text stringlengths 30 4k | source stringlengths 60 201 |
|---|---|
Feb 27 2002
Example: Two charges
Q
q
r
• If q,Q same sign:
– U > 0; we have to do work ‘pushing’
charges together
• If q,Q unlike sign:
– U < 0; Electric force does work ‘pulling’
charges together
Feb 27 2002
Electric Potential
• Electric Potential Energy proportional to q
• Define V = U/q
• Electric Potential V:
– ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-02x-physics-ii-electricity-magnetism-with-an-experimental-focus-spring-2005/5c48da61d3532b22af63ad3792b99f6b_2_27_2002_edited.pdf |
single particle
(e.g. electron) small
• Often measured in
‘Electron Volt’ [eV]
• Energy aquired by
particle of charge 10-19 C
going through ∆V=1V
Velocity v
+q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
d
Feb 27 2002
Conductors
• E = 0 inside
– otherwise charges would move
• No charges inside
– Gauss
• E perpendicular to surface
– ot... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-02x-physics-ii-electricity-magnetism-with-an-experimental-focus-spring-2005/5c48da61d3532b22af63ad3792b99f6b_2_27_2002_edited.pdf |
6.012 Electronic Devices and Circuits
Comments on Photoconductive Detectors - 9/17/09 Version
Photoconductivity was first reported in 1873 by W. Smith [J. Soc.
Telegraph Eng., Vol. 2 (1873) p. 31], making it one of the first properties of
semiconductors to be studied and exploited. At the same time, some of the
new... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-012-microelectronic-devices-and-circuits-fall-2009/5c58a51e629ef0505139e7a4cf72f2fd_MIT6_012F09_lec03_photo.pdf |
arrays for these applications can be made from
silicon doped with “deep” donors for which the energy required to ionize the
donor corresponds to that of the infrared light of interest. Unlike the column V
donors we discussed in class, these donors are not normally ionized at room
temperature; it is the incident light... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-012-microelectronic-devices-and-circuits-fall-2009/5c58a51e629ef0505139e7a4cf72f2fd_MIT6_012F09_lec03_photo.pdf |
using layers of different
semiconductors whose thicknesses and compositions are chosen to create
electrons localized in space much like those associated with a deep donor ion
(except that they are localized in planes, not about points in space like donor
traditional
ions).
photoconductor, but in exchange for the inc... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-012-microelectronic-devices-and-circuits-fall-2009/5c58a51e629ef0505139e7a4cf72f2fd_MIT6_012F09_lec03_photo.pdf |
Three Lectures on
Organizational Structures
• Lecture 1 - Typology of generic
organizational architectures
– Their advantages and disadvantages
• Lecture 2 - Simple models of complexity
and flexibility; their relationship to each
other for each of the generic architectures
• Lecture 3 - Relationships of generic
ar... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-342-network-representations-of-complex-engineering-systems-spring-2010/5c5b67ad949c857a0932e37036533a63_MITESD_342S10_lec08.pdf |
• Teams can be very flexible and thus robust to certain
“attacks” ; if one member is sick, the others ought to be
able to take over their role; they can handle many
classes of changes in specs with relative ease
• Human teams are relatively small in size – volume of
output is limited in scale and scope; 7±2 limits ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-342-network-representations-of-complex-engineering-systems-spring-2010/5c5b67ad949c857a0932e37036533a63_MITESD_342S10_lec08.pdf |
will have interconnections
with nodes at the same layer
• Nodes at the same layer usually are at the same level of
abstraction – not generally true of tree structures
• Layer skipping is not permitted in pure layered forms, but
is not too problematic most of the time due to
understanding of context (e.g., mathemati... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-342-network-representations-of-complex-engineering-systems-spring-2010/5c5b67ad949c857a0932e37036533a63_MITESD_342S10_lec08.pdf |
AI
program that proved theorems in Russell and
