Mongols acquired the region. Although the Armenians of Artsakh did not rule the lands as fully sovereign entities, the mountainous geography of the location allowed them to maintain a semi-independent or autonomous status within other realms, such as the Timurid, Kara Koyunlu, and Ak Koyunlu realms.During this time, the lands to the west of the Kura river up to the eastern slopes of the Zangezur mountain range became known as "Karabakh", with the lands of the Principality of Khachen corresponding to the highlands. During the period of Mongol domination, a great number of Armenians left the lowlands of Karabakh and sought refuge in the mountainous heights of the region.The Principality of Khachen was eventually divided amongst five Armenian princes, known as meliks, who collectively became known as the Five Melikdoms of Karabakh (literally "five principalities of Karabakh"; also referred to as "Khamsa", meaning "five" in Arabic).In the 16th century, Karabakh came under Iranian rule for the first time in almost a millennium with the rise of the Safavid Empire, within which the territory of modern-day Artsakh became part of the Province of Karabakh. The Armenian princes continued to rule autonomously over the highlands of Karabakh during this time.In the mid-18th century, the whole of Karabakh became a semi-independent khanate called the Karabakh Khanate which lasted for about 75 years. The Russian Empire advanced into the region in 1805, declared Artsakh a Russian protectorate and formally annexed it from Iran in 1813 according to the Treaty of Gulistan. The Armenian princes lost their status as princes ("meliks") in 1822.Following the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Transcaucasia became the stage of wars between every political entity that emerged in the region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) and their neighbours (Ottoman Empire). The newly formed Republic of Armenia (declared on 28 May 1918) claimed most of the highlands of Karabakh, which was also claimed by the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Assistance from the Republic of Armenia to Karabakh was limited as it found itself fighting enemies on all fronts, but the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and the territories formerly known as Khachen (Artsakh) managed to maintain their control over the lands, consistently fighting off offensives from Azerbaijan and quelling Muslim uprisings from within. Azerbaijan maintained control of the lowlands of Karabakh and some regions between Zangezur and Artsakh.In 1918, the predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijani SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumian region resulted in a declaration of independence. The ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War, which ended with a ceasefire along roughly the current borders. According to UNHCR, the conflict resulted in over 600,000 internally displaced persons within Azerbaijan.Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire established itself in Azerbaijan, and advocated that all of Karabakh (including Zangezur and Artsakh) should be part of Azerbaijan until the boundaries can be decided upon peacefully at the upcoming Paris Peace Conference of 1919, but the battles did not cease until the Red Army from Russia began reclaiming the former territories of the Russian Empire and created Soviet Azerbaijan out of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1920. The Armenians of Zangezur and Artsakh had consistently maintained control of the region and intended to unite with Armenia during the entirety of the two years of chaos, with Azerbaijan only temporarily occupying parts of the regions at certain times. The fall of Azerbaijan gave Armenia the opportunity to properly unite with the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and Artsakh, but they were taken by the Red Army on 26 May 1920. The rest of Armenia fell to the Red Army shortly after.The Bolsheviks tried to end the centuries-long rivalry between Russia and Turkey, and in 1921, Joseph Stalin formally transferred the Armenian-populated highlands of Karabakh to Soviet Azerbaijan to try to placate Turkey, though the majority of Zangezur remained within Soviet Armenia. In December 1920 under Soviet pressure central authorities issued a statement that Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhjivan were all transferred to Armenian control. Stalin (then commissar for nationalities) made the decision public on 2 December, but the Azerbaijani leader Narimanov later denied the transfer.Under these circumstances, Soviet Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan were admitted to the Soviet Union on 20 December 1922. The inclusion of Artsakh within Soviet Azerbaijan caused an uproar amongst Armenians, which led to the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan on 7 July 1923 (implemented in November 1924). Although the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh continued to desire reunification with Armenia, the conflict was largely dormant during the Soviet era.During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict was revitalized. The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh declared their independence as the "Republic of Mountainous Karabakh" with the intention of reunifying with the newly independent Armenia. The declaration was rejected by the newly independent Azerbaijan, leading to the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 20 February 1988 to 12 May 1994, resulting in a ceasefire in May 1994 and the de facto independence of the Republic of Artsakh, whose territory remains internationally recognized as part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.Intermittent fighting over the region continued after the 1994 ceasefire without significant territorial changes, while long-standing international mediation attempts to create a peace process were initiated by the OSCE Minsk Group in 1994. From late September 2020 until November, significant fighting resumed and Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A peace deal signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh over the next month. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement"Artsakh is a presidential democracy (in the middle of transforming from a semi-presidential one, after the 2017 referendum). The Prime Minister's post was abolished and the executive power is now residing with the President who is both the head of state and head of government. The president is directly elected for a maximum of two-consecutive five-year terms. The current President is Arayik Harutyunyan who was sworn in on 21 May 2020.The National Assembly is a unicameral legislature. It has 33 members who are elected for 5-year terms. Elections take place within a multi-party system; in 2009, the American NGO Freedom House ranked the Republic of Artsakh above the republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan with respect to civil and political rights. Five parties have members in the parliament: the Free Motherland party has 15 members, ARF has 8 members, Democratic Party of Artsakh has 7 members, Movement 88 has 2 members and the National Revival party has one member. A number of non-partisan candidates have also taken part in the elections, with some success; in 2015, two of the 33 members to the National Assembly took their seats without running under the banner of any of the established political parties in the republic. Elections in Artsakh are not recognised by international bodies such as the European Union and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, as well as numerous individual countries, who called them a source of increased tensions.Artsakh is heavily dependent on Armenia, and in many ways "de facto" functions and is administered as part of Armenia. However, Armenia is hesitant to officially recognise Artsakh.The founding documents of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic were the "Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" and the "Declaration of State Independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic". For a long time no constitution was created, with the republic instead declaring Armenian law applied on its territory through a 1992 law. Even when new laws were passed, they were often copies of equivalent Armenian laws.On 3 November 2006, the then-President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Arkadi Ghukasyan, signed a decree to hold a referendum on a draft Nagorno-Karabakh constitution. It was held on 10 December of the same year and according to official preliminary results, with a turnout of 87.2%, as many as 98.6 percent of voters approved the constitution. The first article of the document described the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, alternatively called the Republic of Artsakh, as "a sovereign, democratic state based on social justice and the rule of law." More than 100 non-governmental international observers and journalists who monitored the poll evaluated it positively, stating that it was held to a high international standard.However, the vote was criticised harshly by inter-governmental organisations such as the European Union, OSCE and GUAM, which rejected the referendum, deeming it illegitimate. The EU announced it was "aware that a 'constitutional referendum' has taken place," but emphasised its stance that only a negotiated settlement between Azerbaijan and ethnic Armenians could bring a lasting solution. Secretary General of the Council of Europe Terry Davis asserted that the poll "will not be recognized... and is therefore of no consequence".In a statement, the OSCE chairman in office Karel De Gucht voiced his concern that the vote would prove harmful to the ongoing conflict settlement process, which, he said, had shown "visible progress" and was at a "promising juncture".The holding of the referendum was also criticised by Turkey, which traditionally supports Azerbaijan because of common ethnic Turkic roots, and has historically had severe tensions with Armenia.Another referendum was held on 20 February 2017, with an 87.6% vote in favour on a 76% turnout for instituting a new constitution. This constitution among other changes turned the government from a semi-presidential to a fully presidential model. Its name was changed from "Constitution of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" to "Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh", though both remained official names of the country. The new name implies a claim to the areas occupied beyond the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, and the Presidential system allows for quicker decisions on security matters. The referendum is seen as a response to the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is based in Stepanakert. Since no UN member or observer currently recognizes Artsakh, none of its foreign relations are of an official diplomatic nature. However, the Republic of Artsakh operates five permanent Missions and one Bureau of Social-Politic Information in France. Artsakh's Permanent Missions exist in Armenia, Australia, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, and one for Middle East countries based in Beirut. The goals of the offices are to present the Republic's positions on various issues, to provide information and to facilitate the peace process.In his 2015 speech, the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan stated that he considered Nagorno-Karabakh "an inseparable part of Armenia".The Republic of Artsakh is neither a member nor observer of the UN or any of its specialized agencies. However, it is a member of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations, commonly known as the "Commonwealth of Unrecognized States", and is recognized by Transnistria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.According to the Constitution of Artsakh, the army is under the civilian command of the government. The Artsakh Defense Army was officially established on 9 May 1992 as a defense against Azerbaijan. It fought the Azerbaijani army to a ceasefire on 12 May 1994. Currently the Artsakh Defense Army consists of around 18,000–20,000 officers and soldiers. However, only 8,500 citizens from Artsakh serve in the Artsakh army; some 10,000 come from Armenia. There are also 177–316 tanks, 256–324 additional fighting vehicles, and 291–322 guns and mortars. Armenia supplies arms and other military necessities to Artsakh. Several battalions of Armenia's army are deployed directly in the Artsakh zone on occupied Azerbaijani territory.The Artsakh Defense Army fought in Shusha in 1992, opening the Lachin corridor between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (1992), and staged the defence of the Martakert front from 1992 to 1994.Mines were laid in the region from 1991 to 1994 by both conflicting parties in the first Nagorno-Karabakh War. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) claims that 123 people have been killed and over 300 injured by landmines near the disputed enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh since a 1994 truce ended a six-year conflict between ethnic Armenian and Azerbaijani forces.The HALO Trust, a UK-based demining NGO, is the only international organisation conducting demining in Nagorno Karabakh. They have destroyed 180,858 small arms ammunition, 48,572 units of "other explosive items", 12,423 cluster bombs, 8,733 anti-personnel landmines, and 2,584 anti-tank landmines between 2000 and 2016. By 2018, they had cleared 88% of the territory's minefields, with a target to clear the rest by 2020. The main cities of Stepanakert and Shusha, as well as the main north–south highway, have been cleared and are safe for travel. The demining effort has been largely funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Today, Artsakh is a "de facto" independent state, calling itself the "Republic of Artsakh". It has close relations with Armenia and uses the same currency, the dram. According to Human Rights Watch, "from the beginning of the Karabakh conflict, Armenia provided aid, weapons, and volunteers. Armenian involvement in Artsakh escalated after a December 1993 Azerbaijani offensive. The Republic of Armenia began sending conscripts and regular Army and Interior Ministry troops to fight in Artsakh." The politics of Armenia and the de facto Artsakh are so intertwined that Robert Kocharyan served as the first President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, from 1994 to 1997, then as prime minister of Armenia from 1997 to 1998, and then as the second President of Armenia, from 1998 to 2008.However, Armenian governments have repeatedly resisted internal pressure to unite the two, due to ongoing negotiations under the auspices of the OSCE Minsk Group. In his case study of Eurasia, Dov Lynch of the Institute for Security Studies of WEU believes that "Karabakh's independence allows the new Armenian state to avoid the international stigma of aggression, despite the fact that Armenian troops fought in the war between 1991–94 and continue to man the Line of Contact between Karabakh and Azerbaijan." Lynch also cites that the "strength of the Armenian armed forces, and Armenia's strategic alliance with Russia, are seen as key shields protecting the Karabakh state by the authorities in Stepanakert". Some sources consider Artsakh as functioning "de facto" as a part of Armenia.At present, the mediation process is at a standstill, with the most recent discussions in Rambouillet, France, yielding no agreement. Azerbaijan has officially requested Armenian troops to withdraw from all disputed areas of Azerbaijan outside Nagorno-Karabakh, and that all displaced persons be allowed to return to their homes before the status of Karabakh can be discussed. Armenia does not recognise Azerbaijani claims to Nagorno-Karabakh and believes the territory should have self-determination. Both the Armenian and Artsakhi governments note that the independence of Artsakh was declared around the time the Soviet Union dissolved and its members became independent. The Armenian government insists that the government of Artsakh be part of any discussions on the region's future, and rejects ceding occupied territory or allowing refugees to return before talks on the region's status.Representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, France, Russia and the United States met in Paris and in Key West, Florida, in early 2001. Despite rumours that the parties were close to a solution, the Azerbaijani authorities – both during Heydar Aliyev's period of office, and after the accession of his son Ilham Aliyev in the October 2003 elections – have firmly denied that any agreement was reached in Paris or Key West.Further talks between the Azerbaijani and Armenian presidents, Ilham Aliyev and Robert Kocharyan, were held in September 2004 in Astana, Kazakhstan, on the sidelines of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) summit. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of the occupying forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Artsakh and then holding referendums (plebiscites) in Artsakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. On 10 and 11 February 2006, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in Rambouillet, France, to discuss the fundamental principles of a settlement to the conflict. Contrary to the initial optimism, the Rambouillet talks did not produce any agreement, with key issues such as the status of Artsakh and whether Armenian troops would withdraw from Kalbajar still being contentious.Talks were held at the Polish embassy in Bucharest in June 2006. Again, American, Russian, and French diplomats attended the talks that lasted over 40 minutes. Earlier, Armenian President Kocharyan announced that he was ready to "continue dialogue with Azerbaijan for the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and with Turkey on establishing relations without any preconditions".According to Armenian foreign minister, Vardan Oskanyan, no progress was made at this latest meeting. Both presidents failed to reach a consensus on the issues from the earlier Rambouillet conference. He noted that the Kocharyan-Aliyev meeting was held in a normal atmosphere. "Nevertheless," he added, "the foreign ministers of the two countries are commissioned to continue talks over the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and try to find common points before the next meeting of the presidents."The major disagreement between both sides at the Bucharest conference was the status of Artsakh. Azerbaijan's preferred solution would be to give Artsakh the "highest status of autonomy adopted in the world". Armenia, on the other hand, endorsed a popular vote by the inhabitants of Artsakh to decide their future, a position that was also taken by the international mediators. On 27 June, the Armenian foreign minister said both parties agreed to allow the residents of Artsakh to vote regarding the future status of the region. The Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially refuted that statement. According to Azeri opposition leader Isa Gambar, however, Azerbaijan did indeed agree to the referendum. Still, nothing official has confirmed this yet.The ongoing "Prague Process" overseen by the OSCE Minsk Group was brought into sharp relief in the summer of 2006 with a series of rare public revelations seemingly designed to jump-start the stalled negotiations. After the release in June of a paper outlining its position, which had until then been carefully guarded, U.S. State Department official Matthew Bryza told Radio Free Europe that the Minsk Group favoured a referendum in Karabakh that would determine its final status. The referendum, in the view of the OSCE, should take place not in Azerbaijan as a whole, but in Artsakh only. This was a blow to Azerbaijan, and despite talk that their government might eventually seek a more sympathetic forum for future negotiations, this has not yet happened.On 10 December 2007 Azerbaijan's deputy foreign minister said Azerbaijan would be prepared to conduct anti-terrorist operations in Nagorno-Karabakh against alleged bases of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Armenian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Vladimir Karapetian previously rejected the allegations as "fabricated" and suggested the accusations of the PKK presence were a form of provocation.In 2008, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev stated that "Nagorno-Karabakh will never be independent; the position is backed by international mediators as well; Armenia has to accept the reality" and that "in 1918, Yerevan was granted to the Armenians. It was a great mistake. The khanate of Iravan was the Azeri territory, the Armenians were guests here". On the other hand, in 2009, the president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Bako Sahakyan declared that "Artsakh will never be a part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh security should never be an article of commerce either. As to other issues, we are ready to discuss them with Azerbaijan.". In 2010 president of Republic of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan in his speech in the Chatham House of the British Royal Institute of International Affairs declared that "Karabakh was never a part of independent Azerbaijan: it was annexed to Azerbaijan by a decision of the Soviet Union party body. The people of Karabakh never put up with this decision, and upon the first opportunity, seceded from the Soviet Union fully in line with the laws of the Soviet Union and the applicable international law".On 14 March 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution by a vote of 39 to 7, with 100 abstentions, reaffirming Azerbaijan's territorial integrity, expressing support for that country's internationally recognised borders and demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories there. The resolution was supported mainly by members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and GUAM, Azerbaijan is a member in both groups, as well as other nations facing breakaway regions. The resolution was opposed by all three members of the OSCE Minsk Group.On 20 May 2010, the European Parliament adopted a resolution "on the need for an EU strategy for the South Caucasus", which states that EU must pursue a strategy to promote stability, prosperity and conflict resolution in the South Caucasus. The resolution "calls on the parties to intensify their peace talk efforts for the purpose of a settlement in the coming months, to show a more constructive attitude and to abandon preferences to perpetuate the status quo created by force and with no international legitimacy, creating in this way instability and prolonging the suffering of the war-affected populations; condemns the idea of a military solution and the heavy consequences of military force already used, and calls on both parties to avoid any further breaches of the 1994 ceasefire". The resolution also calls for the withdrawal of Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan, accompanied by the deployment of international forces to be organised with respect of the UN Charter in order to provide the necessary security guarantees in a period of transition, which will ensure the security of the population of Artsakh and allow the displaced persons to return to their homes and further conflicts caused by homelessness to be prevented; and states that the EU believes that the position according to which Artsakh includes all occupied Azerbaijani lands surrounding Artsakh should rapidly be abandoned. It also notes "that an interim status for Nagorno-Karabakh could offer a solution until the final status is determined and that it could create a transitional framework for peaceful coexistence and cooperation of Armenian and Azerbaijani populations in the region."On 26 June 2010, the presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group's Co-Chair countries, France, Russia, and United States made a joint statement, reaffirming their "commitment to support the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan as they finalize the Basic Principles for the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict".During his August 2019 visit to Stepanakert, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan presented the strategic development goals set for Armenia for the next three decades. He added that he made no special provision for Nagorno-Karabakh because "Artsakh is Armenia and there is no alternative". Soon afterwards, Armenia's Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan commented on Pashinyan's statement by saying he had "nothing to add" to Pashinyan's formulation of Armenia's position in the conflict.On September 27, 2020, fighting broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Artsakh, which may have claimed thousands of lives. Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A ceasefire agreement signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast over the next month, while maintaining control over the areas of the former oblast that had not been captured during the war. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement".No UN member states have recognised Artsakh, although some unrecognised and partially recognized states have done so. Various sub-national governments have issued calls for recognition of Artsakh by their national governments.In 2021, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia held a trilateral meeting about Artsakh. This is expected to be the first of a regular series of meetings between the three countries, per an agreement to promote economic and infrastructure development throughout the region.The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has resulted in the displacement of 597,000 Azerbaijanis (this figure includes 230,000 children born to internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 54,000 who have returned) including Artsakh, and 220,000 Azeris, 18,000 Kurds and 3,500 Russians fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan from 1988 to 1989. The Azerbaijani government has estimated that 63% of IDPs lived below the poverty line as compared to 49% of the total population. About 154,000 lived in the capital, Baku. According to the International Organization for Migration, 40,000 IDPs lived in camps, 60,000 in dugout shelters, and 20,000 in railway cars. Forty-thousand IDPs lived in EU-funded settlements and UNHCR provided housing for another 40,000. Another 5,000 IDPs lived in abandoned or rapidly deteriorating schools. Others lived in trains, on roadsides in half-constructed buildings, or in public buildings such as tourist and health facilities. Tens of thousands lived in seven tent camps where poor water supply and sanitation caused gastrointestinal infections, tuberculosis, and malaria.The government required IDPs to register their place of residence in an attempt to better target the limited and largely inadequate national and international assistance due to the Armenian advocated and US imposed restrictions on humanitarian aid to Azerbaijan. Many IDPs were from rural areas and found it difficult to integrate into the urban labor market. Many international humanitarian agencies reduced or ceased assistance for IDPs citing increasing oil revenues of the country. The infant mortality among displaced Azerbaijani children is 3–4 times higher than in the rest of the population. The rate of stillbirth was 88.2 per 1,000 births among the internally displaced people. The majority of the displaced have lived in difficult conditions for more than 13 years.During the 2020 war President Aliyev stated he intends for refugees to return to the area. While many former cities are currently uninhabitable, the Azerbaijani government and some Azerbaijani companies have announced plans to rebuild infrastructure and invest in the newly controlled territories. The Azerbaijani military is clearing mines prior to resettlement, which may take 10–13 years.280,000 persons—virtually all ethnic Armenians who fled Azerbaijan during the 1988–1993 war over the disputed region of Artsakh—were living in refugee-like circumstances in Armenia. Some left the country, principally to Russia. Their children born in Armenia acquire citizenship automatically. Their numbers are thus subject to constant decline due to departure, and de-registration required for naturalization. Of these, about 250,000 fled Azerbaijan (areas outside Nagorno-Karabakh); approximately 30,000 came from Nagorno-Karabakh. All were registered with the government as refugees at year's end.The Artsakh Republic is mountainous, a feature which has given it its former name (from the Russian for "Mountainous/Highland Karabakh"). It is in area. The highest point in the country is Mount Kirs at . The largest water body is the Sarsang reservoir, and the major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers. The country is on a plateau which slopes downwards towards the east and southeast, with the average altitude being above sea level. Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh Valley.The climate is mild and temperate. The average temperature is , which fluctuates annually between in July and in January. The average precipitation can reach in some regions, and it is foggy for over 100 days a year. Over 2,000 kinds of plants exist in Artsakh, and more than 36% of the country is forested. The plant life on the steppes consists mostly of semi-desert vegetation, while subalpine zone and alpine tundra ecosystems can be found above the forest in the highlands and mountains.The Republic of Artsakh currently claims seven administrative divisions. When established, Artsakh established eight administrative divisions, however, after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Kashatagh Province ceased to exist, as a claim no longer exists on this territory with the per the ceasefire agreement that ended the conflict. The territory of Artsakh includes most of four districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), with the fifth district, Hadrut Province, completely under Azerbaijani control. Also claimed by Artsakh is the Shahumyan Region of the Azerbaijan SSR, which has been under Azerbaijani control since the First Nagorno-Karabakh war. While the Shahumyan Region was not part of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, representatives from Shahumyan declared independence along with the Oblast, and the proclamation of Artsakh includes the Shahumyan region within its borders.Prior to the 2020 war, the territory of Artsakh included most of the five districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), and parts of seven other former districts of the Azerbaijan SSR around the former NKAO that were under the control of Artsakhi forces.Following the Republic of Artsakh's declaration of independence, the Azerbaijani government abolished the NKAO and created Azerbaijani districts in its place. As a result, some of Artsakh's divisions corresponded with the Azerbaijani districts, while others had different borders. A comparative table of the established divisions of Artsakh and the corresponding districts of Azerbaijan follows:In 2002, the country's population was 145,000, made up of 95% Armenians and 5% others. This composition represents a sharp change from the 1979 and 1989 census, when the Azerbaijani population was 23 and 21.5 percent, respectively. In March 2007, the local government announced that its population had grown to 138,000. The annual birth rate was recorded at 2,200–2,300 per year, an increase from nearly 1,500 in 1999.OSCE report, released in March 2011, estimates the population of the "seven occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh" to be 14,000, and states "there has been no significant growth in the population since 2005." An International Crisis Group report published in December 2019 recorded the population of these territories to be 17,000, or 11.48% of the total population: 15,000 west and southwest of the former oblast, and 2000 in the Agdam District.Until 2000, the country's net migration was at a negative. For the first half of 2007, 1,010 births and 659 deaths were reported, with a net emigration of 27.According to age group: 15,700 (0–6), 25,200 (7–17) 75,800 (18–59) and 21,000 (60+)Population by province (2006):Population of the Republic of Artsakh (2000–2008)Ethnic Groups of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1926–1989) and the Republic of Artsakh (2015) according to census dataThe primary language spoken by the population 99.7% ethnic Armenian is the Armenian language, which functions as the only state language and an official language in the Republic of Artsakh.Russian is widely spoken in Arstakh and since late 2020-2021 efforts have been made in the parliament in Stepanakert to establish it as an additional official language; the official justifications for this being that Russian is already the second language of many residents, and that it "creates conditions for deepening cooperation in all spheres, and in the forseeable future will contribute to the development of relations within the legal framework." While Russian may soon get official status, Armenian will remain the only state language. The law recognises the state language as a "prevailing language in the republic" with "protection and sponsorship of the republic", and recognises the official language as that "which serves literary and scientific needs of the society", implicitly suggesting the utility of Russian in educational institutions and in science, but not necessarily in government procedures. There are some features to the variety of Russian as spoken in Arstakh, such as the use of "шпилька" in place of "прищепка" (clothespin), "пулпулак" for a waterfountain, and "финки" for sweatpants. The capital and by far largest city in Artsakh is Stepanakert (55,200 inhabitants in 2015), followed by Martuni (5,700), Martakert (4,600), Chartar (4,000), Askeran (2,300), Berdzor (1,900), Haterk (c. 1,600), Berdashen (c. 1,600), Vank (c. 1,600), Noragyugh (c. 1,500), Ivanyan (c. 1,400), Taghavard (c. 1,300), Gishi (c. 1,100), Karmir Shuka (c. 1,100), Sos (c. 1,100), Aygestan (c. 1,100) and Khnapat (c. 1,000). This list only includes towns that remain in Artsakh after the 2020 war.While the territory captured outside the former NKAO was initially treated as a potential bargaining chip, it slowly began to be seen as part of the country by both officials and the general population. The Stepanakert-based administration launched various programs aimed at bringing in permanent Armenian settlers to the depopulated lands, including into regions previously populated by Azeris, with those that bordered Armenia – Lachin and Kalbajar – being the priority. Lachin was key to a land connection between Armenia and the former NKAO, and Kalbajar had water resources utilised by both Artsakh and Armenia. Incentives in the form of free housing, access to property, social infrastructure, inexpensive or sometimes free electricity, running water, low taxes or limited tax exemptions were offered to new settlers.Azerbaijan regards this as a violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, to which Armenia became party in 1993, whereby "[t]he Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies". The ruling party of Azerbaijan accuses the Armenian side of artificially changing the demographic situation and the ethnic composition of the occupied region so that it can lay future claims to them, comparing this to the 1950s campaign of resettling diaspora Armenians in previously Azeri-populated locales in Soviet Armenia where Azeris were forcibly deported from in 1948–1950.In 1979, the total Armenian population of the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Qubadli, Zangilan, Jabrayil, Fuzuli and Agdam was around 1,400 people. An OSCE fact-finding mission established at Azerbaijan's request visited these regions in February 2005 with the intention to assess the scale of the settlement attempts. The mission's findings showed that these districts had as of 2005 an overall population of 14,000 persons, mostly living in precarious social conditions. It consisted primarily of ethnic Armenians displaced from the non-conflict zones of Azerbaijan during the war. It was noted, however, that most of them had settled in the conflict zone after having lived in Armenia for several years and some held Armenian passports and even voted in Armenian elections. A smaller segment of the settlers was originally from the towns of Gyumri and Spitak in Armenia who had lived in temporary shelters following the devastating 1988 earthquake before moving to Karabakh, as well as a small number of natives of Yerevan who moved there for financial reasons. A field assessment mission revisited the region in October 2010, confirming that there had not been much growth in population or change in the living conditions of the settlers. The Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group who visited Nagorno-Karabakh, Kalbajar and Lachin in 2014 reported seeing signs of improvements in the infrastructure but could not observe any indications that the size of the population had changed in recent years.By June 2015, an estimated 17,000 of Syria's once 80,000-strong Armenian population had fled the civil war and sought refuge in Armenia. David Babayan, spokesperson of the Artsakh leader Bako Sahakyan, confirmed that some of those refugees had been resettled in Artsakh. "The Economist" put the number of the resettled families at 30 as of June 2017. In December 2014, Armenian media cited local municipal authorities in stating that dozens of Syrian Armenian families had been resettled in the disputed zone, in particular in the city of Lachin and the village of Xanlıq in Qubadli. Azerbaijan's Minister of Foreign Affairs Elmar Mammadyarov expressed his concern over Armenia's attempts to change the demographic situation in the region and informed of his intention to raise this issue with the Minsk Group.In February 2019, Armenia's National Security Service director Artur Vanetsyan visited Nagorno-Karabakh amid public concern about Nikol Pashinyan's government alleged readiness to cede some of the Armenian-controlled territories as part of a peace settlement. Vanetsyan pointed out that settling Armenians and investing into infrastructural projects along the Iranian border, in the previously Azeri-populated regions outside of the former autonomous province, was "a clear message" to the international community that there would be no territorial concessions. He referred to the ongoing settlement efforts as a method