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<｜fim▁begin｜> Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Main Page | Randomized Overview: Overview | Follicular | Diffuse large B-cell | MALT | Nodal marginal zone | Mantle cell | CLL/SLL | Lymphoblastic | Burkitt | NK/T cell | Anaplastic large cell | Primary CNS Lymphoma Treatment: Aggressive | Specific sites | Radioimmunotherapy Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (CLL/SLL) Contents 1 Overview 2 Staging 3 Classification 4 Richter's transformation 5 Radiation Therapy 6 Reviews Overview CLL is the most common leukemia among adults in Western world It is characterized by accumulation of mature B-cells CLL molecular phenotype: CD5+, CD23+, surface Ig weak, CD79b weak/absent, FMC7 neg. Diagnosis: lymphocytosis (often >5 x 10^9 / L, but not an absolute cutoff) Risk factors are male sex, advanced age, white race, and family history of CLL or lymphoproliferative disorders Cause and pathogenesis are largely unknown Peripheral blood of some healthy adults shows circulating B-cell clones with surface phenotypes similar to CLL Monocloncal B-cell lymphomatosis (MBL) indicates presence of such B-cells in blood at <5000 per cubic millimeter Prevalence of MBL may be 3-5% in general population over 50 years of age It appears that these circulating B-cell clones may be present in blood of for years prior to development of CLL, and that the light chain re-arrangement is the same Thus, it may be reasonable to consider MBL a precursor state to CLL, in a similar fashion as MGUS is a precursor state to multiple myeloma CLL and SLL are histologically and immunophenotypically identical By definition, CLL has more marked peripheral blood involvement CLL: absolute lymphocyte count >=5 x109/L SLL: absolute lymphocyte count <5 x109/L Clinical course varies widely, but frequently characterized by indolent behavior Treatment commonly deferred while patients asymptomatic No consensus on best treatment, but nucleoside analogues and Rituxan have led to improved outcomes Staging Rai Staging Rai Stage Criteria Survival (yr) 0 lymphocytosis only. no other abnormality > 13 I lymphocytosis and lymph node enlargement. no other abnormality 8 II lymphocytosis and spleen or liver enlargement (w/ or w/o lymph node enlargement). no <｜fim▁hole｜> lymphocytosis and anemia (Hgb < 11 g/dL); w/ or w/o spleen / liver / lymph node enlargement. no platelet abnormality 2 IV lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia (plts < 100,000 /µL) 1 Binet Staging Binet Stage Criteria Survival (yr) A <3 lymph node areas; no anemia or thrombocytopenia 12 B 3 or more lymph node areas; no anemia or thrombocytopenia 5 C Anemia (Hgb < 11) or thrombocytopenia (< 100,000 /µL) 2 Classification MD Anderson; 2007 (1985-2005) PMID 17925562 -- "Assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma by absolute lymphocyte counts in 2,126 patients: 20 years of experience at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center." (Tsimberidou AM, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 10;25(29):4648-56.) Retrospective. 2126 consecutive CLL/SLL patients Outcome: rates of response, OS, and FFS not different among different groups Predictive factors: deletion of 17p or 6q, age >60, b2-microglobulin >2, albumin <3.5, creatinine >1.6 Conclusion: Patients with CLL or SLL can be treated similarly Richter's transformation Named for Maurice N. Richter who described it in 1928 Development of high grade NHL (typically diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) in the setting of CLL May be triggered by viral infections (e.g. EBV) or by genetic defects acquired by the malignant clone Occurs in ~4% of CLL patients Response rates to chemotherapy are low, up to ~40%; median OS is ~8 months 1993 PMID 7693038, 1993 — "Common clonal origin of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high-grade lymphoma of Richter's syndrome." Cherepakhin V et al. Blood. 1993 Nov 15;82(10):3141-7. 1975 PMID 1096589, 1975 — "Richter's syndrome. A terminal complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with distinct clinicopathologic features." Long JC et al. Am J Clin Pathol. 1975 Jun;63(6):786-95. Original description; 1928 PMID 19969796, 1928 — "Generalized reticular cell sarcoma of lymph nodes associated with lymphatic leukemia." Richter MN et al. Am J Pathol. 1928; 4:285. Radiation Therapy Please see spleen irradiation Reviews 2006 PMID 16983131 -- "Narrative review: initial management of newly diagnosed, early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia." (Shanafelt TD, Ann Intern Med. 2006 Sep 19;145(6):435-47.) 2006 PMID 16901035 -- "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis and treatment." (Yee KW, Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Aug;81(8):1105-29.) <｜fim▁end｜> | other abnormality 5 III |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Karrigell is an open Source Python web framework written in Python The Python 2 version is the stable release. A version for Python 3.2 and above was released in February 2011 How-tos Explains "how to" build web applications. This section only applies to the Python3 version Pronounce "Karrigell" Install Write the "Hello world" script Build a simple HTML page Write an interactive application in a single script Use the POST method Upload files Redirect to a URL Insert dynamic values in a template Insert an image, a stylesheet, a Javascript in a document Manage encodings Set, read and erase cookies Import a module Tutorial This <｜fim▁hole｜> build a simple web based application : the example is a CD collection. The home page will show the list of records, with a counter of visits and a "login" link. People who successfully log in will be able to add / edit / remove records The first step is to install Karrigell. Download the latest version, unzip it in a folder, open a console window and in this folder run python Karrigell.py. This will start the built-in web server on port 80 Home page Managing The Database Snippets Counter Test Mysql Set Content-type header External links Group Karrigell for Python A review on devshed <｜fim▁end｜> | tutorial explains how to |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Contents 1 The Concept 2 The System 3 The Data 4 LMI : Exterior Conic Sector Lemma 5 Conclusion: 6 Implementation 7 Related LMIs 8 References The Concept The conic sector theorem is a powerful input-output stability analysis tool, providing a fine balance between generality and simplicity of system characterisations that is conducive to practical stability analysis and robust controller synthesis. The System Consider a square, contiuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) system, G : L 2 e → L 2 e {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}:{\mathcal {L}}_{2e}\rightarrow {\mathcal {L}}_{2e}} , with minimal state-space relization (A, B, C, D), where E , A ∈ R n × n , B ∈ R n × m , C ∈ R p × n , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E,A}}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{n\times n},{\mathcal {B}}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{n\times m},{\mathcal {C}}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{p\times n},} and D ∈ R p × m {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{p\times m}} . x ˙ ( t ) = A x ( t ) + B u ( t ) , y ( t ) = C x ( t ) + D u ( t ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t),\\y(t)&=Cx(t)+Du(t)\\\end{aligned}}} The Data The matrices The matrices A , B , C {\displaystyle A,B,C} and D {\displaystyle D} LMI : Exterior Conic Sector Lemma The system G {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}} is in the exterior cone of radius r centered at c (i.e. G ∈ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}\in } exconer(c)), where r ∈ R > 0 {\displaystyle r\in {\mathcal {R}}_{>0}} and ∈ R {\displaystyle \in {\mathcal {R}}} , under either of the following equivalent necessary and sufficient conditions. 1. There exists P ∈ S n {\displaystyle \in {\mathcal {S}}^{n}} , where P ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \geq 0} , such that [ P A + A T P − C <｜fim▁hole｜> T ( D − C I ) ( P B − C T ( D − C I ) ) T r 2 I − ( D − c I ) T ( D − c I ) ] ≤ 0. {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}PA+A^{T}P-C^{T}C&PB-C^{T}(D-CI)\\(PB-C^{T}(D-CI))^{T}&r^{2}I-(D-cI)^{T}(D-cI)\end{bmatrix}}\leq 0.} 2. There exists P ∈ S n {\displaystyle \in {\mathcal {S}}^{n}} , where P ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \geq 0} , such that [ P A + A T P − C T C P B − C T ( D − C I ) 0 ( P B − C T ( D − C I ) ) T − ( D − c I ) T ( D − c I ) r I 0 ( r I ) T − I ] ≤ 0. {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}PA+A^{T}P-C^{T}C&PB-C^{T}(D-CI)&0\\(PB-C^{T}(D-CI))^{T}&-(D-cI)^{T}(D-cI)&rI\\0&(rI)^{T}&-I\end{bmatrix}}\leq 0.} Proof, Applying the Schur complement lemma to the r 2 I {\displaystyle r^{2}I} terms in (1) gives (2). Conclusion: If there exist a positive definite P {\displaystyle P} matrix satisfying above LMIs then the system G {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}} is in the exterior cone of radius r centered at c. Implementation Code for implementation of this LMI using MATLAB. https://github.com/VJanand25/LMI Related LMIs KYP Lemma State Space Stability References 1. J. C. Willems, “Dissipative dynamical systems - part I: General theory,” Archive Rational Mechanics and Analysis, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 321–351, 1972. 2. D. J. Hill and P. J. Moylan, “The stability of nonlinear dissipative systems,” IEEE Transac- tions on Automatic Control, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 708–711, 1976. 3. LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory, by Ryan James Caverly1 and James Richard Forbes2 4. Bridgeman, Leila Jasmine, and James Richard Forbes. "The exterior conic sector lemma." International Journal of Control 88.11 (2015): 2250-2263. <｜fim▁end｜> | T C P B − C |
<｜fim▁begin｜> French Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts Contents 1 Formation 2 Forms and Usage Summary 3 Simple Present Participle Usage 4 Composed Present Participle 4.1 Formation 4.2 Usage 5 Le gérondif 5.1 Formation 5.2 Usage Formation Replace the -ons ending of a verb conjugated in the first person plural in the present indicative with -ant. There are three verbs with the present participle forming irregularly: avoir, être, and savoir. Grammar(upload audio)Present Participle Formation · Formation De Participe Présent Regular Formation infinitive Nous form of thepresent indicative Stem Ending PresentParticiple parler nous parlons parl ant parlant finir nous finissons finiss finissant attendre nous attendons attend attendant prendre nous prenons pren prenant Irregular Formation avoir ayant être étant savoir sachant Forms and Usage Summary Grammar(upload audio)Present Participle Usage · Utilisation De Participe Présent Form Formation Formation Example Usage Usage Detail Simple Present Participle [present participle] étant - beingdisant - saying causereason expresses the reason why somethinghas occurred Composed Present Participle [étant or ayant] + [past participle] ayant fini - having finishedétant allé(e)(s) - having gone anteriority expresses that one action occurredbefore the action of the main verb Le gérondif en + [present participle] en chantant - while singingen courant - while running simultinaity expresses that one action is occurringat the same time as a second NOTE: The present progressive tense does not exist in French. The present indicative is used instead. To say I am going., you would say Je vais. You would NOT say Je suis allant. Simple Present Participle Usage The present participle is used to express the reason why something has occurred. La table étant trop lourde, ils ne pouvaient pas la soulever. - The table being too heavy, they were not able to lift it. Composed Present Participle Formation To form the composed present participle, conjugate être or avoir in the present participle (étant and ayant) and add <｜fim▁hole｜> having spoken étant allé(e)(s) - having gone. Note that both avoir and être translate to having in English. This is the same in all composed tenses. The past participle may have an -e or -s added in order to agree with other parts of the sentence. All standard agreement rules that composed tenses follow apply to the composed present participle as well. Usage The composed present participle is used to express that one action occurred before the action of the main verb Ayant fini, je suis parti(e). - Having finished, I left. Je suis parti(e) ayant entendu la fille. - I left having heard the girl. The composed present participle is not used after a preposition. To express a similar idea using a preposition, the past infinitive is used. Je suis parti(e) sans avoir entendu la fille. - I left without having heard the girl. Je suis parti(e) après avoir entendu la fille. - I left after having heard the girl. Le gérondif Formation en + present participle en chantant - (while) singing en courant - (while) running Usage Le gérondif is used to express that one action is occurring at the same time as a second. Ils se sont promenés en chantant. - They walked while singing. Elle est arrivée en courant. - She arrived running. Tenses and moods Concepts : Present participle · Past participle · Gérondif · Infinitive · Past infinitive · Auxiliary verb · Perfect tenses Indicative mood : Simple tenses (Present · Imperfect · Past historic · Future) · Perfect tenses (Present perfect · Pluperfect · Past anterior · Future anterior) · Other tenses (Recent past · Near future) Subjunctive mood : Present · Imperfect · Past · Pluperfect Imperative mood : Present · Past Conditional mood : Present · Past · Second form of the past French : Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts <｜fim▁end｜> | the past participle. ayant parlé - |
<｜fim▁begin｜> ← Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases ·Buffer Systems → ← Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases · General Chemistry · Buffer Systems → Book Cover · Introduction · v • d • e Units: Matter · Atomic Structure · Bonding · Reactions · Solutions · Phases of Matter · Equilibria · Kinetics · Thermodynamics · The Elements Appendices: Periodic Table · Units · Constants · Equations · Reduction Potentials · Elements and their Properties Contents 1 Ionization of Water 2 The pH Scale 2.1 Definition of pH 2.2 pOH 2.3 Calculating pH 3 Titration 4 Practice Questions Ionization of Water Water is a very weak electrolyte. It will dissociate into hydroxide and hydronium ions, although only in a very small amount. Because pure water is completely neutral, it always dissociates in equal amounts of both hydroxide and hydronium. Once acidic or basic substances have been added to pure water, the concentration of the ions will change. Regardless of which acid-base theory is used, acids and bases all have one important thing in common: All acids increase the H+ concentration of water. All bases increase the OH- concentration of water. Furthermore, the concentration of hydrogen ions multiplied by the concentration of hydroxide ions is a constant. This constant is known as the ionization constant of water, or Kw. At room temperature it equals 10-14 mol2/L2. Thus: K w = [ H + ] × [ OH − ] = 1.00 × 10 − 14 m o l 2 / L 2 {\displaystyle K_{w}=[{\hbox{H}}^{+}]\times [{\hbox{OH}}^{-}]=1.00\times 10^{-14}mol^{2}/L^{2}} In a neutral solution, the concentrations of H+ and OH- are both equal to 10-7. Using the above equation, the concentration of one ion can be determined if the concentration of the other ion is known. This equation further demonstrates the relationship between acids and bases: as the acidity (H+) increases, the basicity (OH-) must decrease. The pH Scale To measure the acidity or basicity of a substance, the pH scale is employed. The pH Scale A completely neutral substance has a pH of 7. Acids have a pH below 7 Bases have a pH above 7. pH usually ranges between 0 and <｜fim▁hole｜> be any value. Battery acid, for example, has a negative pH because it is so acidic. Various pH values. Definition of pH The pH scale is mathematically defined as: p H = − log [ H + ] {\displaystyle pH=-\log {[{\hbox{H}}^{+}]}} Substances that release protons or increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (or hydronium ions) will lower the pH value. pOH There is also a less common scale, the pOH scale. It is defined as: p O H = − log [ OH − ] {\displaystyle pOH=-\log {[{\hbox{OH}}^{-}]}} Substances that absorb protons or increase the concentration of hydroxide ions will lower the pOH value. The sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature: p H + p O H = 14 {\displaystyle pH+pOH=14} Calculating pH A strong acid or strong base will completely dissociate in water, so the concentration of the acid/base is equal to the concentration of H+ or OH-. If you know the concentration of the acid or base, then you can simply plug that number into the pH or pOH formula. The sum of pH and pOH will always equal 14 at room temperature, so you can interconvert these two values. If you know the H+ concentration and need to know the OH- concentration (or vice versa), use the definition of Kw above. The product of the two ion concentrations will always equal 10-14 at room temperature. Titration Titration is the controlled mixing of a solution with known concentration (the standard solution) to another solution to determine its concentration. One solution is acidic and the other is basic. An indicator is added to the mixture. An indicator must be selected so that it changes color when equal amounts of acid and base have been added. This is known as the equivalence point. This does not necessarily mean that the pH is 7.0. Polyprotic acids have multiple equivalence points. Once the equivalence point has been reached, the unknown concentration can be determined mathematically. Practice Questions 1) 5.00g of NaOH are dissolved to make 1.00L of solution. a What is the concentration of H+? b What is the pH? Answers for Titration and pH <｜fim▁end｜> | 14, but it can |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Почта СССР CPA catalogue ← 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 → CPA # 3720-3841 (122 stamps, 65 series) Here complete descriptions of 1969 USSR stamps are given. Здесь приведены полные описания почтовых марок СССР 1969 года. All available images of 1969 USSR stamps are on the Wikimedia Commons: Все имеющиеся изображения почтовых марок СССР 1969 года находятся на Викискладе: Stamps of the Soviet Union, 1969, all stamps You can also see standard images of 1969 USSR stamps on Wikimedia commons: Типовые изображения почтовых марок СССР 1969 года можно также посмотреть на Викискладе: Каталог ЦФА (3001-4000) Attention! The stamps are sorted by CPA (Central Philatelic Agency) catalog numbers, not by dates of their issue! Внимание! Марки отсортированы по номерам каталога ЦФА, а не по дате выпуска! The names of stamps and stamp series are made according to all used 7 catalogues[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Названия марок и серий марок составлены по всем используемым 7 каталогам. Names of articles of Wikipedia are whenever possible used in names of stamps and series. В названия марок и серий по возможности использованы названия статей Википедии. Contents 1 Full descriptions / Полные описания 1.1 40 CPA ##3788-3792 (5) State Museum of Oriental Art, Moscow (Founded 1918.10.30) 2 Short descriptions / Краткие описания 2.1 1 1969.01.01 (Belarus) 2.2 2 1969.01.01 (Latvia) 2.3 3 1969.01.22 (1st Team Spaceflight) 2.4 4 1969.01.23 (Saint Petersburg State University) 2.5 5 1969.02.13 (Ivan Klylov) 2.6 6 1969.02.23 (Heroes of World War II) 2.7 7 1969.03.21 (1st Hungarian Soviet Republic) 2.8 8 1969.03.22 (Bashkir ASSR) 2.9 9 1969.04.12 (Cosmonautics Day) 2.10 10 1969.04.18-10.21 (Lenin's Places) 2.11 11 1969.04.25 (VEF) 2.12 12 1969.05.09 (Heroes of World War II) 2.13 13 1969.05.09 (ILO) 2.14 14 1969.05.15 (Figures of the Communist Party and the Soviet State) 2.15 15 1969.05.15 (Suleiman Stalsky) 2.16 16 1969.05.15 (Moscow Botanical Garden) 2.17 17 1969.05.22 (Ukrainian Academy of Sciences) 2.18 18 1969.06.03 (Cinema Festival in Moscow) 2.19 19 1969.06.03 (Ballet Competitions in Moscow) 2.20 20 1969.06.10 (Protozoologists Congress) 2.21 21 1969.06.14 (Estonian Song Festival) 2.22 22 1969.06.20 (Periodic Law) 2.23 23 1969.06.20 (World Peace Movement) 2.24 24 1969.06.20 (Soviet Scientific Inventions) 2.25 25 1969.06.25 (Ivan Kotliarevsky) 2.26 26 1969.06.25 (Ice Hockey) 2.27 27 1969.07.03 (Liberation of Byelorussia from Fascism Occupation) 2.28 28 1969.07.10 (Polish People's Republic) 2.29 29 1969.07.10 (Bulgaria) 2.30 30 1969.07.15 (Mykolaiv) 2.31 31 1969.07.15 (Samarkand) 2.32 32 1969.07.20 (Mihály Munkácsy) 2.33 33 1969.07.20 (Sport) 2.34 34 1969.07.20 (First Cavalry Army) 2.35 35 1969.07.20 (Donetsk) 2.36 36 1969.08.03 (Ilya Repin) 2.37 37 1969.08.09 (Spartakiad) 2.38 38 1969.08.22 (Vladimir Komarov) 2.39 39 1969.09.01 (Hovhannes Tumanyan) 2.40 40 1969.09.03 (Museum of Oriental Art) 2.41 41 1969.09.10 (Mahatma Gandhi) 2.42 42 1969.09.10 (Białowieża Forest) 2.43 43 1969.09.10 (Komitas) 2.44 44 1969.09.20 (Sergey Gritsevets) 2.45 45 1969.09.20 (Partisans of World War II) 2.46 46 1969.09.20 (Heroes of World War II) 2.47 47 1969.09.26 (Ivan Pavlov) 2.48 48 1969.10.03 (East Germany) 2.49 49 1969.10.14 (Liberation of Ukraine from Fascism Occupation) 2.50 50 1969.10.14 (Aleksey Koltsov) 2.51 51 1969.10.21-11.06 (October Revolution) 2.52 52 1969.10.22 (Triple Space Flights) 2.53 53 1969.10.25 (Philatelic Exhibition) 2.54 54 1969.10.29 (Signal Corps) 2.55 55 1969.11.18 (Congress of Kolkhoz Men) 2.56 56 1969.11.20 (Fairy Tales) 2.57 57 1969.11.25-12.26 (Space) 2.58 58 1969.11.30 (USSR-Afghanistan) 2.59 59 1969.11.30 (Definitive Coil Stamp) 2.60 60 1969.12.12 (Aircraft) 2.61 61 1969.12.25-31 (Aviation) 2.62 62 1969.12.25 (New Year) 2.63 63 1969.12.26 (Sport) 2.64 64 1969.12.31 (Liberation of Byelorussia from Fascism Occupation) 2.65 65 1969.12.31 (Ostankino Tower) 3 Sources / Источники Full descriptions / Полные описания C - Commemorative stamp (Коммеморативная марка) Size of images / Размер картинок: size = 0-50 mm → 4·size px size = 50-100 mm → 3·size + 50 px size = 100-150 mm → 2·size + 150 px size = 150-200 mm → size + 300 px size ≥ 200 mm → 500 px 40 CPA ##3788-3792 (5) State Museum of Oriental Art, Moscow (Founded 1918.10.30) Full design (Полное оформление). See also short descriptions (см. также краткие описания) State Museum of Oriental Art, Moscow (Founded 1918.10.30). Designer: Vasili Zavyalov. Type: commemorative. General text: “ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МУЗЕЙ ИСКУССТВА НАРОДОВ ВОСТОКА”. National ornaments are on the left side of the stamps Perforation: comb 12:12½. Paper: coated. Print: offset. Size: 30 x 42 mm (25 x 37 mm)[8]. Sheet: 25 (5 x 5). Colour, face value and quantities: see the stamps Государственный музей искусства народов Востока в Москве (основан 30/X 1918). Художник Василий Васильевич Завьялов. Коммеморативные. Общий текст: «ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МУЗЕЙ ИСКУССТВА НАРОДОВ ВОСТОКА». Национальные орнаменты на левой стороне марок. 