Whitehead’s “Principia Mathematica”)
13
Layered Hierarchies
• Layered structure with three layers and no horizontal
interconnections, may connect to any or even all nodes in layer
immediately above or below. I believe that layered hierarchies are
not well understood ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-342-network-representations-of-complex-engineering-systems-spring-2010/5c5b67ad949c857a0932e37036533a63_MITESD_342S10_lec08.pdf |
, a root node, 10 nodes, with
horizontal (lateral) interconnections
17
Lateral Interconnects in Human
Organizations and Industries
• Horizontal interconnects rely on and foster cooperation
and team work
• Such interconnects add to the complexity of each node
and the overall system. In human organizations such
int... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-342-network-representations-of-complex-engineering-systems-spring-2010/5c5b67ad949c857a0932e37036533a63_MITESD_342S10_lec08.pdf |
polynomials with rational number coefficients)
– All of the above, except for automobile platforms, are low power
systems
– There are very many uses of layered systems in practice in CS,
computer engineering, and communications, but layering is usually not
taught as a design methodology
21
Performance and Flexibilit... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-342-network-representations-of-complex-engineering-systems-spring-2010/5c5b67ad949c857a0932e37036533a63_MITESD_342S10_lec08.pdf |
accounting firms
with senior partners, junior partners and associates)
• Universities prior to introduction of research -oriented
departments in the 19th century by von Humboldt; there
is still memory in universities of this organizational
structure (e.g., provost/rector, full professors, associate
professors and ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-342-network-representations-of-complex-engineering-systems-spring-2010/5c5b67ad949c857a0932e37036533a63_MITESD_342S10_lec08.pdf |
the new layer that can generate the new
product
– Make changes at lower layers than where you
started as needed to efficiently implement the
new product
28
Networks
• There are many types of networks, with differing
values for the properties of interest to us, such
as flexibility and robustness
• Grid networks ca... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-342-network-representations-of-complex-engineering-systems-spring-2010/5c5b67ad949c857a0932e37036533a63_MITESD_342S10_lec08.pdf |
Japan and to a lesser degree Germany and Northern Italy). Karl
Marx and Max Weber were German, Freud was Austrian
• People can be brought up in either approach and in many others as
well
• Modern cultures are learning from each other to some degree (e.g.,
the Toyota production system – lean manufacturing). Thus the ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-342-network-representations-of-complex-engineering-systems-spring-2010/5c5b67ad949c857a0932e37036533a63_MITESD_342S10_lec08.pdf |
20.330 / 6.023 / 2.793 Fields, Forces and Flows in Biological Systems
Instructors: Jongyoon “Jay” Han and Scott Manalis
TOPICS
Introduction to electric fields
Maxwell’s equations
Introduction to fluid flows
Transport phenomena in biological systems
Electro-quasistatics
Electrokinetics
Electrophoresis
Van der ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/20-330j-fields-forces-and-flows-in-biological-systems-spring-2007/5c643ae047c6ae6f7ecaa1e0855ae03c_lec1.pdf |
of its environment?
E. Coli trajectory
Images removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figs. 1 & 3.
Berg, Physics Today 2000
http://www.aip.org/pt/jan00/berg.htm
Measuring binding kinetics
Surface Plasmon Resonance (Biacore)
Courtesy of Biacore. Used with permission.
Label-free enables direct readout of Kon an... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/20-330j-fields-forces-and-flows-in-biological-systems-spring-2007/5c643ae047c6ae6f7ecaa1e0855ae03c_lec1.pdf |
pp. 439 (1999)
Brown, T., Leonard, G. A., Booth,
E. D., Chambers, J, J Mol Biol
207 pp. 455 (1989)
Migratory birds uses magnets for positioning
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.
