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In an ongoing project on natural language processing for Swedish, Koala, we are investigating the possibilities of combining different levels of annotation so as to improve overall quality of automatic processing. As part of this, we are constructing a manually annotated reference corpus, Eukalyptus, with annotation of... | 0 |
Generative language models are applicable for a wide variety of tasks including writing articles, composing Shakespearean sonnets, and engaging in conversation (Radford et al., 2019; Fan et al., 2018) . This work examines decoding methods, a critical component in language models used in open-ended generative tasks wher... | 0 |
Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR; Banarescu et al. 2013) is a semantic graph representation that abstracts away from the syntactic realization of a sentence, where nodes in the graph represent concepts and edges represent semantic relations between them. AMRs are graphs, rather than trees, because co-references and... | 0 |
Spoken dialogue systems are presently available for many purposes, such as, Airline Travel Information System (ATIS) project in the early 1990s (Price, 1990) , customer service (Gorin et al., 1997) , weather inquiry system (Zue et al., 2000) , campus navigation system (Zhang et al., 2004) , bus schedules and route guid... | 0 |
Since the Penn Discourse Treebank of version 2.0 (PDTB) was released in 2008 (Prasad et al., 2008) , there is a significant amount of research has been carried out on discourse-level relation recognition * Corresponding author between a variety of text spans (namely, argumentargument relations). From a perspective of i... | 0 |
Multiple choice questions (MCQs) have been proved efficient to judge students' knowledge. Manual construction of such questions, however, is a time-consuming and labour-intensive task. Cloze questions (CQs) are fill-in-the-blank questions, where a sentence is given with one or more blanks in it with four alternatives t... | 0 |
Recent work with Indigenous persons has shown that some want advanced technologies to support the learning and use of their languages. The Cree and Métis persons involved in this study stated a desire for technologies such as an app to help with learning the structure of the language for conversation, translation, and ... | 0 |
Sentence retrieval is the task of retrieving a relevant sentence in response to a user's query. Tasks such as question answering, novelty detection and summarization often incorporate a sentence retrieval module. In previous work we examined sentence retrieval for question answering (Murdock and Croft, 2004) . This inv... | 0 |
Reasoning with numbers is an important skill that occurs in various day-to-day scenarios and not surprisingly, numbers are ubiquitous in textual data. To train AI reasoning systems that can perform simple mathematical reasoning, many tasks have been proposed (Dua et al., 2019b; Ravichander et al., 2019; Koncel-Kedziors... | 0 |
Ambiguities are ubiquitous in natural language. They pose a key challenge for the automatic interpretation of natural language expressions and have been recognized as a central issue in question answering (e.g. in (Burger et al., 2001) ). In general, ambiguities comprise all cases in which natural language expressions ... | 0 |
Lemma: illustrate Target MSDs: V;V.PTCP;PRS Target form: illustrating given the lemma illustrate, we are asked to generate the present participle form illustrating.We address the problem of inflection task: given a lemma (e.g. the dictionary form of a word) and the target form's morphosyntactic descriptions (MSD), gene... | 0 |
Pretrained language models (PLMs) like BERT , GPT-2 (Radford et al., 2019) and RoBERTa have emerged as universal tools that not only capture a diverse range of linguistic, but also (as recent evidence seems to suggest) factual knowledge. Petroni et al. (2019) introduced LAMA (LAnguage Model Analysis) to test BERT's per... | 0 |
In recent years, community-based question answering (CQA) sites like StackOverflow 1 , Quora 2 and Yahoo!Answers 3 , have achieved great success and attracted a huge number of users. It is not uncommon that some people in the CQA services share the same user names. c) show three lists of user names from three different... | 0 |
With the growing volume of online news from both traditional news media and social media, large amounts of texts are being created every day. These text data contain information about events happening around the world. For social science and policy making, the event information in these texts can be extremely valuable.... | 0 |
Distributional methods of embedding words in vector spaces according to their co-occurrence statistics are a promising new tool for diachronic semantics (Gulordava and Baroni, 2011; Jatowt and Duh, 2014; Kulkarni et al., 2014; Xu and Kemp, 2015; Hamilton et al., 2016) . Previous work, however, does not consider the und... | 0 |
With so many people using social media and microblogs such as Twitter, a huge amount of natural language data is available to be analysed. It is desirable to be able to accurately interpret what people are saying. An example of this is in the field of sentiment analysis where the aim is to determine whether the languag... | 0 |
This paper gives a sketch of the GREYC translation system that participated in the IWSLT 2009 evaluation campaign.The system participated in all read speech tasks, i.e., the three BTEC tasks with the following source languages: Arabic, Chinese, Turkish, and English as the unique target language.The following section, S... | 0 |