1969.09.03 Numbers: SC 3711-3715; Liapine 3746-3750; Scott 3634-3638; Michel 3661-3665; SG 3723-3727; Yvert 3522-3526. Codes: Scott 1745 (1); Michel dzd-dzh (5), SG 1388 (1) #1969.69-40.1 C30 x 42 mm Turkmenian Drinking Horn. Cult drinking horn rhyton (Turkmenian, 2nd-cent B. C.). Ivory. It is found in case of Nisa's excavation - the large city of the Parthian Empire. Local text: "РИТОН. ТУРКМЕНИЯ II ВЕК ДО Н.Э.". Colour: blue[4] and multicoloured. Face value: 4k. Quantities: 5,000,000 copies. Культовый кубок-рог, Туркмения. Культовый кубок-рог ритон (Туркмения, II век до н. э.). Слоновая кость. Найден при раскопках Нисы - крупного города Парфянского царства. Локальный текст: "РИТОН. ТУРКМЕНИЯ II ВЕК ДО Н.Э.". Синяя и многоцветная. CPA 3788 SC 3711 Liapine 3746 Scott 3634 (A1745) Michel 3661 (dzd) SG 3723 (1388) Yvert 3522 #1969.70-40.2 C30 x 42 mm Persian Simurgh Vessel. Simurgh vessel - giant anthropomorphic bird (Iran, 13th century). Ceramic, glaze. Local text: "СОСУД СИМУРГ. ИРАН XIII ВЕК". Colour: lilac[4] and multicoloured. Face value: 6k. Quantities: 4,500,000 copies. Сосуд Симург, Персия. Симург - сосуд в форме птицы с женским лицом (Иран, XIII век). Керамика, глазурь. Локальный текст: "СОСУД СИМУРГ. ИРАН XIII ВЕК". Сиреневая и многоцветная. CPA 3789 SC 3712 Liapine 3747 Scott 3635 (A1745) Michel 3662 (dze) SG 3724 Yvert 3523 #1969.71-40.3 C30 x 42 mm Head of Goddess Guanyin (Kannon), Korea. Guanyin (Kannon) - goddess of the Good and mercy (Korea, 8th century). Stone. Local text: "КАНЫМ. КОРЕЯ VIII ВЕК". Colour: red [4] and multicoloured. Face value: 12k. Quantities: 4,000,000 copies. Голова богини Гуаньинь (Каным), Корея. Гуаньинь (Каным) - богиня добра и милосердия (Корея, VIII век). Камень. Локальный текст: "КАНЫМ. КОРЕЯ VIII ВЕК". Красная и многоцветная. CPA 3790 SC 3713 Liapine 3748 Scott 3636 (A1745) Michel 3663 (dzf) SG 3725 Yvert 3524 #1969.72-40.4 C30 x 42 mm Bodhisattva Statuette, Tibet. Bodhisattva - goddess of happiness, the Good and mercy (Tibet, 7th century). Bronze. Local text: "БОДИСАТВА. ТИБЕТ VII ВЕК". Colour: blue, violet[4] and multicoloured. Face value: 12k. Quantities: 3,500,000 copies. Статуэтка Бодхисаттвы, Тибет. Бодхисаттва - богиня счастья, добра и милосердия (Тибет, VII век). Бронза. Локальный текст: "БОДИСАТВА. ТИБЕТ VII ВЕК". Синяя, фиолетовая и многоцветная. CPA 3791 SC 3714 Liapine 3749 Scott 3637 (A1745) Michel 3664 (dzg) SG 3726 Yvert 3525 #1969.73-40.5 C30 x 42 mm Ebisu Statuette, Japan. Ebisu - God of happiness and wealth (Japan, 17th century). Ivory. Local text: "ЭБИЗУ. ЯПОНИЯ XVII ВЕК". Colour: pale green[4] and multicoloured. Face value: 20k. Quantities: 3,000,000 copies. Статуэтка Эбису, Япония. Эбису - бог счастья и богатства (Япония, XVII век). Слоновая кость. Локальный текст: "ЭБИЗУ. ЯПОНИЯ XVII ВЕК". Бледнохзеленая и многоцветная. CPA 3792 SC 3715 Liapine 3750 Scott 3638 (A1745) Michel 3665 (dzh) SG 3727 Yvert 3526 Short descriptions / Краткие описания Full design (Полное оформление). C - Commemorative stamp (Коммеморативная марка) Size of images: / Размер картинок: size = 0-50 mm → 2·size px size = 50-150 mm → size + 50 px size ≥ 150 mm → 200 px 1 1969.01.01 (Belarus) 1 50th anniversary of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Belarus) 1. 50-летие Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.1-1.1 C40 x 28 mm 2k Revolutionaries and Monument Революционеры и памятник 3720 3643 3678 3568 (A1709) 3594 (dwg) 3655 (1351) 3460 #1969.2-1.2 C40 x 28 mm 4k Partisans and Sword Партизаны и меч 3721 3644 3679 3569 (A1709) 3595 (dwh) 3656 3461 #1969.3-1.3 C40 x 28 mm 6k Workers and Orders of Lenin Рабочие и ордена Ленина 3722 3645 3680 3570 (A1709) 3596 (dwi) 3657 3462 2 1969.01.01 (Latvia) 2 50th Anniversary of Soviet Power in Latvia (December, 1918) (Latvia) 2. 50-летие со дня установления Советской власти в Латвии (декабрь 1918) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.4-2.1 C30 x 42 mm 4k Russian and Latvian Shooters Русский и латышский стрелки 3723 3646 3681 3567 (A1708) 3597 (dwk) 3658 (1352) 3463 3 1969.01.22 (1st Team Spaceflight) 3 1st Team Spaceflights of Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5, 1/16/69. Sheet of 1 (1st Team Spaceflight) 3. Первая в мире экспериментальная космическая станция (Союз-4 и Союз-5). Почтовый блок # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.5-3.1 C94 x 68 mm 50k Vladimir Shatalov, Boris Volynov, Aleksei Yeliseyev and Yevgeny Khrunov Владимир Александрович Шаталов, Борис Валентинович Волынов, Алексей Станиславович Елисеев и Евгений Васильевич Хрунов 3724 Бл 57 (3647) Блок 58 (3682) 3571 (A1710) Block 54 (3596) (dwm (dwl)) MS3659 (1353) Bloc 53 4 1969.01.23 (Saint Petersburg State University) 4 150th Anniversary of Andrei Zhdanov Leningrad University (Saint Petersburg State University) 4. 150-летие Ленинградского государственного университета имени А. А. Жданова # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.6-4.1 C42 x 30 mm 10k University Buildings 3725 3648 3683 3572 (A1711) 3599 (dwn) 3660 (1354) 3464 5 1969.02.13 (Ivan Klylov) 5 Birth Bicent of Ivan Klylov, Fabulist (1769?-1844) (Ivan Klylov) 5. 200-летие со дня рождения баснописца Ивана Андреевича Крылова (1769?-1844) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.7-5.1 C30 x 42 mm 4k Ivan Klylov 3726 3649 3684 3573 (A1712) 3600 (dwo) 3661 (1355) 3465 6 1969.02.23 (Heroes of World War II) 6 Heroes of World War II (Heroes of World War II) Continuation of the series (CPA 2401-2402, 2547, 2591, 2663-2664, 2826-2827, 2828, 3002-3003, 3004-3005, 3148-3149, 3324-3326, 3462-3463, 3490, 3509, 3595-3597, 3727-3728, 3746, 3802, 3855-3856, 3976-3977) (33 stamps) 6. Герои Великой Отечественной войны. Продолжение серии # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.8-6.1 C30 x 42 mm 4k World War II Hero First Lieutenant of the Guard Aleksandr Kosmodemyansky 3727 3650 3685 3575 (A1713) 3602 (dwr) 3663 3467 #1969.9-6.2 C30 x 42 mm 4k World War II Hero Political Commissar Nikolay Filchenkov 3728 3651 3686 3574 (A1713) 3601 (dwp) 3662 (1356) 3466 7 1969.03.21 (1st Hungarian Soviet Republic) 7 50th Anniversary of 1st Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919.03.21) (1st Hungarian Soviet Republic) 7. 50-летие провозглашения 1-й Венгерской Советской Республики (21/III 1919) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.10-7.1 C37 x 37 mm 6k The Whell Turns Round Again 3729 3652 3687 3576 (A1714) 3603 (dws) 3664 (1357) 3468 8 1969.03.22 (Bashkir ASSR) 8 50th Anniversary of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919.03.23) (Bashkir ASSR) 8. 50-летие Башкирской Автономной Советской Социалистической Республики (23/III 1919) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.11-8.1 C52 x 37 mm 4k Oil Refinery and Salawat Yulayev Monument 3730 3653 3688 3577 (A1715) 3604 (dwt) 3665 (1358) 3469 9 1969.04.12 (Cosmonautics Day) 9 National Cosmonautics Day (Cosmonautics Day) 9. День космонавтики # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.12-9.1 C52 x 37 mm 10k Sergei Korolev 3731 3654 3689 3578 (A1716) 3606 (dwv) 3668 3478 #1969.13-9.2 C37 x 52 mm 10k Vostok on Launching Pad 3732 3655 3690 3580 (A1717) 3605 (dwu) 3666 (1359) 3480 #1969.14-9.3 C52 x 37 mm 10k Zond 5 3733 3656 3691 3579 (A1716) 3607 (dww) 3667 3479 #1969.15-9.4 C90 x 65 mm 80k Soyuz 3 3734 Бл 58 (3657) Блок 59 (3692) 3581 (A1716) Block 55 (3608) (dwy(dwx)) MS3669 Bloc 54 10 1969.04.18-10.21 (Lenin's Places) 10 Places in the USSR Connected with Lenin (Lenin's Places) 10. Памятные ленинские места в СССР # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.16-10.1 C1969.06.1240 x 28 mm 4k Lenin House, Ulyanovsk 3735 3658 3702 3591 (A1718) 3632 (dxy) 3678 3477B #1969.17-10.2 C1969.10.2140 x 28 mm 4k Lenin Museum, Ulyanovsk 3736 3659 3701 3590 (A1718) 3681 (dzz) 3679 3477A #1969.18-10.3 C1969.04.1840 x 28 mm 4k Lenin University, Kazan 3737 3660 3693 3582 (A1718) 3609 (dwz) 3670 (1360) 3472 #1969.19-10.4 C1969.04.1840 x 28 mm 4k Lenin Museum, Samara 3738 3661 3694 3583 (A1718a) 3610 (dxa) 3671 3475 #1969.20-10.5 C1969.04.1840 x 28 mm 4k Lenin Museum, Shushenskoye 3739 3662 3694 3585 (A1718c) 3611 (dxb) 3673 3477 #1969.21-10.6 C1969.04.1840 x 28 mm 4k Lenin Museum, Pskov 3740 3663 3695 3584 (A1718b) 3612 (dxc) 3672 3474 #1969.22-10.7 C1969.04.1840 x 28 mm 4k Hay Hut, Razliv 3741 3664 3696 3586 (A1718) 3613 (dxd) 3674 3476 #1969.23-10.8 C1969.04.1840 x 28 mm 4k Smolny Institute, Saint Petersburg 3742 3665 3697 3588 (A1718d) 3614 (dxe) 3676 3471 #1969.24-10.9 C1969.04.1840 x 28 mm 4k Lenin’s Office in Kremlin, Moscow 3743 3666 3698 3589 (A1718) 3615 (dxf) 3677 3470 #1969.25-10.10 C1969.04.1840 x 28 mm 4k Lenin Museum, Gorki Leninskiye 3744 3667 3699 3587 (A1718) 3616 (dxg) 3675 3473 11 1969.04.25 (VEF) 11 50th Anniversary of VEF Electrical Works, Riga (VEF) 11. 50-летие Рижского завода ВЭФ # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.26-11.1 C42 x 30 mm 10k Telephone, Radio Set and Trademark 3745 3668 3703 3592 (A1719) 3617 (dxh) 3680 (1361) 3481 12 1969.05.09 (Heroes of World War II) 12 Heroes of World War II. Czech Officer Otakar Jaroš (Heroes of World War II) Continuation of the series[5][9] (CPA 2401-2402, 2547, 2591, 2663-2664, 2826-2827, 2828, 3002-3003, 3004-3005, 3148-3149, 3324-3326, 3462-3463, 3490, 3509, 3595-3597, 3727-3728, 3746, 3802, 3855-3856, 3976-3977) (33 stamps) 12. Герои Великой Отечественной войны. Чешский офицер Отакар Ярош. Продолжение серии # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.27-12.1 C30 x 42 mm 4k World War II First Foreign Hero Otakar Jaroš 3746 3669 3704 3575A (A1713) 3618 (dxi) 3682 (1363) 3483 13 1969.05.09 (ILO) 13 50th Anniversary of the International Labor Organization (ILO) (ILO) 13. 50-летие Международной организации труда (МОТ) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.28-13.1 C52 x 52 mm 6k ILO Emblem and Globe 3747 3670 3705 3593 (A1720) 3619 (dxk) 3681 (1362) 3482 14 1969.05.15 (Figures of the Communist Party and the Soviet State) 14 Figures of the Communist Party and the Soviet State (Figures of the Communist Party and the Soviet State) 14. Деятели Коммунистической партии и Советского государства. Продолжение серии # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.29-14.1 C26 x 37 mm 4k Stanislav Kosior 3748 3671 3706 3516C (A1688) 3626 (dxs) 3684 3486 #1969.30-14.2 C26 x 37 mm 4k Pavlo Dybenko 3749 3672 3707 3516B (A1688) 3625 (dxr) 3683 (1364) 3485 15 1969.05.15 (Suleiman Stalsky) 15 Birth Centenary of Suleiman Stalsky (1869-1937), Lezgin poet-ashik from Daghestan (Suleiman Stalsky) 15. 100-летие со дня рождения лезгинского народного поэта-ашуга Дагестана Сулеймана Стальского (1869-1937) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.31-15.1 C42 x 30 mm 4k Suleyman Stalsky 3750 3673 3708 3595 (A1721) 3627 (dxt) 3685 (1365) 3484 16 1969.05.15 (Moscow Botanical Garden) 16 Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences (Moscow Botanical Garden) 16. Главный ботанический сад имени Н. В. Цицина РАН в Москве # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.32-16.1 C37 x 37 mm 2k Rose Clear Glade 3751 3674 3709 3596 (A1722) 3620 (dxl) 3686 (1366) 3487 #1969.33-16.2 C37 x 37 mm 4k Lily Slender 3752 3675 3710 3597 (A1722) 3621 (dxm) 3687 3488 #1969.34-16.3 C37 x 37 mm 10k Cattleya hybrid (orchid) 3753 3676 3711 3598 (A1722) 3622 (dxn) 3688 3489 #1969.35-16.4 C37 x 37 mm 12k Dahlia Leaves Fall 3754 3677 3712 3599 (A1722) 3623 (dxo) 3689 3490 #1969.36-16.5 C37 x 37 mm 14k Gladiolus Ural Girl 3755 3678 3713 3600 (A1722) 3624 (dxp) 3690 3491 17 1969.05.22 (Ukrainian Academy of Sciences) 17 50th Anniversary of Academy of Sciences of the UkrSSR, Kiev (Ukrainian Academy of Sciences) 17. 50-летие Академии наук Украинской ССР, Киев # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.37-17.1 C42 x 30 mm 4k Scientific Centre 3756 3679 3714 3601 (A1723) 3628 (dxu) 3691 (1367) 3492 18 1969.06.03 (Cinema Festival in Moscow) 18 6th Moscow International Film Festival (07-22.07) (Cinema Festival in Moscow) 18. VI Московский международный кинофестиваль (7-22/VII) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.38-18.1 C37 x 52 mm 6k Film, Camera and Medal 3757 3680 3715 3602 (A1724) 3629 (dxv) 3692 (1368) 3493 19 1969.06.03 (Ballet Competitions in Moscow) 19 1st International Ballet Competitions in Moscow (11-23.06) (Ballet Competitions in Moscow) 19. I Международный конкурс артистов балета в Москве (11-23/VI) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.39-19.1 C37 x 52 mm 6k Ballet Dancers 3758 3681 3716 3603 (A1725) 3630 (dxw) 3693 3494 20 1969.06.10 (Protozoologists Congress) 20 3rd International Protozoologists Congress in Leningrad (02-10.07) (Protozoologists Congress) 20. III Международный конгресс протозоологов в Ленинграде (2-10/VII) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.40-20.1 C28 x 40 mm 6k Radiolaria and It Division 3759 3682 3717 3605 (A1726) 3631 (dxx) 3694 (1369) 3495 21 1969.06.14 (Estonian Song Festival) 21 Centenary of Estonian Song Festival (Estonian Song Festival) 21. 100-летие эстонского праздника песни # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.41-21.1 C30 x 42 mm 4k Estonian Singer and Festival Emblem 3760 3683 3718 3606 (A1727) 3633 (dxz) 3695 (1370) 3496 22 1969.06.20 (Periodic Law) 22 Centenary of the Periodic Law (Classification of Chemacel Elements), Formulated by Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) (Periodic Law) 22. 100-летие Периодического закона химических элементов Дмитрия Ивановича Менделеева (1834-1907) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.42-22.1 C52 x 37 mm 6k Mendeleev and Formula 3761 3684 3719 3607 (A1728) 3634 (dya) 3696 (1371) 3501 #1969.43-22.2 C76 x 103 mm 30k Mendeleev and Periodic Law 3762 Бл 59 (3685) Блок 60 (3720) 3608 (A1728) Block 56 (3635) (dyc(dyb)) MS3697 (1371) Bloc 55 23 1969.06.20 (World Peace Movement) 23 20th anniversary of the World Peace Movement (World Peace Movement) 23. 20-летие Всемирного движения за мир # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.44-23.1 C40 x 28 mm 10k Peace Banner and World Landmarks 3763 3686 3721 3609 (A1729) 3636 (dyd) 3698 (1372) 3497 24 1969.06.20 (Soviet Scientific Inventions) 24 20th anniversary of Soviet Scientific Inventions (Decree from 30.06.1919) (Soviet Scientific Inventions) 24. 50-летие советского изобретательства (декрет от 30/VI 1919) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.45-24.1 C28 x 40 mm 4k Rocket on Laser Beam, and Moon 3764 3687 3722 3610 (A1730) 3637 (dye) 3699 (1373) 3500 25 1969.06.25 (Ivan Kotliarevsky) 25 Birth Bicentenary of Ivan Kotliarevsky, Ukrainian Writer (1769-1838) (Ivan Kotliarevsky) 25. 200-летие со дня рождения украинского писателя Ивана Петровича Котляревского (1769-1838) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.46-25.1 C42 x 30 mm 4k Ivan Kotliarevsky 3765 3688 3723 3611 (A1731) 3638 (dyf) 3700 (1374) 3498 26 1969.06.25 (Ice Hockey) 26 Soviet Victory in the Ice Hockey World Championships, Stockholm, Sweden, 1969 (Ice Hockey) 26. Советские хоккеисты - чемпионы мира и Европы # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.47-26.1 C40 x 28 mm 6k 2835 Overprinted Стокгольм. 1969 3766 (2835) 3689 (2739) 3724 (2774) 3612 (2717) (A1306) 3639 (2732) 3701 (2828) (1375) 3499 (2645) 27 1969.07.03 (Liberation of Byelorussia from Fascism Occupation) 27 25th Anniversary of the Liberation of Byelorussia from Fascism Occupation (1944, July) (Liberation of Byelorussia from Fascism Occupation) 27. 25-летие освобождения Белоруссии от фашистской оккупации (июль 1944) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert <｜fim▁hole｜> 4k Minsk Mound of Glory and Minsk Offensive Map 3767 3690 3725 3613 (A1732) 3640 (dyg) 3702 (1376) 3502 28 1969.07.10 (Polish People's Republic) 28 25th Anniversary of the Polish People's Republic (1944, July) (Polish People's Republic) 28. 25-летие Польской Народной Республики (июль 1944) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.49-28.1 C32,5 x 32,5 mm 6k Polish Map, Flag and Arms 3768 3691 3726 3614 (A1733) 3642 (dyi) 3704 3504 29 1969.07.10 (Bulgaria) 29 25th Anniversary of the Socialist Revolution in Bulgaria (1944, September) (Bulgaria) 29. 25-летие социалистической революции в Болгарии (сентябрь 1944) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.50-29.1 C32,5 x 32,5 mm 6k Hands holding torch, flags of Bulgaria, USSR, Bulgarian arms 3769 3692 3727 3615 (A1733) 3641 (dyh) 3703 (1377) 3503 30 1969.07.15 (Mykolaiv) 30 25th Anniversary of the Liberation of Mykolaiv from the Germans (Mykolaiv) 30. 25-летие освобождения Николаева от фашистской окупации # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.51-30.1 C42 x 30 mm 4k Liberation Monument to 68 Heroes 3770 3693 3728 3616 (A1734) 3643 (dyk) 3707 (1379) 3507 31 1969.07.15 (Samarkand) 31 2500th Anniversary of Samarkand (Samarkand) 31. 2500-летие Самарканда # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.52-31.1 C37 x 52 mm 4k Registan Square 3771 3694 3729 3617 (A1735) 3644 (dyl) 3705 (1378) 3505 #1969.53-31.2 C37 x 52 mm 6k Intourist Hotel 3772 3695 3730 3618 (A1735) 3645 (dym) 3706 3508 32 1969.07.20 (Mihály Munkácsy) 32 125th Birth Anniversary of Mihály Munkácsy (1844-1900), Hungarian painter (Mihály Munkácsy) 32. 125-летие со дня рождения венгерского художника Михая Мункачи (1844-1900) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.54-32.1 C28 x 40 mm 6k Munkascy and “Woman Churning Butter” 3773 3696 3731 3621 (A1737) 3648 (dyp) 3710 (1381) 3510 33 1969.07.20 (Sport) 33 International Sporting Events (Sport) 33. Международные спортивные соревнования # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.55-33.1 C28 x 40 mm 4k Volleyball 3774 3697 3732 3619 (A1736) 3646 (dyn) 3708 (1380) 3508 #1969.56-33.2 C28 x 40 mm 6k Canoe Sprint 3775 3698 3733 3620 (A1736) 3647 (dyo) 3709 3509 #1969.55H-33.1H C ?k Shooting Sport --- --- H82 --- --- --- --- #1969.56H-33.2H C ?k Canoe Sprint and New Text --- --- H83 --- --- --- --- 34 1969.07.20 (First Cavalry Army) 34 50th Anniversary of First Cavalry Army (19.11.1919) (First Cavalry Army) 34. 50-летие Первой конной армии (19/XI 1919) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.57-34.1 C52 x 37 mm 4k Tachanka (Grekov) 3776 3699 3734 3623 (A1739) 3650 (dys) 3712 (1383) 3512 35 1969.07.20 (Donetsk) 35 Centenary of Donetsk (the Donetsk coal basin) (Donetsk) 35. 100-летие Донецка (Донецкий угольный бассейн) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.58-35.1 C28 x 40 mm 4k Miners' Statue, Donetsk 3777 3700 3735 3622 (A1738) 3649 (dyr) 3711 (1382) 3511 36 1969.08.03 (Ilya Repin) 36 125th Birth Anniversary of Ilya Repin, Painter (1844-1930) (Ilya Repin) 36. 125-летие со дня рождения Ильи Ефимовича Репина (1844-1930) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.59-36.1 C52 x 37 mm 4k Barge Haulers on the Volga 3778 3701 3736 3624 (A1740) 3651 (dyt) 3713 3513 #1969.60-36.2 C52 x 37 mm 6k Unexpected 3779 3702 3737 3625 (A1740) 3652 (dyu) 3714 3514 #1969.61-36.3 C37 x 52 mm 10k Ilya Repin, Self-portrait 3780 3703 3738 3626 (A1741) 3653 (dyv) 3715 (1384) 3515 #1969.62-36.4 C52 x 37 mm 12k The Refusal of Confession 3781 3704 3739 3627 (A1740) 3654 (dyw) 3716 3516 #1969.63-36.5 C52 x 37 mm 16k Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks 3782 3705 3740 3628 (A1740) 3655 (dyx) 3717 3517 37 1969.08.09 (Spartakiad) 37 9th Summar Soviet Trade Union Spartakiad, Moscow (Spartakiad) 37. IX летняя спартакиада профсоюзов СССР, Москва # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.64-37.1 C30 x 42 mm 4k Running 3783 3706 3741 3629 (A1742) 3656 (dyy) 3718 (1385) 3518 #1969.65-37.2 C30 x 42 mm 10k Gymnastics 3784 3707 3742 3630 (A1742) 3657 (dyz) 3719 3519 70 x 95 mm 20k Running and Spartakiad Emblem 3785 Бл 60 (3708) Блок 61 (3743) 3631 (A1742) Block 57 (3658) (dza(dyy)) MS3720 (1385) Bloc 56 (3518) 38 1969.08.22 (Vladimir Komarov) 38 Birth Centenary of Vladimir Komarov, Russian Botanist and Geographer (1869-1945) (Vladimir Komarov) 38. 100-летие со дня рождения ботаника и географа Владимира Леонтьевича Комарова (1869-1945) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.67-38.1 C26 x 37 mm 4k Vladimir Komarov 3786 3709 3744 3632 (A1743) 3659 (dzb) 3721 (1386) 3520 39 1969.09.01 (Hovhannes Tumanyan) [4][5] 39 Birth Centenary of Hovhannes Tumanyan, Armenian Writer and Public Activist (1869-1923) (Hovhannes Tumanyan) 39. 100-летие со дня рождения армянского поэта и публициста Ованеса Туманяна (1869-1923) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.68-39.1 C42 x 30 mm 10k Hovhannes Tumanyan 3787 3710 3745 3633 (A1744) 3660 (dzc) 3722 (1387) 3521 40 1969.09.03 (Museum of Oriental Art) See also full design (См. также полное оформление) 40 State Museum of Oriental Art, Moscow (Founded in 1918) (Museum of Oriental Art) 40. Государственный музей искусства народов Востока в Москве (основан в 1918) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.69-40.1 C30 x 42 mm 4k Turkmenian Drinking Horn 3788 3711 3746 3634 (A1745) 3661 (dzd) 3723 (1388) 3522 #1969.70-40.2 C30 x 42 mm 6k Persian Simurgh Vessel 3789 3712 3747 3635 (A1745) 3662 (dze) 3724 3523 #1969.71-40.3 C30 x 42 mm 12k Head of Goddess Guanyin, Korea 3790 3713 3748 3636 (A1745) 3663 (dzf) 3725 3524 #1969.72-40.4 C30 x 42 mm 16k Bodhisattva Statuette, Tibet 3791 3714 3749 3637 (A1745) 3664 (dzg) 3726 3525 #1969.73-40.5 C30 x 42 mm 20k Ebisu Statuette, Japan 3792 3715 3750 3638 (A1745) 3665 (dzh) 3727 3526 41 1969.09.10 (Mahatma Gandhi) 41 Birth Centenary of Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, Preeminent Leader of Indian Independence Movement (1869-1948) (Mahatma Gandhi) 41. 100-летие со дня рождения одного из руководителей и идеологов движения за независимость Индии Мохандаса Карамчанда (Махатмы) Ганди (1869-1948) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.74-41.1 C30 x 42 mm 6k Mahatma Gandhi 3793 3716 3751 3639 (A1746) 3666 (dzi) 3728 (1389) 3527 42 1969.09.10 (Białowieża Forest) 42 Biosphere Reserve Białowieża Forest (Białowieża Forest) 42. Биосферный заповедник Беловежская пуща # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.75-42.1 C40 x 28 mm 4k Black Stork 3794 3717 3752 3640 (A1747) 3667 (dzk) 3729 (1390) 3528 #1969.76-42.2 C40 x 28 mm 6k Red Deer 3795 3718 3753 3641 (A1747) 3668 (dzl) 3730 3529 #1969.77-42.3 C80 x 28 mm 10k European Bisons 3796 3719 3754 3642 (A1747) 3669 (dzm) 3731 3530 #1969.78-42.4 C40 x 28 mm 12k Lynx 3797 3720 3755 3643 (A1747) 3670 (dzn) 3732 3531 #1969.79-42.5 C40 x 28 mm 16k Wild Boar 3798 3721 3756 3644 (A1747) 3671 (dzo) 3733 3532 43 1969.09.10 (Komitas) 43 Birth Centenary of Komitas, Armenian Composer (Soghomon Soghomonian, 1869-1935) (Komitas) 43. 