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Durant ces dernières années, la popularité de la synthèse paramétrique a pris de l'ampleur au point de devenir l'une des méthodologies standards de la synthèse text-to-speech (TTS). De la synthèse par hidden Markov model (HMM) (Zen & Toda, 2005) aux réseaux de neurones profonds (Zen et al., 2013) , l'effort de recherch... | 0 |
Our lives are increasingly dependent on information, but so much is generated every day that manually processing it is overwhelming (Jones et al., 2004) . For decades, research in NLP has focused on automatic summarization as a solution to this problem (Nenkova and McKeown, 2012) . However, most of that research has fo... | 0 |
In this paper we describe the creation of a grammar to automatically detect agreement errors -in gender and number-in Spanish texts written by Japanese learners.Automatic detection of grammatical learner errors can be used for the automatic annotation of learner corpora and for the creation of intelligent computer-assi... | 0 |
Progress in AI has been driven by, among other things, the development of challenging large-scale benchmarks like ImageNet (Russakovsky et al., 2015) in computer vision, and SNLI (Bowman et al., 2015) , SQuAD (Rajpurkar et al., 2016) , and others in natural language processing (NLP). Recently, for natural language unde... | 0 |
Narrative schemas complement other approaches to the automated analysis of topical and narrative information in documents. Unlike template-filling techniques, they do not require a defined set of humancrafted templates; instead, template-like structures are induced. Unlike topic models, they generate representations in... | 0 |
With the advent of social media and its increasingly important role as a provider and amplifier of news, basically anyone, anywhere, can produce and help circulate content for other people to read. Traditional barriers to publishing content (like a press to print newspapers or broadcasting time for radio or television)... | 0 |
Pretrained language models are setting state-of-theart results by leveraging raw texts during pretraining (PLMs; Peters et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2019, inter alia) . Interestingly, when pretraining on multilingual corpora, PLMs seem to exhibit zero-shot cross-lingual abilities, achieving non-trivial performance on d... | 0 |
This paper addresses the task of correcting errors in text. Most of the research in the area of grammar error correction (GEC) focused on correcting mistakes made by English language learners. One standard approach to dealing with these errors, which proved highly successful in text correction competitions (Dale and Ki... | 0 |
In recent papers [14, 15, 3] we have shown that Combinatory Categorial Grammars (CCG), Head Gram mars (HG), Linear Indexed Gramm ars (LIG), and Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG) are weakly equiv alent; i.e., they generate the same class of string languages. Although it is known that there are polynomial-time recognition al... | 0 |
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), such as Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) (Chung et al., 2014) , are popular architectural choices for many sequential text processing tasks. Typically, RNNs read in either all or a fixed-length slice of tokens sequentially,... | 0 |
Chunking means extracting the non-overlapping segments from a stream of data. These segments are called chunks (Dirk and Satoshi, 2003) . The definition of base noun phrase (base NP) is simple and non-recursive noun phrase which does not contain other noun phrase descendants. Base NP chunking could be used as a precurs... | 0 |
Clinical records provide detailed information on examination and findings of a patient consultation expressed in a narrative style. Such records abound in mentions of clinical conditions, anatomical sites, medications, and procedures, whose accurate identification is crucial for any further activity of text mining. Man... | 0 |
Word alignment plays an important role in statistical machine translation (SMT) as it indicates the correspondence between two languages. The parameter estimation of many SMT models rely heavily on word alignment. Och and Ney (2004) firstly introduce alignment consistency to identify equivalent phrase pairs. Simple and... | 0 |
In model-theoretic formal semantics, the central semantic notion "truth" is explicated as a relation between a sentence and a mathematical structure, its model. Semantics textbooks are surprisingly evasive about what exactly this structure is meant to be, other than hinting at that it in some way represents the general... | 0 |
Once statistical models are trained, a decoding approach determines what translations are finally selected. Two parallel lines of research have shown consistent improvements over the max-derivation decoding objective, which selects the highest probability derivation. Consensus decoding procedures select translations fo... | 0 |
Des travaux récents au sein de la communauté TAL révèlent un intérêt croissant pour l'analyse de la structure du discours. Certaines théories envisagent celle-ci dans le but de la décrire et de la formaliser, en privilégiant souvent un niveau de granularité relativement réduit, interpropositionnel ou inter-phrastique. ... | 0 |
Targeted syntactic evaluations have shown that neural language models (LMs) are able to predict the correct token from a set of grammatically minimally different continuations with high accuracy, even in difficult contexts (Linzen et al., 2016; Gulordava et al., 2018) , for constructions such as subject-verb agreement ... | 0 |