of "guaranteeing security". Azerbaijan's Foreign Ministry reacted by qualifying Vanetsyan's statement as an "attempt to undermine the peace talks and defy the work of the mediators" and vowed to address the issue to the UN and the OSCE.The ceasefire ending the 2020 war stipulated that these territories were to be turned over to Azerbaijani control. Armenian settlers in these areas evacuated prior to the arrival of Azerbaijani forces.Most of the Armenian population in Artsakh is Christian and belongs to the Armenian Apostolic Church which is an Oriental Orthodox Church.Certain Eastern Orthodox and Evangelical denominations also exist. However, military authorities prohibited any Christian sect activity in Artsakh, for the reason that they would preach pacifism among the population.As a result of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan retook control over territories containing several important Armenian monasteries and churches, such as the monasteries of Dadivank, Tzitzernavank, Gtichavank, and the Ghazanchetsots Cathedral, as well as the churches of Kanach Zham and .The socio-economic situation of the Republic of Artsakh was greatly affected by the 1991–1994 conflict. Yet, foreign investments began to come. The origin of most venture capital comes from Armenians in Armenia, Russia, United States, France, Australia, Iran, and the Middle East.Notably the telecommunications sector was developed with Karabakh Telecom investing millions of dollars in mobile telephony, spearheaded by a Lebanese company.Copper and gold mining has been advancing since 2002 with development and launch of operations at Drmbon deposit. Approximately 27–28 thousand tons (wet weight) of concentrates are produced with average copper content of 19–21% and gold content of 32–34 g/t. Azerbaijan considers any mining operations in Nagorno-Karabakh illegal and has vowed to engage an international audit company to determine the damages suffered by Azerbaijan's state-run ore management company as a result. In 2018, the government of Azerbaijan announced that it was planning to appeal to an international court and the law enforcement agencies of the countries where the mining companies involved are registered.The banking system is administered by Artsakhbank (a Yerevan-based Armenian bank fulfilling the functions of the state bank of Nagorno-Karabakh) and a number of other Armenian banks. The republic uses the Armenian dram.Wine growing and processing of agricultural products, particularly wine (i.e., storage of wine, wine stuffs, cognac alcohol) is one of the prioritized directions of the economic development.Prior to the 2020 war, the republic developed a tourist industry geared to Armenia and the Armenian diaspora. The republic showed a major increase in tourists over the last several years because of Artsakh's many cultural sights. Before the 2020 war there were nine hotels in Stepanakert. The Artsakh development agency says 4,000 tourists visited Artsakh in 2005. The figures rose to 8,000 in 2010 (excluding visitors from Armenia). The agency cooperated with the Armenia Tourism Development Agency (ATDA) as Armenia is the only way tourists (mainly Armenians) can access Artsakh. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Artsakh reported continuous expansion of visitors' geography. Tourist infrastructure was developed around sites such as monasteries that showcase the Armenian history in the region, with Islamic sites rarely restored, while some ghost cities and areas near the front line were off limit to tourists.The Tourism Development Agency of Artsakh was established in Yerevan as a non-governmental organisation in the Republic of Armenia to promote tourism further in Artsakh. It makes preparations for tour operators, travel agencies and journalists covering the region, and arranges for hotel services, shopping, catering, recreation centers.Tourist attractions included:Other tourist attractions included:Janapar Trail is a marked trail, through mountains, valleys, and villages of Artsakh, with monasteries and fortresses along the way. It's not hikable since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The trail was broken into day hikes, which brought tourists to a different village each night. The paths have existed for centuries but now are marked specifically for hikers. The Himnakan Janapar (backbone trail), marked in 2007, leads from the northwest region of Shahumian to the southern town of Hadrut, now under Azerbaijani control. Side trails and mini trails take one to additional parts of Artsakh. The important sites passed along this hike include Dadivank Monastery, Gandzasar monastery, Shusha, the Karkar Canyon with its high cliffs, Zontik Waterfall, and the ruins of Hunot and Gtichavank monastery.One of the noteworthy side trails is the Gtichavank Loop Trail. This loop starts from Tugh Village, now under Azerbaijani control.The cost of staying in Artsakh is relatively cheap in comparison with the rest of the region and varies approximately between 25 – US$70 for a single person as of May 2017.However, those who travelled to Artsakh without the Azerbaijani government's prior consent and permission will be denied entry to Azerbaijan since the country considers Artsakh their territory unlawfully occupied by the Armenian army. The Azerbaijani government also keeps and publishes online a list of foreign nationals who visited these occupied areas without prior approval. In late 2017, the list contained 699 names with additional details (date, country, profession, purpose of visit). The earliest entry recorded a visit to Artsakh that occurred on an unspecified date sometime between 1993 and 1996. The list includes many journalists and members of parliaments of foreign countries.Before the 2020 war, the Artsakh Wine Fest took place annually in Togh since 2014. The festival was held on the third Saturday of each September.The festival was initiated by the Department of Tourism and Protection of Historical Places of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Youth Affairs of the Republic of Artsakh and was aimed to develop tourism in Artsakh. It was meant to restore Artsakh winemaking traditions. The festival provided a platform to the winemakers of Artsakh and Armenia giving them an opportunity to sell their products, exchange knowledge, promote their wine etc. The annual festival's program included grape stomping, tasting of traditional Artsakh cuisine, an exhibition of artworks, an exhibition of ancient artefacts that belonged to the Melik Yegan's Palace, as well as an exhibition and sale of local wine, where one could find products from 5 different regions of Artsakh and Armenia. Traditionally, the festival was accompanied by Armenian national singing and dancing. The festival evolved into a national holiday.The transportation system had been damaged by the 1991–1994 conflict, but was noticeably improved before the 2020 war: the North–South Artsakh motorway alone largely facilitated the development of the transportation system.Before the 2020 war, the Hadrut-Stepanakert-Askeran-Martakert motorway, the locals said, was the lifeline of Artsakh, and $25 million donated during the Hayastan All-Armenian Foundation telethons was allotted for the construction of the road.Stepanakert Airport, the sole civilian airport of the Republic of Artsakh, located about east of the capital, has been closed since the onset of the war in 1990. However, the government was pressing ahead with plans to reopen the airport , and raised about 1 billion drams ($2.8 million) for its reconstruction from unspecified "charitable sources". It began building a new airport terminal and repairing the runway in late 2009. In any case, its unresolved status makes direct air communication with other countries all but impossible according to IATA conventions.Though originally scheduled to launch the first commercial flights on 9 May 2011, Artsakh officials postponed a new reopening date throughout the whole of 2011. In May 2012, the director of the Artsakh Civil Aviation Administration, Tigran Gabrielyan, announced that the airport would begin operations in mid-2012. However the airport still remains closed due to security reasons, as Azerbaijan has threatened to shoot down planes using the airport.A new route from the Armenian capital Yerevan to Stepanakert was planned to bypass the 8–9 hours drive via the Lachin corridor. It was opened in September 2017. A third road was planned in 2019. Following the 2020 war, a new road will be built along the Lachin corridor to bypass Shusha.Authorities in the USSR opened a railway line in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in 1944. It line connected the capital, Stepanakert, and Yevlax in Azerbaijan. It was built to Russian standard gauge of 1520mm. Due to the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, the line the railway was badly damaged and the line was closed.Education in Artsakh is compulsory, and is free up to the age of 18. The education system is inherited from the old system of the Soviet Union.Artsakh's school system was severely damaged because of the 1991–1994 conflict. But the government of the Republic of Artsakh with considerable aid from the Republic of Armenia and with donations from the Armenian diaspora, rebuilt many of the schools. Prior to the 2020 war, Artsakh had around 250 schools of various sizes, with more than 200 lying in the regions. The student population was estimated at more than 20,000, with almost half in the capital city of Stepanakert.Artsakh State University was founded by Artsakh and Armenian governments' joint efforts, with main campus in Stepanakert. The university opening ceremony took place on 10 May 1992.Yerevan University of Management also opened a branch in Stepanakert."We Are Our Mountains" () by Sargis Baghdasaryan is a monument located in Stepanakert. The sculpture is widely regarded as a symbol of the "de facto" independent Republic of Artsakh. It is a large monument from tuff of an old Armenian man and woman hewn from rock, representing the mountain people of Artsakh. It is also known as "Tatik yev Papik" (Տատիկ և Պապիկ) in Armenian. The sculpture is featured prominently on Artsakh's coat of arms.Artsakh State Museum is the historical museum of the Republic of Artsakh. Located at 4 Sasunstsi David Street, in Stepanakert, the museum offers an assortment of ancient artifacts and Christian manuscripts. There are also more recent items, ranging in date from the 19th century to World War II and from events of the Karabakh Independence War.Artsakh has its own brand of popular music. As Artsakh question became a pan-Armenian question, Artsakh music was further promoted worldwide.Many nationalist songs, performed by Artsakhi artists, as well as artists from Republic of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora, show support for the Artsakh independence movement; videos for the songs, incorporate footage of Artsakhi military campaigns. These videos are posted to sites such as YouTube, where they often generate conflicting nationalist Armenian and Azerbaijani comments."Azat Artsakh" is the official newspaper of the Republic of Artsakh.Sports in the Republic of Artsakh are organised by the Artsakh Ministry of Culture and Youth. Due to the non-recognition of Artsakh, sports teams from the country cannot compete in most international tournaments.Football is the most popular sport in Artsakh. Stepanakert has a well-built football stadium. Since the mid-1990s, football teams from Artsakh started taking part in some domestic competitions in Armenia. Lernayin Artsakh FC represents the city of Stepanakert. In Artsakh, domestic football clubs play in the Artsakh Football League. The Artsakh football league was launched in 2009. The Artsakh national football team was formed in 2012 and played their first competitive match against the Abkhazia national football team in Sokhumi, a match that ended with a result of 1–1 draw. The return match between the unrecognized teams took place at the Stepanakert Stadium, on 21 October 2012, when the team from Artsakh defeated the Abkhazian team 3–0.There is also interest in other sports, including basketball and volleyball. Sailing is practised in the town of Martakert.Artsakh sports teams and athletes also participate in the Pan-Armenian Games organised in Armenia. | [
"Arkadi Ghukasyan",
"Leonard Petrosyan",
"Robert Kocharyan",
"Arayik Harutyunyan"
] | |
Who was the head of state of Republic of Artsakh in Oct, 2022? | October 09, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Arayik Harutyunyan"
]
} | L2_Q244165_P35_4 | Leonard Petrosyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Mar, 1997 to Sep, 1997.
Bako Sahakyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 2007 to May, 2020.
Arayik Harutyunyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Arkadi Ghukasyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Sep, 1997 to Sep, 2007.