100-летие со дня рождения армянского композитора Комитаса (Согомон Геворки Согомонян, 1869-1935) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.80-43.1 C42 x 30 mm 6k Komitas and Rural Scene 3799 3722 3757 3645 (A1748) 3672 (dzp) 3734 (1391) 3533 44 1969.09.20 (Sergey Gritsevets) 44 60th Birth Anniversary of Fighter Pilot Major Sergey Gritsevets, Twice Recipient of the Honorary Title of Hero of the Soviet Union (1909-1939) (Sergey Gritsevets) 44. 60-летие со дня рождения дважды Героя Советского Союза майора летчика-истребителя Сергея Ивановича Грицевца (1909-1939) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.81-44.1 C42 x 30 mm 4k Sergey Gritsevets and Fighter Planes 3800 3723 3758 3647 (A1749) 3673 (dzr) 3735 (1392) 3535 45 1969.09.20 (Partisans of World War II) 45 Partisans of Great Patriotic War 1941–1945, Heroes of the Soviet Union (Partisans of World War II) Continuation of the series 45. Партизаны Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг.— Герои Советского Союза. Продолжение серии # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.82-45.1 C42 x 30 mm 4k Komsomolets and Partisan Girl Lisa Chaikina 3801 3724 3759 3646 (A1749) 3674 (dzs) 3737 3536 46 1969.09.20 (Heroes of World War II) 46 Heroes of World War II (Heroes of World War II) Continuation of the series[9] (CPA 2401-2402, 2547, 2591, 2663-2664, 2826-2827, 2828, 3002-3003, 3004-3005, 3148-3149, 3324-3326, 3462-3463, 3490, 3509, 3595-3597, 3727-3728, 3746, 3802, 3855-3856, 3976-3977) (33 stamps) 46. Герои Великой Отечественной войны. Продолжение серии # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.83-46.1 C40 x 28 mm 4k World War II Heroes Members of Kaunas Underground Committee of Komsomol Alfonsas Ceponis, Juozas Aleksonis and Hubertas Borisa 3802 3725 3760 3648 (A1750) 3675 (dzt) 3736 3534 47 1969.09.26 (Ivan Pavlov) 47 120th Birth Anniversary of Russian Physiologist Academician Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) (Ivan Pavlov) 47. 120-летие со дня рождения физиолога академика Ивана Петровича Павлова (1849-1936) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.84-47.1 C28 x 40 mm 4k Ivan Pavlov 3803 3726 3761 3649 (A1751) 3676 (dzu) 3738 (1393) 3537 48 1969.10.03 (East Germany) 48 20th Anniversary of East Germany (07.10.1949) (East Germany) 48. 20-летие Германской Демократической Республики (7/X 1949) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.85-48.1 C32.5 x 32.5 mm 6k East German Flag and Arms, TV Tower and Brandenburg Gate 3804 3727 3762 3650 (A1752) 3677 (dzv) 3739 (1394) 3538 49 1969.10.14 (Liberation of Ukraine from Fascism Occupation) 49 25th Anniversary of the Liberation of Ukraine from Fascism Occupation (1944, October) (Liberation of Ukraine from Fascism Occupation) 49. 25-летие освобождения Украины от фашистской оккупации (октябрь 1944) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.86-49.1 C32.5 x 32.5 mm 4k Arms of Ukraine and Memorial 3805 3728 3763 3653 (A1754) 3678 (dzw) 3741 (1396) 3540 50 1969.10.14 (Aleksey Koltsov) 50 160th Birth Anniversary of Russian Poet Aleksey Koltsov (1809-1842) (Aleksey Koltsov) 50. 160-летие со дня рождения поэта Алексея Васильевича Кольцова (1809-1842) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.87-50.1 C30 x 42 mm 4k Aleksey Koltsov 3806 3729 3764 3652 (A1753) 3679 (dzx) 3740 (1395) 3539 51 1969.10.21-11.06 (October Revolution) 51 52nd Anniversary of Great October Socialist Revolution (October Revolution) 51. 52-я годовщина Великой Октябрьской социалистической революции # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.88-51.1 C1969.10.2137 x 37 mm 4k Kremlin, and Red banner, Stars, Hammer and Sickle 3807 3730 3765 3654 (A1755) 3680 (dzy) 3742 (1397) 3541 #1969.89-51.2 C1969.11.06100 x 62 mm 50k Vladimir Lenin and Quotation 3808 Бл 61 (3731) Блок 62 (3766) 3660 (A1759) Block 58 (3687) (eag(eaf)) MS3743 Bloc 57 52 1969.10.22 (Triple Space Flights) 52 Triple Space Flights the Space Ships Soyuz 6 (11-16.10), Soyuz 7 (12-17.10) and Soyuz 8 (13-18.10) (Triple Space Flights) 52. Групповой полет на космических кораблях "Союз-6" (11-16/X), "Союз-7" (12-17/X) и "Союз-8" (13-18/X) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.90-52.1 C42 x 30 mm 10k Georgi Shonin and Valeri Kubasov (Soyuz 6) 3809 3732 3767 3655 (A1756) 3682 (eaa) 3744 (1398) 3542 #1969.91-52.2 C42 x 30 mm 10k Anatoly Filipchenko, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Gorbatko (Soyuz 7) 3810 3733 3768 3656 (A1756) 3683 (eab) 3745 3543 #1969.92-52.3 C42 x 30 mm 10k Vladimir Shatalov and Aleksei Yeliseyev (Soyuz 8) 3811 3734 3769 3657 (A1756) 3684 (eac) 3746 3544 53 1969.10.25 (Philatelic Exhibition) 53 1st All Union Youth Philatelic Exhibition to Commemorate Lenin's Birth Centenary, Kiev (Philatelic Exhibition) 53. 1-я Всесоюзная юношеская филателистическая выставка в Киеве, посвященная 100-летию со дня рождения Ленина # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.93-53.1 C46 x 46 mm 4k Lenin when a Youth and Emblems 3812 3735 3770 3658 (A1757) 3685 (ead) 3747 (1399) 3545 54 1969.10.29 (Signal Corps) 54 50th Anniversary of Signal Corps of Russian Armed Forces (Signal Corps) 54. 50-летие российских войск связи # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.94-54.1 C28 x 40 mm 4k Corps Emblem on Red Star 3813 3736 3771 3659 (A1758) 3686 (eae) 3748 (1400) 3546 55 1969.11.18 (Congress of Kolkhoz Men) 55 3rd All Union Congress of Kolkhoz Men, Moscow (25-27.11.1969) (Congress of Kolkhoz Men) 55. III Всесоюзный съезд колхозников в Москве (25-27/XI 1969) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.95-55.1 C42 x 30 mm 4k Cover of Rules of the Kolkhoz and Worker and Kolkhoz Woman 3814 3737 3772 3661 (A1760) 3688 (eah) 3749 (1401) 3547 56 1969.11.20 (Fairy Tales) 56 Russian Fairy Tales (Fairy Tales) 56. Русские народные сказки и сказочные мотивы в литературных произведениях # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.96-56.1 C39.5 x 54 mm 4k Vasilisa the Beautiful (Folk Tale) 3815 3738 3773 3662 (A1761) 3689 (eai) 3750 (1402) 3548 #1969.97-56.2 C39.5 x 54 mm 10k Marya Morevna (Folk Tale) 3816 3739 3774 3663 (A1761) 3690 (eak) 3751 3549 #1969.98-56.3 C54 x 39 mm 16k The Tale of the Golden Cockerel (Pushkin) 3817 3740 3775 3664 (A1761) 3691 (eal) 3752 3550 #1969.99-56.4 C39.5 x 54 mm 20k The Feather of Finist the Falcon (Folk Tale) 3818 3741 3776 3665 (A1761) 3692 (eam) 3753 3551 #1969.100-56.5 C39.5 x 54 mm 50k The Tale of Tsar Saltan (Pushkin) 3819 3742 3777 3666 (A1761) 3693 (ean) 3754 3552 57 1969.11.25-12.26 (Space) 57 Space Exploration (Space) 57. Освоение космоса # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.101-57.1 C1969.11.2537 x 52 mm 4k USSR Emblems Dropped on Venus, Radio Telescope and Orbits 3820 3743 3778 3667 (A1762) 3694 (eao) 3755 (1403) 3553 #1969.102-57.2 C1969.11.2537 x 52 mm 6k Space Probe, Space Capsule and Orbits 3821 3744 3779 3668 (A1762) 3695 (eap) 3756 3554 #1969.103-57.3 C1969.12.2637 x 52 mm 10k Colour Photograph of Earth 3822 3745 3780 3682 (A1768) 3709 (ebf) 3757 3567 #1969.104-57.4 C1969.12.26115 x 75 mm 50k + 50k 1 As CPA 3822. 2 Far Side of the Moon 3823 Бл 62 (3746, 3747) Блок 63 (3781-3782) 3683 (3683a, 3683b) (A1768, A1768) Block 60 (3710, 3711) (ebi (ebg, ebh)) MS3758 Bloc 59 58 1969.11.30 (USSR-Afghanistan) 58 50th Anniversary of USSR-Afghanistan Diplomatic Relations (USSR-Afghanistan) 58. 50-летие установления дипломатических отношений между Советским Союзом и Афганистаном # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.105-58.1 C40 x 28 mm 6k Flags of USSR and Afghanistan 3824 3748 3783 3669 (A1763) 3696 (ear) 3759 (1404) 3555 59 1969.11.30 (Definitive Coil Stamp) 59 The Definitive Coil Stamp for Stamp Vending Machine (Definitive Coil Stamp) 59. Стандартная рулонная марка для почтовых автоматов # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.106-59.1 C21.5 x 26 mm 4k Kremlin Red Star and USSR Arms 3825 3749 3784 3670 (A1764) 3697 (eas) 3760 (1405) 3556 60 1969.12.12 (Aircraft) 60 Glory to the Soviet Aircraft Builders! 30 Years of MiG Aircraft[5][6] (Aircraft) 60. Слава советским авиастроителям! 30 лет самолетам МиГ # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.107-60.1 C52 x 37 mm 6k MiG Jet and First MiG Fighter Aircraft. MiG Emblem 3826 3750 3785 3671 (A1765) 3698 (eat) 3761 (1406) 3557 61 1969.12.25-31 (Aviation) 61 Develoment of Soviet Civil Aviation (Aviation) 61. Развитие гражданской авиации в СССР # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.108-61.1 C1969.12.2552 x 37 mm 2k Airplane Tupolev ANT-2, 1924. Icarus 3827 3752 3787 3673 (A1767) 3700 (eav) 3763 (1408) 3559 #1969.109-61.2 C1969.12.2552 x 37 mm 3k Airplane Polikarpov Po-2 (U-2), 1927. Centaur 3828 3753 3788 3674 (A1767) 3701 (eaw) 3764 3560 #1969.110-61.3 C1969.12.2552 x 37 mm 4k Airplane Tupolev ANT-9, 1929. Mercury 3829 3754 3789 3675 (A1767) 3702 (eax) 3765 3561 #1969.111-61.4 C1969.12.2552 x 37 mm 6k Helicopter TsAGI 1-EA, 1930. Aurora 3830 3755 3790 3676 (A1767) 3703 (eay) 3766 3562 #1969.112-61.5 C1969.12.2552 x 37 mm 10k Airplane Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorky, 1934. Atlas 3831 3756 3791 3677 (A1767) 3704 (eaz) 3767 3563 #1969.113-61.6 C1969.12.2552 x 37 mm 12k Airplane Tupolev Tu-104, 1955. Pegasus 3832 3757 3792 3678 (A1767) 3705 (eba) 3768 3564 #1969.114-61.7 C1969.12.31[5]52 x 37 mm 16k Helicopter Mil Mi-10, 1965. Visualization of Constellation Leo 3833 3758 3793 3679 (A1767) 3706 (ebb) 3769 3565 #1969.115-61.8 C1969.12.2552 x 37 mm 20k Turbojet Transcontinental Airliner Ilyushin Il-62, 1962. Visualization of Constellation Sagittarius 3834 3759 3794 3680 (A1767) 3707 (ebc) 3770 3566 #1969.116-61.9 C1969.12.2591 x 66 mm 50k Supersonic Transport Aircraft Tupolev Tu-144, 1968. Signs of the Zodiac 3835 Бл 63 (3760) Блок 64 (3795) 3681 (A1767) Block 59 (3708) (ebe(ebd)) MS3771 Bloc 58 62 1969.12.25 (New Year) 62 Happy New Year 1970, Birth Centenary of Vladimir Lenin (New Year) 62. С Новым годом 1970 - годом столетия со дня рождения Владимира Ильича Ленина! # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.117-62.1 C37 x 37 mm 4k Lenin on Red Flag 3836 3751 3786 3672 (A1766) 3699 (eau) 3762 (1407) 3558 63 1969.12.26 (Sport) 63 Technical Sports (Sport) 63. Технические виды спорта # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.118-63.1 C52 x 37 mm 3k Model Aircraft 3837 3761 3796 3684 (A1769) 3712 (ebk) 3772 (1409) 3568 #1969.119-63.2 C52 x 37 mm 4k Speed Boat Racing 3838 3762 3797 3685 (A1769) 3713 (ebl) 3773 3569 #1969.120-63.3 C52 x 37 mm 6k Parachuting 3839 3763 3798 3686 (A1769) 3714 (ebm) 3774 3570 64 1969.12.31 (Liberation of Byelorussia from Fascism Occupation) 64 25th Anniversary of the Liberation of Romania from Fascism Occupation (1944, July) (Liberation of Byelorussia from Fascism Occupation) 64. 25-летие освобождения Румынии от фашистской оккупации (август 1944) # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.121-64.1 C32.5 x 32.5 mm 6k Romanian Arms and Soviet War Memorial in Bucharest 3840 3764 3799 3687 (A1770) 3615 (ebn) 3775 (1410) 3571 65 1969.12.31 (Ostankino Tower) 65 Ostankino Television and Radio Tower, Moscow (Ostankino Tower) 65. Останкинская радиотелевизионная башня, Москва # Vol. Short description CPA SC Liapine Scott Michel SG Yvert #1969.122-65.1 C32.5 x 65 mm 10k Ostankino Tower 3841 3765 3800 3688 (A1771) 3616 (ebo) 3776 (1411) 3572 Sources / Источники ↑ Stamps of USSR. 1918-1980. 2 volums. Editor M. I. Spivak. / Каталог почтовых марок СССР. 1918-1980. В 2 томах. Ред. М. И. Спивак. М.: ЦФА "Союзпечать" Минсвязи СССР, 1983. ↑ Zagorsky, Valeriy. "Standard Collection". / Валерий Загорский. Стандарт-коллекция. http://standard-collection.ru/ru/catalogs/elektronnye-versii.html. Retrieved 2015-01-05. ↑ Liapine, Viktor. Catalog of stamps of Russia (1856-1991). 2008. / Ляпин Виктор. Каталог почтовых марок России (1856-1991). М.: Издатель И. В. Балабанов, 2008. ↑ a b c d e f g Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue. 2009. Volume 5 P-SL. Amos Press Inc., 2009. / Каталог Скотт за 2009 год. Том 5 P-SL. ↑ a b c d e Michel. Europa-Katalog. Band 7. 2009/2010. Osteuropa. Schwaneberger Verlag GMBH, 2009. / Каталог Михель за 2009/2010 год. 7-я книга из 7 книг Европы. Представлена восточная Европа. ↑ a b Stanley Gibbons. Simplified Catalogue. Stamps of the World. 2006. Volume 4. Countries N-R. 71st Edition. Stanley Gibbons Ltd., 2005. / Стэнли Гиббонс. Упрощенный каталог. Марки мира. 2006. Том 4. Страны Н-Р. 71-я редакция. Stanley Gibbons Ltd., 2005. ↑ Yvert et Tellier. 1980. Tome 2. Timbres d'Europe. / Каталог "Ивер и Телье". 1980. Том 2. Почтовые марки Европы. ↑ Natural research. / Натуральное изучение. ↑ a b V. U. Soloviov. Stamps of Russia and USSR / Почтовые марки России и СССР. Специализированный каталог. Том 5. СССР 1961-1991. Под ред. В. Ю. Соловьева. 2009/10. М.: ИздАТ, 2009. Почта СССР CPA catalogue ← 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 → <｜fim▁end｜> | #1969.48-27.1 C37 x 52 mm |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Contents 1 Abecedary (a list of definitions of historical terminology) 2 Bibliography & References 3 Further reading 3.1 Books 3.2 Magazines 3.3 Websites This is a Resource Book of Local History techniques and terminology aimed at helping local history researchers who are studying historical documents which contain many archaic terms, local names for plants and animals, dialect words (Scots, English, Welsh, Cornish, American, etc.), unusual first names, specialist farming terms, legal terms, obscure or rarely used (archaic) words, etc. which are often absent from standard factual sources or are only defined briefly, in outline and often not in context. This abecedary is designed to be used as a resource for all local history linked researches and as a steadily accumulating bank of information on each topic. Editors are invited to add new words, but to do more than just give definitions, e.g. cite examples, sites for, historical links, trivia, etc. Researching local history Abecedary (a list of definitions of historical terminology) Many sources use technical or archaic terms and fail to define them or provide a glossary. The following lists of words and terms are intended to provide clarity of meaning for the majority of researchers. Main page: A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology/Abecedary Bibliography & References Aiton, William (1811). General View of the Agriculture of the County of Ayr. Pub. Glasgow. P.61. Anderson, William & Hicks, Clive (1990). Green Man. The Archetype of our Oneness with the Earth. Compass Books. ISBN 0-9517038-1-1. Buxbaum, Tim (1987). Scottish Doocots. Pub. Shire No.190. ISBN 0-85263-848-5 Evans, Tony & Green, Candida Lycett Green (1982). English Cottages. Pub. London. Ferguson, Robert (2005). A Miller's Tale. The Life and Times of Dalgarven Mill. ISBN 0-9550935-0-3 Foster, A.M. (1988). Bee Boles and Bee Hives. Shire Publications. ISBN 0-85263-903-1 Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700 - 1900. Pub. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-067-7 Gillespie, James H. <｜fim▁hole｜> Parochial History. Glasgow : John Wylie & Co. McKean, Charles (2001). The Scottish Chateau. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2323-7 More, Daphne (1976). The Bee Book. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-7268-8 Peters, J.E.C. (2003). Discovering Traditional Farm Buildings. Shire Books. ISBN 0-85263-556-7 Quiney, Anthony. (1995). The Traditional Buildings of England. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27661-7 Rodger, Donald, Stokes, John & Ogilve, James (2006). Heritage Trees of Scotland. The Tree Council. ISBN 0-904853-03-9 Service, John (Editor) (1887). The Life & Recollections of Doctor Duguid of Kilwinning. Pub. Young J. Pentland. Further reading Books Dymond, David. Researching and Writing History: a practical guide for local historians (British Association for Local History, 1999) Fowler, Simon. Starting out in local history (Countryside Books, 2001) Friar, Stephen. The Local History Companion (Thrupp: Sutton, 2001) Hey, David. Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992) Sinclair, Cecil. Tracing Scottish Local History. Scottish Record Office.(HMSO, Edinburgh 1996) Tiller, Kate. English Local History: an introduction (Thrupp: Alan Sutton 1992) Trubshaw, Bob. How to write and publish local history (Heart of Albion Press, 1999) Winterbotham, Diana and Crosby, Alan. The Local Studies Library: a handbook for local historians (British Association for Local History, 1998) Magazines Economic History Review Agricultural History Review Urban History Past and Present Midland History Northern History Southern History Journal of Regional and Local Studies Local Population Studies Local Historian Websites Scottish Archive Network Old Ordnance Survey Maps FlashEarth satellite imagery Google Scholar Agricultural History Review Economic History Review Victoria County History The RCAHMS Canmore site The Maps section of the National Library of Scotland Official website of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Wikipedia Main page British Association for Local History The 1901 census for England and Wales Local History on Line - including many links Dictionary of the Scots Language An article on Petrosomatoglyphs Researching the Life & Times of Robert Burns <｜fim▁end｜> | (1939). Dundonald. A Contribution to |
<｜fim▁begin｜> This Wikibooks page is a fact sheet and analysis on the article "Habitual physical activity in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis" about how exercise is related to the disease Cystic Fibrosis. Contents 1 Background of this research 2 Where is the research from ? 3 What kind of research was this? 4 What did the research involve? 4.1 Pulmonary Function testing 4.2 Pros / Cons of this test 5 What were the basic results? 6 What conclusion can we take from this research ? 7 Practical Advice 8 Further information/ Resources 8.1 Cystic Fibrosis Australia 8.2 Cystic Fibrosis's National Ambassador Nathan Charles 9 References Background of this research The research was about the effects of taking part in exercise constantly or making it a habit in the population of children and teens that are severing from the genetic condition cystic Fibrosis. What is Cystic Fibrosis It is a genetic condition, affecting lungs and digestion. Unfortunately, there is no cure. The condition Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is mostly inherited in the white population with 1 in every 3300 live births being diagnosed with the condition.[1] Where is the research from ? This research was based in the American Children’s hospital Pittsburgh in the CF centre. Volunteers for this research included siblings, friends and hospital employee’s children who did not have the condition. Two authors of this research work within the department as paediatrics and others have conducted research regarding children with CF. This included David Michael Orenstein who has many publications on CF. These authors have also conducted other research on children with CF with methods of exercise that can help combat the condition.[2] What kind of research was this? This was a meta-analysis form of research; even though this kind of research is time consuming the results are valid and reliable. Other studies that have been done have very similar results, regarding the effects of physical activity and the benefits it has on children and adolescents with CF. For an example, a study that was conducted in Austria compared the effects of physical activity versus chest physiotherapy which is popular within the CF community.[3] Two of the authors, David Michael and Patricia from the research article have conducted a study of “The prognostic value of exercise testing in patients with CF”.[2] Also, the Journal of Paediatric Pulmonology had similar conclusions that through exercise there is an improvement in oxygen consumption and physical self-efficiency and appearance in patients. As well as, lots of positive changes in living conditions of the patients.[4] Even though the research method used in these three studies differ, they all have very similar conclusions that exercise is beneficial for children with CF. What did the research involve? 60 people in total 7–17 years of age[5] 30 Patients with cystic fibrosis (18 male, 12 female)[5] 30 people in the control not affected (17 male, 13 female )[5] The participants completed a Questionnaire about their activity levels. Children 12 years and older completed it with no help or little assistant. Children 12 years and under did it with a parent or guardian. When getting tested the children did 2 types of tests, a Pulmonary Function test, and an Exercise Test. The level of aerobic fitness was tested by the participant completing a progressive exercise test on a stationary electronic bike (cycle ergometer) using the Godfrey protocol. Oxygen uptake was measured using a cart that you breathed into and then It analysed the breath content. This was recorded during the last 15 seconds of each stage exercise Pulmonary Function testing Pulmonary function was tested before exercising. Children who have CF had limited experience in doing <｜fim▁hole｜> not have regular exposure to the test due to the condition. A spirometry was used to measure pulmonary lung function capacity. The aim of the test is to measure how much and how quickly an individual is able to move air out of their lungs” ([6] this is done by breathing into a mouth piece connected to a device that records the air and it called a spirometer. Pros / Cons of this test This study was very good for testing but there were disadvantages on the younger population in the study due to being short as they were unable to reach the pedals. Another limitation of the study is that focus was only on the effects of aerobic training and did not take into account the benefit of anaerobic or resistance training can have on an individual. Also, the Australian Cystic Fibrosis Council suggest that core strength is also an important component of helping with the clearance of mucus for patients[1] What were the basic results? The survival rate of living with Cystic Fibrosis is affected by the engagement of regulary physical Activity The oxygen consumption improves with exercise. Exercise helps with the removal of mucus Children with Cystic Fibrosis participate in less vigorous physical exercise and activities when compared with children not affected by CF What conclusion can we take from this research ? In conclusion, this research demonstrates that exercise does have benefit's for children living with CF as it increases the survival rate and increase life expectancy. I believe one thing that is important when trying to help treat children with CF is to treat them normally and allowing them to engage in the activity as their peers are doing, within reason. Practical Advice Before trying to treat CF with exercise consult Doctors about the type of exercise and don’t push yourself too hard. Build up the intensity. Further information/ Resources Cystic Fibrosis Australia Cystic Fibrosis Australia even suggests that exercise is an important component of treating cystic fibrosis as it help with clearing the airways and building core strength.