Figure 1 in Mora, Cordula V. "Magnetoreception and its Trigeminal
Mediation in the Homing Pigeon." Nature 432 (2004): 508-511.... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/20-330j-fields-forces-and-flows-in-biological-systems-spring-2007/5c643ae047c6ae6f7ecaa1e0855ae03c_lec1.pdf |
Debye layer
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
E
v
Electrophoresis
Dielectrophoresis
diffusion
Chemical reaction
+V0
-V0
+V0
Fick’s law of diffusion
Maxwell’s equation
Concentration(c)
(ρ)
Electrophoresis
ρ, J : source
E and B field
Convection
Osmosis
Electroosmosis
Streaming
potential
(aqueous) medium,
Flow velocit... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/20-330j-fields-forces-and-flows-in-biological-systems-spring-2007/5c643ae047c6ae6f7ecaa1e0855ae03c_lec1.pdf |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
6.270 Autonomous LEGO Robot Competition
IAP 2005: Attack of the Drones
Workshop 4 — Code & Sensors I: Basic Control and Robot Skills
Wednesday, January 5, and Thursday, January 6, 2005
1
Items to Bring
• Handy Board with Expansion Board
2 Reading
• Handy Board technical ma... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-270-autonomous-robot-design-competition-january-iap-2005/5c6455005827275583dca5a9083664f2_4_codesensors1.pdf |
File: ~/FILENAME.c
• Type your program. Use the Handy Board technical reference for assistance with the various functions. When
you are done with your program, type:
<Ctrl>-x <Ctrl>-c
• You will be prompted as to whether or not to save the file under the previously assigned name. Hit “y”.
• You should now return a te... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-270-autonomous-robot-design-competition-january-iap-2005/5c6455005827275583dca5a9083664f2_4_codesensors1.pdf |
connections to the robot are made. When ready, turn it back on to test.
2
Updated January 4, 2005 | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-270-autonomous-robot-design-competition-january-iap-2005/5c6455005827275583dca5a9083664f2_4_codesensors1.pdf |
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu
6.046J / 18.410J Design and Analysis of Algorithms
Spring 2015
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-046j-design-and-analysis-of-algorithms-spring-2015/5c6cf10a900ea288d97dce247a9a5a9d_MIT6_046JS15_writtenlec2.pdf |
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
Space Systems, Policy, and Architecture Research Consortium
(SSPARC)
Draft 11/4/03
“SSPARC BOOK” MATERIAL
for Lecture 3
Prepared by:
Hugh McManus
Metis Design
----
Draft for evaluation only. Do not distruibute.
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
1
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
erd, Seth
Guikema, Cyrus Jilla, Chris Roberts, Satwik Seshasai, Nirav Shah, Todd Shuman, Tim
Spaulding, Dave Stagney, Dan Thunnissen, Myles Walton, Annalisa Wiegel, and Brandon
Wood, along with their advisors and committees. Many other students, staff, and undergraduate
researchers also contributed. Bill Borer, Kevin R... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
............12
Notes on terminology, requirements, and limits .......................................................15
2.5.
Process terminology14..............................................................................................15
On requirements14............................................................... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
.11. Space Tug attribute–design vector mapping.............................................................49
NOTES AND REFERENCES ..................................................................................................50
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
3
AL... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
mission success, for national defense
and prestige, were the driving motivations.
The historical basis for current practices in the aerospace industry, and an analysis of the
structural changes that the industry has undergone, are covered in detail in chapters 2 and 3 of
the Lean Aerospace Initiative book Lean Enterpri... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
s is slow to
adapt a better way to design systems to ensure competitiveness in a rapidly changing
world.
Current approaches to creating aerospace systems requirements do not adequately
consider the full range of possible designs and their associated costs and utilities
throughout the development and lifecycle.7 These a... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
possible, maintain management leverage as long as possible, and increase
knowledge as quickly as possible, while not increasing costs incurred. In light of the above
comments, we would also like it to avoid early a priori design selections, include the preferences
of key stakeholders, and increase knowledge specificall... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
product development.