Statistical topic models such as latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) (Blei et al., 2003) provide a powerful framework for representing and summarizing the contents of large document collections. In our experience, however, the primary obstacle to acceptance of statistical topic models by users the outside machine learnin... | 0 |
There is a wide consensus about that Named Entity Recognition and Classification (NERC) are Natural Language Processing tasks which may improve the performance of many applications, such as Information Extraction, Machine Translation, Question Answering, Topic Detection and Tracking, etc. Thus, interest on detecting an... | 0 |
With the rapid development of Internet with Chinese language, word segmentation received extensive attention. In-vocabulary word segmentation and named entity recognition have achieved state-of-art performance. Chinese words are actually not well defined, and there is not a commonly accepted segmentation lexicon. It is... | 0 |
This paper introduces the parallel Chinese-English Entities, Relations and Events (ERE) corpora developed at the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) as a part of DARPA's Deep Exploration and Filtering of Text (DEFT) program. The DEFT program seeks to improve state-of-the-art capabilities in automated deep natural language... | 0 |
System combination aims to find consensus translations among different machine translation systems. It proves that such consensus translations are usually better than the output of individual systems (Frederking and Nirenburg, 1994) .Recent several years have witnessed the rapid development of system combination method... | 0 |
Malgré l'avancée spectaculaire des systèmes de traduction stochastiques (cf. Ney, 2005) , de nombreux chercheurs dans le domaine de la traduction automatique considèrent qu'une variante du modèle de transfert basé sur des règles linguistiques constitue encore pour l'heure l'approche la plus satisfaisante au problème de... | 0 |
Computational representations for natural language syntax are borne of competing design considerations. When designing such representations, there may be a tradeoff between parsimony and expressiveness. A range of linguistic theories attract support due to differing purposes and aesthetic principles (Chomsky, 1957; Tes... | 0 |
Since 86, the TRILAN 1 team has taken an active interest in detection and correction of errors in French written texts. First centered on lexical errors (Courtin, 89) , research work has since turned towards syntactic errors. Latter 1TRILAN : TRaitement Informatique de la LAngue Naturelle (Computational Treatment of Na... | 0 |
Question answering from semi-structured tables is usually seen as a semantic parsing task where the question is translated to a logical form that can be executed against the table to retrieve the correct denotation (Pasupat and Liang, 2015; Zhong et al., 2017; Agarwal et al., 2019) . Semantic parsers rely on supervised... | 0 |
Recently, large pre-trained language models (PLMs) (Devlin et al., 2019; Raffel et al., 2019; have been widely used on various commonsense QA tasks such as CommonsenseQA (Malaviya et al., 2020) , SocialIQA (Sap et al., 2019b) , and Mostafazadeh et al. (2016) ; Huang et al. (2019) ; Boratko et al. (2020) ; Levesque et a... | 0 |
Data mining can be defined as the process of finding new and potentially useful knowledge from data. An enhanced trend of data mining is chance discovery, which in spite of being an emergent field of research has been applied to different branches of science. Recently, data crystallization (Ohsawa, 2005) has been propo... | 0 |
Patronizing and Condescending Language (PCL) is characterized by expressions that reveal a sense of compassion or superiority toward others. Research suggests that PCL can perpetuate-and even veil-discrimination toward vulnerable groups (Ng, 2007) . To make matters worse, its presence is often more subtle than other of... | 0 |
Machine Translation (MT) has been championed as an effective technology for knowledge transfer from English to languages with less digital content. An example of such efforts is the automatic translation of English Wikipedia to languages with smaller collections. However, MT quality is still far from ideal for many of ... | 0 |
At the present time, the Spoken Language Systems Lab (L 2 F) integrates a project in the "House of the Future" at the Portuguese Communications Foundation. The house has a spoken dialogue system (Mourão et al., 2004) based on TRIPS architecture (Allen et al., 2005) where a virtual butler named "Ambrósio" helps the user... | 0 |
In the current scenario, social media serves as the biggest platform for people to express their opinion and share information. Many organizations use this data to understand the choices of people and amend their policies accordingly. On these platforms, people often express their opinion sarcastically which is inheren... | 0 |
Les approches habituelles en recherche d'information dans les documents audio (RIDA) associent un système de reconnaissance automatique de la parole (SRAP) et des techniques de recherche d'information (RI) . Un des enjeux majeurs de cette approche est l'impact des erreurs de reconnaissance sur les performances du systè... | 0 |