[1] Web Page: http://www.cysticfibrosis.org.au Cystic Fibrosis's National Ambassador Nathan Charles Cystic Fibrosis's National Ambassador Nathan Charles an elite rugby union player playing a contact sport while living with the condition cystic fibrosis. Shows that it is possible to stay fit and achieve great success with cystic fibrosis.[7] Nathan Charles Web page http://nathancharles.com.au Playing Elite Rugby with CF: http://nathancharles.com.au/nutri-grain-unstoppable/ References ↑ a b c Cystic Fibrosis [Internet]. Cysticfibrosis.org.au. 2016 [cited 24 September 2016]. Available from: http://www.cysticfibrosis.org.au/all/learn/ ↑ a b Nixon P, Orenstein D, Kelsey S, Doershuk C. The prognostic value of exercise testing in patients with cystic fibrosis [Internet]. Saskatoon Public Library. 2010 [cited 15 September 2016]. Available from: http://saskatoonlibrary.ca/eds/item?dbid=edsgea&an=edsgcl.13305971 ↑ M. Orenstein D, A. Nixon P, A. Washburn , F. Kelsey S. Measuring Physical Activity in Children with Cystic Fibrosis: Comparison of Four Methods: Paediatric Exercise Science: Vol 5, No 2. Paediatric Exercise Science [Internet]. 2016 [cited 13 September 2016];5(2):125-133. Available from: http://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/pdf/10.1123/pes.5.2.125 ↑ Gulmans V, de Meer K, Brackel H, Faber J, Berger R, Helders P. Outpatient exercise training in children with cystic fibrosis: Physiological effects, perceived competence, and acceptability. Pediatric Pulmonology [Internet]. 1999 [cited 15 September 2016];28(1):39-46. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199907)28:1%3C39::AID-PPUL7%3E3.0.CO;2-8/abstract ↑ a b c NIXON P, ORENSTEIN D, KELSEY S. Habitual physical activity in children and adolescents with CF. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2 September 2016];33(1):30-35. Available from: http://zh9bf5sp6t.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=google&auinit=PA&aulast=Nixon&atitle=Habitual+physical+activity+in+children+and+adolescents+with+cystic+fibrosis.&id=pmid:1119410 ↑ Lung Function Tests [Internet]. WebMD. 2016 [cited 14 September 2016]. Available from: http://www.webmd.com/lung/lung-function-tests ↑ Charles N. NATIONAL AMBASSADOR FOR CYSTIC FIBROSIS AUSTRALIA [Internet]. Nathan Charles. 2015 [cited 25 September 2016]. Available from: http://nathancharles.com.au/bio/ <｜fim▁end｜> | these tests as they did |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Return to Main Page Introduction: This page contains the following information about being a freelance instructional designer. Many of these areas are ever-changing due to the technology, current trends and the market demands. Thus, they will be updated regularly by any of the authors participating in the writing of this book. Please contribute to any of the headings provided within this page by clicking EDIT in the upper right of this page. Definition The official definition is the following: Working for different companies at different times rather than being permanently employed by one company All freelance instructional designers know that the job responsibilities are endless. They not only included securing new clients on a daily basis, but there are the other areas also such as: completing projects for each deadline your web site requires updating, revisions and cutting edge technology implemented your social media campaigns require daily releases professional development of your skills invoices, business finances and record keeping IRS or state quarterly tax reporting (Please feel free to add more to this area.) Skills Needed Each day bring new demands for more skills that people just associate with an instructional designer. There are times when the job description for an instructional designer is customized and created by the person posting the position. Thus, it is difficult at times to clearly define the skills needed since the job description or career field is being rewritten by everyone. The most important skills needed are the following: training within the learning theories such as ADDIE, cognitive theories and the science of e-learning software experience with the current e-learning tools of the trade which change each year computer science is becoming a 'must have' for this field since ID's are now being asked to manage LMS systems, code HTML/CSS/Javascript and also rewrite the coding within e-learning applications for customization (Please feel free to add more to this area.) Training Scanning the current job posting most companies are requiring a master's degree within this field along with 5–10 years experience. Which triggers the discussion about 'how to get the experience' when all <｜fim▁hole｜> 5–10 years experience. The back door to this career is a course production specialist which is a support person who assists the instructional designer with the development of content, inserting exams in the LMS and other minor tasks. Most course production specialists are moved up to an ID 1 position within a year or two. Thus, that will get you the experience you need. (Please feel free to add more to this area.) Certifications Some large professional organizations are offering certifications through their training and testing centers. Research is needed to determine if the monetary investment will provide you with freelance contracts or if a full master's degree is the current requirements. (Please feel free to add more to this area.) The Legal Aspect An entire book can be written about the legal aspect of freelancing in the 'design' industry with some freelance contracts stipulating that you must have 1,500,000.00 insurance. READ THE CONTRACT CAREFULLY! Some companies put the full responsibility for the 'return on invested instructional dollars' on the freelance ID who must revise the content without pay until the company gets their expected return on their invested training. (Please feel free to add more to this area.) Your Web Site The web site for your contracting business needs to follow the standard marketing recommendations as found within any business. The web site must catch the visitor within the first 10 seconds of the page loading. Your initial page must demonstrate your mastery of technology, learning theories and innovations. It is the first impression you'll make on a future employer. (Please feel free to add more to this area.) Your Portfolio The newest trend within this field is a professional portfolio demonstrating each of the leading e-learning software tools used to develop a full training within finance, health education and HR issues. This can be very expensive since some of the software packages sell for 1,000-2,000 each. The demo trial versions have restrictions and contain a popup window explaining this is a demo/trial version which is very unprofessional. (Please feel free to add more to this area.) <｜fim▁end｜> | of the jobs ask for |
<｜fim▁begin｜> While the human sensory system offers us stunning ways of perceiving our movement and environment, the sensory systems of insects and spiders are not any less fascinating. To give just a few examples, spiders have up to eight eyes, and some see almost as sharply as humans; bees "feel the rhythm" when other bees dance in the bee-hive, and learn from this the location of food sources; mosquitoes hunt their victims by smell. In addition, studies in insects have many fewer ethical or methodological limitations than studies in mammals. And especially in flies, with molecular genetic tools any gene can be targeted (e.g. knocked out or overexpressed), and the system is much more manageable than in humans. Contents 1 The insect olfactory system 1.1 The nature of smell 1.2 Overview 1.3 Odorant reception in ORN 1.4 Odor information processing 1.5 Odor perception and behavioral significance 1.6 References The insect olfactory system This sensory systems book is mostly about human sensory systems and there is a chapter about the olfactory system, so why do we need a chapter on the insect olfactory system? The fruit fly (drosophila melanogaster), which we will focus on here, is a very important model animal in biology and a lot of research on sensory systems is done in the fruit fly. The visual as well as the olfactory system are studied intensively and there are less ethical or methodological limitations. With molecular genetic tools, any gene in a fly can be targeted (e.g. knocked out or overexpressed) and the system is much more manageable than in humans. While the olfactory system functions quite different from the human’s, it is possible to find common principles. Furthermore, the insect olfactory system inspires engineering in robotics, medicine and many other areas. The nature of smell Different antenna types. To understand the specifics of odor sensing one has to be aware that smell is quite different from other stimuli. It differs from light and sound by the fact that it is not carried by waves but by diffusion, air flows and turbulences. Furthermore, while light and sound only have the two perceptually relevant characteristics of frequency composition and amplitude, smell has a variety of discrete odorants and even more possible mixtures in different concentrations. Overview Drosophila melanogaster antenna under a light microscope. The olfactory sensilla can be seen (like hairs on the antenna). The antenna is fixated with a glass capillary and on the top right a recording electrode can be seen. The diameter of the antenna is about 90 µm. Simplified schematic of a basiconic sensillum, like it can be found for example in the fruit fly. In insects (but also in most vertebrates) the sensory system is of importance for orientation and food foraging but has also social (nest mate recognition e.g. in ants) and sexual (mating partner search and selection by pheromones) significance. The main path of the odor information begins at the olfactory sensilla (insect’s sensory organs that contain the sensory neurons) that can in most insects be found on the antennae and look like small hairs in the fly (see Figure). There exists a huge variety of antenna types (that are not only used for olfaction) and many different sensillum types. To understand the general principle the example of drosophila melanogaster basiconic sensilla should suffice. The odorant molecules go through slits or pores of the cuticle into the aqueous sensillum lymph, where some types of odorant molecules are bound to odorant binding proteins and carried towards the dendrites of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), others diffuse in the lymph towards the dendrites. On the membrane of the dendrites there are odorant receptors (OR) that bind the odorant molecules and are responsible for the conversion of the signal into a membrane current. This current propagates through the dendrite to the cell body where (at the axon hill), an action potential is generated. The action potential travels in the ORN axon to the antennal lobe (which is analog to the olfactory bulb in vertebrates), where ORN make synapses to local interneurons and projection neurons. The antennal lobe is organized in so called glomeruli. It is not fully understood how they are involved in pattern recognition, but the glomerular activation pattern can provide information about the odors presented to the fly. Projection neurons project into the lateral horn (where probably innate odor responses are processed) and to the Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies. The mushroom bodies are a neuropil in the insect brain and have their name from the similarity to mushrooms. There, odors are associated with other sensory modalities and behavior which is why the mushroom bodies are an important model system to study learning and memory. Odorant reception in ORN response profile of selected drosophila odorant receptors to two odors. Data source: DoOR Database [1] An insect’s olfactory sensillum contains one or more olfactory receptor neurons that transform the odor information into an electrical signal (action potential). Most ORNs contain only one receptor type, but each receptor type reacts to many odors (see Figure). However there are some receptors that are more specific as their detected odors have either an important role in the insect’s behavior or are chemically unique. An example for a more specific receptor is the receptor for CO2. Other odorants activate it only weakly and it directly triggers an avoidance response in the fly [1]. Specificity of ORs is due to different affinity of odorants to the receptor. The higher the affinity the more receptors are occupied when an odor is applied and the stronger the current response. However, ORNs do not react linearly on stimulation. It can be assumed that most of them <｜fim▁hole｜> which increases their dynamic range. The logarithmic relation does not apply to stimuli below the respective detection threshold and in saturation. Most ORN show a phasic-tonic on-response, i.e. they react with a strong increase in firing rate when a stimulus is presented and then show rate adaptation if the stimulus persists. Odorant receptors are membrane proteins that elicit an ionic current through the membrane, when an odorant molecule binds to them. There are two ways how this is accomplished in the olfactory system: Metabotropic and ionotropic receptors. In mammals olfactory receptors are known to be metabotropic g-protein coupled receptors that release a g-protein into the cell that activates an ion channel via a short intracellular signal cascade . In contrast most olfactory receptors in insects are ionotropic receptors that are ion channels which open when an odorant molecule binds. Saving time on the signal cascade, ionotropic receptors are much faster than metabotropic receptors [2]. Odor information processing The odor that reaches the antenna contains different parts of information: On the one hand the odor identity, i.e. which odor or mixture it is, on the other hand the quantity of the components. Furthermore, the timing of the stimulus contains information. If two odors start for example at the same time, it is probable, that they belong to the same object. It has been shown, that insects indeed use the odorant timing information not only to detect the direction of an odor source but also to distinguish and track odor objects [3][4][5]. The processing mechanism that enables this behavior is not clear, but it is amazing that already stimulus onset delays in the range of a few milliseconds can be useful. There are recent results that suggest that the speed and the temporal resolution of the insect’s olfactory system are remarkable and much higher than expected. By means of calcium imaging, a method that visualizes cytoplasmic calcium by a fluorescent marker and therefore activity in neurons, it is possible to create a functional atlas of the antennal lobe. Basically all ORNs of one receptor neuron type, containing one OR, project into one glomerulus. So the (in the fruit fly about 54) glomeruli each unite the response of one receptor type and form a spatial pattern. However it has been shown that also the temporal dynamics of the glomeruli response is used to encode information [6]. The odor information is therefore encoded in the olfactory system by spatiotemporal firing patterns [7]. So far it has not been possible to disentangle and understand the odor code in a way that is comparable to the knowledge of the visual and the auditory system. This might be due to the peculiarities of smell discussed above. There is no easily mappable topographic organization of neurons as the odor space is multidimensional and not continuous. Glomerular activity patterns are linked in the mushroom bodies to behavior. Most insects show a high amount of plasticity there and e.g. bees are able to associate odors with a food reward after only a few presentations. Odor Information in the mushroom bodies is said to be represented by a sparse code, which means that only few kenyon cells respond with only few spikes. In contrast the above described code in the antennal lobe and in the ORNs it is a combinatorial code. Odor perception and behavioral significance For insects the olfactory system is of great behavioral significance. For example, as we all have probably experienced first-hand, mosquitos can track their victims by smell. Ants follow pheromone traces to food sources, but are also able to identify their nestmates by a colony specific hydrocarbon profile (and are therefore able to eliminate foes and thieves when they enter their territory). And many moths use sex pheromones to find mating partners. Usually odors in nature are not pure chemical substances but mixtures. However, those mixtures are perceived as a unit and are very often directly linked to a behavior. The neuronal response in the antennal lobe of a mixture cannot always be predicted by the response to the components [8]. It should therefore not be taken for granted that the olfactory system works like an e-nose that is designed to analyze the components of the presented odor. Furthermore, compared to vision, where the information has to be processed deeply until the relevance of the content becomes obvious, the olfactory system is more strongly and directly linked to behavior (and at least in higher animals emotions). These connections are sometimes innate, but often also learned and idiosyncratic. References ↑ Suh GS, Ben-Tabou de Leon S, Tanimoto H, Fiala A, Benzer S, Anderson DJ: Light activation of an innate olfactory avoidance response in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2007, 17:905-908. ↑ Silbering AF, Benton R (2010) Ionotropic and metabotropic mechanisms in chemoreception: 'chance or design'? EMBO reports 11:173-179. ↑ Baker TC, Fadamiro HY, Cosse AA (1998) Moth uses fine tuning for odour resolution. Nature 393:530-530. ↑ Justus KA, Schofield SW, Murlis J, Carde RT (2002) Flight behaviour of Cadra cautella males in rapidly pulsed pheromone plumes. Physiological Entomology 27:58-66. ↑ Szyszka P, Stierle JS, Biergans S, Galizia CG (2012) The Speed of Smell: Odor-Object Segregation within Milliseconds. PloS one 7:e36096. ↑ DasGupta S, Waddell S (2008) Learned Odor Discrimination in Drosophila without Combinatorial Odor Maps in the Antennal Lobe. Current biology : CB 18:1668-1674. ↑ Brown, S. L., Joseph, J., & Stopfer, M. (2005). Encoding a temporally structured stimulus with a temporally structured neural representation. Nature neuroscience, 8(11), 1568-1576. ↑ Silbering, A. F., & Galizia, C. G. (2007). Processing of odor mixtures in the Drosophila antennal lobe reveals both global inhibition and glomerulus-specific interactions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(44), 11966-11977. Sensory Systems/Insects <｜fim▁end｜> | respond logarithmic within their working range |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Detailed Objective Weight: 1 Description: Candidates should be able to configure non-IDE devices such as SCSI, SATA, USB drives using the special BIOS as well as the necessary Linux tools. Key knowledge area(s): Differentiate between the various types of non-IDE devices. Manipulate BIOS to detect used and available SCSI IDs. Set the correct hardware ID for different devices, especially the boot device. Configure BIOS settings to control the boot sequence when both non-IDE and IDE devices are present . The following <｜fim▁hole｜> used files, terms and utilities: SCSI ID /proc/scsi/ scsi_info SCSI The SCSI BIOS can be accessed at boot time with some special key sequences (Ctrl+A for most Adaptec host bus adapters, Ctrl+G, Ctrl+M, or other keys for other vendors) and allow you to set up some parameters. Bootable SCSI and more. In order to get SCSI information, use scsi_info or hdparm. Examples: scsi_info /dev/sda hdparm -grv /dev/sda obs: Tested with hdparm v6.1 (debian sarge kernel 2.6.8-3 arch 386) Exercises Exercises results <｜fim▁end｜> | is a partial list of the |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Contents 1 Biographical Information 1.1 Early Years 1.2 Schooling 1.3 Writing 1.4 "A Passion for Reading Aloud"1 2 Books of Interest 3 References Biographical Information Early Years Mem Fox was born Merrion Patridge on March 5, 1946 in Melbourne, Australia. When she was six months old she moved with her missionary parents to what is now Zimbabwe. Even though most of her growing up years were spent on a mission in Africa she did not feel deprived. In fact, she described it as "idyllic".1The home she grew up in was filled with classic books. She also very much enjoyed the freedom she had roaming around her African home running barefoot and riding wild donkeys. At age 13 she and some of her girlfriends decided to change their names. She has been Mem ever since. Schooling Mem’s first years of school were spent in Africa. When she first began she was the only white student in her class.2 From this she learned that the color of a person’s skin does not make them better or worse than anyone else. This is something Mem still feels very strongly about.3 In 1965, at the age of 19, Mem moved to England to attend drama school. It was while there she met Malcolm Fox whom she married in 1969. In her thirties, after she and Malcolm had moved to Australia, Mem attended Flinders University in Adelaide where she studied children’s literature. She later became an associate professor there and spent 24 years teaching teachers. Writing Mem has always enjoyed writing. Her first “book” was written at the age of 10 while living in Africa. This book was six pages stapled together and was on the topic of soil erosion. She also has always liked writing and receiving letters, they are little stories in themselves. To this day she still likes to send a handwritten letter. In her thirties Mem began studying children’s literature at Flinders University. During this time she had an assignment to write a children’s story. The story she wrote, Hush the Invisible Mouse, would become her first published book, Possum Magic, which is the best-selling children’s book ever in Australia.2 During her time in drama school in England, Mem had the opportunity to learn by heart many of the great English playwrights. Mem credits this with giving her the best training for becoming a writer of pictures books. She says it gave her an internal sense of literary rhyme which children find so appealing in books.1 "A Passion for Reading Aloud"1 From her time as a professor watching her students teach reading Mem noticed that those children who had been read to while young were better able to pick up on reading skills at school. Because of this, since her retirement from teaching in 1996, Mem dedicates much of her time to traveling the world "stalking" parents and "begging" them to read aloud to their children. Books of Interest Whoever You Are (1997): Mem’s life experiences growing up in Africa, living in England, and traveling much of her life have given her the opportunity to associate with people from many cultures. This book <｜fim▁hole｜> our similarities that should matter most, not our differences. Whoever You Are can provide a great springboard for discussing the qualities that make us unique (skin color, language, home) and the things that we have in common (hurts, smiles, laughing).4 The Magic Hat (2002): “One fine day, from out of town, and without any warning at all, there appeared a magic hat.” So begins this story of a wizard’s magic hat. Mem’s use of literary rhyme makes this a delightful read aloud. Mem herself is a great advocate of the things children learn as they are read aloud to. Readers will practice their rhyming skills as they try to predict which animal will be next!5 Wilfrid Gordon McDonald Partridge (1984): This is Mem’s second published book. The main character, Wilfrid Gordon McDonald Partridge, is named for her father (yes, all four names!). Nancy Alison Delacourt Cooper is a combination of her mother’s name and her two sisters’ names. Through her characters in this book Mem gives the readers some wonderful descriptions of what a memory is. Wilfrid Gordon’s interpretation of these descriptions leads to a touching conclusion with Miss Nancy.6 Harriet, You’ll Drive Me Wild! (2000): Even though she doesn’t mean to be, Harriet is a pesky child. Things seem to happen “just like that”. Mem perfectly captures moments in a young child’s day and the exasperation a mother can feel. Readers young and old will relate to the messes Harriet makes and sympathize with her mother's efforts to be patient. As in Wilfrid Gordon McDonald Patridge, the end of this story reminds us it is small moments that can be the most meaningful in a relationship. 7 Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes: The beginnings of this book were written on a plane!1 This is a sweet story of how where ever you are in the world babies are born with “ten little fingers and ten little toes”. Just like in her book Whoever You Are, this book voices Mem’s strong belief that we should put aside our differences and look to what we have in common.8 Possum Magic (1983): Travel Australia with Grandma Poss and Hush on their quest to find the food that will make Hush visible again. Readers will be entertained as Hush tries authentic Australian cuisine in search of the forgotten magic. Mem’s beloved story is another example of her mastery of literary rhyme that can be best enjoyed while reading aloud!9 References 1. http://www.readingrockets.org/books/interviews/fox/ Retrieved March 21, 2012. 2. http://www.memfox.net/welcome.html Retrieved March 21, 2012. 3. Fox, M. (1993). Politics and Literature: Chasing the "Isms" from Children's Books. The Reading Teacher , Vol. 46 (No. 8), pp. 654-658 4. Fox, Mem. (1997). Whoever You Are. New York, NY: Scholastic, Inc. 5. Fox, Mem. (2002). The Magic Hat. New York, NY. Harcourt, Inc. 6. Fox, Mem (1984). Wilfrid Gordon McDonald Partridge. New York, NY: Scholastic, Inc. 7. Fox. Mem. (2000). Harriet, You’ll Drive Me Wild! New York, NY: Scholastic, Inc. 8. Fox, Mem. (2008). Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc. 9. Fox, Mem (1983). Possum Magic. New York, NY: Scholastic, Inc. <｜fim▁end｜> | reflects her ideas that it is |
