Split (1)

train · 28.6k rows

id stringlengths 11 24	title stringlengths 1 59	context stringlengths 151 10k	language stringclasses 2 values	answer_text stringlengths 1 239 ⌀	answer_start float64 0 2.66k ⌀	__index_level_0__ int64 0 191k	question listlengths 1 30	negative_samples listlengths 1 30
5a6bb9624eec6b001a80a538	Myocardial_infarction	People with an acute coronary syndrome where no ST elevation is demonstrated (non-ST elevation ACS or NSTEACS) are treated with aspirin. Clopidogrel is added in many cases, particularly if the risk of cardiovascular events is felt to be high and early PCI is being considered. Depending on whether early PCI is planned, ...	en	null	null	190,556	[ "When is clopidogrel removed?", "What is NSTEACS an abbreviation for?", "Clopidogrel is a form of what inhibitor?", "What inhibitors are used in low-risk scenarios?", "Eptifibatide has what kind of molecular weight?" ]	[ [ "Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It ...
5a6bb9f34eec6b001a80a54c	Myocardial_infarction	Cardiac rehabilitation benefits many who have experienced myocardial infarction, even if there has been substantial heart damage and resultant left ventricular failure; ideally other medical conditions that could interfere with participation should be managed optimally. It should start soon after discharge from hospita...	en	null	null	190,561	[ "Cardiac rehabilitation is not an option under what circumstances?", "Cardiac rehabilitation often recommends ceasing what activities?", "What should start immediately upon registering at the hospital?", "When are other medical conditions address?" ]	[ [ "At common law, in general, a myocardial infarction is a disease, but may sometimes be an injury. This can create coverage issues in administration of no-fault insurance schemes such as workers' compensation. In general, a heart attack is not covered; however, it may be a work-related injury if it results, fo...
5a6bba8a4eec6b001a80a554	Myocardial_infarction	Some risk factors for death include age, hemodynamic parameters (such as heart failure, cardiac arrest on admission, systolic blood pressure, or Killip class of two or greater), ST-segment deviation, diabetes, serum creatinine, peripheral vascular disease, and elevation of cardiac markers. Assessment of left ventricula...	en	null	null	190,565	[ "How many classes of ST-segmentation are there?", "Prognosis improves after what complication?", "What has decreased over the years?", "What are some examples of ST-segment deviation?", "What are risk factors called?" ]	[ [ "For a person to qualify as having a STEMI, in addition to reported angina, the ECG must show new ST elevation in two or more adjacent ECG leads. This must be greater than 2 mm (0.2 mV) for males and greater than 1.5 mm (0.15 mV) in females if in leads V2 and V3 or greater than 1 mm (0.1 mV) if it is in other...
5a6bbb724eec6b001a80a55e	Myocardial_infarction	Complications may occur immediately following the heart attack (in the acute phase), or may need time to develop (a chronic problem). Acute complications may include heart failure if the damaged heart is no longer able to pump blood adequately around the body; aneurysm of the left ventricle myocardium; ventricular sept...	en	null	null	190,570	[ "What is Dressler's syndrome?", "What does an aneurysm of the left ventricle lead to?", "What does mitral regurgitation cause?", "Atrial fibrillation can only be what kind of problem?" ]	[ [ "치매나 백혈병, 당뇨, 파킨슨병과 같은 난치병들 중에는 세포의 변이나 사멸로 인한 질병이 대다수이다. 이러한 퇴행성 질병의 경우 세포 치료법을 이용해여 치료하는 경우가 많다.[6] 특이점주의자들에 따르면 줄기세포 연구와 같은 세포 연구는 생명 공학 연구의 일부분이며 유전자 DNA 지도를 완벽하게 구조화할 수 있다면 세포분화 치료 혹은 세포복제 치료를 통해 환자 자신의 DNA를 지니고 텔로미어가 연장된 세포를 공급할 수 있을 것이라고 본다. 예컨데 현재 당뇨병 치료에 쓰이는 거부반응 제어제가 위험한 부작용을 일으킬 가능성이 있는 반면 이러한 세포 치...
5a6bbc0f4eec6b001a80a566	Myocardial_infarction	In contrast, IHD is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world. For example, in India, IHD had become the leading cause of death by 2004, accounting for 1.46 million deaths (14% of total deaths) and deaths due to IHD were expected to double during 1985–2015. Globally, disability adjusted life years (...	en	null	null	190,574	[ "What percentage of deaths does unipolar depressive disorder cause?", "How many people died from IHD from 1985-2015?", "What is the worldwide leading cause of death?", "What percentage of deaths will IHD be responsible for in 2030?", "When did IHD begin to be a bigger problem in the developing word?" ]	[ [ "The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large p...