With the rapid growth of social media video platforms such as Youtube, Vimeo, users now tend to upload videos on these platforms. Such video platforms offer users an opportunity to express their opinions on any topic. Videos usually consist of audio and visual modalities, and thus can be considered as a source of multi... | 0 |
Patents are an important tool for the protection of intellectual property and also play a significant role in business strategies in modern economies. Patent translation is an enabling technique for patent prior art search which aims to detect a patent's novelty and thus needs to be cross-lingual for a multitude of lan... | 0 |
Ambiguity of grammatical role is a problem when parsing a number of natural languages. In German, subject-object ambiguities are frequent. The sentence "Die Maus jagt die Katze" "the -mousechases -the -cat" exhibits such an ambiguity. Because word order is freer in German than in English, the sentence has two possible ... | 0 |
Modality and negation are two grammatical phenomena that have been studied for a long time. Aristotle was the initial main contributor to the analysis of negation from a philosophical perspective. Since then, thousands of studies have been performed, as illustrated by the Basic Bibliography of Negation in Natural Langu... | 0 |
Recently, along with the growing amount of available textual data, interest in unsupervised natural language processing (NLP) boosts, too.Especially companies gradually discover its value for market research, competitor analysis and quality assurance to name just a few. During the last decades, language resources were ... | 0 |
It is commonly accepted that we understand discourse so well because we know so rauch [5] . Hobbs identifies two central research problems in understanding how people interpret discourse. We must characterise: (1) the knowledge that people have, and (2) the processes they use to deploy that knowledge. This includes spe... | 0 |
End-to-End Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (E2E-ABSA) aims to jointly detect the aspect terms explicitly mentioned in sentences and predict the sentiment polarities over them (Liu, 2012; Pontiki et al., 2014) . For example, in the sentence "The AMD Turin Processor seems to always perform much better than Intel", the us... | 0 |
Digitized historical literature is an essential resource in facilitating historical and social research. Information extraction, the task of automatically extracting structured information from digitized documents, has emerged as a method to scale the analysis of texts and allow the integration of information from diff... | 0 |
This work examines deep lexical acquisition (DLA) of count classifiers in Malay. 1 DLA is the process of (semi-)automatically learning linguistic structures for use in linguistically-rich language resources such as precision grammars or wordnets (Baldwin, 2007) . Malay is a significant target for DLA in that relatively... | 0 |
As an important component of human intelligence, emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to perceive, integrate, understand and regulate emotions (Mayer et al., 2008) . Emotion is the essential difference between human and machine, so emotion understanding is an important research direction of artificial intel... | 0 |
Segmentation is the task of splitting up an item, such as a document, into a sequence of segments by placing boundaries within. The purpose of segmenting can vary greatly, but one common objective is to denote shifts in the topic of a text, where multiple boundary types can also be present (e.g., major versus minor top... | 0 |
The vision-and-language navigation (VLN) task, learning to navigate in visual environments based on natural language instructions, has attracted interest throughout the artificial intelligence research community (Hemachandra et al., 2015; Anderson et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019; Savva et al., 2019) . It fosters resear... | 0 |
Recently, a number of automatic techniques for aligning sentences in parallel bilingual corpora have been proposed (Kay & RSscheisen 1988; Catizone e~ al. 1989; Gale & Church 1991; Brown et al. 1991; Chen 1993) , and coarser approaches when sentences are difficult to identify have also been advanced (Church 1993; Dagan... | 0 |
In machine learning for natural language processing, many diverse tasks somehow involve processing of sequentially-structured data. For example, syntactic chunking, grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, and named-entity recognition are all usually reformulated as sequence labelling tasks: a task-specific global unit, such as... | 0 |
With recent advances in pre-trained language models (Peters et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2019; He et al., 2020) , the field of natural language processing has seen improvements in a wide range of tasks and applications. Having acquired general-purpose knowledge from large amounts of unlabelled data, such methods have b... | 0 |
In this paper we investigate how to train monolingual parsers in the situation where several treebanks are available for a single language. This is quite a common occurrence; in release 2.1 of the Universal Dependencies (UD) treebanks (Nivre et al., 2017) , 25 languages have more than one treebank. These treebanks can ... | 0 |
Electronic full-text documents and digital libraries make the utilization of texts much more effective than before; yet, they pose new problems and requirements. For example, document retrieval based on string searches typically returns either the whole document or just the occurrences of the searched words. What the u... | 0 |