<｜fim▁begin｜> As obvious from the term, this architecture works through a cycle of Sense, Plan and Act processes. By sensing, it means getting the required information from the available sensors and converting it to some usable form. Planning refers to the use of available information from sensing phase to determine the control parameters and sequences required for various components in order to make the robot proceed towards final goal. Finally, act phase is simply the implementation of the processes and sequences underlined by the planning <｜fim▁hole｜> useful if the sensing process is slow and the environment is quite static. For example, on a low speed processor, image processing may require lots of time to process each frame. Hence, it might not be feasible to process every frame and react to the gathered information in real-time. If we use this technique, the information will be processed at a very low frequency, providing more time for other real-time processes to run while still doing the work of planning and acting towards the goal. <｜fim▁end｜> | phase. This kind of approach is |
<｜fim▁begin｜> ←Article 8 Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China Republic of China (Taiwan)Article 9 Article 10→ Wikipedia has related information at Administrative divisions of the Republic of China This Article deals with the localities. As the Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 499 would void the 1999 version to revert to the 1997 version, the 2000 version would recite its Article 9 from the 1999 version. Promulgated full amendment on 1997-07-21 (From http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/fp.asp?xItem=408&CtNode=124 ) Wikisource has original text related to: Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China (1997) Article 9. The system of self-government in the provinces and counties shall include the following provisions, which shall be established by the enactment of appropriate laws, the restrictions in Article 108, Paragraph 1, Item 1; Article 109; Article 112 through Article 115; and Article 122 of the Constitution notwithstanding: 1. A province shall have a provincial government of nine members, one of whom shall be the provincial governor. All members shall be nominated by the president of the Executive Yuan and appointed by the president of the Republic. 2. A province shall have a provincial advisory council made up of a number of members who shall be nominated by the president of the Executive Yuan and appointed by the president of the Republic. 3. A county shall have a county council, members of which shall be elected by the people of the said county. 4. The legislative powers vested in a county shall be exercised by the county council of the said county. 5. A county shall have a county government headed by a county magistrate who shall be elected by the people of the said county. 6. The relationship between the central government and the provincial and county governments. 7. A province shall execute the orders of the Executive Yuan and supervise matters governed by the counties. The terms of office of the members of the Tenth Taiwan Provincial Assembly and of the first elected governor of Taiwan Province shall end on <｜fim▁hole｜> for members of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly and for the governor of Taiwan Province shall be suspended following the conclusion of the terms of office of the members of the Tenth Taiwan Provincial Assembly and of the first elected governor of Taiwan Province. Following the suspension of elections for members of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly and for the governor of Taiwan Province, modifications of the functions, operations, and organization of the Taiwan Provincial Government may be specified by law. Promulgated amendments on 1999-09-15 and 2000-04-25 (From http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=18030&CtNode=103&htx_TRCategory=&mp=4 ) Wikisource has original text related to: Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China (2000) Article 9. The system of self- government in the provinces and counties shall include the following provisions, which shall be established by the enactment of appropriate laws, the restrictions in Article 108, Paragraph 1, Item 1; Article 109; Article 112 through Article 115; and Article 122 of the Constitution notwithstanding: 1. A province shall have a provincial government of nine members, one of whom shall be the provincial governor. All members shall be nominated by the president of the Executive Yuan and appointed by the president of the republic. 2. A province shall have a provincial advisory council made up of members nominated by the president of the Executive Yuan and appointed by the president of the republic. 3. A county shall have a county council, members of which shall be elected by the voters of the said county. 4. The legislative powers vested in a county shall be exercised by the county council of the said county. 5. A county shall have a county government headed by a county magistrate who shall be elected by the voters of the said county. 6. The relationship between the central government and the provincial and county governments. 7. A province shall execute the orders of the Executive Yuan and supervise matters governed by the counties. The modifications of the functions, operations and organization of the Taiwan Provincial Government may be specified by law. <｜fim▁end｜> | December 20, 1998. Elections |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Listening Multi-Level Contents 1 Memorize and explain 2 of the following listening Bible verses 2 Tell one of the following listening Bible Stories. 3 Learn the following principles of listening 4 Make a craft that relates to listening. 5 Play a listening game. 6 External Resources Memorize and explain 2 of the following listening Bible verses a. James 1:19 Understand this, my dear brothers and sisters: You must all be quick to listen, slow to speak, and slow to get angry. b. Jeremiah 29:11-12 11 For I know the plans I have for you,” says the Lord. “They are plans for good and not for disaster, to give you a future and a hope. 12 In those days when you pray, I will listen. c. Jeremiah 13:15 Listen and pay attention! Do not be arrogant, for the Lord has spoken. d. Proverbs 1:8 My child, listen when your father corrects you. Don’t neglect your mother’s instruction. e. Isaiah 59:1 Listen! The Lord’s arm is not too weak to save you, nor is his ear too deaf to hear you call. Tell one of the following listening Bible Stories. a. Samuel listening – 1 Samuel 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7TDvJrjjz0 You may remember that Samuel's mother was a woman named Hannah. She wanted a son more than anything, so she prayed and asked God to give her a son. She promised God that if he would give her a son, she would give him back to the LORD to serve him all the days of his life. God gave Hannah the son she asked for and she kept her promise to God. When the boy was old enough, she took him to the temple and presented him to Eli the priest. So Samuel served in the temple under Eli. One night Samuel was sleeping when he heard someone call his name. He got up and ran to Eli. "Here I am; you called me," he said to Eli. "I didn't call you," Eli answered, "go back to bed." So Samuel went back to bed. Again the LORD called, "Samuel!" Samuel jumped out of bed and and went to Eli. "Here I am; you called me." "I didn't call you, go back to bed," Eli answered a second time. A third time God called Samuel and Samuel got up and went to Eli. "Here I am; you called me," he said. Finally, Eli realized that it was God who was calling Samuel. He told Samuel, "Go and lie down, and if he calls you again, say, 'Speak LORD, for your servant is listening." Samuel went back to bed and sure enough, again he heard the voice of God calling, "Samuel! Samuel!" This time Samuel answered as Eli had told him, "Speak, for your servant is listening." Some people think that God only calls grown-ups. That is why I like the story of Samuel. Samuel was just a young boy when God called him. God knows your name just as he knew the name of Samuel and God still calls boys and girls today saying, "Come, follow me." So, listen for God's call and answer just as Samuel did, "Here I am!" b. Jesus listening – Luke 2:41-49 Every year, Mary, Joseph and Jesus traveled to Jerusalem for a celebration. They went with a big group of friends and family. The party was so much fun. They had lots of good food and told God how much they loved Him. When the party was over, Mary and Joseph and the group traveled back to their home. (March with your feet) After a while, Mary and Joseph realized that Jesus was not anywhere to be found. They asked all their friends and family, but no one had seen Jesus. (Put your hand by your brow like you are searching for Jesus.) Mary and Joseph rushed back to Jerusalem. They looked everywhere for Jesus. (Put your hand across your brow as if you were looking for Jesus; then call Jesus’ name like you were looking for Him) Finally, they found him. Do you know where Jesus was? He was in the temple church, talking to the leaders. They had been there talking together the whole time! The leaders were amazed at what Jesus knew. When Mary found him she said, “Son, why did you do this to us? Your father and I were very worried about you!” Jesus asked, “Why did you have to look for me? You should have known that I would be where my Father’s work is.” But they did not understand what He meant. Jesus went with them to their home in Nazareth and He obeyed them. He listened and did what His parents asked Him to do. Jesus continued to grow up. People liked him and he pleased God too. Learn the following principles of listening Listen to God. Be always ready to listen. “My dear brothers, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry.” James 1:19 Be patient. Listening takes time, but the reward far exceeds the investment. Be obedient. Listen and respond the first time instruction is given. Be kind. Listening is a gift, so be the first one to lead out in listening. Be a listening role model. Be respectful. Listen to others and let them finish their story, before you talk. Be attentive. Pay attention while others are speaking. Teaching Idea: Tin Can Telephone For an example, use two tin cans and a string. A tin can telephone is a type of voice-transmitting device made up of two tin cans attached together on the closed end with a taut string or wire. Practice speaking and listening in a way the reinforces the rules listed OR shows the problems when we don't use those rules? MUCH more fun with tin cans than with a simple traditional discussion! (Yes, tin cans are another type of role play) Make a craft that relates to listening. String Telephone You will need: 2 plastic or paper cups – a tin can works great too String (you can experiment with <｜fim▁hole｜> the other end of the string telephone:) Instructions: Make a small hole in the bottom of both cups. Thread your string through the cup and tie a knot to keep the string from pulling back through. That’s it! You are all ready to start playing. You take one cup and your friend takes the other. Walk far enough apart to make the string tight. Depending on how long you cut your string will depend on how far you need to stand apart. Also, make sure that the string is not touching anything else. One friend holds the cup to their mouth and talks, while the other friend holds it to their ear and listens. Play a listening game. Follow the Leader 1: Facilitate an old-fashioned game of Simon Says as a way to emphasize the importance of focus and following directions. Try saying, "Simon says touch your toes and then say sit on the floor." If your child follows the second direction without hearing Simon says, they lose. This game reinforces how effective listening relates to following directions. For older children, use a picture that includes geometrical shapes. Give the child a blank piece of paper and then describe the picture and ask them to draw what they hear. Compare the two pictures and discuss how listening to directions played a role in replicating the picture. Follow the Leader 2: Form groups of three. Have one person in each group close his or her eyes. Have the other two take the person at least 20 feet away from their group. Say: You have one minute to get back to your seat with your eyes closed. Your friends in your group will guide you, but listen well. The "blind" people can't be led by the hand; they must follow only their group members' instructions. Play three times to let each group member have a turn being the blind one. Then ask: How easy or difficult was it to listen to your group members' voices? How did other people's instructions affect you? What techniques did you use to listen well? Say: Listen to this story about a little boy who learned to listen well—and heard God's voice. Read aloud 1 Samuel 3:1-11. Ask: Think of the techniques we used in our game to listen well. How can we use some of those same techniques to listen well to God? Telephone Game: Have everyone sit in a circle. The instructor will start a message by whispering it into the ear of the child to his/her left. The message will continue around the circle, from child to child, by whispering the message in the ear of the next child. (Be careful not to whisper loud enough for others to hear.) When the message has gone around the whole circle, have the last child say the message out loud so everyone can hear. Discuss how the message has changed as it moved around the circle. Divide the kids into four groups. Whisper instructions to each group so the other groups don't know what you told them. Tell the first group to sing twinkle twinkle little star as loudly as possible. Tell the second group to shout out their favourite foods. Tell the third group to do jumping jacks and count them as they do them. Tell the last group to use their normal voice level and say "God loves you". On "go", have each group begin. Allow the kids to do this for about 60 seconds. Then call them all together and ask the first three groups if they can identify what each group was doing. They will probably be able to tell you what the first three groups were doing, but will have no idea what the last group was doing. The parallel you want to draw here is that we can't listen when we are talking or being loud or distracted. If we want to know what God wants to tell us then we need to be still and listen. 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<｜fim▁begin｜> Attention: While this is a book or tutorial about mapping and level design in GtkRadiant, which should be similar for all games that use the id tech 3 or id tech 4 engines, there are still differences like what textures or models are available etc. etc. Some games also have custom features which may not work with other games. This book uses GtkRadiant to map for the game Jedi Knight 3: Jedi Academy so if you are following this book, but using a different game, the textures or models in the examples may not be available, which means that you have to use something different. Table of Contents Wikipedia has related information at GtkRadiant Introduction Getting around in GtkRadiant First Room The Floor The Walls The Ceiling & Spawn Points Getting it into the game Brush Manipulating Basic Transformation The CSG Tools The Clipper Edge / Vertex Editing Entities Entity Types The Entity Window Lights Linking Entities Models Using Models Model Tricks Sky Creating sky shaders Skyportals Shaders Shader Syntax What Shaders can do Your First Shader Advanced <｜fim▁hole｜> Texture Browser & Surface Inspector Patches (Curved Objects) File Formats Glossary Keyboard and Mouse Commands System Shaders Error Messages Wikibook Development Stages Sparse text Developing text Maturing text Developed text Comprehensive text If you need help If you don't understand something in this book, for example a word or a procedure, or simply need any other help using this program, just write about it on this book's talk page. I will then add the thing you don't understand, either as word to the glossary, or if it's error messages, I will add a Error messages section where I will list the messages that people report and solutions to them. If you don't get an answer there, try contacting one of the authors of this book ("Yzmo" or "Darth NormaN") on a Jedi Academy related mapping forum. If you want to help If you know a bit about mapping, which isn't covered yet, you can help this book by writing about it. In case you don't know what to write about, just go for one of the red links. <｜fim▁end｜> | Shaders (Norman, write this plz) The |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Malacosoma americanum Eastern Tent Caterpillar Type:CaterpillarBinomial:Malacosoma americanumFamily:LasiocampidaeOrder: LepidopteraMetamorphosis:CompleteDamaging stages:CaterpillarsSeason:Spring and summerGenerations per year:oneVulnerable stages:Egg, larva The Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) is a social species of caterpillar that forms communal nests in the branches of trees. It is sometimes confused with the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), or the fall webworm and may be erroneously referred to as a bagworm which is the common name applied to unrelated caterpillars in the family Psychidae. The moths oviposit almost exclusively on trees in the plant family Rosaceae, particularly cherries (Prunus) and apple (Malus). The caterpillars are hairy with areas of blue, white, black and orange. The blue and white colors are mechanical colors created by the selective filtering of light by microtubules that arise on the cuticle. In terms of complexity of interactions, the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum, stands near the pinnacle of caterpillar sociality. The adult moth lays her eggs in a single batch in late spring or early summer. The egg masses contain on average 200-300 eggs. Embryogenesis proceeds rapidly and within three weeks fully formed caterpillars can be found within the eggs. But the small caterpillars lie quiescent until the following spring, chewing their way through the shells of their eggs just as the buds of the host tree begins to expand. The newly hatched caterpillars initiate the construction of a silk tent soon after emerging. They typically aggregate at the tent site for the whole of their larval life, expanding the tent each day to accommodate their increasing size. Under field conditions, the caterpillars feed three times each day, just before dawn, in the evening after sunset, and at mid afternoon. During each bout of feeding the caterpillars emerge from the tent, add silk to the structure, move to distant feeding sites en masse, feed, then return immediately to the tent where they rest until the next activity period. The exception to this pattern occurs in the last instar when the caterpillars feed only at night. The caterpillars lay down pheromone trails to guide their movements between the tent and feeding sites. The insect has six larval instars. When fully grown, the caterpillars disperse and construct cocoons in protected places. The adults emerge about two weeks later. Mating and oviposition typically occur on the same day as the moths emerge from their cocoons and being completely spent the females die soon thereafter. The tent of the eastern tent caterpillar is among the largest built by any tent caterpillar. The tents are constructed in the crotch of the host tree and are typically oriented so that the broadest face of the structure