Datasets:

niloydebbarma
/

ruleshift-zero-feedback-set-shifting

license: cc0-1.0
tags:
  - cognitive-science
  - benchmark
  - machine-learning
  - executive-functions
  - wisconsin-card-sorting-test
  - rule-shifting
  - cognitive-flexibility
  - set-shifting
task_categories:
  - question-answering
language:
  - en
size_categories:
  - n<1K
configs:
  - config_name: default
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: ruleshift_train.jsonl
      - split: test
        path: ruleshift_test.jsonl
dataset_info:
  features:
    - name: scenario_id
      dtype: string
    - name: task
      dtype: int32
    - name: task_name
      dtype: string
    - name: domain
      dtype: string
    - name: phase1_rule
      dtype: string
    - name: phase2_rule
      dtype: string
    - name: shift_type
      dtype: string
    - name: cv_split
      dtype: string
    - name: difficulty
      dtype: string
    - name: created_at
      dtype: string
    - name: human_baseline_RAL
      dtype: float32
    - name: content_hash
      dtype: string
    - name: rule_sequence
      sequence: string
    - name: distractor_dim
      dtype: string
    - name: n_items_per_trial
      dtype: int32
    - name: generation_seed
      dtype: int32
    - name: notes
      dtype: string
    - name: total_trials
      dtype: int32
    - name: phase1_answer_entropy
      dtype: int32
    - name: phase2_answer_entropy
      dtype: int32
    - name: estimated_difficulty_score
      dtype: float32
    - name: phase1_system_prompt
      dtype: string
    - name: target_category
      dtype: string
    - name: target_function
      dtype: string
    - name: target_color
      dtype: string
    - name: target_shape
      dtype: string
    - name: phase1_trials
      sequence:
        - name: trial_num
          dtype: int32
        - name: rule
          dtype: string
        - name: prompt
          dtype: string
        - name: item_description
          sequence: string
        - name: correct_answer
          dtype: string
    - name: phase2_trials
      sequence:
        - name: trial_num
          dtype: int32
        - name: rule
          dtype: string
        - name: prompt
          dtype: string
        - name: item_description
          sequence: string
        - name: correct_answer
          dtype: string
    - name: phase3_trials
      sequence:
        - name: trial_num
          dtype: int32
        - name: rule
          dtype: string
        - name: prompt
          dtype: string
        - name: item_description
          sequence: string
        - name: correct_answer
          dtype: string
  splits:
    - name: train
      num_examples: 123
    - name: test
      num_examples: 27
  citation: |
    @dataset{Barma2026RuleShift,
      title={RuleShift: A Zero-Feedback Cognitive Set-Shifting Benchmark Dataset},
      author={Barma, Niloy Deb},
      year={2026},
      url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/niloydebbarma/ruleshift-dataset},
      doi={10.57967/hf/8246}
    }

RuleShift: Zero-Feedback Set-Shifting

Overview

The RuleShift Dataset is a procedurally generated benchmark comprising 150 classification scenarios across three task domains designed to measure cognitive set-shifting abilities in language models and other AI systems. Each scenario tests a model's capacity to self-detect a silent rule change through internal consistency monitoring alone, without corrective feedback.

This dataset directly operationalizes the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) — a foundational cognitive psychology instrument — into machine learning benchmark tasks.

Dataset Description

Core Statistics

Total Scenarios: 150 (50 per task)
Total Trials: 2,700
Phase Structure:
- Phase 1 (Rule Learning): 5 trials
- Phase 2 (Silent Rule Change): up to 10 trials
- Phase 3 (Confirmation): 3 trials
Train/Test Split: 123/27 (82/18% — stratified by task and difficulty)
Difficulty Tiers: Easy (17), Medium (17), Hard (16) per task

Three Task Domains

Task 1: Perceptual (Shape → Color)

Domain: Visual object descriptions
Phase 1 Rule: Classify by shape (dominant visual property)
Phase 2 Rule: Classify by color (silent rule shift)
Distractor Dimension: Texture (varies but never correct)
Human Baseline (RAL): 1.8 trials

Task 2: Semantic (Category → Function)

Domain: Word classification
Phase 1 Rule: Classify by semantic category
Phase 2 Rule: Classify by functional use (silent rule shift)
Distractor Dimension: Etymology/origin (varies but never correct)
Human Baseline (RAL): 2.1 trials

Task 3: Procedural (Alphabetical → Frequency)

Domain: List operations
Phase 1 Rule: Sort alphabetically (first word of list)
Phase 2 Rule: Sort by word frequency (most common word)
Distractor Dimension: Rarity (varies but never correct)
Human Baseline (RAL): 1.5 trials

Key Features

Rule Adaptation Latency (RAL)

The primary metric: number of incorrect trials after a silent rule change before two consecutive correct responses under the new rule.