One problem for multimedia explanation production is coordinating the use of different media in a single explanation. How are the communicative goals that the explanation is to satisfy and the information needed to achieve those goals to be determined? How is explanation content to be divided among different media, suc... | 0 |
CS241, the graduate course in statistical language processing at Brown University, had as its class project the creation of programs to answer reading-comprehension tests. In particular, we used the Remedia TM reading comprehension test data as annotated by a group at MITRE Corporation, henceforth called the Deep Read ... | 0 |
Question answering is a common tool for assessing how well can computers understand language and reason with it. To this end, the NLP community has introduced several distinct datasets, with four popular QA formats illustrated in Fig. 1 . For instance, some datasets expect the answer to be "yes" or "no", or a unique an... | 0 |
Pre-training of NLP models with a language modeling objective has recently gained popularity as a precursor to task-specific fine-tuning. Pretrained models like BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) and ELMo (Peters et al., 2018a) have advanced the state of the art in a wide variety of tasks, suggesting that these models acquire ... | 0 |
Stochastic language models are useful for many language processing applications such as speech recognition, natural language processing and so on. However, in order to build an accurate stochastic language model, large amounts of tagged text are needed and a tagged corpus may not always match a target application becau... | 0 |
Complaining is a basic speech act, usually triggered by a discrepancy between reality and expectations towards an entity or event (Olshtain and Weinbach, 1985; Cohen and Olshtain, 1993; Kowalski, 1996) . Social media has become a popular platform for expressing complaints online (Preotiuc-Pietro et al., 2019) where cus... | 0 |
Automatic document summarization is the task of rewriting a document into its shorter form while still retaining its important content. Over the years, many paradigms for document summarization have been explored (see Nenkova and McKeown (2011) for an overview). The most popular two among them are extractive approaches... | 0 |
Relational lexical resources, which describe semantic relations between lexical items, have traditionally focused on relations like synonymy or similarity in thesauri, perhaps including some hierarchical semantic relations like hyperonymy or hyponomy or part-whole relations as in the resource Wordnet (Felbaum, 1998) . ... | 0 |
Video captioning is the task of automatically generating a natural language description of the content of a video, as shown in Fig. 1 . It has various applications such as assistance to a visually impaired person and improving the quality of online video search or retrieval. This task has gained recent momentum in the ... | 0 |
Paraphrases are alternative ways of conveying the same content. The technology for paraphrase generation and recognition has drawn the attention of an increasing number of researchers because of its potential contribution to a broad range of natural language applications.Paraphrases can be viewed as monolingual transla... | 0 |
In this paper 1 we describe our system for Arabic spelling error detection and correction, HASP-2015 (Hybrid Arabic Spelling and Punctuation Corrector).We introduce significant improvements to our previous version HASP-2014 (Attia et al., 2014) . We participate with HASP-2015 in the QALB-2015 Second Shared Task on Arab... | 0 |
Spoken Arabic has been the subject of few researches compared to other languages such as English and French. There are at least two reasons for this, one is the lack of available speech corpora and another is due to the characteristics of Arabic speech. According to our knowledge, only one study has been done on automa... | 0 |
Question answering (QA) has witnessed a surge of interest in recent years (Hill et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015; Pasupat and Liang, 2015; Chen et al., 2016; Joshi et al., 2017) , as it is one of the prominent tests for natural language understanding. QA can be coarsely divided into semantic parsingbased QA, where a que... | 0 |
Natural language instructions, though prevalent in many spheres of communication, have only recently begun to receive attention within computational linguistics [5] . Instructions are often accompanied by language intended to signal repetition of the action that they instruct. In order to develop a system that is able ... | 0 |
The ACL 2022 theme track asks how we can scale up current NLP technologies for the rich diversity of human languages. We contend that impactful work, intended to support local language community goals, does not necessarily focus on scale or current NLP technologies. Community values and motivations regarding language t... | 0 |
AI techniques have brought great conveniences to our lives. However, they have been proven to be unfair in many real-world applications such as computer vision (Howard and Borenstein, 2018) , audio processing (Rodger and Pendharkar, 2004) , and recommendations (Yao and Huang, 2017) . In other words, AI techniques may m... | 0 |