Natural Language Processing (NLP) research has advanced considerably in recent years, developing reliable predictors for argumentation (Mirkin et al., 2018; Lippi and Torroni, 2016; Aharoni et al., 2014; Biran and Rambow, 2011a; Carlile et al., 2018; Habernal et al., 2014; Park and Cardie, 2018; Stab and Gurevych, 2014... | 0 |
The task of identifying the appropriate sense from some target language (here, Hindi and Telugu) for a given simple preposition in some source language (here, English) is rather complex for an MT system, and noting that most foreign language learners are never able to get a firm hold on prepositions of a new language (... | 0 |
To successfully curate data resulting from translation projects so that they can be more widely exchanged and leveraged beyond that project, the issue of managing the ownership of different aspects of this data and controlling the uses to which they can be put must be addressed. The intellectual property rights associa... | 0 |
Most modern approaches to NLP tasks rely on supervised learning algorithms to learn and generalize from labeled training data. While this has proven successful in high-resource scenarios, this is not realistic in many cases, such as low-resource languages, as the required amount of training data just doesn't exist. How... | 0 |
The focus tasks of this paper are two related problems in lexical ambiguity resolution: Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) and Context-Sensitive Spelling Correction (CSSC).Word Sense Disambiguation has a long history as a computational task (Kelly and Stone, 1975) , and the field has recently supported large-scale interna... | 0 |
A relatively new device for translation systems are small portable devices like cell phones, PDAs and handheld game consoles. The idea here is to have a lightweight and convenient translation device e.g. for tourists that can be easily carried. Other applications include medical, relief, and military scenarios.Preferab... | 0 |
In order to survive the competition with a global English in various technology-associated domains, the Icelandic language, spoken by 350,000 people, must meet the challenges brought on by developments in Language Technology. Although it is not yet considered to be in imminent danger (Rögnvaldsson et al., 2012b) , a nu... | 0 |
A common feature of on-line news sites is reader comment -a facility whereby readers of a news story can engage in conversation with each other, discussing aspects of or reactions to a news story. Often, news stories attract hundreds or even thousands of reader comments within a relatively short period of time. The pro... | 0 |
Question answering (QA) has emerged as a practical research problem for pushing the boundaries of artificial intelligence (AI). Dedicated projects and open challenges to the research community include examples such as Facebook AI Research's challenge problems for AI-complete QA (Weston et al., 2015) and the Allen Insti... | 0 |
In this paper, we explore what we call "paradigm shape," 1 which is a type of morphological structure characterized by the implicative relations holding among inflected forms. This structure reflects the predictable, patterned ways in which stem alternants and even fully suppletive allomorphs occur in parallel paradigm... | 0 |
Document summarization aims to automatically rewrite a document into a shorter version while retaining its most important content. Of the many summarization paradigms that have been identified over the years (see Mani 2001 and Nenkova and McKeown 2011 for comprehensive overviews), two have consistently attracted attent... | 0 |
As technology adoption increases, products need to support ever more language varieties (ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission, 2017). For example, there is a clear need for spell-checking and keyboards in hundreds or even thousands of language varieties. These applications typically require a language model, as do more adva... | 0 |
Machine translation (MT) systems have different strengths and weaknesses which can be exploited by system combination methods resulting in an output with a better performance than any individual MT system output as measured by automatic evaluation metrics. Confusion network decoding has become the most popular approach... | 0 |
Entity linking (EL) is the task of grounding entity mentions by linking them to entries in a given database or dictionary of entities. Traditional EL approaches often assume that entities linked at the test time are present in the training set. Nevertheless, many real-world applications prefer the zeroshot setting, whe... | 0 |
Recently, the need for Chinese natural language processing (NLP) has a dramatic increase for many downstream applications. There are four basic tasks for Chinese NLP: Chinese word segmentation (CWS), Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging, named entity recognition (NER), and dependency parsing. CWS is a character-level task whil... | 0 |
Annotated corpora are sets of structured text used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) that contain supplemental knowledge, such as tagged parts-of-speech, semantic concepts assigned to phrases, or semantic relationships between these concepts. Machine Learning (ML) is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence that studie... | 0 |