5a6bbd284eec6b001a80a57a	Myocardial_infarction	At common law, in general, a myocardial infarction is a disease, but may sometimes be an injury. This can create coverage issues in administration of no-fault insurance schemes such as workers' compensation. In general, a heart attack is not covered; however, it may be a work-related injury if it results, for example, ...	en	null	null	190,579	[ "What is a myocardial infarction is always considered to be?", "What occupation cannot have a heart attack classified as work-related?", "What typically covers an MI?", "When is an MI not considered a work-related injury?", "What generally treats MI as an injury?" ]	[ [ "Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it ...
5a7db48670df9f001a87505f	Matter	Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (...	en	null	null	190,584	[ "What did the term matter include after the 20th century?", "What are atoms composed of?", "What are two examples of matter?", "What can an object's mass not come from?", "Matter is currently considered to be what kind of concept?" ]	[ [ "There is an entire literature concerning the \"structure of matter\", ranging from the \"electrical structure\" in the early 20th century, to the more recent \"quark structure of matter\", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advance...
5a7db5c270df9f001a875069	Matter	All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles—usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because t...	en	null	null	190,589	[ "What orbits around electrons?", "What are protons and neutrons made out of?", "All particles with rest mass have what kind of volume?", "What cannot contribute to effective volume?", "What kind of size or volume do point particles have?" ]	[ [ "The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom, which conceptualizes the electron as \"orbiting\" the proton in analogy to the Earth's orbit of the Sun. However, the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another, while planets and cele...
5a7db6b770df9f001a875073	Matter	Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of ...	en	null	null	190,594	[ "How many forms of solids are there?", "What theory states that matter can exist in four states?", "Who suggested the Bose-Einstein theory?", "What new form of plasma did Democritus discover?", "How long have scientists focused on an elementary-particle view?" ]	[ [ "In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and...
5a7db77770df9f001a87507d	Matter	Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on ...	en	null	null	190,599	[ "What is considered the same as matter?", "What does special relativity show mass can do?", "What can be created or destroyed?", "What changes during the transformation of matter?", "What does not change in an open system?" ]	[ [ "Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings, from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass and matter. As such, there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word \"matte...
5a7db7f770df9f001a875087	Matter	Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings, from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass and matter. As such, there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word "matter". Scientif...	en	null	null	190,604	[ "What is always used the same way across fields?", "What is poorly defined besides matter?", "What does matter do in chemistry that it does not do in physics?", "What is the combination of mass and matter called in chemistry?", "What speed does matter travel at in physics?" ]	[ [ "The Canadian football field is 150 yards (137 m) long and 65 yards (59 m) wide with end zones 20 yards (18 m) deep, and goal lines 110 yards (101 m) apart. At each goal line is a set of 40-foot-high (12 m) goalposts, which consist of two uprights joined by an 18 1⁄2-foot-long (5.6 m) crossbar which is 10 fee...
5a7db89470df9f001a875091	Matter	In the context of relativity, mass is not an additive quantity, in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system. Thus, in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses, but the energy–momentum tensor that quantifies the am...	en	null	null	190,609	[ "What type of quantity is mass?", "One can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get what?", "What can the energy-momentum tensor not do?", "What does gravity contribute to in a system?", "What field does not view matter as a contributor to energy-momentum?" ]	[ [ "Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary con...
5a7db92970df9f001a87509b	Matter	The reason for this is that in this definition, electromagnetic radiation (such as light) as well as the energy of electromagnetic fields contributes to the mass of systems, and therefore appears to add matter to them. For example, light radiation (or thermal radiation) trapped inside a box would contribute to the mass...	en	null	null	190,614	[ "What type of radiation does not contribute mass?", "What is another name for electromagnetic radiation?", "What is another name for isolated kinetic energy of massive particles?" ]	[ [ "In the context of relativity, mass is not an additive quantity, in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system. Thus, in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses, but the energy–momentum tensor that quanti...
5a7dbca870df9f001a8750b5	Matter	A source of definition difficulty in relativity arises from two definitions of mass in common use, one of which is formally equivalent to total energy (and is thus observer dependent), and the other of which is referred to as rest mass or invariant mass and is independent of the observer. Only "rest mass" is loosely eq...	en	null	null	190,617	[ "How many difficulties are there in defining mass?", "What is invariant mass equivalent to?", "What type of systems is rest mass applied to?", "Invariant mass cannot be weighed when a system has no what?", "Kinetic energy cannot add what kind of mass to a system?" ]	[ [ "Since such mass (kinetic energies of particles, the energy of trapped electromagnetic radiation and stored potential energy of repulsive fields) is measured as part of the mass of ordinary matter in complex systems, the \"matter\" status of \"massless particles\" and fields of force becomes unclear in such s...