Robert Kocharyan is the head of the state of Republic of Artsakh from Dec, 1994 to Mar, 1997. | Republic of ArtsakhArtsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh (; ) or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (; , ), is a breakaway state in the South Caucasus supported by Armenia, whose territory is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh controls part of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, including the capital of Stepanakert. It is an enclave within Azerbaijan. Its only overland access route to Armenia is via the wide Lachin corridor which is under the control of Russian peacekeepers.The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumyan Province resulted in a declaration of independence. Ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War. Conflict has sporadically broken out since then, most significantly in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.Artsakh is a presidential democracy with a unicameral legislature. The country is reliant on and closely integrated with Armenia, in many ways functioning de facto as part of Armenia.The country is very mountainous, averaging above sea level. The population is 99.7% ethnic Armenian, and the primary spoken language is the Armenian language. The population is overwhelmingly Christian, most being affiliated with the Armenian Apostolic Church. Several historical monasteries are popular with tourists, mostly from the Armenian diaspora, as most travel can take place only between Armenia and Artsakh.According to scholars, inscriptions dating to the Urartian period mention the region under a variety of names: "Ardakh", "Urdekhe", and "Atakhuni". In his "Geography", the classical historian Strabo refers to an Armenian region which he calls "Orchistene", which is believed by some to be a Greek version of the old name of Artsakh.According to another hypothesis put forth by David M. Lang, the ancient name of Artsakh possibly derives from the name of King Artaxias I of Armenia (190–159 BC), founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty and the kingdom of Greater Armenia.Folk etymology holds that the name is derived from "Ar" (Aran) and "tsakh" (woods, garden) (i.e., the gardens of Aran Sisakean, the first nakharar of northeastern Armenia).The name "Nagorno-Karabakh", commonly used in English, comes from the Russian name which means "Mountainous Karabakh". Karabakh is a Turkish/Persian word thought to mean "black garden". The Azerbaijani name for the area, "Dağlıq Qarabağ", has the same meaning as the Russian name. The term "Artsakh" lacks the non-Armenian influences present in "Nagorno-Karabakh". It was revived for use in the 19th century, and is the preferred term used by the locals, in English and Russian as well as Armenian.The earliest record of the region covered by modern-day Artsakh is from Urartian inscriptions referring to the region as "Urtekhini". It is unclear if the region was ever ruled by Urartu, but it was in close proximity to other Urartian domains. It may have been inhabited by Caspian tribes and/or by Scythians.After decades of raids by the Cimmerians, Scythians, and the Medes, Urartu finally collapsed with the rise of the Median Empire, and shortly after, the geopolitical region previously ruled as Urartu re-emerged as Armenia. By the 5th century BC, Artsakh was part of Armenia under the Orontid Dynasty. It continued to be part of the Kingdom of Armenia under the Artaxiad Dynasty, under which Armenia became one of the largest realms in Western Asia. At its greatest extent, the Great King of Armenia, Tigranes II, built several cities named after himself in regions he considered particularly important, one of which was the city he built in Artsakh.Following wars with the Romans and Persians, Armenia was partitioned between the two empires. Artsakh was removed from Persian Armenia and included into the neighbouring satrapy of Arran. At this time, the population of Artsakh consisted of Armenians and "Armenicized" aborigines, though many of the latter were still cited as distinct ethnic entities. The dialect of Armenian spoken in Artsakh was among the earliest ever recorded dialects of Armenian, which was described around this time in the 7th century AD by a contemporary named Stephanos Siunetzi.Artsakh remained part of Arran throughout Persian rule, during the fall of Iran to the Muslims, and following the Muslim conquest of Armenia. Under the Arabs, most of the South Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands, including Iberia and Arran, were unified into an emirate called "Arminiya", under which Artsakh continued to remain as part of Arran.Despite being under Persian and Arab rule, many of the Armenian territories, including Artsakh, were governed by Armenian nobility. Arran gradually disappeared as a geopolitical entity, while its population was assimilated by neighbouring ethnic groups with whom they shared a common culture and religion. Many Christians from Arran would form part of the ethnic composition of the Armenians living in modern-day Artsakh.Fragmentation of Arab authority provided the opportunity for the resurgence of an Armenian state in the Armenian Highlands. One particular noble dynasty, the Bagratids, began annexing territories from other Armenian nobles, which, in the latter half of the 9th century gave rise to a new Armenian kingdom which included Artsakh.The new Kingdom didn't stay united for long, however, due to internal conflicts, civil wars, and external pressures, Armenia often found itself fragmented between other noble Armenian houses, most notably the Mamikonian and Siunia families, the latter of which would produce a cadet branch known as the House of Khachen, named after their stronghold in Artsakh. The House of Khachen ruled the Kingdom of Artsakh in the 11th century as an independent kingdom under the protectorate of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia. Under the House of Khachen, the region historically called Artsakh became synonymous with the name "Khachen".Following wars with the Byzantine Empire, and with the arrival of Seljuk Turks in the latter half of the 11th century, the Kingdom of Armenia collapsed, and Artsakh became the autonomous Principality of Khachen, ruled by the House of Hasan-Jalalyan, within the Kingdom of Georgia for a short time until the Mongols acquired the region. Although the Armenians of Artsakh did not rule the lands as fully sovereign entities, the mountainous geography of the location allowed them to maintain a semi-independent or autonomous status within other realms, such as the Timurid, Kara Koyunlu, and Ak Koyunlu realms.During this time, the lands to the west of the Kura river up to the eastern slopes of the Zangezur mountain range became known as "Karabakh", with the lands of the Principality of Khachen corresponding to the highlands. During the period of Mongol domination, a great number of Armenians left the lowlands of Karabakh and sought refuge in the mountainous heights of the region.The Principality of Khachen was eventually divided amongst five Armenian princes, known as meliks, who collectively became known as the Five Melikdoms of Karabakh (literally "five principalities of Karabakh"; also referred to as "Khamsa", meaning "five" in Arabic).In the 16th century, Karabakh came under Iranian rule for the first time in almost a millennium with the rise of the Safavid Empire, within which the territory of modern-day Artsakh became part of the Province of Karabakh. The Armenian princes continued to rule autonomously over the highlands of Karabakh during this time.In the mid-18th century, the whole of Karabakh became a semi-independent khanate called the Karabakh Khanate which lasted for about 75 years. The Russian Empire advanced into the region in 1805, declared Artsakh a Russian protectorate and formally annexed it from Iran in 1813 according to the Treaty of Gulistan. The Armenian princes lost their status as princes ("meliks") in 1822.Following the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Transcaucasia became the stage of wars between every political entity that emerged in the region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) and their neighbours (Ottoman Empire). The newly formed Republic of Armenia (declared on 28 May 1918) claimed most of the highlands of Karabakh, which was also claimed by the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Assistance from the Republic of Armenia to Karabakh was limited as it found itself fighting enemies on all fronts, but the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and the territories formerly known as Khachen (Artsakh) managed to maintain their control over the lands, consistently fighting off offensives from Azerbaijan and quelling Muslim uprisings from within. Azerbaijan maintained control of the lowlands of Karabakh and some regions between Zangezur and Artsakh.In 1918, the predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijani SSR in 1923. During the fall of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumian region resulted in a declaration of independence. The ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War, which ended with a ceasefire along roughly the current borders. According to UNHCR, the conflict resulted in over 600,000 internally displaced persons within Azerbaijan.Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire established itself in Azerbaijan, and advocated that all of Karabakh (including Zangezur and Artsakh) should be part of Azerbaijan until the boundaries can be decided upon peacefully at the upcoming Paris Peace Conference of 1919, but the battles did not cease until the Red Army from Russia began reclaiming the former territories of the Russian Empire and created Soviet Azerbaijan out of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1920. The Armenians of Zangezur and Artsakh had consistently maintained control of the region and intended to unite with Armenia during the entirety of the two years of chaos, with Azerbaijan only temporarily occupying parts of the regions at certain times. The fall of Azerbaijan gave Armenia the opportunity to properly unite with the Armenian irregulars in Zangezur and Artsakh, but they were taken by the Red Army on 26 May 1920. The rest of Armenia fell to the Red Army shortly after.The Bolsheviks tried to end the centuries-long rivalry between Russia and Turkey, and in 1921, Joseph Stalin formally transferred the Armenian-populated highlands of Karabakh to Soviet Azerbaijan to try to placate Turkey, though the majority of Zangezur remained within Soviet Armenia. In December 1920 under Soviet pressure central authorities issued a statement that Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhjivan were all transferred to Armenian control. Stalin (then commissar for nationalities) made the decision public on 2 December, but the Azerbaijani leader Narimanov later denied the transfer.Under these circumstances, Soviet Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan were admitted to the Soviet Union on 20 December 1922. The inclusion of Artsakh within Soviet Azerbaijan caused an uproar amongst Armenians, which led to the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan on 7 July 1923 (implemented in November 1924). Although the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh continued to desire reunification with Armenia, the conflict was largely dormant during the Soviet era.During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict was revitalized. The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh declared their independence as the "Republic of Mountainous Karabakh" with the intention of reunifying with the newly independent Armenia. The declaration was rejected by the newly independent Azerbaijan, leading to the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 20 February 1988 to 12 May 1994, resulting in a ceasefire in May 1994 and the de facto independence of the Republic of Artsakh, whose territory remains internationally recognized as part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.Intermittent fighting over the region continued after the 1994 ceasefire without significant territorial changes, while long-standing international mediation attempts to create a peace process were initiated by the OSCE Minsk Group in 1994. From late September 2020 until November, significant fighting resumed and Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A peace deal signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh over the next month. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement"Artsakh is a presidential democracy (in the middle of transforming from a semi-presidential one, after the 2017 referendum). The Prime Minister's post was abolished and the executive power is now residing with the President who is both the head of state and head of government. The president is directly elected for a maximum of two-consecutive five-year terms. The current President is Arayik Harutyunyan who was sworn in on 21 May 2020.The National Assembly is a unicameral legislature. It has 33 members who are elected for 5-year terms. Elections take place within a multi-party system; in 2009, the American NGO Freedom House ranked the Republic of Artsakh above the republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan with respect to civil and political rights. Five parties have members in the parliament: the Free Motherland party has 15 members, ARF has 8 members, Democratic Party of Artsakh has 7 members, Movement 88 has 2 members and the National Revival party has one member. A number of non-partisan candidates have also taken part in the elections, with some success; in 2015, two of the 33 members to the National Assembly took their seats without running under the banner of any of the established political parties in the republic. Elections in Artsakh are not recognised by international bodies such as the European Union and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, as well as numerous individual countries, who called them a source of increased tensions.Artsakh is heavily dependent on Armenia, and in many ways "de facto" functions and is administered as part of Armenia. However, Armenia is hesitant to officially recognise Artsakh.The founding documents of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic were the "Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" and the "Declaration of State Independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic". For a long time no constitution was created, with the republic instead declaring Armenian law applied on its territory through a 1992 law. Even when new laws were passed, they were often copies of equivalent Armenian laws.On 3 November 2006, the then-President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Arkadi Ghukasyan, signed a decree to hold a