VVhen words have multiple senses, these may have very different frequencies. For example, the first two senses of the noun diet given in WordNet are: O 1. (a prescribed selection of foods) => fare -(the food and drink that are regularly consumed)2. => legislature, legislative assembly, general assembly, law-makers ]k|o... | 0 |
Bilingual word embeddings (BWE) represent the vocabulary of two languages in one common continuous vector space. They are known to be useful in a wide range of cross-lingual NLP tasks.The most prevalent methods for training BWE are so-called mapping methods (Mikolov et al., 2013a) : word embeddings for two languages ar... | 0 |
Some constraint-based grammar formalisms incorporate both syntactic and semantic representations within the same structure. For instance, Figure 1 shows representations of typed feature structures (TFSs) for Kim, sleeps and the phrase Kim sleeps, in an HPSG-like representation, loosely based on Sag and Wasow (1999) . T... | 0 |
Autonomous agents such as household robots need to interact with the physical world in multiple modalities. As an example, in vision-and-language navigation (VLN) (Anderson et al., 2018) , the agent moves around in a photo-realistic simulated environment (Chang et al., 2017) by following a sequence of natural language ... | 0 |
The task of automatic multi-document summarization is to convert source documents into a condensed text containing the most important information. In particular, the question of evaluation is notably difficult due to the inherent lack of gold standard.The evaluation can be done manually by involving humans in the proce... | 0 |
With the dramatic growth of the Internet, people are overwhelmed by a large number of accessible documents. In recent years, document summarization has become one of the most important research topics, which aims to address such dilemma by automatically capturing the essential content from document(s) and presenting it... | 0 |
Non-factoid questions, unlike factoid questions answered by short facts like a word or a phrase, may get answered by a long answer spanning across multiple sentences. Following the definition in (Guo et al., 2019) , neural approaches for this task can be roughly categorized into representationand interaction-focused ap... | 0 |
Metaphor, the partial framing of one concept in terms of another, pervades human language and thought (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1993) . A variety of computational approaches to metaphorical language have been developed, e.g., (Martin, 1990; Fass, 1991; Gedigian et al., 2006; Krishnakumaran and Zhu, 2007) . How... | 0 |
The standard methodology for analyzing crowdsourced data in NLP is based on majority voting (selecting the label chosen by the majority of coders) and inter-annotator coefficients of agreement, such as Cohen's κ (Artstein and Poesio, 2008) . However, aggregation by majority vote implicitly assumes equal expertise among... | 0 |
Current research in summarization focuses on processing short articles, primarily in the news domain. While in practice the existing summarization methods are not limited to this material, they are not universal: texts in many domains and genres cannot be summarized using these techniques. A particularly significant ch... | 0 |
Most work on anaphor resolution apply syntactic constraints (c-command, gender and number agreement, etc) to select for human English), pronominal (Brazilian protection).the appropriate anaphoric referent. However, these constraints are not suitable for possessive pronominal anaphor (PPA) resolution in Portuguese, whic... | 0 |
Spelling correction has become a very common technology and is often not perceived as a problem where progress can be made. However, conventional spelling checkers, such as Unix spell, are concerned only with spelling errors that result in words that cannot be found in a word list of a given language. One analysis has ... | 0 |
Dependency parsing describes syntactic structure of a sentence in terms of links between individual words rather than constituency trees. The fundamental relation in dependency parsing is between head and dependent. Robinson [1] formulates four axioms to the well-formed dependency structures, known as single headed, ac... | 0 |
Sub-word segmentation is currently a standard tool for machine translation systems (see e.g. the systems submitted to WMT and IWSLT evaluations Niehues et al., 2019) , as well as systems for a wide variety of NLP tasks (see e.g. Devlin et al. (2018) and derived works). The goal * Now at Google. is to split words (both ... | 0 |
Text classification tasks in real-world applications often consists of 2 components-In-Doman (ID) classification and Out-of-Domain (OOD) detection components Kim and Kim, 2018; Shu et al., 2017; Shamekhi et al., 2018) . ID classification refers to classifying a user's input with a label that exists in the training data... | 0 |
Conducting applied spoken language interface research is generally a costly endeavor. Developing, deploying and maintaining real-world spoken language interfaces requires an existing infrastructure, a significant amount of engineering effort, and can greatly benefit from the availability of certain resources such as tr... | 0 |
Collocation is a lexical phenomenon in which two or more words are habitually combined and commonly used in a language to express certain semantic meaning. For example, in Chinese, people will say 历史-包袱 (historical baggage) rather than 历 史 -行李 (historical luggage) even though 包袱 (baggage) and 行 李 (luggage) are synonymo... | 0 |