5a7dc20570df9f001a875117	Matter	Since such mass (kinetic energies of particles, the energy of trapped electromagnetic radiation and stored potential energy of repulsive fields) is measured as part of the mass of ordinary matter in complex systems, the "matter" status of "massless particles" and fields of force becomes unclear in such systems. These p...	en	null	null	190,622	[ "What is electromagnetic radiation stored in?", "The mass of kinetic energy particles is not considered part of what?", "What tends to be clear in complex systems?", "What field has a clear definition of matter?", "Mass is harder to define as being what?" ]	[ [ "The reason for this is that in this definition, electromagnetic radiation (such as light) as well as the energy of electromagnetic fields contributes to the mass of systems, and therefore appears to add matter to them. For example, light radiation (or thermal radiation) trapped inside a box would contribute ...
5a7dc2b470df9f001a87512b	Matter	A definition of "matter" more fine-scale than the atoms and molecules definition is: matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include su...	en	null	null	190,627	[ "What is made out of negatively charged protons?", "What type of charge do atoms have?", "This definition does not include what type of matter?", "What is located in a sea of protons?", "What are made up of leptons?" ]	[ [ "Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton...
5a7dc3ae70df9f001a875135	Matter	Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same thin...	en	null	null	190,632	[ "What is the most famous electron?", "What are quarks made from?", "Who determined that electrons were leptons?", "How many generation particles are there?", "What type of fermions are protons and neutrons?" ]	[ [ "Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+\n3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation.", "Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u, hydrogen is the l...
5a7dc46e70df9f001a875147	Matter	The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may constitute the bu...	en	null	null	190,637	[ "What are atoms and molecules elementary forms of?", "What holds building blocks together?", "What is the mass of a proton?", "What binds an atom together?", "Most of the mass of binding energy is due to what?" ]	[ [ "Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of th...
5a7dc51370df9f001a87515b	Matter	The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation ...	en	null	null	190,642	[ "What model has two generations?", "Which generation has the up and down muon and muon neutrino?", "What type of particles are tau and tau neutrino?", "What generation has charm and strange muon?", "How many electrons are there in the generations?" ]	[ [ "A new approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by the \"second generation\" tram/streetcar system in Bordeaux, France (entry into service of the first line in December 2003; original system discontinued in 1958) with its APS (alimentation par sol – ground current feed). This involves a third rail which i...
5a7dc5b470df9f001a875165	Matter	Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy P...	en	null	null	190,647	[ "What is dark energy composed of?", "What probe saw white dwarf stars?", "What percentage of the universe are black holes?", "What percentage of the universe can be seen by telescope?", "What type of light accounts for 72% of the universe?" ]	[ [ "According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the \"matter\" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scien...
5a7dcb3b70df9f001a87518d	Matter	In physics, degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state, one spin-up and the other spin-down. Hence, at zero temperature, the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommod...	en	null	null	190,652	[ "What is the name of the principle for the ground state of gas?", "What depends on the temperature at absolute zero?", "What is the minimum kinetic energy called?", "What shrinks to accommodate fermions?", "What is the pressure of the gas called?" ]	[ [ "Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new...
5a7dccd270df9f001a8751a9	Matter	Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks. It is contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that con...	en	null	null	190,657	[ "What is quark matter usually thought of as?", "What is nuclear matter similar to?", "At low density, what is expected of strange matter?", "What kind of core does nuclear matter occur in?", "What has Strange matter been definitely proven to occur as?" ]	[ [ "The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may consti...
5a7dcd9270df9f001a8751bd	Matter	In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth)....	en	null	null	190,662	[ "What are phases known as?", "What is a phase not dependent on?", "How many phases are there total?", "What are examples of paramagnetic phases?", "What field studies nanomaterials?" ]	[ [ "Bacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environment an...
5a7dcf1970df9f001a8751e1	Matter	In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordan...	en	null	null	190,667	[ "What is composed of antimatter?", "What happens when two antiparticles collide?", "What are particle-antiparticle pairs that are not high-energy called?", "What kind of energy do particle-antiparticle pairs have more of than they had originally?", "Who discovered quantum chemistry?" ]	[ [ "Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordi...