The Multi-Attribute Tradespace Exploration (MATE) is a model-based high-level assessment of
many possible solutions to the problem to be considered. Ideally, the full sweep of possible
solutions to the problem are considered here. The key purpose of this step is to avoid premature
concentration on ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
Define Attributes
Define
Utilities
Define Design
Vector
Develop System
Model
Calculate
Utilities
Estimate
Cost
Architecture Trade
Space
Figure 4 High level description of MATE process
The first step is selection and bounding of a “mission concept.” Here, the basic issue to be
addressed (i.e. the user needs to be satisf... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
in others
(e.g. usefulness, to scientists, of scientific data) it can only be used as a relative metric. In the
latter case, interpretation of these metrics is somewhat dangerous—a higher metric is better than
a lower one, but a utility of 0.5 may not be “half as good” as a 1.0, nor a 0.99 “only 1% off” from
a 1.0. Suc... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
in Space Mission Analysis and
Design (SMAD)10) are of appropriate fidelity. Other models may have to be custom-developed
for specific applications. These models can be linked to automate, or at least partially automate,
the analyses, allowing large design spaces to be analyzed efficiently with commonly available
comput... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
cost). This region is referred to as the Pareto front. Designs that are not on the Pareto front are
said to be “dominated”—better designs are available at the same or lower cost. Choosing
between designs on the Pareto front means making real trades—better utility for greater costs, or
trading one desired utility agains... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
proceeds, circumstances can change, or knowledge can be gained that
changes perceptions, causing earlier decisions to be called into question. For example, user needs
can to shift late in the process, or the choice of attributes or design vector can change based on
knowledge gained during analytical model development. ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
tool is tended by a human
operator who updates the tool as necessary (e.g. updates a CAD model), makes major design
decisions that are input to the tool (e.g. changes the propulsion type), and provides common
sense and wisdom unavailable to automated methods (e.g. breaks non-convergent behavior in the
iterations). The ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
his or her fingertips. The MATE chair can
quantitatively assess the progress of the design not just towards meeting requirements, but
towards maximizing the overall utility of the system containing the design. He or she can also
help the user/customer translate needs into design changes, and thus steer the design chang... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
6%
Propulsion
(dry)
2%
Structures &
Mechanisms
18%
Thermal
5%
Mating
System
27%
Figure 8 Typical ICE output: vehicle configuration and mass budget for an electric propulsion
orbital transfer vehicle.16
ICE methods can be used for more detailed design studies, up to and including creating hardware
drawings and/or CAD... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
14
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
2.5.
Notes on terminology, requirements, and limits
Process terminology14
The terminology used for the methods described here is far from stable. In this work, the
architectural-level trade space exploration is referred to as MATE, the rapi... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
first step, so it is natural to ask how the current method interacts with the determination of
system requirements.
The present method can be thought of as a powerful tool for coming up with the right
requirements at the right time. It has been noted that current processes are not efficient at
coming up with requiremen... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
The present method can aid in understanding flexibility issues through understanding of the trade
space. Designs can be specified which can be improved to provide enhanced utility with
reasonable expense, risk, and/or need for technology advancement.
Limits and Caveats14
The MATE-CON method is a useful tool for archite... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
predictions of re-entry time and location for
uncontrolled bodies such as spent satellites.
Figure 10 shows the MATE process as carried out for the X-TOS project. The X-TOS project
was scoped fairly narrowly—the customer needed a system that could deliver and support a set
of three pre-existing instruments designed to ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
the key
trades—increased lifetime for either increased altitude (and hence reduced data utility) or
increased vehicle weight (and hence cost) for added maneuver fuel. These trades are visible on
the Pareto front—short lifetime missions are somewhat cheaper at a penalty in utility.
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Tech... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
(s)
• Diversity of Latitude(s)
•
Time Spent at Equator
• Data Latency
Design Vector
• Number of Vehicles and
Mission Design
• Apogee Altitude
• Perigee Altitude
• Orbit Inclination
• Antenna Gain
• Communications Architecture
• Propulsion Type
• Power Type
• Maneuver Delta-V Capability
System Model
•
•
•
Orbit Calc... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
, or moving them.
The project was motivated by a general interest in such systems as a national capability, and poor
results when proposing such systems for specific missions, without looking at the wider
tradespace of possible uses and designs.
Figure 12 shows the MATE process as carried out for the SpaceTug project. ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
1) observation and manipulator system
mass; (2) propulsion type, and (3) mass of fuel carried.
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
21
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
For the simulations, simple parametric relationships and design rules were used to compute the
spacecraft characteristics. These were carri... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
vehicles are not
optimal according the MATE analysis; the ICE results (which had difficulty closing because of
extreme fuel loads) helped to illustrate why. Finally, a variety of Tender vehicles were designed;
some for specific missions and some for generic service; these designs showed that a modular
approach to tende... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
Biprop
Cryo
Electric
Nuclear
Nuclear Monsters
Tenders
Electric Cruisers
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Utility (dimensionless)
Figure 12 MATE process for SPACE TUG
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
($M2002
)
11/6/03
23
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MATE-CON PROCESS
The following sect... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
They are intended to
provide the reader with ideas for implementation, rather than a rigid template.