referendum on a draft Nagorno-Karabakh constitution. It was held on 10 December of the same year and according to official preliminary results, with a turnout of 87.2%, as many as 98.6 percent of voters approved the constitution. The first article of the document described the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, alternatively called the Republic of Artsakh, as "a sovereign, democratic state based on social justice and the rule of law." More than 100 non-governmental international observers and journalists who monitored the poll evaluated it positively, stating that it was held to a high international standard.However, the vote was criticised harshly by inter-governmental organisations such as the European Union, OSCE and GUAM, which rejected the referendum, deeming it illegitimate. The EU announced it was "aware that a 'constitutional referendum' has taken place," but emphasised its stance that only a negotiated settlement between Azerbaijan and ethnic Armenians could bring a lasting solution. Secretary General of the Council of Europe Terry Davis asserted that the poll "will not be recognized... and is therefore of no consequence".In a statement, the OSCE chairman in office Karel De Gucht voiced his concern that the vote would prove harmful to the ongoing conflict settlement process, which, he said, had shown "visible progress" and was at a "promising juncture".The holding of the referendum was also criticised by Turkey, which traditionally supports Azerbaijan because of common ethnic Turkic roots, and has historically had severe tensions with Armenia.Another referendum was held on 20 February 2017, with an 87.6% vote in favour on a 76% turnout for instituting a new constitution. This constitution among other changes turned the government from a semi-presidential to a fully presidential model. Its name was changed from "Constitution of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic" to "Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh", though both remained official names of the country. The new name implies a claim to the areas occupied beyond the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, and the Presidential system allows for quicker decisions on security matters. The referendum is seen as a response to the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is based in Stepanakert. Since no UN member or observer currently recognizes Artsakh, none of its foreign relations are of an official diplomatic nature. However, the Republic of Artsakh operates five permanent Missions and one Bureau of Social-Politic Information in France. Artsakh's Permanent Missions exist in Armenia, Australia, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, and one for Middle East countries based in Beirut. The goals of the offices are to present the Republic's positions on various issues, to provide information and to facilitate the peace process.In his 2015 speech, the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan stated that he considered Nagorno-Karabakh "an inseparable part of Armenia".The Republic of Artsakh is neither a member nor observer of the UN or any of its specialized agencies. However, it is a member of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations, commonly known as the "Commonwealth of Unrecognized States", and is recognized by Transnistria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.According to the Constitution of Artsakh, the army is under the civilian command of the government. The Artsakh Defense Army was officially established on 9 May 1992 as a defense against Azerbaijan. It fought the Azerbaijani army to a ceasefire on 12 May 1994. Currently the Artsakh Defense Army consists of around 18,000–20,000 officers and soldiers. However, only 8,500 citizens from Artsakh serve in the Artsakh army; some 10,000 come from Armenia. There are also 177–316 tanks, 256–324 additional fighting vehicles, and 291–322 guns and mortars. Armenia supplies arms and other military necessities to Artsakh. Several battalions of Armenia's army are deployed directly in the Artsakh zone on occupied Azerbaijani territory.The Artsakh Defense Army fought in Shusha in 1992, opening the Lachin corridor between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (1992), and staged the defence of the Martakert front from 1992 to 1994.Mines were laid in the region from 1991 to 1994 by both conflicting parties in the first Nagorno-Karabakh War. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) claims that 123 people have been killed and over 300 injured by landmines near the disputed enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh since a 1994 truce ended a six-year conflict between ethnic Armenian and Azerbaijani forces.The HALO Trust, a UK-based demining NGO, is the only international organisation conducting demining in Nagorno Karabakh. They have destroyed 180,858 small arms ammunition, 48,572 units of "other explosive items", 12,423 cluster bombs, 8,733 anti-personnel landmines, and 2,584 anti-tank landmines between 2000 and 2016. By 2018, they had cleared 88% of the territory's minefields, with a target to clear the rest by 2020. The main cities of Stepanakert and Shusha, as well as the main north–south highway, have been cleared and are safe for travel. The demining effort has been largely funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Today, Artsakh is a "de facto" independent state, calling itself the "Republic of Artsakh". It has close relations with Armenia and uses the same currency, the dram. According to Human Rights Watch, "from the beginning of the Karabakh conflict, Armenia provided aid, weapons, and volunteers. Armenian involvement in Artsakh escalated after a December 1993 Azerbaijani offensive. The Republic of Armenia began sending conscripts and regular Army and Interior Ministry troops to fight in Artsakh." The politics of Armenia and the de facto Artsakh are so intertwined that Robert Kocharyan served as the first President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, from 1994 to 1997, then as prime minister of Armenia from 1997 to 1998, and then as the second President of Armenia, from 1998 to 2008.However, Armenian governments have repeatedly resisted internal pressure to unite the two, due to ongoing negotiations under the auspices of the OSCE Minsk Group. In his case study of Eurasia, Dov Lynch of the Institute for Security Studies of WEU believes that "Karabakh's independence allows the new Armenian state to avoid the international stigma of aggression, despite the fact that Armenian troops fought in the war between 1991–94 and continue to man the Line of Contact between Karabakh and Azerbaijan." Lynch also cites that the "strength of the Armenian armed forces, and Armenia's strategic alliance with Russia, are seen as key shields protecting the Karabakh state by the authorities in Stepanakert". Some sources consider Artsakh as functioning "de facto" as a part of Armenia.At present, the mediation process is at a standstill, with the most recent discussions in Rambouillet, France, yielding no agreement. Azerbaijan has officially requested Armenian troops to withdraw from all disputed areas of Azerbaijan outside Nagorno-Karabakh, and that all displaced persons be allowed to return to their homes before the status of Karabakh can be discussed. Armenia does not recognise Azerbaijani claims to Nagorno-Karabakh and believes the territory should have self-determination. Both the Armenian and Artsakhi governments note that the independence of Artsakh was declared around the time the Soviet Union dissolved and its members became independent. The Armenian government insists that the government of Artsakh be part of any discussions on the region's future, and rejects ceding occupied territory or allowing refugees to return before talks on the region's status.Representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, France, Russia and the United States met in Paris and in Key West, Florida, in early 2001. Despite rumours that the parties were close to a solution, the Azerbaijani authorities – both during Heydar Aliyev's period of office, and after the accession of his son Ilham Aliyev in the October 2003 elections – have firmly denied that any agreement was reached in Paris or Key West.Further talks between the Azerbaijani and Armenian presidents, Ilham Aliyev and Robert Kocharyan, were held in September 2004 in Astana, Kazakhstan, on the sidelines of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) summit. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of the occupying forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Artsakh and then holding referendums (plebiscites) in Artsakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. On 10 and 11 February 2006, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in Rambouillet, France, to discuss the fundamental principles of a settlement to the conflict. Contrary to the initial optimism, the Rambouillet talks did not produce any agreement, with key issues such as the status of Artsakh and whether Armenian troops would withdraw from Kalbajar still being contentious.Talks were held at the Polish embassy in Bucharest in June 2006. Again, American, Russian, and French diplomats attended the talks that lasted over 40 minutes. Earlier, Armenian President Kocharyan announced that he was ready to "continue dialogue with Azerbaijan for the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and with Turkey on establishing relations without any preconditions".According to Armenian foreign minister, Vardan Oskanyan, no progress was made at this latest meeting. Both presidents failed to reach a consensus on the issues from the earlier Rambouillet conference. He noted that the Kocharyan-Aliyev meeting was held in a normal atmosphere. "Nevertheless," he added, "the foreign ministers of the two countries are commissioned to continue talks over the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and try to find common points before the next meeting of the presidents."The major disagreement between both sides at the Bucharest conference was the status of Artsakh. Azerbaijan's preferred solution would be to give Artsakh the "highest status of autonomy adopted in the world". Armenia, on the other hand, endorsed a popular vote by the inhabitants of Artsakh to decide their future, a position that was also taken by the international mediators. On 27 June, the Armenian foreign minister said both parties agreed to allow the residents of Artsakh to vote regarding the future status of the region. The Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially refuted that statement. According to Azeri opposition leader Isa Gambar, however, Azerbaijan did indeed agree to the referendum. Still, nothing official has confirmed this yet.The ongoing "Prague Process" overseen by the OSCE Minsk Group was brought into sharp relief in the summer of 2006 with a series of rare public revelations seemingly designed to jump-start the stalled negotiations. After the release in June of a paper outlining its position, which had until then been carefully guarded, U.S. State Department official Matthew Bryza told Radio Free Europe that the Minsk Group favoured a referendum in Karabakh that would determine its final status. The referendum, in the view of the OSCE, should take place not in Azerbaijan as a whole, but in Artsakh only. This was a blow to Azerbaijan, and despite talk that their government might eventually seek a more sympathetic forum for future negotiations, this has not yet happened.On 10 December 2007 Azerbaijan's deputy foreign minister said Azerbaijan would be prepared to conduct anti-terrorist operations in Nagorno-Karabakh against alleged bases of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Armenian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Vladimir Karapetian previously rejected the allegations as "fabricated" and suggested the accusations of the PKK presence were a form of provocation.In 2008, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev stated that "Nagorno-Karabakh will never be independent; the position is backed by international mediators as well; Armenia has to accept the reality" and that "in 1918, Yerevan was granted to the Armenians. It was a great mistake. The khanate of Iravan was the Azeri territory, the Armenians were guests here". On the other hand, in 2009, the president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Bako Sahakyan declared that "Artsakh will never be a part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh security should never be an article of commerce either. As to other issues, we are ready to discuss them with Azerbaijan.". In 2010 president of Republic of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan in his speech in the Chatham House of the British Royal Institute of International Affairs declared that "Karabakh was never a part of independent Azerbaijan: it was annexed to Azerbaijan by a decision of the Soviet Union party body. The people of Karabakh never put up with this decision, and upon the first opportunity, seceded from the Soviet Union fully in line with the laws of the Soviet Union and the applicable international law".On 14 March 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution by a vote of 39 to 7, with 100 abstentions, reaffirming Azerbaijan's territorial integrity, expressing support for that country's internationally recognised borders and demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories there. The resolution was supported mainly by members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and GUAM, Azerbaijan is a member in both groups, as well as other nations facing breakaway regions. The resolution was opposed by all three members of the OSCE Minsk Group.On 20 May 2010, the European Parliament adopted a resolution "on the need for an EU strategy for the South Caucasus", which states that EU must pursue a strategy to promote stability, prosperity and conflict resolution in the South Caucasus. The resolution "calls on the parties to intensify their peace talk efforts for the purpose of a settlement in the coming months, to show a more constructive attitude and to abandon preferences to perpetuate the status quo created by force and with no international legitimacy, creating in this way instability and prolonging the suffering of the war-affected populations; condemns the idea of a military solution and the heavy consequences of military force already used, and calls on both parties to avoid any further breaches of the 1994 ceasefire". The resolution also calls for the withdrawal of Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan, accompanied by the deployment of international forces to be organised with respect of the UN Charter in order to provide the necessary security guarantees in a period of transition, which will ensure