One of the advantages of natural language generation is the possibility of producing multilingual texts, e.g. for describing the same data in multiple languages that are familiar to different user groups. Within the extensive literature on NLG, however, relatively few systems have dealt with the problem of multilingual... | 0 |
Entity Matching (EM) aims at identifying whether two records from different sources refer to the same real-world entity. This is a fundamental research task in knowledge graph integration (Dong et al., 2014; Daniel et al., 2020; Christophides et al., 2015; Christen, 2012 ) and text mining (Zhao et al., 2014) . In real ... | 0 |
Short Answer Extraction refers to a set of information retrieval techniques that retrieve a short answer to a question from a sentence. For example, if we have the following question and answer sentence(1) Q: Who was the first president of the United States? A: George Washington was the first president of the United St... | 0 |
Robustness has always been a desirable property for natural language parsers: humans generate a variety of noisy outputs, such as ungrammatical webpages, speech disfluencies, and the text in language learner's essays. Such non-canonical text contains grammatical errors such as substitutions, insertions, and deletions. ... | 0 |
Sentiment Analysis (SA) is the task of prediction of opinion in text. Sentiment classification deals with tagging text as positive, negative or neutral from the perspective of the speaker/writer with respect to a topic. In this work, we follow the definition of Pang et al. (2002) & Turney (2002) and consider a binary c... | 0 |
The generation of referring expressions-the process of determining how best to describe an object in order to enable the hearer to identify it-is a widely explored topic in natural language generation research. We expect the first practical applications of the algorithms developed in this area to be those where the loc... | 0 |
Recently, statistical language models have attracted much attention in the information retrieval community due to their solid theoretical background as well as their success in a variety of retrieval tasks (Ponte and Croft, 1998; Zhai and Lafferty, 2001b) . Queries and documents are assumed to be sampled from hidden ge... | 0 |
In this paper we describe the system we developed at the LMU Munich Center for Information and Language Processing, which we used to participate in the unsupervised track of the news translation task at WMT19. The system builds on our last year's submission to the unsupervised shared task (Stojanovski et al., 2018) and... | 0 |
Word-for-word glossing is the process of directly translating each word or term in a document without considering the word order. Automating this process would benefit many NLP applications. For example, in crosslanguage information retrieval, glossing a document often provides a sufficient translation for humans to co... | 0 |
In recent times, the field of relation extraction has received significant research attention due to its importance in information retrieval (Culotta and Sorensen, 2004; Mintz et al., 2009; Banko et al., 2007; Etzioni et al., 2011) . The key task in relation extraction is to recognise the semantic relation that exist b... | 0 |
Evaluating the relevance of learner essays with respect to the assigned prompt is an important part of automated writing assessment (Higgins et al., 2006; Briscoe et al., 2010) . Students with limited relevant vocabulary may attempt to shift the topic of the essay in a more familiar direction, which grammatical error d... | 0 |
Biological pathways encode sequences of biological reactions, such as phosphorylation, activations etc, involving various biological species, such as genes, proteins etc., in response to certain stimuli or spontaneous at times (Aldridge et al., 2006; Kitano, 2002) . Studying and analyzing pathways is crucial to underst... | 0 |
Some natural language processing (NLP) tasks can be performed with only coarse-grained semantic information about individual words. For example, a system could utilize word frequency and a word cooccurrence matrix in order to perform information retrieval. However, many NLP tasks require at least a partial understandin... | 0 |
Grammatical error correction is an important problem in natural language processing (NLP) that has attracted an increasing amount of interest over the last few years. Grammatical error correction promises to provide instantaneous accurate feedback to language learners, e.g., learners of English as a Second Language (ES... | 0 |
De nombreux systèmes automatiques contemporains de compréhension de la parole produisent des représentations du sens des énoncés sous la forme de cadres sémantiques à la FrameNet (Baker et al., 1998) . La construction de ces représentations suppose en général une étape d'analyse syntaxique plus ou moins poussée. Cette ... | 0 |
A pun is a word used in a context to evoke two or more distinct senses for humorous effect. For example, in the 1987 movie "The Running Man", Arnold Schwarzenegger's character cuts his enemy Buzzsaw in half with a chainsaw, then announces: "He had to split." The verb split is the pun here, evoking two senses in the con... | 0 |
Relation extraction is the task of detecting and classifying relationships between two entities from text. Many machine learning methods have been proposed to address this problem, e.g., supervised learning algorithms (Miller et al., 2000; Zelenko et al., 2002; Culotta and Soresen, 2004; Kambhatla, 2004; Zhou et al., 2... | 0 |
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