5a7dcf8e70df9f001a8751ff	Matter	Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter...	en	null	null	190,672	[ "Where is antimatter found naturally in large quantities?", "What does antimatter annihilate?", "Where is ordinary matter created?", "What is an example of an antiparticle?", "Large quantities of what can be created for testing?" ]	[ [ "In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy ...
5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c3	Matter	There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o...	en	null	null	190,677	[ "What is the disappearance of matter linked to?", "When was there more antimatter than matter?", "What problem has physics solved?", "Where is the Standard Model found?", "What field of study speculates about science fiction?" ]	[ [ "Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary con...
5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752d7	Matter	In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir...	en	null	null	190,682	[ "What does dark matter emit to make it visible?", "What effect on other matter allows electromagnetic radiation to be visible?", "What is baryonic in nature?", "What does dark matter form?", "Supersymmetric particles are part of what Model?" ]	[ [ "Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave A...
5a7de78370df9f001a8752e1	Matter	The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir...	en	null	null	190,687	[ "When did Socratics live?", "What did Parmenides believe was the fundamental material of the world?", "What is the name for the philosophical problems of understanding the nature of the world?", "How many elements did Democritus name?", "What did Parmenides say everything was made of?" ]	[ [ "The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: \"How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?\" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the \"father of science\", was the first to postu...
5a7de83a70df9f001a8752eb	Matter	For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this un...	en	null	null	190,692	[ "What exists independently?", "Who said matter had actuality in and of itself?", "Aristotle said parts have existence outside of what?", "What does grass turn the horse into?" ]	[ [ "The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia ...
5a7de93570df9f001a8752f3	Matter	For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend...	en	null	null	190,696	[ "What philosophy did Aristotle describe?", "What did Aristotle define as distinct from matter?", "How did Aristotle elevate matter?", "What activity does locomotion have?", "How does Descartes use matter and the formal/forming principle?" ]	[ [ "Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 38...
5a7de9b570df9f001a875308	Matter	Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma...	en	null	null	190,702	[ "What did Descartes write?", "What did Newton reject that Descartes did not?", "What did Descartes say were the universal qualities of matter?", "Both primary and secondary properties are suited to what form of description?" ]	[ [ "For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthink...
5a7dea8870df9f001a875311	Matter	There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary...	en	null	null	190,706	[ "When did de Sabbata and Gasperini write?", "What theory came after the quark structure of matter?", "Understanding electrical structure has lead to important advances in what field?", "Who described particles as quantum excitations?", "What theory uses spinor fields?" ]	[ [ "이탈리아 요리에 대해 최초의 저술을 남긴 사람은 그리스계 시칠리아 사람인 아케스트라투스이다. 기원전 4세기에 지금의 시라쿠사 지역에 살던 그는 “계절에 맞는 최상의 재료”를 사용하는 것에 대한 시를 남겼다. 그는 또한 향신료나 허브, 양념 따위를 사용한 음식과 그 중요성, 생선 요리 등에 대해 서술했다. 특정 양념이나 향신료가 지나쳐서는 안 된다는 것 또한 집필 내용에 포함됐지만 470가지의 요리법을 담은 책인 《데 레 코퀴나리아》(De re coquinaria《요리에 관하여》)를 출판하면서 이런 형태의 요리는 역사 속으로 사라졌다. 이 책은 생선...
5a7deb7170df9f001a87531b	Matter	In the late 19th century with the discovery of the electron, and in the early 20th century, with the discovery of the atomic nucleus, and the birth of particle physics, matter was seen as made up of electrons, protons and neutrons interacting to form atoms. Today, we know that even protons and neutrons are not indivisi...	en	null	null	190,711	[ "What field of physics began in the 19th century?", "What do atoms form?", "What are quarks divided into?", "Leptons are made up of what?", "We now know that quarks and leptons are not what?" ]	[ [ "The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry,...
5a7e05ef70df9f001a875425	Matter	These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level;...	en	null	null	190,716	[ "How many quarks and leptons are there?", "What model satisfactorily explains gravity?", "Interactions between quarks and leptons are the exchange of what?", "Mass and energy can always be compared to what?", "What relation explains the carriers of the electric force?" ]	[ [ "The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third ...
5a7e070b70df9f001a875439	Matter	The term "matter" is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts: for example, one refers to "condensed matter physics", "elementary matter", "partonic" matter, "dark" matter, "anti"-matter, "strange" matter, and "nuclear" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, normal matter has been referred...	en	null	null	190,721	[ "Physics has broadly agreed on the definition of what?", "Who coined the term partonic matter?", "What is another name for anti-matter?", "Matter usually does not need to be used in conjunction with what?", "What field of study has a variety of unusual contexts?" ]	[ [ "Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise...

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