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
24
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
4. IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS, NEEDS, MISSION CONCEPT, AND
PROJECT SCOPE
The first step is selection and bounding of a “mission concept... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
creating a capability, with the hope that if it exists it will create market
demand. In this case, the needs of the interested stakeholders needs to be addressed, as well as
the potential needs of future users of the system. The Space Tug project illustrates this case.
4.2. Define System Concept and Scope32
Along with ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
on the other hand, includes a large space of possible solutions, but is scoped in terms
of the aspects of the problem to be considered and the level of detail of the solutions to be
developed.
4.3.
Identify Stakeholders and Decision Makers32
In order to understand the true or potential needs for a system, the people, ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
97), the Customer “is an individual or
organization that (1) commission the engineering of a system, or (2) is a prospective purchaser of
an end product.” The Customer typically has preferences that balance product performance
meeting User needs, cost of the system, and political considerations. This decision maker
typ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
13 Stakeholder Framework
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
27
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
4.4. X TOS Need, Concept and Scope32,35
The X-TOS project was motivated by the need for improved predictions of drag on orbiting
bodies. This drag is a strong function of the density of the upper atmosphere, w... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
be optimized to meet those users needs. However, lack of maturity of
the drag model and information distribution system precluded modeling of these aspects of the
system of systems. Instead, the space segment up to the delivery of data to the ground was
modeled, and the system was designed to optimize the delivery of d... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
needs;
others may emerge once such a capability exists. Among the potential developers and customers
for such as system, there is a need to understand systems that maximize potential usefulness.
The mission concept of the Space Tug project was very open: a vehicle or vehicles capable of
visiting a variety of orbits in ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
5.1.
Introduction32
Defining the trade space is the critical next step in the MATE-CON process. In this step, the
user’s (and possibly other stakeholders’) preference space is defined. This preference space will
be used to evaluate the members of a design space, which must also be defined now.
The preference space con... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
the user. A rough view of this
mapping is shown in Figure 16.
Two caveats are immediately in order. One is that the choices of attributes and design space
define the bounds of the trade space. Incorrect choices will result in a trade space that does not
reflect the users true needs, or does not contain the best solutio... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
model in order
to understand their effects on the trade space. A will be seen later in this book, constraints can
often have unintended negative consequences, driving up costs or precluding good solutions.
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
33
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
5.3. Defining Attributes32
W... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
tend to be
specialized and non-intuitive to the lay-person (and the designer!) and were determined with
some difficulty. The Launch System4 and Space Tug attributes are simple and relatively intuitive
capabilities of the system, representing the customers’ high-level interest in establishing national
assets. The commun... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
particular data sample
Diversity of Latitudes Contained in Data Set
Time Spent at the Equator: Time per day spent +/- 20 degrees off the equatorial
Latency: The elapsed time between the collection of data and the start of transmission
Space Based Radar:45
Moving Object Tracking Area: Area in which a moving targets may ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
metrics as possible,
while keeping in mind the cognitive limitations in practice. (The human mind can typically only
think about 7±2 objects simultaneously.41) The perceived-independent property is important for
the utility independence axiom, described below, to hold. (The attributes need only be
“perceived” independe... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
place
for thinking about what the attributes may look like. Brainstorming with as many stakeholders
as possible is a desirable first step. Using standard brainstorming technique, collect many
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
36
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
possible attributes, and try to group simi... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
into question the original choices. These iterations on the attribute
definitions require progressively more work, so it is desirable to do the best job possible at each
step.
Ideally, the attributes would be developed in full cooperation with the user. More typically, after
the first interaction, the design team works... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
of technical attributes, usually
using very different types of models. The cost estimates may be of considerably lower fidelity
than the technical simulations, especially when new concepts are being considered. Finally, cost
is a useful independent criterion against which to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of
va... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
suffered several of the weaknesses mentioned above. Some are not
discriminating, e.g. the pointing accuracy was easily within any reasonable vehicle’s capability.