There are five principal factors in Bantu languages which contribute to ambiguous analysis of wordtbrms. First, nouns are grouped into more than ten marked noun classes. The marking of these classes extends across the noun phrase, whereby the noun governs the choice of markers in dependent constituents. Second, verbs i... | 0 |
Part of speech tagging (POS tagging) is an natural language processing task in which words are annotated with the corresponding grammatical categories -parts of speech: verb, noun, adjective, pronoun, etc. -in a given context. It is also frequently called morphosyntactic tagging (MSD tagging, i.e., tagging with morphos... | 0 |
Neural-network-inspired word embedding methods such as Skip-Gram (SkipGram) have been proven to capture high quality syntactic and semantic relationships between words in a vector space (Mikolov et al., 2013a) . A similar embedding method, called 'Global Vector (GloVe)', was recently proposed. It has demonstrated signi... | 0 |
We have been dealing with corpus based studies since 1997 (Renata Poesio et al., 1997) . Our focus has been the study of coreference. In the study of coreference we have dealt with annotation experiments (manual and automatic) and their respective annotation schemes. To work on coreference we used information from synt... | 0 |
Le développement d'applications de TAL telles que la traduction automatique ou la recherche d'informations est fortement freiné par le manque de données lexicales détaillées pour chacune des langues. En particulier, les différentes relations lexicales NOM1 DE NOM2, etc.) qui lient le mot à ses cooccurrents en contexte ... | 0 |
The research effort reported here was motivated by the experience of second-language learners of Arabic who, upon hearing an unfamiliar word, would repeatedly guess different spelling variations until they either give up or find a word that made sense in the context. In the data we collected, subjects were only able to... | 0 |
Deep learning architectures are parameterized by families of non-linear functions, which learn multiple levels of more abstract representations (Bengio, 2009; Bengio et al., 2013) . Recently, there has been a surge of interest in deep generative models for unsupervised learning, such as variational autoencoders (VAEs) ... | 0 |
Speech contains very few explicit boundaries between linguistic units: silent pauses often mark utterance boundaries, but boundaries between smaller units (e.g. words) are absent most of the time. Procedures by which infants could develop word segmentation strategies have been discussed at length, from both a psycholin... | 0 |
Two of the main problems in machine translation (MT) are ambiguity and lexical gaps. Ambiguity occurs when a word in the source language (SL) has more that one translation into the target language (TL). Lexical gaps occur when a word in one language can not be translated directly into another language. This latter prob... | 0 |
Opinions describe subjective thinking of people. With the blooming of Web 2.0, a large number of free and online articles have become easily accessible. Although people are interested in the shifting of opinions, they cannot read such a large quantity of articles in a short time. Opinion mining can analyze opinions fro... | 0 |
Automatic methods for evaluating different aspects of MT quality -such as Adequacy, Fluency and Informativeness -provide an alternative to an expensive and time-consuming process of human MT evaluation. They are intended to yield scores that correlate with human judgments of translation quality and enable systems (mach... | 0 |
Visual Dialog has attracted increasing research interest as an emerging field, bringing together aspects of computer vision, natural language processing, and dialog systems. In this task, an AI agent is required to hold a meaningful dialog with humans in natural, conversational language about visual content. Specifical... | 0 |
Human listeners bring several sources of information to bear in interpreting an utterance, including syntax, semantics, discourse, pragmatics and prosodic cues. Prosody, in particular, provides information about syntactic structure (via prosodic constituent structure) and information focus (via phrasal prominence), and... | 0 |
The BioNLP 2009 Shared Task (Kim et al., 2009) was the first shared task to address fine-grained information extraction for the bio-molecular domain, by defining a task involving extraction of event types from the GENIA ontology. The BioNLP 2011 Shared Task ) series generalized this defining a series of tasks involving... | 0 |
Code-mixing is the phenomenon of mixing words and phrases from multiple languages in a single utterance of a text or speech. Figure 1 shows the example code-mixed Hinglish sentences generated from the corresponding parallel Hindi and English sentences. Code-mixed languages are prevalent amongst multilingual communities... | 0 |
The impact of globalization and urbanization has caused many aboriginal languages on our planet to go extinct. This language death process not only reduces the number of native languages but also wipes out the cultural heritage connected with those languages (Xu 2001 ). Therefore, preservation and archiving of these en... | 0 |
Lexical ambiguity resolution is an important research problem for the fields of information retrieval and machine translation (Sanderson, 2000; Chan et al., 2007) . However, making fine-grained sense distinctions for words with multiple closelyrelated meanings is a subjective task (Jorgenson, 1990; Palmer et al., 2005)... | 0 |