Range: 0 (immediate detection) to 10 (rule change never detected, DNF)

Distractor Dimensions

Each task includes a third dimension (texture, origin, rarity) that varies across trials but is never the correct answer. This prevents solving by elimination and requires genuine cross-trial rule tracking.

Zero-Feedback Design

Models receive no corrective feedback at any point. Success requires:

Learning the Phase 1 rule from examples alone
Detecting the silent Phase 2 rule change through internal consistency failure
Adapting to the new rule without external signals

Contamination Prevention

Vocabulary drawn from low-frequency registers not common in standard pre-training corpora
Rare color/shape names, specialised technical nouns
3-level deduplication (scenario ID, content hash, answer sequence)
Fixed random seed (42) for reproducibility

Data Schema

Nested JSONL format — each line is a complete scenario with embedded phase/trial structure:

{
  "scenario_id": "T1_S001",
  "task": 1,
  "task_name": "perceptual",
  "domain": "visual_objects",
  "phase1_rule": "shape",
  "phase2_rule": "color",
  "shift_type": "perceptual_shift",
  "cv_split": "A",
  "difficulty": "medium",
  "created_at": "2026-04-03",
  "human_baseline_RAL": 1.8,
  "content_hash": "f02d0851305d",
  "phase1_trials": [
    {
      "trial_num": 1,
      "rule": "shape",
      "prompt": "Items: coral rhombus, crimson rhombus, amber tetrahedron, teal cuboid. Which one appears most?",
      "item_description": ["coral rhombus", "crimson rhombus", "amber tetrahedron", "teal cuboid"],
      "correct_answer": "rhombus"
    },
    ...
  ],
  "phase2_trials": [
    {
      "trial_num": 6,
      "rule": "color",
      "prompt": "Items: jade prism, ivory octagon, jade tetrahedron, jade ellipse. Which one appears most?",
      "item_description": ["jade prism", "ivory octagon", "jade tetrahedron", "jade ellipse"],
      "correct_answer": "jade"
    },
    ...
  ],
  "phase3_trials": [...]
}

Top-Level Scenario Fields

scenario_id: Unique identifier (e.g., "T1_S001" = Task 1, Scenario 1)
task: 1 (Perceptual), 2 (Semantic), or 3 (Procedural)
task_name: "perceptual", "semantic", or "procedural"
domain: "visual_objects", "word_classification", or "list_operations"
phase1_rule: Rule active in Phase 1
phase2_rule: Rule active in Phase 2 (silent change)
shift_type: Type of rule shift (e.g., "perceptual_shift", "semantic_shift")
cv_split: "A" or "B" for cross-validation (separate from train/test)
difficulty: "easy", "medium", or "hard"
created_at: Generation date
human_baseline_RAL: Expected human Rule Adaptation Latency
content_hash: Unique hash identifying scenario content

Trial Fields (within phase1_trials, phase2_trials, phase3_trials)

trial_num: Absolute trial number across all phases (1–18)
rule: Correct sorting rule for this trial
prompt: Human-readable question presented to model
item_description: List of item descriptions (length = n_items_per_trial)
correct_answer: Expected response (single word)

Usage

Load from Hugging Face

from datasets import load_dataset
import json

# Load full dataset
dataset = load_dataset("niloydebbarma/ruleshift-dataset")

# Access a single scenario
scenario = dataset["train"][0]

# Access Phase 1 trials for first scenario
phase1 = scenario["phase1_trials"]
print(f"Phase 1: {len(phase1)} trials")

# Access first trial
first_trial = phase1[0]
print(f"Trial prompt: {first_trial['prompt']}")
print(f"Correct answer: {first_trial['correct_answer']}")

# Filter by task
task1_only = dataset["train"].filter(lambda x: x["task"] == 1)

# Filter by difficulty
hard_only = dataset["train"].filter(lambda x: x["difficulty"] == "hard")

Compute RAL (Rule Adaptation Latency)

def compute_ral(scenario):
    """
    Compute RAL: trials to two consecutive correct responses
    in Phase 2 after the silent rule change.