the security of the population of Artsakh and allow the displaced persons to return to their homes and further conflicts caused by homelessness to be prevented; and states that the EU believes that the position according to which Artsakh includes all occupied Azerbaijani lands surrounding Artsakh should rapidly be abandoned. It also notes "that an interim status for Nagorno-Karabakh could offer a solution until the final status is determined and that it could create a transitional framework for peaceful coexistence and cooperation of Armenian and Azerbaijani populations in the region."On 26 June 2010, the presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group's Co-Chair countries, France, Russia, and United States made a joint statement, reaffirming their "commitment to support the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan as they finalize the Basic Principles for the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict".During his August 2019 visit to Stepanakert, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan presented the strategic development goals set for Armenia for the next three decades. He added that he made no special provision for Nagorno-Karabakh because "Artsakh is Armenia and there is no alternative". Soon afterwards, Armenia's Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan commented on Pashinyan's statement by saying he had "nothing to add" to Pashinyan's formulation of Armenia's position in the conflict.On September 27, 2020, fighting broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Artsakh, which may have claimed thousands of lives. Azerbaijan recaptured territories, primarily in the southern part of the region. A ceasefire agreement signed on 10 November 2020 between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia declared an end to the renewed fighting, and established that Armenia would withdraw from remaining occupied territories surrounding the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast over the next month, while maintaining control over the areas of the former oblast that had not been captured during the war. The deal includes provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that he intends for the current agreement to "create the conditions for a long-term settlement".No UN member states have recognised Artsakh, although some unrecognised and partially recognized states have done so. Various sub-national governments have issued calls for recognition of Artsakh by their national governments.In 2021, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia held a trilateral meeting about Artsakh. This is expected to be the first of a regular series of meetings between the three countries, per an agreement to promote economic and infrastructure development throughout the region.The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has resulted in the displacement of 597,000 Azerbaijanis (this figure includes 230,000 children born to internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 54,000 who have returned) including Artsakh, and 220,000 Azeris, 18,000 Kurds and 3,500 Russians fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan from 1988 to 1989. The Azerbaijani government has estimated that 63% of IDPs lived below the poverty line as compared to 49% of the total population. About 154,000 lived in the capital, Baku. According to the International Organization for Migration, 40,000 IDPs lived in camps, 60,000 in dugout shelters, and 20,000 in railway cars. Forty-thousand IDPs lived in EU-funded settlements and UNHCR provided housing for another 40,000. Another 5,000 IDPs lived in abandoned or rapidly deteriorating schools. Others lived in trains, on roadsides in half-constructed buildings, or in public buildings such as tourist and health facilities. Tens of thousands lived in seven tent camps where poor water supply and sanitation caused gastrointestinal infections, tuberculosis, and malaria.The government required IDPs to register their place of residence in an attempt to better target the limited and largely inadequate national and international assistance due to the Armenian advocated and US imposed restrictions on humanitarian aid to Azerbaijan. Many IDPs were from rural areas and found it difficult to integrate into the urban labor market. Many international humanitarian agencies reduced or ceased assistance for IDPs citing increasing oil revenues of the country. The infant mortality among displaced Azerbaijani children is 3–4 times higher than in the rest of the population. The rate of stillbirth was 88.2 per 1,000 births among the internally displaced people. The majority of the displaced have lived in difficult conditions for more than 13 years.During the 2020 war President Aliyev stated he intends for refugees to return to the area. While many former cities are currently uninhabitable, the Azerbaijani government and some Azerbaijani companies have announced plans to rebuild infrastructure and invest in the newly controlled territories. The Azerbaijani military is clearing mines prior to resettlement, which may take 10–13 years.280,000 persons—virtually all ethnic Armenians who fled Azerbaijan during the 1988–1993 war over the disputed region of Artsakh—were living in refugee-like circumstances in Armenia. Some left the country, principally to Russia. Their children born in Armenia acquire citizenship automatically. Their numbers are thus subject to constant decline due to departure, and de-registration required for naturalization. Of these, about 250,000 fled Azerbaijan (areas outside Nagorno-Karabakh); approximately 30,000 came from Nagorno-Karabakh. All were registered with the government as refugees at year's end.The Artsakh Republic is mountainous, a feature which has given it its former name (from the Russian for "Mountainous/Highland Karabakh"). It is in area. The highest point in the country is Mount Kirs at . The largest water body is the Sarsang reservoir, and the major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers. The country is on a plateau which slopes downwards towards the east and southeast, with the average altitude being above sea level. Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh Valley.The climate is mild and temperate. The average temperature is , which fluctuates annually between in July and in January. The average precipitation can reach in some regions, and it is foggy for over 100 days a year. Over 2,000 kinds of plants exist in Artsakh, and more than 36% of the country is forested. The plant life on the steppes consists mostly of semi-desert vegetation, while subalpine zone and alpine tundra ecosystems can be found above the forest in the highlands and mountains.The Republic of Artsakh currently claims seven administrative divisions. When established, Artsakh established eight administrative divisions, however, after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Kashatagh Province ceased to exist, as a claim no longer exists on this territory with the per the ceasefire agreement that ended the conflict. The territory of Artsakh includes most of four districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), with the fifth district, Hadrut Province, completely under Azerbaijani control. Also claimed by Artsakh is the Shahumyan Region of the Azerbaijan SSR, which has been under Azerbaijani control since the First Nagorno-Karabakh war. While the Shahumyan Region was not part of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, representatives from Shahumyan declared independence along with the Oblast, and the proclamation of Artsakh includes the Shahumyan region within its borders.Prior to the 2020 war, the territory of Artsakh included most of the five districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), and parts of seven other former districts of the Azerbaijan SSR around the former NKAO that were under the control of Artsakhi forces.Following the Republic of Artsakh's declaration of independence, the Azerbaijani government abolished the NKAO and created Azerbaijani districts in its place. As a result, some of Artsakh's divisions corresponded with the Azerbaijani districts, while others had different borders. A comparative table of the established divisions of Artsakh and the corresponding districts of Azerbaijan follows:In 2002, the country's population was 145,000, made up of 95% Armenians and 5% others. This composition represents a sharp change from the 1979 and 1989 census, when the Azerbaijani population was 23 and 21.5 percent, respectively. In March 2007, the local government announced that its population had grown to 138,000. The annual birth rate was recorded at 2,200–2,300 per year, an increase from nearly 1,500 in 1999.OSCE report, released in March 2011, estimates the population of the "seven occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh" to be 14,000, and states "there has been no significant growth in the population since 2005." An International Crisis Group report published in December 2019 recorded the population of these territories to be 17,000, or 11.48% of the total population: 15,000 west and southwest of the former oblast, and 2000 in the Agdam District.Until 2000, the country's net migration was at a negative. For the first half of 2007, 1,010 births and 659 deaths were reported, with a net emigration of 27.According to age group: 15,700 (0–6), 25,200 (7–17) 75,800 (18–59) and 21,000 (60+)Population by province (2006):Population of the Republic of Artsakh (2000–2008)Ethnic Groups of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1926–1989) and the Republic of Artsakh (2015) according to census dataThe primary language spoken by the population 99.7% ethnic Armenian is the Armenian language, which functions as the only state language and an official language in the Republic of Artsakh.Russian is widely spoken in Arstakh and since late 2020-2021 efforts have been made in the parliament in Stepanakert to establish it as an additional official language; the official justifications for this being that Russian is already the second language of many residents, and that it "creates conditions for deepening cooperation in all spheres, and in the forseeable future will contribute to the development of relations within the legal framework." While Russian may soon get official status, Armenian will remain the only state language. The law recognises the state language as a "prevailing language in the republic" with "protection and sponsorship of the republic", and recognises the official language as that "which serves literary and scientific needs of the society", implicitly suggesting the utility of Russian in educational institutions and in science, but not necessarily in government procedures. There are some features to the variety of Russian as spoken in Arstakh, such as the use of "шпилька" in place of "прищепка" (clothespin), "пулпулак" for a waterfountain, and "финки" for sweatpants. The capital and by far largest city in Artsakh is Stepanakert (55,200 inhabitants in 2015), followed by Martuni (5,700), Martakert (4,600), Chartar (4,000), Askeran (2,300), Berdzor (1,900), Haterk (c. 1,600), Berdashen (c. 1,600), Vank (c. 1,600), Noragyugh (c. 1,500), Ivanyan (c. 1,400), Taghavard (c. 1,300), Gishi (c. 1,100), Karmir Shuka (c. 1,100), Sos (c. 1,100), Aygestan (c. 1,100) and Khnapat (c. 1,000). This list only includes towns that remain in Artsakh after the 2020 war.While the territory captured outside the former NKAO was initially treated as a potential bargaining chip, it slowly began to be seen as part of the country by both officials and the general population. The Stepanakert-based administration launched various programs aimed at bringing in permanent Armenian settlers to the depopulated lands, including into regions previously populated by Azeris, with those that bordered Armenia – Lachin and Kalbajar – being the priority. Lachin was key to a land connection between Armenia and the former NKAO, and Kalbajar had water resources utilised by both Artsakh and Armenia. Incentives in the form of free housing, access to property, social infrastructure, inexpensive or sometimes free electricity, running water, low taxes or limited tax exemptions were offered to new settlers.Azerbaijan regards this as a violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, to which Armenia became party in 1993, whereby "[t]he Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies". The ruling party of Azerbaijan accuses the Armenian side of artificially changing the demographic situation and the ethnic composition of the occupied region so that it can lay future claims to them, comparing this to the 1950s campaign of resettling diaspora Armenians in previously Azeri-populated locales in Soviet Armenia where Azeris were forcibly deported from in 1948–1950.In 1979, the total Armenian population of the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Qubadli, Zangilan, Jabrayil, Fuzuli and Agdam was around 1,400 people. An OSCE fact-finding mission established at Azerbaijan's request visited these regions in February 2005 with the intention to assess the scale of the settlement attempts. The mission's findings showed that these districts had as of 2005 an overall population of 14,000 persons, mostly living in precarious social conditions. It consisted primarily of ethnic Armenians displaced from the non-conflict zones of Azerbaijan during the war. It was noted, however, that most of them had settled in the conflict zone after having lived in Armenia for several years and some held Armenian passports and even voted in Armenian elections. A smaller segment of the settlers was originally from the towns of Gyumri and Spitak in Armenia who had lived in temporary shelters following the devastating 1988 earthquake before moving to Karabakh, as well as a small number of natives of Yerevan who moved there for financial reasons. A field assessment mission revisited the region in October 2010, confirming that there had not been much growth in population or change in the living conditions of the settlers. The Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group who visited Nagorno-Karabakh, Kalbajar and Lachin in 2014 reported seeing signs of improvements in the infrastructure but could not observe any indications that the size of the population had changed in recent years.By June 2015, an estimated 17,000 of Syria's once 80,000-strong Armenian population had fled the civil war and sought refuge in Armenia. David Babayan, spokesperson of the Artsakh leader Bako Sahakyan, confirmed that some of those refugees had been resettled in Artsakh. "The Economist" put the number of the resettled families at 30 as of June 2017. In December 2014, Armenian media cited local municipal authorities in stating that dozens of Syrian Armenian families had been resettled in the disputed zone, in particular in the city