"The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation." (Berners-Lee et al., 2001) This claim falls short, since the languagesbased on RDF -that have been designed for making statements about Web resources and... | 0 |
In recent years, error mining techniques have been developed to help identify the most likely sources of parsing failure (van Noord, 2004; Sagot and de la Clergerie, 2006; de Kok et al., 2009) . First, the input data (text) is separated into two subcorpora, a corpus of sentences that could be parsed (PASS) and a corpus... | 0 |
Whereas most work on sentiment analysis, and especially on less covered languages such as Chinese, is based on probabilistic models and the use of general sentiment lexica, we believe that a holistic approach should also take into account general linguistic knowledge. On the one hand, this allows to leverage the result... | 0 |
Abductive reasoning (AR) is inference to the best explanation. It typically starts from an incomplete set of observations about everyday situations and comes up with what can be considered the most likely possible explanation given these observations (Pople, 1973; Douven, 2017) . One of the key characteristics that mak... | 0 |
All public information services and documents should be accessible in such a way that makes them easily understood by everybody, according to the United Nations (1994) . Nowadays, a large percentage of information expressed in daily news comes in the form of numerical expressions (statistics of economy, demography data... | 0 |
La prise en compte des données phonotactiques dans la caractérisation des langues n'est plus à démontrer. Au niveau segmental, les langues ne se distinguent pas seulement dans l'inventaire de leurs systèmes phonologiques, les régularités distributionnelles des segments à l'intérieur des mots et des syllabes participent... | 0 |
In Peru, there are several native languages through the diverse native communities in the Amazonian region, such as Asháninka, Kakataibo, Shipibokonibo, among others (Rivera, 2001 ). These languages, in spite of being very different from each other (47 languages in 21 linguistic families), share some features related t... | 0 |
A major obstacle for training question-answering (QA) systems has been due to the lack of labeled data. The question answering field has focused on building QA systems based on traditional information retrieval procedures (Lopez et al., 2011; Dumais et al., 2002; Voorhees and Tice, 2000) . More recently, researchers ha... | 0 |
Understanding human language requires activating cognitive models of socially shared knowledge. The linguistic units, whether lexical or constructional items, evoke possibilities of meaning defined in the context of linguistic-conceptual models, which are called semantic frames (Fillmore, 1982 (Fillmore, , 1985 .The co... | 0 |
Finnish language has a colloquial variant that differs from the formal literary Finnish substantially. While clearly pronounced literary Finnish can already be recognized with high precision, current ASR systems are unable to recognize conversational Finnish, because there has not been any training or evaluation data a... | 0 |
To target information of concern among massive financial news quickly, there is a natural demand to search and analyze financial news based on topics. To cater for this, most financial news media adopt a manual annotation solution, which is too tedious to cope with rapidly growing financial news. Besides, manual annota... | 0 |
Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) -the task of automatically addressing "Who did What to Whom, How, When and Where?" (Gildea and Jurafsky, 2000; -is a long standing open problem in Natural Language Processing (NLP), and a central task required to complete the puzzle of Natural Lan-guage Understanding (Navigli, 2018) . Its r... | 0 |
Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) (Steedman, 2001 ) is a grammar formalism known for its linguistic elegance and computational efficiency. It has been successfully used for statistical syntactic parsing (Clark and Curran, 2004; Lewis et al., 2016) and has emerged as a leading grammar formalism in semantic parsing (C... | 0 |
Although highly successful, neural machine translation (NMT) systems continue to be plagued by a number of problems. We focus on two here: the beam problem and the brevity problem.First, machine translation systems rely on heuristics to search through the intractably large space of possible translations. Most commonly,... | 0 |
The diversity of generated texts is an important evaluation aspect for dialogue generation models since most dialogue models tend to produce general and trivial responses (e.g. "I don't know" or "Me too") (Li et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2017) . Several metrics have been proposed to evaluate the text diversity, and the D... | 0 |
Targeted sentiment analysis (TSA) is an important task useful for public opinion mining (Pang and Lee, 2008; Liu, 2010; Ortigosa et al., 2014; Smailović et al., 2013; Li and Wu, 2010) . The task focuses on predicting the sentiment information towards a specific target phrase, which is usually a named entity, in a given... | 0 |
Recent findings in neural machine translation (NMT) suggest that modern translation systems have some serious flaws. This is based on observations such as: i) translations produced via beam search typically under-estimate sequence length (Sountsov and Sarawagi, 2016; Koehn and Knowles, 2017) , the length bias; ii) tran... | 0 |