Others where not well posed for quantifying, e.g. time spent in various regions. Others were not
functional, e.g. mission lifetime described the lifetime of ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
AFRL model
Tech Demo Mission – Latency max and min for demonstration of now-casting capability.
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
39
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
There are some complications even in the final set. The sample altitude is a vector of values
(one per data sample!) that must be reduced ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
required a
rethinking of the attribute list, although it proved to be relatively minor. The updated attribute
list included a quantified response time, in hours, from 1 (best) to 2160, or three months (worst).
© 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11/6/03
40
ALPHA DRAFT- For Review Only
5.6. Defining the Design... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
Note that the ATOS vector contains no design vector
elements concerning the design of the vehicles themselves; the performance of the swarms are
only weakly dependent on the performance of the individual vehicles, so a nominal high-level
vehicle design is placed in the constants vector. BTOS has only the highest level ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
is to create a
list from which the actual design vector will be reduced. Typically, design vector variables are
descriptions of the form of the solution. For space vehicles, this might include vehicle types,
subsystem choices, fuel loads, technologies used. For space systems, this might include orbits,
operating and co... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
be checked at a number of fixed values, which must
be chosen, while discrete ones (e.g. mission scenario) need to be fully defined and quantified.
Updating the design vector
Experience has shown that the design vector is the least stable element in the trades space. As
the modeling, and even the analysis, progress, des... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
not included. On the other hand, since the altitude and latitude range attributes
are taken independently (i.e. the user is not expressing preferences for combinations of altitudes
and latitudes) one would immediately choose the argument of perigee to align the line of nodes
with line of apsides. Such a selection maxim... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
X-TOS Design Vector
Design Variable
Altitude of Apogee (km)
Altitude of Perigee (km)
Levels
200:50:350;
650:300:2000*
150:50:350*
Inclination (deg)
Total Delta-V (m/s)
0; 30; 70; 90
200:100:1000*
Comm. Sys Type
Antenna Gain
Propulsion Type
AFSCN; TDRSS
High; Low
Chemical; Hall
Power Sys Type
Solar; Fuel cells
Mission S... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
high level. Per the assumptions made at
the beginning of the study, only the characteristics of the vehicle were considered. A very wide
tradespace was considered, so only the design choices likely to have first order effect on the
attributes were considered. The final design vector was:
Table 7 Space Tug Design Vector... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
conception of necessary
modules for the model. This activity is done in parallel with the proposal and finalization of
design variables since it helps prioritize design variables and pare down the proposed list.
A technique similar to Quality Function Deployment (QFD, also referred to as the House of
Quality) is used t... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
can happen when the team’s physical intuition for the
problem (understanding that a design variable should affect the outcome) exceeds their
functional intuition (understanding what function of the outcome would vary with the design
variable).
As this step is informational, the process should be modified to suit the pr... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
p
m
I
l
a
t
o
T
Attributes
Data Lifespan
Sample Altitude
Diversity of Latitudes
Time at Equator
Latency
Total
Cost
Total w/Cost
9
9
0
0
3
9
9
0
6
3
21 27
9
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
3
9
6
6 21
9 12 39
9
6
6
6
6
30 36 12 12 27 12 15 18 48
0
0
0
0
9
9
3
9
0
0
0
0
9
3
9
9 48
9 27
9 18
9 24
3 36
Figure 17 X-TOS att... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
system choice should have a stronger
effect. In hindsight, its effect was diminished by the choice of delta-V as a design variable,
instead of a more physical parameter such as fuel load. The power system affects data lifespan
through its own lifespan, and latency via its ability to provide sufficient power; this sugge... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
Tradespace Exploration with Concurrent Design
for Creating Aerospace Systems Requirements,” Master of Science Thesis in Aeronautics
and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2002.