faces the southeast, taking advantage of the morning sun. The caterpillars typically add silk to the structure at the onset of each of their daily activity periods. Silk is added directly to the surface of the tent as the caterpillars walk back and forth over the structure. The silk is laid down under slight tension and it eventually contracts, causing the newly spun layer of silk to separate from the previously spun layer. The tent thus consists of discrete layers separated by gaps within which the caterpillars rest. The tent has openings that allow the caterpillars to enter and exit the structure. Openings are formed where branches jut from the structure but are most common at the apex of the tent. Light has a great effect on the caterpillars while they are spinning and they always spin the majority of their silk on the most illuminated face of the tent. Indeed, if under experimental conditions the dominant light source is directed at the tent from below, the caterpillars will build their tent upside down. Caterpillars continue to expand their tent until they enter the last phase of their larval life. The sixth-instar caterpillar conserves its silk for cocoon construction and adds nothing to the tent. The tents are multifunctional. They facilitate basking, offer some protection from enemies, provide for secure purchase, and act as a staging site from which the caterpillars launch en masse forays to distant feeding sites. The elevated humidity inside the tent may facilitate molting. Eastern tent caterpillars are among the earliest of caterpillars to appear in the spring. Because the early spring weather is often cold, the caterpillars rely on the heat of the sun to elevate their body temperatures to levels that allow them to digest their food. Studies show <｜fim▁hole｜> the caterpillars are unable to process the food in their guts. Early instars of the tent caterpillar are black and their bodies readily absorb the rays of the sun. When basking, the caterpillars typically pack together tightly, reducing heat loss due to convective currents. The long setae that occur on the caterpillars also serve to stem convective heat loss. The caterpillars may aggregate on the surface of the tent or within the structure. The tents act as miniature glass houses, trapping the heat of the morning sun and allowing the caterpillars to warm more quickly than they would if they remained outside the tent. Studies have shown that basking, aggregated caterpillars can achieve temperature excesses of as much as 44°C. Indeed, the caterpillars can easily overheat and they must take evasive action when they become too hot. Because of its layered structure, the tent is thermally heterogeneous and the caterpillars can adjust their temperature by moving from layer to layer. The caterpillars may also aggregate on the outside of the shaded side of the tent and hang from the tips of their abdomens to enhance convective heat loss and cooling. As shown for some other caterpillars, eastern tent caterpillars are capable of generating a small amount of metabolic heat while they digest their meals. When recently fed caterpillars pack tightly together, the temperature of the caterpillars in the interior of the mass may be several degrees Celsius above ambient temperature even in the absence of a radiant heat source. It is unclear whether this small heat gain has a significant effect on the rate of caterpillar growth. Tent caterpillars, like many other species of social caterpillars, vigorously thrash the anterior part of their bodies when they detect predators and parasitoids. Such bouts of thrashing, which may be initiated by a single caterpillar, radiate rapidly though the colony and may result in group displays involving dozens of caterpillars. Such displays create a moving target for tachinid flies, wasps and other small parasitoids that lay their eggs on or in the body of the caterpillar. They also clearly deter stink bugs and other timid predators. Groups of caterpillars resting on the surface of the tent constitute aposematic displays. Few birds other than the cuckoo find the hairy caterpillars palatable. The leaves of the cherry tree are cyanogenic and the caterpillars regurgitate cyanide ladened juices when disturbed. Tent caterpillars secrete silk from a spinneret wherever they go and frequently used pathways soon bear conspicuous silk trails. As the caterpillars move about the tree, they largely confine their movements to these trails. Curiously, it is not the silk that they follow but a trail pheromone secreted from the posterior tip of their abdomen. Caterpillars deposit exploratory trails by dragging the tip of their abdomen as they move over the tree in search of food. Caterpillars that find food and feed overmark the exploratory trails they follow back to the tent, creating recruitment trails. Recruitment trails are much more attractive to the caterpillars than exploratory trails and they serve to lead hungry caterpillars directly to the newest food finds. It is possible for a single successful forager to recruit the entire colony to its food find. The exact identity of the trail pheromone of the eastern tent caterpillar has not yet been determined but the chemical 5β-cholestane-3-one has been shown to be fully competitive with the authentic trail pheromone. Caterpillars readily follow trails of this chemical, even abandoning their own trails in favor of artificial trails prepared with the compound. The eastern tent caterpillar is of some importance as a plant pest since it may defoliate ornamental trees. Defoliated trees, however, rarely suffer significant damage and typically refoliate within several weeks. More seriously, the caterpillar has been implicated in mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS), but the exact mechanism by which the caterpillar triggers abortion in horses has yet to be determined. Symptoms and Signs Symptoms include severe defoliation of the host plant. The sign is the easily recognizable tents made by the colonies. Host plants Acer Alnus Betula Hamamelis Malus Prunus Salix Control Communal Tent Physical removal: Simply turning out the tents can provide good control, so long as the caterpillars are actually inside the tent when it is removed. Organic pesticides: Neem Oil, Horticultural Oil on egg masses Biocontrols (microscopic): Bt References http://web.cortland.edu/fitzgerald/index.html Fitzgerald, T. D. 1995. The Tent Caterpillars. Cornell University Press. <｜fim▁end｜> | that below 15°C (59°F) |
<｜fim▁begin｜> A printable version of Designing Sound in SuperCollider is available. (edit it) This book is an independent project based on Designing Sound by Andy Farnell, all about the principles and techniques needed to design sound effects for real-time synthesis. The original book provides examples in the PureData language - here we have re-created some of the examples using SuperCollider. The original book includes much more than what you see here - we're only recreating the examples and not the text! So in a sense this is not a stand-alone book and you'll get the most out of it if you have the original book with you. But we hope the examples are illustrative in <｜fim▁hole｜> the code we present should be assumed to be our own mistakes, and no reflection on Andy's fine book! Table of contents (Note: the numbering is done to match up with the chapter numbers in the original book.) Introduction Equivalents for Pure Data Objects Tools & Technique 14. Schroeder reverb 17. Additive synthesis Practicals: Artificial sounds 24. Pedestrians 25. Phone tones 26. DTMF 27. Alarms 28. Sirens Practicals: Idiophonics 29. Telephone bell 30. Bouncing ball 31. Rolling can 32. Creaking door 33. Boing Practicals: Nature 34. Fire 35. Bubbles 36. Running water 38. Rain 39. Electricity Practicals: Machines 44. Motors 45. Cars Practicals: Lifeforms 50. Insects Practicals: Sci-Fi 56. Transporter 57. R2D2 58. Red alert <｜fim▁end｜> | themselves. Any defects in |
<｜fim▁begin｜> THE BAHÁ'Í FAITH The Bahá'í Faith is an independent monotheistic religion with a worldwide population of some 5 million from more than 2,000 different tribal, racial, and ethnic groups and live in 235 countries and dependent territories. The Britannica Book of the Year (1992) referred to the Bahá'í Faith as the second-most geographically-widespread religion in the world, after Christianity. It originated in Iran in 1844 and has its own sacred scriptures, laws, calendar, and holy days. The Bahá'í Faith teaches that the founders of the world's major religions, including Krishna, Guatama Buddha, Zoroaster, Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ, and Muhammad, are divine Teachers sent by one God to educate humanity through teachings and laws suited to its stage of development. The Bahá'í Faith recognizes two additional Teachers for this age: the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh. Bahá'ís believe that religious revelation will continue in the future to provide guidance to "an ever-advancing civilization." In 1844 the Báb ("the Gate") founded the Bábí Faith or Bábísm. His main purpose was to prepare humanity for the imminent appearance of another divine teacher who would lead humanity into an age of universal peace. In 1863, one of his followers - Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Nuri - declared himself Bahá'u'lláh ("the Glory of God") and announced that he was the figure foretold by the Báb. The Faith's unity has been preserved through the provisions of a written "Covenant," which established the Faith's principles of succession and institutional authority; there are no clergy in the Bahá'í Faith. The Bahá'í community governs itself by elected councils at the local, national, <｜fim▁hole｜> only Bahá'ís are permitted to contribute to the funds of their faith. Bahá'ís in Iran have suffered persecution for their beliefs since the Faith's earliest days. The main theme of Bahá'u'lláh's revelation is unity. He taught that "the earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens," emphasizing a oneness of all humans irrespective of national origin. His writings contain principles, laws, and institutions for a world civilization, including: abandonment of all forms of prejudice; equality between the sexes; recognition of the common source and essential oneness of the world's great religions; elimination of the extremes of poverty and wealth; universal compulsory education; responsibility of each individual to search independently for truth; establishment of a world federal system based on principles of collective security; and recognition that religion is in harmony with reason and scientific knowledge. Because of its commitment to these ideals, the Bahá'í community has been an active supporter of international organizations such as the United Nations. Service to humanity is another central teaching of the Bahá'í Faith, which has led Bahá'ís to initiate thousands of social and economic development projects - most of them modest, grassroots efforts such as schools, village health care campaigns, and environmental projects - around the world. The Bahá'í World Centre in the Acre/Haifa area of Israel has been both the spiritual and administrative center of the Bahá'í Faith since Bahá'u'lláh was exiled here in 1868. The Shrines (burial places) of the Báb on Mount Carmel in Haifa and of Bahá'u'lláh near Acre are the two holiest places on earth for Bahá'ís. <｜fim▁end｜> | and international levels, and |
<｜fim▁begin｜> An AMD Ryzen 7 1800X CPU. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs all the instructions that happen within a computer. It is also referred to as the processor or a microprocessor (a single integrated circuit). The power of the processor means it is "the brain of the computer", which carries out all arithmetic and logic operations so any instructions can be executed. CPUs are made more efficient by improving their construction (their architectures), putting more transistors on the same chip and improving the efficiency of their instructions. Contents 1 Von Neumann Architecture 1.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit 1.2 Control Unit 1.3 Registers 1.4 The Bottleneck 2 Operation of the CPU 2.1 Fetch-Decode Execute Cycle 2.2 Pipelining 2.3 Memory & Caching 2.3.1 Cache Hits & Misses 2.3.2 The 80/20 Principle 2.3.3 Cache Levels 2.4 Parallel Processing 3 Input Devices 3.1 Optical Character Recognition 3.2 Optical Mark Recognition 3.3 Magnetic Ink (Character) Recognition 3.4 Touchscreens 3.4.1 Capacitive 3.4.2 Resistive 3.5 Voice-based 3.5.1 Voice Input 3.5.2 Vocabulary Dictation 3.5.3 Voice-print Recognition 4 Secondary Storage Mediums 4.1 Magnetic 4.2 Flash 4.2.1 SSDs 4.2.2 Memory Sticks/SD cards 4.2.3 Optical Drives 4.3 Fragmentation 4.3.1 Defragmentation of SSDs 5 Networking 5.1 Types 5.1.1 LAN 5.1.2 WAN 5.2 Structures 5.2.1 Client-Server Structure 5.2.2 Peer to Peer 5.2.3 Distributed Processing 5.3 Protocols 5.3.1 HTTP 5.3.2 FTP 5.3.3 SMTP 5.3.4 IMAP 5.3.5 DHCP 5.3.6 TCP 5.3.7 UDP 5.4 Hardware 5.4.1 NIC 5.4.2 WIC 5.4.3 Hubs 5.4.4 Switches 5.4.5 Routers Von Neumann Architecture The Von Neumann Architecture with the ALU and CU described by B and A, respectively. Note the varying shapes which must be used in the exam. The Von Neumann Architecture is a computer architecture that was constructed by mathematician and physicist John von Neumann. He said that there were 3 parts to the CPU: the Arithmetic Logic Unit, Registers and the Control Unit. Arithmetic Logic Unit The ALU is responsible for any arithmetic calculations e.g. floating point multiplication and integer division and logical calculations e.g. comparisons tests like greater than and less than. The ALU acts as a conduit for input and output for the computer. Control Unit The Control Unit (CU) manages the execution of machine code and this is accomplished by sending control signals to the rest of the computer via the Control Bus (see diagram). The CU synchronises the execution of instructions based on the internal clock of the CPU. Registers Registers are small blocks of memory used for any storage needed by instructions currently being executed. This is necessary as instructions can only by executed by first loading them into their relevant registers. There are two types of registers: general purpose registers and special purpose registers. General purpose registers can be used by the developer to store any values they wish, whereas special purpose registers have a specific purpose. For example, the Accumulator (ACC) is located in the ALU and stores the result of any calculations. Values are kept in the ACC and used for the next calculation that needs to be done, rather like a traditional calculator. Other special purpose registers are used for the FDE cycle: PC (Program Counter): used to store the next instruction to be executed. MAR (Memory Address Register): used to store the memory address where the next instruction is located. MDR (Memory Data Register): used to store the data at the memory address that is to be executed. CIR (Current Instruction Register): stores the data of the instruction that is currently being executed. The Bottleneck A CPU is much faster than the RAM (Random Access Memory). Instructions will be executed faster than they're fetched, resulting in times when the processor is not executing any instructions. This is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck. Operation of the CPU Fetch-Decode Execute Cycle The fetch, decode, execute (FDE) cycle is the process taken to load an instruction from main memory into registers and finally execute it. Contents of the Program Counter read and loaded into the Memory Address Register. Then the Program Counter is incremented by 1, to point to the next instruction to be executed. The instruction is the MAR is read and the data at that memory address is copied into the Memory Data Register. This contents of the MDR is copied into the Current Instruction Register, where the execution happens. A JUMP instruction would interrupt Pipelining as that means the program will be executed in a non-sequential manner, as different instructions would need to be run rather than executing them one by one. Pipelining The process of pipelining is utilised because of the speed mismatch between the CPU and RAM. The CPU is much faster than RAM, so it will execute instructions much faster than the next one can be loaded from RAM. Therefore, it is left doing nothing, which we call 'idling'. To fix this problem, the CPU will retroactively fetch the next instruction while it is executing to avoid this problem. The process of Pipelining can happen thanks to the use of special-purpose registers in the FDE cycle. Memory & Caching Cache is a form of storage for the CPU. Since fetching data from RAM is much slower, cache memory is utilised, which is local to the CPU, with a small capacity with a very fast access time. Cache memory is very expensive due to the fact it is significantly faster than the CPU. But cache memory is beneficial as it solves the problem of the Von Neumann Bottleneck due to it's locality - essentially acting as a "middleman between main memory and the CPU". The cache memory stores any frequently accessed data meaning that it can be accessed quickly due to the locality of cache to the CPU and the very fast speed. Cache Hits & Misses The CPU, whenever it needs data, will check the cache memory to see whether it is present for access. If the data which is needed is present within the cache, it will be accessed. This is referred to as a 'cache hit'. But if the data which the CPU requires is not located in the cache memory, it will need to fetch the data from main memory (RAM). This is referred to as a 'cache miss'. The 80/20 Principle The 80/20 principle also applies to computing, in terms of program execution. The time a program will take to execute is referred to as the execution time. The majority of a program's execution time is only spent utilising 20% of the code. The rest of the time, the 80%, is rather spent in running repetitive code such as loops. This means that if the 20% of the code the program needs to run is located in cache memory, main memory will not need to be accessed and with the speed advantage of both the cache and the CPU, the program will run much faster. Cache Levels Cache is located in various different levels. These levels represent how close the cache is to the CPU, i.e. its locality. Level 1 is usually embedded into the CPU, and is very fast in terms of speed but small in terms of capacity. Level 2 has a slightly higher capacity but runs a little slower and is usually located on the CPU, but occasionally it is located on a separate chip near the CPU. Level 3 works to improve the performance of Level 1 and Level 2 cache. Parallel Processing Today we have reached the physical limits of how much we can optimise the CPU's design. To make CPUs even faster, we now have multi-core processors. It is not uncommon to see six-core systems now with the advent of more affordable CPUs thanks to AMD's Ryzen chips. In parallel processing, more than one processing unit works on a single task, sharing the load of the processing power required. To do this, the single task is split into smaller 'chunks' called threads and these are assigned to each individual processing unit, which execute the thread immediately. Both processing units need to communicate amongst one another to ensure that they always have the most up-to-date piece of data to work with. Advantages Disadvantages Faster execution, as more instructions run in a shorter time span. Much more difficult to write programs that take advantage of a multi-core system. Each task is shared, so no one processing unit will be more loaded than the others. Data must be up-to-date, and processing units will need to change their calculations based on the actions of other processing units. Cannot split sequential tasks. Concurrency means more software bugs to deal with. Input Devices Input devices add information into a system via user interaction. Optical Character Recognition Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a post-processing step that converts printed text documents back into digital documents, using some form of scanner. This is done with a internal database of all the possible characters (A, B, C, D, *, !, /, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) which are compared with whatever input it receives, i.e. the characters on the printed document. Optical Mark Recognition Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) is based around a pre-defined form where someone can mark an option. The first option seen is recorded as the one the user has put, this can be seen commonly in multiple-choice tests or very old-fashioned paper registers. Magnetic Ink (Character) Recognition Magnetic Ink (Character) Recognition (MIR/MICR) is a form of input where a special ink containing iron oxide is used. This prevents anyone tampering with a document as normal ink does not have this chemical present. The only use case is rather antiquated today, bank cheques, this is owing to the sheer cost of the readers. Touchscreens Used today in 2-in-1 laptop/tablets and normal phones and tablets. They work based on a coordinate based system, and a press is recorded at whatever grid position the user touches with their finger, and x and y coordinates sent back to the system. Capacitive A diagram of a capacitive touchscreen. The user presses the screen and a touch is recorded at that position. Capacitive touchscreens are in majority use today, <｜fim▁hole｜> nearly every single expensive tech device. These touchscreens use the fact that humans can electrically conduct when they touch something. So, whenever someone presses a screen, even in multiple places, voltages are recorded. This has the disadvantage that a touchscreen pen or gloves cannot be worn, and you will need a specialised version of these products. Resistive Resistive touchscreens can be found on old devices or cheaper tech devices, such as home weather stations. They are made up of two thin transparent sheets and when these are touched together a press is recorded. There must be a significant level of pressure in the touch for a press to be registered in these types of touchscreens. Voice-based Voice Input Makes use of a set of pre-defined commands that can be picked up by the system. For example, "call my best friend Linus". Vocabulary Dictation These input systems can pick up a range of words said by someone and they can be extended with specialist dictionaries such as a medical one. They are commonly used today to dictate texts by pressing the microphone button on a keyboard. Voice-print Recognition This method records someones voiceprint and compares it with another pre-recorded voiceprint. If there is a match, someone can be granted access to a system, for example a bank or high security clearance room. Advantages and Disadvantages of Voice-based Input Advantages