    Returns:
        RAL (int): Number of incorrect predictions in Phase 2
                   before two consecutive correct responses.
                   Max value 10 if rule never detected (DNF).
    """
    phase2_trials = scenario["phase2_trials"]

    correct_count = 0

    for trial in phase2_trials:
        # In practice: compare model response to correct_answer
        # For now, assume comparison logic here
        is_correct = (model_response == trial["correct_answer"])

        if is_correct:
            correct_count += 1
            if correct_count >= 2:
                return trial["trial_num"] - phase2_trials[0]["trial_num"]
        else:
            correct_count = 0

    return 10  # DNF (Did Not Find rule)

# Usage:
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("niloydebbarma/ruleshift-dataset")
scenario = dataset["train"][0]
ral = compute_ral(scenario)
print(f"Rule Adaptation Latency: {ral} trials")

Difficulty Calibration

Difficulty is assigned based on expected adaptation latency:

Difficulty	Characteristics
Easy	Clear Phase 1 rule, obvious Phase 2 shift, high contrast features
Medium	Moderate Phase 1 ambiguity, subtle Phase 2 shift, mixed feature clarity
Hard	Ambiguous Phase 1, minimal Phase 2 signal, confusable features across dimensions

Baseline Performance

Human Performance (from Wisconsin Card Sorting Test literature):

Task 1 (Perceptual): RAL = 1.8
Task 2 (Semantic): RAL = 2.1
Task 3 (Procedural): RAL = 1.5

Human baseline represents educated adult performance without prior training.

Generation Method

Procedural Python generation with fixed random seed (42)
No neural models used in dataset creation
Fully reproducible — same seed produces identical dataset
RAM usage: < 100 MB
GPU: Not required

Cross-Validation Structure

Two-split cross-validation (CV A/B):

75 scenarios in split A → train on B, test on A
75 scenarios in split B → train on A, test on B

Note: CV A/B is separate from train/test split. CV enables cross-validation within the training partition; train/test is for final evaluation.

Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite:

@dataset{Barma2026RuleShift,
  title={RuleShift: A Zero-Feedback Cognitive Set-Shifting Benchmark Dataset},
  author={Barma, Niloy Deb},
  year={2026},
  url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/niloydebbarma/ruleshift-dataset},
  doi={10.57967/hf/8246}
}

Foundational references:

@article{Berg1948,
  author = {Esta A. Berg},
  title = {A Simple Objective Technique for Measuring Flexibility in Thinking},
  journal = {The Journal of General Psychology},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15--22},
  year = {1948},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.1080/00221309.1948.9918159}
}

@inproceedings{Heaton1993WisconsinCS,
  title={Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual -- Revised and Expanded},
  author={Robert K. Heaton and C. Chelune and J. D. Talley and Gary G. Kay and Glenn Curtiss},
  year={1993},
  publisher={Psychological Assessment Resources},
  url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:65194761}
}

Dataset Versions

Version	Date	Changes
1.0.0	2026-04-03	Initial release: 150 scenarios, 3 tasks, 2,700 trials

License

Data License

CC0 1.0 Universal (Public Domain) — No rights reserved. Reusable without restriction.

This dataset is released into the public domain. You are free to use, modify, and distribute it for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, without seeking permission.

Code License

Apache License 2.0

The code in this repository is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
You may use, modify, and distribute the code, provided that you include the required license notice and comply with the terms of the license.

Repository

Kaggle Dataset: niloydebbarma/ruleshift-dataset

Generation Code: RuleShift Dataset Generation Notebook

Contact

For questions, issues, or feedback:

Author: Niloy Deb Barma
Please open an issue in this repository for bug reports, suggestions, or discussions.

RuleShift is designed as a benchmark for measuring progress toward AGI in executive function capabilities, specifically cognitive flexibility measured through silent rule adaptation tasks.