2 Ross, A. M., “Multi-Attribute Tradespace Exploration with Concurrent Design as a Value-
Centric Framework for Space Sy... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
McManus, H. L., and Warmkessel, J. M., “Creating Advanced Architectures for Space
Systems: Emergent Lessons from New Processes,” accepted for publication in the Journal of
Spacecraft and Rockets, < Vol and Number TBD)>
10 Larson, W. J., and Wertz, J. R., Space Mission Analysis and Design, 3rd ed., Microcosm
Press, El S... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
-6370, Sept. 2003.
16 Figures from McManus, H. L. and Schuman, T. E., “Understanding the Orbital Transfer
Vehicle Trade Space,” AIAA Paper 2003-6370, Sept. 2003.
17 Aguilar, J. A., and Dawdy, A., “Scope vs. Detail: The Teams of the Concept Design Center,”
2000 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, Big Sky, Montana, Ma... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
NPDT – The Next generation Concurrent Design Approach,” EUSEC
2000, 2nd European Systems Engineering Conference, Munich, Germany, Sept. 2000.
24 Oxnevad, K. I., “A Concurrent Design Environment for Designing Space Instruments,”
Proceedings of the 9th Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop, Ohio Aerospace Institute and
NA... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
Diller, N. P., Multi-Attribute Trade Space with Concurrent Design MATE-
CON: The MATE Short Book, unpublished.
31 A. Ross, N. Diller, and D. Hastings, Multi-Attribute Tradespace Exploration with Concurrent
Design for Space System Conceptual Design, AIAA 2003-1328, 41st Aerospace Sciences
Meeting and Exhibit, 6 – 9 Janu... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
’s Thesis
in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2003.
38 Shaw, G. M., Miller, D. W., and Hastings, D. E., “Development of the Quantitative
Generalized Information Network Analysis (GINA) Methodology for Satellite Systems,”
Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2001, p... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
kessel, J. M., “Multi-Attribute
Tradespace Exploration as a Front-End for Effective Space System Design,” Journal of
Spacecraft and Rockets, January 2004.
45 Spaulding, Timothy J., “Tools for Evolutionary Acquisition: A Study of Multi-Attribute
Tradespace Exploration (MATE) applied to the Space Based Radar (SBR),” Mast... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-892j-space-system-architecture-and-design-fall-2004/5c7b371feea1c1563d917c1858f58ec7_03010lec3framev5.pdf |
8.701
0. Introduction
0.3 Teaching Staff
Introduction to Nuclear
and Particle Physics
Markus Klute - MIT
1
Short Bio - Instructor: Markus Klute
Markus Klute joined the MIT Physics Department in
April 2009. He received his Diploma and Ph.D from
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhems University, Bonn,
Germany in 2004 with re... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-701-introduction-to-nuclear-and-particle-physics-fall-2020/5c9317e4704966ef8d82f0d4a1a3dc6d_MIT8_701f20_lec0.3.pdf |
free time.
4
MIT OpenCourseWare
https://ocw.mit.edu
8.701 Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics
Fall 2020
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: https://ocw.mit.edu/terms. | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-701-introduction-to-nuclear-and-particle-physics-fall-2020/5c9317e4704966ef8d82f0d4a1a3dc6d_MIT8_701f20_lec0.3.pdf |
Representing Complexity
MIT Student
Lecture 6 Discussion
�
Dynamic Models of Segregation
Examine how individual incentives/actions aggregate
•
to cause segregation
Develop set of rules governing individual preference/ tolerance and
•
movement
Many simplifying assumptions
•
• Representing the complexity of so... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/ids-900-doctoral-seminar-in-engineering-systems-fall-2011/5cb05eb8bb0eaaa7e2df65c5e776db99_MITESD_83F11_lec06_discuss.pdf |
models and visualization tools
Schelling: “Some of the results are going to be judged impressionistically, and it is
•
worthwhile to get some idea of the kind of picture or pattern that emerges from a
random distribution” (156)
Van Ham, van Wijk: ““Providing both detailed information as well as a global
•
cont... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/ids-900-doctoral-seminar-in-engineering-systems-fall-2011/5cb05eb8bb0eaaa7e2df65c5e776db99_MITESD_83F11_lec06_discuss.pdf |
simplification?