Disadvantages Faster than typing. Background noise. No need to learn how to type. Since people have accents, they will be mis-heard. Less danger of RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury). Some people has speech impediments and are ill, so they may be mis-heard. Reduces mis-typing. Cannot keep data private. Less physical space needed. Hetragraphs such as 'two' and 'too' as well as homophones mis-heard. Disabled users may find it easier. Can use a phone 'hands-free' in a car. Some people find it "more natural" than typing. Secondary Storage Mediums Used to store applications, documents and OS (Operating System) files. Magnetic Inside a HDD, where you can see the platter and the actuator arm. A HDD (Hard Disk Drive) is a relatively large capacity storage device that is relatively cheap. HDDs provide a good balance between cost and performance, but their use is declining in home desktops and laptops. Data is stored on a platter and is written and read using an actuator arm. The disk spins when powered on and this allows an actuator arm access to the entire platter as it can only move up and down. The speed at which the platter moves is measured in RPM (Revolutions Per Minute). The actuator arm induces magnetic flux on the disk, and the oxide on the platter maintains this state, which is binary data of a 1 or a 0. Flash SSDs A SSD (Solid State Drive) which is based around NAND flash are common in home desktops and laptops now. It uses EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Memory) to store data. They are much more cost effective than HDDs as they're cheaper to run in the long term, very fast but relatively expensive for a high capacity at the moment. Since SSDs have no moving actuator arm, they are both shock-proof and drop-proof, and due to their small size they can be much more easily transported. Memory Sticks/SD cards Memory sticks and SD (Secure Digital) cards make use of flash memory. Therefore, they are very similar to SSDs. Optical Drives Optical drives such as DVDs (Digital Video Disk) and BD (Blu-ray Disks) work by using lasers to burn microscopic indentations on disks. These indentations and the lack of them form pits and lands, which represent the binary data of 0s and 1s. To read the data, a laser is aimed at the disks and reflected back. This causes interference, which means that pits/lands can be read. DVD ROMS have a higher capacity, with two layers and the pits/lands are closer together resulting in a higher capacity. Blu-rays are the only common one of these used today, used to store high definition 4K movies. They have a blue wavelength, which is much smaller, meaning a higher capacity is achieved due to more pits/lands being able to fit on the disk. Fragmentation Shows the process of de-fragmenting a HDD, by moving data around the disk. Fragmentation is when data is spread out all across the storage medium. This happens with conventional HDDs as many read/write operations mean that data is stored across many different areas of the disk. This means data access is much slower as the actuator arm must move more than necessary to access data on the various parts of the disk, files are stored in a non-sequential manner. To combat this, we can use a process called Defragmentation. This is a piece of software that analyses all the files on the HDD and moves them all to be stored close to one another, on the same track. This speeds up access as data is now stored in a sequential manner. Defragmentation of SSDs SSDs cannot be defragged and the function is disabled by default. However, an command called the TRIM command happens when you attempt to defrag an SSD. This very slightly improves the operation of writing, but only very minutely. It is not a good idea to defragment an SSD as NAND flash only has about 5,000 read/write cycles per area of the drive. The benefit is very minute, and the cost of the operation outweighs the tiny benefit in write speed. Networking A network is a collection of computers that are connected with each other. A network can be established two ways: via wireless links (using WiFi) and/or wired links (using Ethernet cables). Since there are many computers on a network, we use protocols (an agreed upon set of rules allowing two devices to communicate) allowing multiple devices to communicate with each other. Types LAN A LAN (Local Area Network) is small in size, as it takes up a small geographical area, for example your home network, a business network or a universities network. Since they are small in size, they are inherently more secure as there is a smaller number of clients on them. WAN A WAN (Wide Area Network) is large in size, it takes up a large geographical area, for example the Internet. WANs are inherently insecure as you are exposing yourself to any other client on the network and this is a problem as there will be a very large number of people. Structures Client-Server Structure A client-server structure provides services to anyone connecting to it. Good examples are web servers and file storage servers, in both files are served to any clients connecting to the server. The clients request resources from the server, and the server responds. The name distinguishes between the client and the server as the server holds the processing power at a centralised point. Peer to Peer A P2P (Peer to Peer) network is where every client has the same status as one another. Each client is referred to as a 'peer'. This structure is used in torrents, where files are shared across various computers. New peers will leech the file from other peers (receive it), and when they've got all the files, they will seed (send it) to any other peers in the network, until the seeding peer leaves the network (closes the application, or removes the torrent). Distributed Processing Bitcoin mining computers. This could be used to mine in a pool, if the operator wanted to. Distributed processing is where computers work with one another on a complex task, an example of this would be mining for Bitcoin in a pool, where the result of the calculation would be reported to the peer responsible for consolidating and coordinating the results!, and then the Bitcoin is divided amongst the computers who did the work. Protocols An agreed upon set of rules allowing two devices to communicate with each other. Everyone must use the same set of protocols otherwise the response will not be understood. HTTP HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): allows multimedia webpages to be transferred over a network, in the way the original author intended it to look. FTP FTP (File Transfer Protocol): the downloading/uploading of files from one computer to another SMTP SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): standard for sending emails across two email servers. IMAP IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): allows the transfer of emails from a email server to a device. DHCP DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): dynamically assigns IPs to clients, returns any that are no longer needed back to the pool. TCP TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): way to send packets over a network. includes an error-checking mechanism in form of a checksum. UDP UDP (Universal Datagram Protocol): sends datagrams across a network with no error-checking methods. Handshaking: Where two devices establish their readiness to communicate. This is also where the set of protocols are agreed upon. Hardware Certain hardware is required to connect to a network and for that network to be connected to the Internet or other LANs. NIC NIC (Network Interface Card) required to connect to a network, responsible for sending packets down an Ethernet cable. WIC WIC (Wireless Interface Card) allows you to connect to a wireless network. Built-in on some motherboards. Hubs Hubs allow many devices to be interconnected. Every packet is broadcast to every other computer, this is clearly a security concern due to the fact any client can eavesdrop. Switches Businesses make use of switches in their LAN. Organisation is sometimes an afterthought... Switches are the same as Hubs, however have a routing table that contains a list of all the connected computers. This is done with MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, unique to every piece of network hardware. Routers Routers route packets to the correct destination. They have a routing table based on IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, but rather than a switch they connect a LAN to a another LAN/WAN such as the Internet. Much more powerful than a switch, as a router has a powerful CPU, allowing many devices to be connected. <｜fim▁end｜> | located in all mobile phones and |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Summary The introduction of a generalized relational database architecture at the beginning of this chapter serves as a framework for describing the major functional components of relational databases. Each of these major architectural areas, storage, memory and process, are then discussed in more detail for as they pertain to the specifics of Oracle and DB2. Although there is a great deal of difference in the implementation at the actual database code level, the way that the databases work is very similar. This is not surprising since they use standard tried and true computer science techniques for memory management, the structures described in Dr. Codds seminal work for handling relational data, and are both implementing the same basic functionality. It can be seen that both use memory allocated at the Instance, Database and Application level, and that structures implemented in these memory areas depends on whether the database is stand alone (Dedicated) or shared (Partitioned). The same techniques are used for storing disk data in memory (the buffer pool) and the buffer pool is serviced by similar LRU algorithms in both cases. The architectures described in this chapter are necessarily simplistic. This chapter is intended to give a fairly detailed functional overview of Oracle and DB2, but some disk resident files, memory structures and processes have been omitted for the sake of clarity. Important instances not included in this architectural overview will be introduced in later sections where appropriate, and the general architectures used here will be referred back to for context. Oracle and DB2 are complex and sophisticated products, and there are structures and processes that are specific to different options and features in each database. Some of these will be covered in later sections, but the primary intent of this section is to introduce general concepts around how each DBMS implements and manages the common structures and processes necessary for basic database operation (reading and writing data from memory to disk and vice versa, logging changes, handling user connections, locking objects in the database and managing the buffer pool). Professionals familiar with Oracle and /or DB2 can easily identify components specific to both, and additional structures unique to each. One of the great strengths (and weaknesses) of software is that there are often many different ways of implementing the same functionality. These differences are usually described by the database vendors as ‘competitive differentiators’; the reason why their chosen implementation is superior. The reason for staring with a generalized architecture is so that people familiar with only one database can see how the other database implements the same functionality – the English to Spanish translation if you wish. The objective of this book is not just to compare and contrast database implementations, it is to describe how Oracle Compatibility is achieved in DB2, and to do this it is necessary to see how each handle implementation of functionality that we need to be equivalent in both. For organizations wishing to change their database, architectural discussions of similarities and <｜fim▁hole｜> point. There necessarily needs to be a detailed comparison of all similarities and differences because no two Oracle or DB2 implementations are the same. Different organizations implement different features and options, and changing databases is a significant understanding. It is Murphys law that some overlooked difference at the beginning of this process will be the undoing of the whole project, so it is important that all differences are covered as completely as possible so that you can start with the answers to two very important questions: a) Have we identified the differences that are important to us, and b) Have we identified all of them? All relational databases store user data as rows and columns in tables. This structure and its access methods are described by Dr. Codds seminal paper in 1970. The operation of the database is handled by software. Since the model is essentially the same, and software is flexible, it would seem that the data and DBMS should be interchangeable. As database functionality evolved, implementation differences of common functions, and the addition of valuable, but proprietary functionality has meant that database implementations have diverged, and now it is not simply sufficient to know how a database works, but also who’s database it is you are working with. Since the original database implementations, there have always been database migrations – the moving of data from one vendors database to another. This involves comprehensive data manipulation, called Extract, Transform and Load (ETL). Once the data lands, there is another exercise that needs to be undertaken, the modification of the application logic (both in user programs, and in stored procedures, triggers, rules and functions within the database) to have your systems work with the newly migrated database. The next logical step in this process is Compatibility, and the ultimate goal of this is that data can be unloaded from one database and loaded into another without having to worry about manipulating incompatible data structures, and that the applications that access this data simply have their connections routed from the original database to the new database. This approach is achieved by vendors implementing competitive vendors’ features and functionality. The objective is to make either wholesale moving of databases, or interoperability of heterogeneous databases seamless. While there certainly are projects that have gone this smoothly, all of them require the following: • An understanding of the implementation details of the source database. • An understanding of the implementation details of the target database. • An inventory of the features used in the source database system (data structures and application logic) • A mapping of structures in the source database to the target. All user implementations are different, they use different subsets of database functionality and not all of this functionality is directly equivalent between the databases. The remaining sections of this Wikibook provide a more comprehensive list of the implementation details of Oracle and DB2, using the framework of the Memory Model, Process Model and Storage Model for comparison. <｜fim▁end｜> | differences are just a starting |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Engines are certified to deliver standard thrusts depending upon flight conditions. Thrust is typically measured in kN or lbs. A 'rating' is a predefined power setting that the pilot can select which may be appropriate for particular flight conditions. Rating terminology differs between civil and military aircraft, reflecting the different requirements of these types of aviation. Contents 1 Civil Aircraft Ratings 1.1 Maximum Takeoff thrust (MTO) 1.2 Maximum Continuous thrust (MCT) 1.3 Maximum Climb thrust (MCL) 1.4 Maximum Cruise thrust (MCR) 1.5 Flight Idle 1.6 High or Approach idle 1.7 Ground Idle 1.8 Example ratings 2 Military Ratings 2.1 Military Thrust Civil Aircraft Ratings The following ratings are typical of commercial airliners. The aircraft/engine manufacturer will have to declare two principal ratings to the certifying authorities, since these define the safe limits of operation of the engine/aircraft - these are the Maximum Take-Off (MTO) rating, and the Maximum Continuous Thrust (MCT or MCN) rating. Maximum Takeoff thrust (MTO) This is the maximum thrust that the engine can deliver for 5 minutes in the take-off envelope of the aircraft. Peak thrust is usually achieved when the engine is static, however the most demanding condition for a modern turbofan engine is end-of-runway or lift-off conditions, typically at about 0.25Mn. This condition usually generates the highest stresses and temperatures in the engine, hence use of this rating is only permitted for up to 5 minutes of operation. It is used, as the name suggests, for take-off when the aircraft is at its heaviest and has to be accelerated to take-off speed in a finite runway distance. The higher the thrust available from the engine, the shorter the runway can be, or the greater the aircraft payload can be. This affects which airports an aircraft can be operated from, and the economics of operation. As an alternative to payload, a higher thrust rating allows more fuel load to be carried into the air, so extending range of operation. These trade-offs between available thrust, runway length, aircraft weight and range may need to be assessed for each flight, and is part of a commercial pilot's preparation prior to take-off. An aircraft may take-off with less than maximum take-off thrust to reduce wear on the engine and extend its life. This is usually termed a 'reduced thrust' take-off, and is used to reduce engine maintenance costs. It is a condition of certification that an aircraft should be able to take-off if one engine fails at the most critical point in the take-off run, when it is going too fast to be able to come to a safe stop in the remaining runway. In the case of twin engine aircraft, they have to be capable of taking off on one engine, so that in normal operation 'de-rate' is usually applied as an excess of thrust is available. If an engine exceeds its 'redline' speeds or temperatures when running at MTO thrust, it is no longer considered airworthy. Sometimes referred to as 'TOGA' thrust, short for take-off/go-around. Maximum Continuous <｜fim▁hole｜> envelope, the MCT rating defines the maximum thrust that can be demanded by the pilot from the engine. As such, it has particular significance with respect to engine failure in flight, as the aircraft will have to proceed to its destination or nearest diversion airport at max continuous thrust. If the engine cannot achieve this thrust level whilst staying within its operating limits for engine speed and temperature, (the 'amber line'), it is no longer considered airworthy. Maximum Climb thrust (MCL) This is the thrust rating the manufacturer recommends be used during the climb phase of a typical flight. It may be the same as max continuous thrust, and usually is for a three or four engined aircraft. The top of the climb phase is typically the most challenging condition for a turbofan engine outside the take-off regime, and is a critical design requirement. De-rate can be applied to MCL thrust to extend engine life, but at the cost of a slower time to climb and slightly increased trip fuel consumption. Maximum Cruise thrust (MCR) Sometimes defined, but not a particularly useful rating since in cruise the pilot/autopilot will use the thrust required to maintain constant altitude and air speed to meet with air traffic control requirements. Flight Idle The idle rating is the minimum thrust that can be used whilst the aircraft is in flight. It is largely defined by the requirement to keep the engine running, possibly supplying secondary services to the aircraft such as hydraulic and electrical power, and, especially at high altitude, to supply passenger air at a minimum pressure. The flight idle rating is important in that the lower it is, the quicker the aircraft can descend (without going into a dive). It is often determined by stability considerations such as flutter and surge margin. High or Approach idle In the final phases of approach to landing it is important to be able to provide rapid response to throttle movements. This may require the engine to be running at a higher speed than flight idle to be able to provide rapid acceleration if required. There may be a maximum response time requirement to achieve 'TOGA' thrust if a landing is aborted. Ground Idle Used for maneuvering on the ground. Typically defined by the need to keep the engine running and supplying power and services to the aircraft. Generally, the lower this value the better, since brake wear is a significant factor in aircraft running/maintenance costs. Example ratings The figure below shows the typical behavior of a modern turbofan. The orange curves show maximum cruise thrust at altitude. The take-off thrust is about 25% higher than the cruise thrust at sea level since it is permitted for short durations only. Military Ratings Combat aircraft have very different requirements to civil aircraft, and different rating terminology is used, especially for aircraft using reheat or afterburning for thrust augmentation. Military Thrust Typically used to define the maximum available thrust without use of reheat. Sometime referred to as max 'dry' thrust. <｜fim▁end｜> | thrust (MCT) Outside the MTO flight |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Contents 1 Template Meta-programming overview 1.1 Compile-time programming 1.2 The nature of template Meta-programming 1.3 Limitations of Template Meta-programming 1.4 History of TMP 1.5 Building blocks 1.5.1 Values 1.5.2 Functions 1.5.3 Branching 1.5.4 Recursion 1.6 Example: Compile-time "If" 1.7 Debugging TMP 1.8 Conventions for "Structured" TMP Template Meta-programming overview Template meta-programming (TMP) refers to uses of the C++ template system to perform computation at compile-time within the code. It can, for the most part, be considered to be "programming with types" — in that, largely, the "values" that TMP works with are specific C++ types. Using types as the basic objects of calculation allows the full power of the type-inference rules to be used for general-purpose computing. Compile-time programming The preprocessor allows certain calculations to be carried out at compile time, meaning that by the time the code has finished compiling the decision has already been taken, and can be left out of the compiled executable. The following is a very contrived example: #define myvar 17 #if myvar % 2 cout << "Constant is odd" << endl; #else cout << "Constant is even" << endl; #endif This kind of construction does not have much application beyond conditional inclusion of platform-specific code. In particular there's no way to iterate, so it can not be used for general computing. Compile-time programming with templates works in a similar way but is much more powerful, indeed it is actually Turing complete. Trait classes are a familiar example of a simple form of template meta-programming: given input of a type, they compute properties associated with that type as output (for example, std::iterator_traits<> takes an iterator type as input, and computes properties such as the iterator's difference_type, value_type and so on). The nature of template Meta-programming Template meta-programming is much closer to functional programming than ordinary idiomatic C++ is. This is because 'variables' are all immutable, and hence it is necessary to use recursion rather than iteration to process elements of a set. This adds another layer of challenge for imperative programmers learning TMP: as well as learning the mechanics of it, they must learn to think in a different way. Limitations of Template Meta-programming Because template meta-programming evolved from an unintended use of the template system, it is frequently cumbersome. Often it is very hard to make the intent of the code clear to a maintainer, since the natural meaning of the code being used is very different from the purpose to which it is being put. The most effective way to deal with this is through reliance on idiom; if you want to be a productive template meta-programmer you will have to learn to recognize the common idioms. It also challenges the capabilities of older compilers; generally speaking, compilers from around the year 2000 and later are able to deal with much practical TMP code. Even when the compiler supports it, the compile times can be extremely large and in the case of a compile failure the error messages are frequently impenetrable. For a template instantiation debugger, see TempLight. Some coding standards may even forbid template meta-programming, at least outside of third-party libraries like Boost. History of TMP Historically TMP is something of an accident; it was discovered during the process of standardizing the C++ language that its template system happens to be Turing-complete, i.e., capable in principle of computing anything that is computable. The first concrete demonstration of this was a program written by Erwin Unruh, which computed prime numbers although it did not actually finish compiling: the list of prime numbers was part of an error message generated by the compiler on attempting to compile the code.