Whether they are used for the evaluation or for the learning process of a Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) system, the importance of sense annotated corpora in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is considerable. On one hand, the evaluation in vivo, i.e. the evaluation of a WSD system as part of a larger task, has never b... | 0 |
This paper gives a sketch of the GREYC machine translation system that participated in the IWSLT 2007 evaluation campaign. This system is an evolution of the ALEPH machine translation system that participated in the IWSLT 2005 evaluation campaign [1] . In particular, the core engine has been redesigned. It is still bas... | 0 |
A noun compound (NC) is anN made up of two or more nouns, such as golf club or paper submission; we will refer to the rightmost noun as the head noun and the remainder of nouns in the NC as modifiers. The interpretation of noun compounds is a well-researched area in natural language processing, and has been applied in ... | 0 |
Words are the basic input/output units in most of the NLP systems, and thus the ability to cover a large number of words is a key to building a robust NLP system. However, considering that (i) the number of all words in a language including named entities is very large and that (ii) language itself is an evolving syste... | 0 |
Plagiarism is a growing challenge in modern society. In an attempt to maintain academic integrity, the use of plagiarism detection tools has become the norm in many higher education institutions. However, the methods used in these tools are mostly limited to comparisons of suspicious plagiarised texts and potential sou... | 0 |
One of the unique aspects of Sign Language (SL) is its ability to make use of the signing space to locate, link and depict discourse entities in a dynamic manner. They involve iconic projections of topological relationships in the signing space, and symbolic use of spatial anchors for semantic relationships between the... | 0 |
Question Generation (QG) is a task to automatically generate a question from a given context and, optionally, an answer. Recently, we have observed an increasing interest in text-based QG (Du et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2018; Scialom et al., 2019; Nema et al., 2019; Zhang and Bansal, 2019) .Most of the existing works on... | 0 |
In machine translation (MT) research, appropriately evaluating the quality of MT results is an important issue. In recent years, many researchers have tried to automatically evaluate the quality of MT and improve the performance of automatic MT evaluations (Niessen et al., 2000; Akiba et al., 2001; Papineni et al., 200... | 0 |
There are many ways of dictionary building. For machine translation, a bilingual transfer dictionary is a most important resource. An interesting approach is the Papillon Project that focuses on building a multilingual lexical data base to construct large, detailed and principled dictionaries (Boitet et al., 2002) . Th... | 0 |
Using larger context in machine translation to improve its quality, including selection of correct word meaning, has been a challenging task. Correct translation of polysemous words is vital to transfer important information from source sentence to the translation. To find the correct sense of polysemous words and phra... | 0 |
In recent years, there has been growing interest to develop Automatic Speaker Verification systems. ASV systems aim to verify the speaker's identity using his/her speech. There are many mass-market applications of ASV systems, such as phone banking and trading, password resetting, access control in smart phones, credit... | 0 |
Phrasal semantic relatedness is a measurement of how multiword expressions are related in meaning. Many natural language processing applications such as textual entailment, question answering, or information retrieval require a robust measurement of phrasal semantic relatedness. Current approaches to address this probl... | 0 |
The internet and social media provide people with a range of benefits and opportunities to empower themselves in a variety of ways. There are millions of people using social media platforms to maintain social connections and support networks that otherwise would not be possible. All of these benefits led to a huge grow... | 0 |
L'annotation automatique du français parlé est généralement réalisée par le biais de prétraitements de corpus ou d'adaptation d'outils existant pour le texte (Dister, 2007; Blanc et al., 2008) . Une autre solution peut consister à masquer certains phénomènes tels que les "disfluences" (répétitions, amorces de mots, etc... | 0 |
Le traitement de corpus monolingues et multilingues constitue un champ d'investigation très animé dans le domaine du traitement automatique des langues. Ils sont souvent constitués d'unités de texte ayant des liens sémantiques forts, une information qui peut être exploitée pour acquérir des équivalences entre des mots ... | 0 |
Deep neural networks have improved the accuracy of various natural language processing (NLP) tasks by performing representation learning with massive annotated datasets. However, the annotations in NLP depend on the target language as well as the task, and it is unrealistic to prepare such extensive annotated datasets ... | 0 |