How does one qualify these sorts of simplifications when presenting results to
•
y
y
policy makers?
Slide 7
Question 3: In socioeconomic systems, how simple is too
•
simple?
By focusing on individual incentives, Schelling divorced a socioeconomic
•
phenomena from most of its social an... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/ids-900-doctoral-seminar-in-engineering-systems-fall-2011/5cb05eb8bb0eaaa7e2df65c5e776db99_MITESD_83F11_lec06_discuss.pdf |
Coordinates and
Transformations
MIT ECCS 6.837
Wojciech Matusik
many slides follow Steven Gortler’s book
1
Hierarchical modeling
• Many coordinate systems:
• Camera
• Static scene
• car
• driver
• arm
• hand
• ...
Image courtesy of Gunnar A. Sjögren on Wikimedia Commons. License: CC-BY-SA. This conten... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
to facing East
• Express coordinate system
changes
• e.g. given the driver's location
in the coordinate system of the
car, express it in the coordinate
system of the world
7
Goals for today
• Make it very explicit what coordinate system is
used
• Understand how to change coordinate systems
• Understand how... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
for example:
...
• which gives us
20
Algebra notation
• The are also vectors of the space
• They can be expressed in the basis
for example:
• which gives us
21
Recap, matrix notation
• Given the coordinates c in basis
the transformed vector has coordinates Mc in
22
Why do we care
• We li... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
Linear
Isotropic Scaling
Translation
Reflection
Rotation
Identity
Scaling
Shear
30
Plan
• Vectors
• Points
• Homogenous coordinates
• Normals
31
Points vs. Vectors
• A point is a location
• A vector is a motion between two points
• Adding vectors is meaningful
• going 3km North + 4km East = g... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
9
Linear component
• Note how we leave the fourth component alone
40
Translation component
• Express translation vector t in the basis
41
Translation
42
Full affine expression
Which tells us both how to get a new frame ftM
or how to get the coordinates Mc after transformation
43
Questions?
44
... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
.e. the transformation in a is A-1SA
• i.e., from right to left, A takes us from a to f, then
we apply S, then we go back to a with A-1
51
Questions?
52
How are transforms combined?
Scale then Translate
(1,1)
(0,0)
Scale(2,2)
(2,2)
Translate(3,1)
(5,3)
(3,1)
(0,0)
Use matrix multiplication: p' = T... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
0
3
1
1
Translate then Scale: p' = S ( T p ) = ST p
ST =
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
3
1
1
=
2
0
0
0
2
0
6
2
1
55
Questions?
56
Plan
• Vectors
• Points
• Homogenous coordinates
• Normals
57
Forward reference and eye
• The fourth ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
: http://openclipart.org/detail/34051/digicam-by-thesaurus.
62
Perspective in 2D
The projected point in
homogeneous
coordinates
(we just added w=1):
This image is in the public domain.
Source: http://openclipart.org/detail/34051/digicam-by-thesaurus.
63
Perspective in 2D
Projectively
equivalent
This image i... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
is perspective.
© source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-us e/.
This image is in the public domain.
Source: http://openclipart.org/detail/34051/digicam-by-thesaurus.
68
Questions?
69
Eye candy: ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
nOS
Object Space
World Space
78
Transform Normal like Object?
•translation?
•rotation?
•isotropic scale?
•scale?
•reflection?
•shear?
•perspective?
79
Transform Normal like Object?
•translation?
•rotation?
•isotropic scale?
•scale?
•reflection?
•shear?
•perspective?
80
Transformation for shear ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
Mˉ¹)ᵀ nOS
Sometimes denoted Mˉᵀ
• But why did nWS = M nOS work for similitudes?
• Because for similitude / similarity transforms,
(Mˉ¹)ᵀ =λ M
• e.g. for orthonormal basis:
Mˉ¹ = M ᵀ i.e. (Mˉ¹)ᵀ = M
86
Connections
• Not part of class, but cool
• “Covariant”: transformed by the matrix
• e.g., tangent ... | https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-837-computer-graphics-fall-2012/5cbb1bf32a92fad91e8ad6c37a473240_MIT6_837F12_Lec03.pdf |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.