[1] TMP has since advanced considerably, and is now a practical tool for library builders in C++, though its complexities mean that it is not generally appropriate for the majority of applications or systems programming contexts. #include <iostream> template <int p, int i> class is_prime { public: enum { prim = ( (p % i) && is_prime<p, i - 1>::prim ) }; }; template <int p> class is_prime<p, 1> { public: enum { prim = 1 }; }; template <int i> class Prime_print { // primary template for loop to print prime numbers public: Prime_print<i - 1> a; enum { prim = is_prime<i, i - 1>::prim }; void f() { a.f(); if (prim) { std::cout << "prime number:" << i << std::endl; } } }; template<> class Prime_print<1> { // full specialization to end the loop public: enum { prim = 0 }; void f() {} }; #ifndef LAST #define LAST 18 #endif int main() { Prime_print<LAST> a; a.f(); } Building blocks Values The 'variables' in TMP are not really variables since their values cannot be altered, but you can have named values that you use rather like you would variables in ordinary programming. When programming with types, named values are typedefs: struct ValueHolder { typedef int value; }; You can think of this as 'storing' the int type so that it can be accessed under the value name. Integer values are usually stored as members in an enum: struct ValueHolder { enum { value = 2 }; }; This again stores the value so that it can be accessed under the name value. Neither of these examples is any use on its own, but they form the basis of most other TMP, so they are vital patterns to be aware of. Functions A function maps one or more input parameters into an output value. The TMP analogue to this is a template class: template<int X, int Y> struct Adder { enum { result = X + Y }; }; This is a function that adds its two parameters and stores the result in the result enum member. You can call this at compile time with something like Adder<1, 2>::result, which will be expanded at compile time and act exactly like a literal 3 in your program. Branching A conditional branch can <｜fim▁hole｜> two alternative specialisations of a template class. The compiler will choose the one that fits the types provided, and a value defined in the instantiated class can then be accessed. For example, consider the following partial specialisation: template<typename X, typename Y> struct SameType { enum { result = 0 }; }; template<typename T> struct SameType<T, T> { enum { result = 1 }; }; This tells us if the two types it is instantiated with are the same. This might not seem very useful, but it can see through typedefs that might otherwise obscure whether types are the same, and it can be used on template arguments in template code. You can use it like this: if (SameType<SomeThirdPartyType, int>::result) { // ... Use some optimised code that can assume the type is an int } else { // ... Use defensive code that doesn't make any assumptions about the type } The above code isn't very idiomatic: since the types can be identified at compile-time, the if() block will always have a trivial condition (it'll always resolve to either if (1) { ... } or if (0) { ... }). However, this does illustrate the kind of thing that can be achieved. Recursion Since you don't have mutable variables available when you're programming with templates, it's impossible to iterate over a sequence of values. Tasks that might be achieved with iteration in standard C++ have to be redefined in terms of recursion, i.e. a function that calls itself. This usually takes the shape of a template class whose output value recursively refers to itself, and one or more specialisations that give fixed values to prevent infinite recursion. You can think of this as a combination of the function and conditional branch ideas described above. Calculating factorials is naturally done recursively: 0 ! = 1 {\displaystyle 0!=1} , and for n > 0 {\displaystyle n>0} , n ! = n × ( n − 1 ) ! {\displaystyle n!=n\times (n-1)!} . In TMP, this corresponds to a class template "factorial" whose general form uses the recurrence relation, and a specialization of which terminates the recursion. First, the general (unspecialized) template says that factorial<n>::value is given by n*factorial<n-1>::value: template <unsigned n> struct factorial { enum { value = n * factorial<n-1>::value }; }; Next, the specialization for zero says that factorial<0>::value evaluates to 1: template <> struct factorial<0> { enum { value = 1 }; }; And now some code that "calls" the factorial template at compile-time: int main() { // Because calculations are done at compile-time, they can be // used for things such as array sizes. int array[ factorial<7>::value ]; } Observe that the factorial<N>::value member is expressed in terms of the factorial<N> template, but this can't continue infinitely: each time it is evaluated, it calls itself with a progressively smaller (but non-negative) number. This must eventually hit zero, at which point the specialisation kicks in and evaluation doesn't recurse any further. Example: Compile-time "If" The following code defines a meta-function called "if_"; this is a class template that can be used to choose between two types based on a compile-time constant, as demonstrated in main below: template <bool Condition, typename TrueResult, typename FalseResult> class if_; template <typename TrueResult, typename FalseResult> struct if_<true, TrueResult, FalseResult> { typedef TrueResult result; }; template <typename TrueResult, typename FalseResult> struct if_<false, TrueResult, FalseResult> { typedef FalseResult result; }; int main() { typename if_<true, int, void*>::result number(3); typename if_<false, int, void*>::result pointer(&number); typedef typename if_<(sizeof(void *) > sizeof(uint32_t)), uint64_t, uint32_t>::result integral_ptr_t; integral_ptr_t converted_pointer = reinterpret_cast<integral_ptr_t>(pointer); } On line 18, we evaluate the if_ template with a true value, so the type used is the first of the provided values. Thus the entire expression if_<true, int, void*>::result evaluates to int. Similarly, on line 19 the template code evaluates to void *. These expressions act exactly the same as if the types had been written as literal values in the source code. Line 21 is where it starts to get clever: we define a type that depends on the value of a platform-dependent sizeof expression. On platforms where pointers are either 32 or 64 bits, this will choose the correct type at compile time without any modification, and without preprocessor macros. Once the type has been chosen, it can then be used like any other type. Note: This code is just an illustration of the power of template meta-programming, it is not meant to illustrate good cross-platform practice with pointers. For comparison, this problem is best attacked in C90 as follows # include <stddef.h> typedef size_t integral_ptr_t; typedef int the_correct_size_was_chosen [sizeof (integral_ptr_t) >= sizeof (void *)? 1: -1]; As it happens, the library-defined type size_t should be the correct choice for this particular problem on any platform. To ensure this, line 3 is used as a compile time check to see if the selected type is actually large enough; if not, the array type the_correct_size_was_chosen will be defined with a negative length, causing a compile-time error. In C99, <stdint.h> may define the types intptr_h and uintptr_h. Debugging TMP As of 2017, this cannot be done in any meaningful way. Generally it is easier to throw out the templates and start over than try to decipher the byzantine maze of compiler output that results from a single-byte typo in a template metaprogram. Consider these observations from Herb Sutter, secretary for the C++ standardization committee: Herb: Boost.Lambda, is a marvel of engineering… and it worked very well if … if you spelled it exactly right the first time, and didn’t mind a 4-page error spew that told you almost nothing about what you did wrong if you spelled it a little wrong. … Charles: talk about giant error messages… you could have templates inside templates, you could have these error messages that make absolutely no sense at all. Herb: oh, they are baroque. Source: https://ofekshilon.com/2012/09/01/meta-programming-is-still-evil/ Conventions for "Structured" TMP To do:Describe some conventions for "structured" TMP. <｜fim▁end｜> | be constructed by writing |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Table of Contents Home Preface Rules Block Wheels Axles Assembly Physics Appendices edit Alignment The process of aligning the wheel vertically (camber angle) and parallel to the direction of travel (toe and steer angles). Axle Slot One of two slots cut in the stock BSA kit block. Beveling tapering the axle to reduce the contact area between the axle head and the outer wheel hub. Balancing Wheel modification to achieve an equivalent mass distributed about the hub. Block The 7 x 1-3/4 x 1-1/4 pine block. Bore polishing Polishing the inner surface of the hub to reduce friction between the wheel and axle. BSA Boy Scouts of America. Coning Modification of the inside wheel hub to reduce hub-to-body friction. Center Rail On wood tracks, a lane guide that is approximately 1/4" inch tall and 1-5/8" wide that the car straddles to keep it on the track. Deburring Axles are essentially one-inch nails that have two burrs under the head from the stamping process. A typical axle treatment consists of removing these burrs followed by sanding and polishing. Dominant Wheel The front wheel that touches when the car is on a flat surface. In a raised front wheel configuration, this is the wheel that is not raised. Extended Wheelbase The largest distance possible between the axles such that the wheels do net extend past the end of the block: 5-3/4" with the axle holes 5/8" from the end of the block. Graphite A form of carbon that is found in pencil lead. It is one of the favored dry lubricants Grooving Notching of axles to reduce the contact area and thus the friction between the axle and the wheel. H Tread A wheel modification in which the tread is cut with a "H" cross-section to allow contact with the track surface on the inner and outer parts of the tread only. Kit The Official BSA "Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit" with block, 4 axles, 4 wheels and instructions. Krytox A liquid synthetic lubricant (MSDS).[1], Krytox <｜fim▁hole｜> (PFPE) synththetic lubricants made by DuPont Light Wheels Wheels that have been reduced in mass, typically by removal of material from the inner side of the wheel. Matched Wheels Wheels taken from the same mold number. Mold The plastic injection mold for pinewood derby wheels. Mold Number The number on the inside of a wheel, indicating the injection mold. Moly Molybdenum disulfide lubricant. Molybdenum disulfide Molybdenum disulfide is a dry lubricant similar to graphite. Nickel plating Nickel plated axles can be polished to a smoother finish than stock zinc BSA axles. Notching or Grooving Axles can be notched or grooved to reduce the contact area and thus the friction between the axle and the wheel. Nyoil A liquid synthetic lubricant (MSDS). Pinewood derby car "outlaw" wheels Outlaw Wheels Thin wheels machined from a high-performance polymer such as delrin that are typically allowed only in open class races. Oversize Axles Oversize axle (e.g. 0.091 diameter) axles can reduce wheel wobble. Official BSA axles are 0.087 inch in diameter. Rail Riding Adjustment of the dominant front wheel alignment to induce a slight steer toward the track center rail to cause the car to hug the rail as it goes down the track. Raised Wheel One wheel (typically front) raised approximately 1/16 inch on the car body. This wheel is not in constant contact with the track and thus contributes less to the rotational inertia. Silicone A polysiloxanes organic/inorganic polymer lubricant. Nickel-plated speed axle Speed Axles Nickel-plated aftermarket axles. Teflon The trade name for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer. Powdered Teflon is a common Derby car lubricant. V Tread A wheel modification in which the tread is cut with a "V" cross-section to allow a single radial point of contact with the track surface. Wheelbase The spacing between the front and rear wheels from wheel center to wheel center. The standard pinewood derby wheelbase is about 4.5 inches and the extended wheelbase is 5.75 inches with the wheels 5/8 inch from the end of the 7 inch block. <｜fim▁end｜> | oils and greases are perfluoropolyether |
<｜fim▁begin｜> Compressor power decreases with pressure difference across the compressor. Reduce the minimum condensing temperature set point to save energy when outside temperatures are below the existing approach temperature. Contents 1 When to Apply 2 Key Engineering Concepts 3 Preparation 4 Analysis Process When to Apply When the minimum condensing pressure setting results in condensing temperature (missing word) than 80 degrees F. The corresponding saturation pressure at this temperature is shown below for common refrigerants. Gauge pressures given in the table assume an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psia. Saturated Condensing Pressure (psig) R-12: 60 degrees F: 57.6 80 degrees F: 84.0 100 degrees F: 117.0 R-22: 60 degrees F: 101.7 80 degrees F: 143.7 100 degrees F: 196.0 R-134A: 60 degrees F: 57.4 80 degrees F: 86.7 100 degrees F: 124.1 R502: 60 degrees F: 116. 80 degrees F: 161.2 100 degrees F: 216.2 Ammonia (R-717) 60 degrees F: 92.4 80 degrees F: 138.4 100 degrees F: 197.3 Key Engineering Concepts Compressor Power increases with compression ratio. Compression ratio (CR) is determined by condensing pressure (pd) and suction pressure (ps); CR = pd / ps. Decrease minimum condensing pressure / temperature settings to decrease compression ratio and compressor power. Condenser fan energy will increase to maintain the decrease in condensing temperature. Fan energy increase typically represents about 10-30% of compressor energy savings. Approach temperature difference is measured relative to wet-bulb temperature for evaporative condensers, and relative to dry-bulb for air-cooled units. Wet-bulb temperature is less than dry-bulb due to evaporative cooling effects. Preparation Tools Required: Therometer Power Meter DMM Clamp-on Ammeter Refrigeration Data Sheets Data Required: Minimum condensing temperature (Tm) - (from condenser fan setpoints, pressure gauge or compressor display) Compressor power (CP) - (measure directly or volts and amps) Total fan power (FP) - (measure directly or volts and amps) Wet and dry bulb temperature Condensing approach temperature difference (minimum of approximately 10 degrees F) - (measure with all condenser fans on) Analysis Process 1) Choose Target Minimum Discharge Pressure Lower condensing pressure saves energy, by the minimum condensing pressure is limited by system requirements. Recommend that the equipment operator set an obtainable minimum condensing pressure in the one of two ways; either experiment by dropping pressure slowly and observe reaction , or consult manufacturer's specifications. Expansion valves require a minimum pressure difference to function properly. In adequate discharge pressure can limit refrigerant circulation through expansion valves, including the liquid injection expansion valve for compressor cooling the system won't function correctly, and the compressor won't be properly cooled if condensing pressure is too low. A minimum condensing temperature of 60 degrees is often achievable. Sometimes system modifications are required to lower condensing pressure. Following are some common problems and solutions: System pressure drop limits minimum condensing pressure. Problem: The expansion valve will not function properly unless the refrigerant passing through it is liquid. If excessive system pressure drop causes flash-gas after the condenser, the condensing pressure will rise until liquid is delivered to the valve. Solution: Use a centrifugal pump or suction gas to sub-cool liquid refrigerant after the condenser. Sub-cooling is achieved by increasing the liquid pressure. Open needle valves, replace orifices or valves to increase flow. These replacements generally cost must less than the compressor savings. Liquid-injection oil cooling limits minimum condensing pressure. Problem: Refrigeration injected into the compressor (for cooling) passes through an expansion valve. If the discharge pressure is not adequate, the expansion valve will not function properly and the compressor will not be adequately cooled. <｜fim▁hole｜> Oil Cooling. Another option is to install a centrifugal pump in the liquid injection line. This will not save as much energy as thermosyphon cooling, but will be better than a higher average condensing pressure. Undersized condensers limit condensing pressure Problem: Heat transfer form the condenser depends on the temperature difference, the physically determined coefficients, and the heat transfer surface area. A smaller area requires a larger temperature difference. Solution: Install more condensers to increase the condensing surface area and decrease the minimum approach temperature difference. In general, condensers cost less than compressor savings, and the system performs better on hot days. 2) Calculate Condenser Fan Use Factor Condenser fans will operate longer or at higher capacity when the minimum condensing pressure is reduced. This is referred to as increased fan use factor. Bin data is used to model the increase in fan use factor with a decrease in minimum pressure. Calculate use factors for the fan at both existing and proposed conditions with the equations from section 5, Power & Energy, Condenser Fan Use Factor. 3) Calculate Condenser Fan Energy Use Calculate fan energy for existing and proposed conditions. Refer to the proper calculation box, depending on the strategy, in section 5, Power & Energy, Condenser Fan Use Factor, Condenser Fan Energy Use. 4) Calculate Fan Energy Increase A decrease in discharge pressure increases fan operating time. A larger overall heat transfer coefficient is required due to the decrease in average approach temperature difference (temperature difference between cooling medium and lower condensing temperature). Total Fan increase is calculated below: Fan Energy Increase = proposed fan energy - existing fan energy FEI = FEproposed - FEexisting 5) Calculate Compressor Energy Savings Conservatively estimate 1% drop in compressor power for each degree condensing temperature is reduced. You can also calculate compressor power decrease with condensing temperature from compressor manufacturer's specifications. We do not calculate demand savings because peak demand will not change on hot days. Calculations shown are for a simple cycle. Calculate the existing and proposed condensing temperatures for each bin temperature. Remember that the condensing temperature at the maximum refrigeration load can never be closer to ambient temperature than the minimum approach temperature difference (MATD). Condensing temperature (CT) will floar at MATD above ambient temperature until the minimum condensing temperature (Tm) is reached. Condensing Temperature = bin temperature + approach temperature difference Calculate compressor energy savings for each bin temperature. Estimate 1% power (range 0.5%-1.5%) savings for each degree condensing temperature (Tm) is reached. Energy Savings % = (condensing temp change) x 1% x bin hrs x operating hrs / total bin hrs Calculate total compressor energy savings (CES) from the sum of bin energy savings time existing compressor energy use (CE). Compressor energy savings = compressor energy x sum of (energy savings percentages) 6) Calculate Cost Savings Calculate cost savings using the energy cost from the utility bills and energy savings. Total Savings are compressor energy savings minus fan energy increase. 7) Estimate Implementation Cost There is essentially no implementation cost to change the pressure settings at the condenser. If system modifications are require, consider the cost of purchase and installation. Modifications may include adding more condensing capacity to decrease the minimum approach temperature difference, new pumps, or thermosyphon oil cooling. 8) Simple payback period is implementation cost divided by annual cost savings. We neglect effects of interest, escalation, and discount rates over the period because we only estimate savings. These effects are small with short payback periods. <｜fim▁end｜> | Solution: Refer to Recommmendation #3, Thermosyphon |
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