of Lachin and the village of Xanlıq in Qubadli. Azerbaijan's Minister of Foreign Affairs Elmar Mammadyarov expressed his concern over Armenia's attempts to change the demographic situation in the region and informed of his intention to raise this issue with the Minsk Group.In February 2019, Armenia's National Security Service director Artur Vanetsyan visited Nagorno-Karabakh amid public concern about Nikol Pashinyan's government alleged readiness to cede some of the Armenian-controlled territories as part of a peace settlement. Vanetsyan pointed out that settling Armenians and investing into infrastructural projects along the Iranian border, in the previously Azeri-populated regions outside of the former autonomous province, was "a clear message" to the international community that there would be no territorial concessions. He referred to the ongoing settlement efforts as a method of "guaranteeing security". Azerbaijan's Foreign Ministry reacted by qualifying Vanetsyan's statement as an "attempt to undermine the peace talks and defy the work of the mediators" and vowed to address the issue to the UN and the OSCE.The ceasefire ending the 2020 war stipulated that these territories were to be turned over to Azerbaijani control. Armenian settlers in these areas evacuated prior to the arrival of Azerbaijani forces.Most of the Armenian population in Artsakh is Christian and belongs to the Armenian Apostolic Church which is an Oriental Orthodox Church.Certain Eastern Orthodox and Evangelical denominations also exist. However, military authorities prohibited any Christian sect activity in Artsakh, for the reason that they would preach pacifism among the population.As a result of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan retook control over territories containing several important Armenian monasteries and churches, such as the monasteries of Dadivank, Tzitzernavank, Gtichavank, and the Ghazanchetsots Cathedral, as well as the churches of Kanach Zham and .The socio-economic situation of the Republic of Artsakh was greatly affected by the 1991–1994 conflict. Yet, foreign investments began to come. The origin of most venture capital comes from Armenians in Armenia, Russia, United States, France, Australia, Iran, and the Middle East.Notably the telecommunications sector was developed with Karabakh Telecom investing millions of dollars in mobile telephony, spearheaded by a Lebanese company.Copper and gold mining has been advancing since 2002 with development and launch of operations at Drmbon deposit. Approximately 27–28 thousand tons (wet weight) of concentrates are produced with average copper content of 19–21% and gold content of 32–34 g/t. Azerbaijan considers any mining operations in Nagorno-Karabakh illegal and has vowed to engage an international audit company to determine the damages suffered by Azerbaijan's state-run ore management company as a result. In 2018, the government of Azerbaijan announced that it was planning to appeal to an international court and the law enforcement agencies of the countries where the mining companies involved are registered.The banking system is administered by Artsakhbank (a Yerevan-based Armenian bank fulfilling the functions of the state bank of Nagorno-Karabakh) and a number of other Armenian banks. The republic uses the Armenian dram.Wine growing and processing of agricultural products, particularly wine (i.e., storage of wine, wine stuffs, cognac alcohol) is one of the prioritized directions of the economic development.Prior to the 2020 war, the republic developed a tourist industry geared to Armenia and the Armenian diaspora. The republic showed a major increase in tourists over the last several years because of Artsakh's many cultural sights. Before the 2020 war there were nine hotels in Stepanakert. The Artsakh development agency says 4,000 tourists visited Artsakh in 2005. The figures rose to 8,000 in 2010 (excluding visitors from Armenia). The agency cooperated with the Armenia Tourism Development Agency (ATDA) as Armenia is the only way tourists (mainly Armenians) can access Artsakh. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Artsakh reported continuous expansion of visitors' geography. Tourist infrastructure was developed around sites such as monasteries that showcase the Armenian history in the region, with Islamic sites rarely restored, while some ghost cities and areas near the front line were off limit to tourists.The Tourism Development Agency of Artsakh was established in Yerevan as a non-governmental organisation in the Republic of Armenia to promote tourism further in Artsakh. It makes preparations for tour operators, travel agencies and journalists covering the region, and arranges for hotel services, shopping, catering, recreation centers.Tourist attractions included:Other tourist attractions included:Janapar Trail is a marked trail, through mountains, valleys, and villages of Artsakh, with monasteries and fortresses along the way. It's not hikable since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The trail was broken into day hikes, which brought tourists to a different village each night. The paths have existed for centuries but now are marked specifically for hikers. The Himnakan Janapar (backbone trail), marked in 2007, leads from the northwest region of Shahumian to the southern town of Hadrut, now under Azerbaijani control. Side trails and mini trails take one to additional parts of Artsakh. The important sites passed along this hike include Dadivank Monastery, Gandzasar monastery, Shusha, the Karkar Canyon with its high cliffs, Zontik Waterfall, and the ruins of Hunot and Gtichavank monastery.One of the noteworthy side trails is the Gtichavank Loop Trail. This loop starts from Tugh Village, now under Azerbaijani control.The cost of staying in Artsakh is relatively cheap in comparison with the rest of the region and varies approximately between 25 – US$70 for a single person as of May 2017.However, those who travelled to Artsakh without the Azerbaijani government's prior consent and permission will be denied entry to Azerbaijan since the country considers Artsakh their territory unlawfully occupied by the Armenian army. The Azerbaijani government also keeps and publishes online a list of foreign nationals who visited these occupied areas without prior approval. In late 2017, the list contained 699 names with additional details (date, country, profession, purpose of visit). The earliest entry recorded a visit to Artsakh that occurred on an unspecified date sometime between 1993 and 1996. The list includes many journalists and members of parliaments of foreign countries.Before the 2020 war, the Artsakh Wine Fest took place annually in Togh since 2014. The festival was held on the third Saturday of each September.The festival was initiated by the Department of Tourism and Protection of Historical Places of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Youth Affairs of the Republic of Artsakh and was aimed to develop tourism in Artsakh. It was meant to restore Artsakh winemaking traditions. The festival provided a platform to the winemakers of Artsakh and Armenia giving them an opportunity to sell their products, exchange knowledge, promote their wine etc. The annual festival's program included grape stomping, tasting of traditional Artsakh cuisine, an exhibition of artworks, an exhibition of ancient artefacts that belonged to the Melik Yegan's Palace, as well as an exhibition and sale of local wine, where one could find products from 5 different regions of Artsakh and Armenia. Traditionally, the festival was accompanied by Armenian national singing and dancing. The festival evolved into a national holiday.The transportation system had been damaged by the 1991–1994 conflict, but was noticeably improved before the 2020 war: the North–South Artsakh motorway alone largely facilitated the development of the transportation system.Before the 2020 war, the Hadrut-Stepanakert-Askeran-Martakert motorway, the locals said, was the lifeline of Artsakh, and $25 million donated during the Hayastan All-Armenian Foundation telethons was allotted for the construction of the road.Stepanakert Airport, the sole civilian airport of the Republic of Artsakh, located about east of the capital, has been closed since the onset of the war in 1990. However, the government was pressing ahead with plans to reopen the airport , and raised about 1 billion drams ($2.8 million) for its reconstruction from unspecified "charitable sources". It began building a new airport terminal and repairing the runway in late 2009. In any case, its unresolved status makes direct air communication with other countries all but impossible according to IATA conventions.Though originally scheduled to launch the first commercial flights on 9 May 2011, Artsakh officials postponed a new reopening date throughout the whole of 2011. In May 2012, the director of the Artsakh Civil Aviation Administration, Tigran Gabrielyan, announced that the airport would begin operations in mid-2012. However the airport still remains closed due to security reasons, as Azerbaijan has threatened to shoot down planes using the airport.A new route from the Armenian capital Yerevan to Stepanakert was planned to bypass the 8–9 hours drive via the Lachin corridor. It was opened in September 2017. A third road was planned in 2019. Following the 2020 war, a new road will be built along the Lachin corridor to bypass Shusha.Authorities in the USSR opened a railway line in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in 1944. It line connected the capital, Stepanakert, and Yevlax in Azerbaijan. It was built to Russian standard gauge of 1520mm. Due to the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, the line the railway was badly damaged and the line was closed.Education in Artsakh is compulsory, and is free up to the age of 18. The education system is inherited from the old system of the Soviet Union.Artsakh's school system was severely damaged because of the 1991–1994 conflict. But the government of the Republic of Artsakh with considerable aid from the Republic of Armenia and with donations from the Armenian diaspora, rebuilt many of the schools. Prior to the 2020 war, Artsakh had around 250 schools of various sizes, with more than 200 lying in the regions. The student population was estimated at more than 20,000, with almost half in the capital city of Stepanakert.Artsakh State University was founded by Artsakh and Armenian governments' joint efforts, with main campus in Stepanakert. The university opening ceremony took place on 10 May 1992.Yerevan University of Management also opened a branch in Stepanakert."We Are Our Mountains" () by Sargis Baghdasaryan is a monument located in Stepanakert. The sculpture is widely regarded as a symbol of the "de facto" independent Republic of Artsakh. It is a large monument from tuff of an old Armenian man and woman hewn from rock, representing the mountain people of Artsakh. It is also known as "Tatik yev Papik" (Տատիկ և Պապիկ) in Armenian. The sculpture is featured prominently on Artsakh's coat of arms.Artsakh State Museum is the historical museum of the Republic of Artsakh. Located at 4 Sasunstsi David Street, in Stepanakert, the museum offers an assortment of ancient artifacts and Christian manuscripts. There are also more recent items, ranging in date from the 19th century to World War II and from events of the Karabakh Independence War.Artsakh has its own brand of popular music. As Artsakh question became a pan-Armenian question, Artsakh music was further promoted worldwide.Many nationalist songs, performed by Artsakhi artists, as well as artists from Republic of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora, show support for the Artsakh independence movement; videos for the songs, incorporate footage of Artsakhi military campaigns. These videos are posted to sites such as YouTube, where they often generate conflicting nationalist Armenian and Azerbaijani comments."Azat Artsakh" is the official newspaper of the Republic of Artsakh.Sports in the Republic of Artsakh are organised by the Artsakh Ministry of Culture and Youth. Due to the non-recognition of Artsakh, sports teams from the country cannot compete in most international tournaments.Football is the most popular sport in Artsakh. Stepanakert has a well-built football stadium. Since the mid-1990s, football teams from Artsakh started taking part in some domestic competitions in Armenia. Lernayin Artsakh FC represents the city of Stepanakert. In Artsakh, domestic football clubs play in the Artsakh Football League. The Artsakh football league was launched in 2009. The Artsakh national football team was formed in 2012 and played their first competitive match against the Abkhazia national football team in Sokhumi, a match that ended with a result of 1–1 draw. The return match between the unrecognized teams took place at the Stepanakert Stadium, on 21 October 2012, when the team from Artsakh defeated the Abkhazian team 3–0.There is also interest in other sports, including basketball and volleyball. Sailing is practised in the town of Martakert.Artsakh sports teams and athletes also participate in the Pan-Armenian Games organised in Armenia. | [
"Arkadi Ghukasyan",
"Leonard Petrosyan",
"Bako Sahakyan",
"Robert Kocharyan"
] | |
Which team did Luís Manuel Ferreira Delgado play for in Mar, 2000? | March 16, 2000 | {
"text": [
"Angola national football team"
]
} | L2_Q1342923_P54_0 | Luís Manuel Ferreira Delgado plays for FC Metz from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Luís Manuel Ferreira Delgado plays for Atlético Petróleos Luanda from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Luís Manuel Ferreira Delgado plays for Angola national football team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2008.
Luís Manuel Ferreira Delgado plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. | Luís DelgadoLuís Manuel Ferreira Delgado (born 1 November 1979 in Luanda), is a retired Angolan professional footballer who played mainly as a left defender.Delgado began his career with Petro Atletico and joined later to rivals Primeiro de Agosto the best two major football teams in Angolan Championship Girabola. After good performances in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Delgado transferred to French club FC Metz. As result of the promotion of FC Metz to the French Ligue 1, Delgado became the first Angolan football player to play for a team in the top tier of the French football.On June 5, 2009, the Angola international left-back signed a two-year contract with En Avant de Guingamp on a free transfer.Delgado has represented Angola in 2 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and was called up to the 2006 World Cup. | [
"Atlético Petróleos Luanda",
"FC Metz",
"En Avant de Guingamp"
] |
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