initiated much of the recent interest in bilingual corpora. They advocated applying a statistical approach to machine translation (SMT). The SMT approach can be understood as a word by word model consisting of two submodels: a language model for generating a source text segment ST and a translation model for translatin... | 0 |
A major focus in computational social science has been the study of interpersonal relations through data. However, social interactions are complicated, and we rarely have access all of the data that define the relationship between friends or enemies. As an alternative, thought experiments like the prisoner's dilemma (A... | 0 |
Entity embeddings, i.e., vector representations of entities in knowledge base (KB), have played a vital role in many recent models in natural language processing (NLP). These embeddings provide rich information (or knowledge) regarding entities available in KB using fixed continuous vectors. They have been shown to be ... | 0 |
Social media content is increasingly regarded as an information gold mine. Researchers have studied many problems in social media, e.g., sentiment analysis (Pang & Lee, 2008; Liu, 2010) and social network analysis (Easley & Kleinberg, 2010) . In this paper, we study a novel problem which is also of great value, namely,... | 0 |
The present paper describes Corpus Query Lingua Franca (ISO CQLF), a specification designed at ISO Technical Committee 37 Subcommittee 4 "Language resource management" for the purpose of facilitating the comparison of properties of corpus query languages. We overview the motivation for this endeavour and present its ai... | 0 |
Texts written by non-native speakers pose a challenge for natural language processing. In this paper, we focus on parsing texts written by learners of Czech. There is no syntactically annotated corpus of non-native Czech. Therefore, we are exploring a question whether it is possible to use the parser trained a traditio... | 0 |
Automated closed captioning and subtitling for user-generated videos is not a new topic -for example Google offers this feature since November 2009 for videos uploaded to YouTube for select languages (Google (2009) ). Many services by third-party providers also offer human post-editing to improve the quality of automat... | 0 |
Speech can convey not only literal meanings, but also the mood and emotion of a speaker. Some researchers have proven that the contour of the speech fundamental frequency (henceforth F0 contour) plays an important role in expressing the affective information of an utterance. It is concluded that some statistical charac... | 0 |
Pre-training has been well recognized as an essential step for NLP tasks since it results in remarkable improvements on a range of downstream datasets (Devlin et al., 2018) . Instead of training models on a specific task from scratch, pretraining models are firstly trained on generaldomain corpora, then followed by fin... | 0 |
Graph theory is currently an active tool within the language sciences. Networks constructed from the semantic knowledge of children have shown typical versus disordered development (Beckage et al., 2011) and helped to explain the growth of vocabulary (Hills et al., 2009) . The network structure of phonological networks... | 0 |
Running experiments in natural language processing and machine learning typically involves a complicated network of programs. One program might extract data from a raw corpus, others might preprocess it with various linguistic tools, before finally the main program being tested is run. Further programs must evaluate th... | 0 |
The first statistical machine translation (SMT) models are the IBM models, based on statistics collected over a parallel corpus of translated text. These generative IBM models break up the translation process into a number of steps. The most important step is word translation, which is modelled by the lexical translati... | 0 |
In written texts, words which have multiple senses can be classified into two categories; homonyms and polysemous words. Generally speaking, while homonymy sense distinction is quite clear, polysemy sense distinction is very subtle and hard. English texts contain many homonyms. On the other hand, Japanese texts in whic... | 0 |
Dans la production de la parole, les boucles de retours auditif et somatosensoriel jouent le rôle de mécanismes de contrôle qui vérifient de manière continue les deux sorties du processus de planification de la parole, à savoir les mouvements articulatoires et les patrons acoustiques qui en résultent (Houde et Nagaraja... | 0 |
The work reported in this paper aims at providing syntactically annotated corpora ('treebanks') for stochastic grammar induction. In particular, we focus on several methodological issues concerning the annotation of non-configurational languages.In section 2, we examine the appropriateness of existing annotation scheme... | 0 |
Aphasia is a speech and language disorder commonly acquired by brain damage resulting from a stroke (Bhogal et al., 2003) . Many people around the world suffer from Aphasia as there are at least 2 million patients in USA and 250,000 in Great Britain (National Aphasia Association, 2019) .Anomia, the difficulty in spoken... | 0 |
In relative clauses, the wh relative pronoun can be embedded in a larger phrase, as in (1) and (2). In such examples, we say that the larger phrase containing the wh-word has PIED-PIPED along with the wh-word.(1) a boy [ [whose brother] i Mary hit t i ](2) a boy [[whose brother's friend] i Mary hit t i ]In this paper, ... | 0 |
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