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1,803.04367
Graded Holonomic D-modules on Monomial Curves
In this paper, we study the holonomic $D$-modules when $D$ is the ring of $k$-linear differential operators on $A = k[\Gamma]$, the coordinate ring of an affine monomial curve over the complex numbers $k = \mathbb C$. In particular, we consider the graded case, and classify the simple graded $D$-modules and compute their extensions. The classification over the first Weyl algebra $D = A_1(k)$ is obtained as a special case.
math.RT math.RA
in this paper we study the holonomic dmodules when d is the ring of klinear differential operators on a kgamma the coordinate ring of an affine monomial curve over the complex numbers k mathbb c in particular we consider the graded case and classify the simple graded dmodules and compute their extensions the classification over the first weyl algebra d a_1k is obtained as a special case
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1,803.04368
Dissipation induced transitions in two dimensional elastic membranes
Stochastic thermodynamics provides a useful set of tools to analyze and constrain the behavior of far from equilibrium systems. In this paper, we report an application of ideas from stochastic thermodynamics to the problem of membrane growth. Non-equilibrium forcing of the membrane can cause it to buckle and undergo a morphological transformation. We show how ideas from stochastic thermodynamics, in particular the recently derived thermodynamic uncertainty relations, can be used to phenomenologically describe and constrain the parameters required to excite morphological changes during a non-equilibrium growth process.
cond-mat.soft cond-mat.stat-mech
stochastic thermodynamics provides a useful set of tools to analyze and constrain the behavior of far from equilibrium systems in this paper we report an application of ideas from stochastic thermodynamics to the problem of membrane growth nonequilibrium forcing of the membrane can cause it to buckle and undergo a morphological transformation we show how ideas from stochastic thermodynamics in particular the recently derived thermodynamic uncertainty relations can be used to phenomenologically describe and constrain the parameters required to excite morphological changes during a nonequilibrium growth process
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1,803.04369
Differential Equations Driven by Variable Order H\"older Noise, and the Regularizing Effect of Delay
In this article we extend the framework of rough paths to processes of variable H\"older exponent or variable order paths. We show how a class of multiple discrete delay differential equations driven by signals of variable order are especially well suited to be studied in a path wise sense. In fact, under some assumptions on the H\"older regularity functions of the driving signal, the local H\"older regularity of the variable order signal may be close to 0, without more than C_{b}^{2} diffusion coefficients (in contrast to higher regularity requirements known from constant order rough path theory). Furthermore, we give a canonical algorithm to construct the iterated integral of variable order on the domain \left[0,T\right]^{2}, by constructing the iterated integrals on some well chosen strip around the diagonal of \left[0,T\right]^{2}, and then extending it to the whole domain using Chens relation. At last, we give a recollection of the results of rough paths found in [FriHai], but tailored for variable order paths.
math.PR math.CA
in this article we extend the framework of rough paths to processes of variable holder exponent or variable order paths we show how a class of multiple discrete delay differential equations driven by signals of variable order are especially well suited to be studied in a path wise sense in fact under some assumptions on the holder regularity functions of the driving signal the local holder regularity of the variable order signal may be close to 0 without more than c_b2 diffusion coefficients in contrast to higher regularity requirements known from constant order rough path theory furthermore we give a canonical algorithm to construct the iterated integral of variable order on the domain left0tright2 by constructing the iterated integrals on some well chosen strip around the diagonal of left0tright2 and then extending it to the whole domain using chens relation at last we give a recollection of the results of rough paths found in frihai but tailored for variable order paths
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1,803.0437
Galactic Binaries Can Explain the Fermi Galactic Center Excess and 511 keV Emission
The Fermi-LAT Galactic Center excess and the 511 keV positron-annihilation signal from the inner Galaxy bare a striking morphological similarity. We propose that both can be explained through a scenario in which millisecond pulsars produce the Galactic Center excess and their progenitors, low-mass X-ray binaries, the 511 keV signal. As a proof-of-principle we study a specific population synthesis scenario from the literature involving so-called ultracompact X-ray binaries. Moreover, for the first time, we quantitatively show that neutron star, rather than black hole, low-mass X-ray binaries can be responsible for the majority of the positrons. In this particular scenario binary millisecond pulsars can be both the source of the Fermi-LAT $\gamma$-ray excess and the bulge positrons. Future avenues to test this scenario are discussed.
astro-ph.HE
the fermilat galactic center excess and the 511 kev positronannihilation signal from the inner galaxy bare a striking morphological similarity we propose that both can be explained through a scenario in which millisecond pulsars produce the galactic center excess and their progenitors lowmass xray binaries the 511 kev signal as a proofofprinciple we study a specific population synthesis scenario from the literature involving socalled ultracompact xray binaries moreover for the first time we quantitatively show that neutron star rather than black hole lowmass xray binaries can be responsible for the majority of the positrons in this particular scenario binary millisecond pulsars can be both the source of the fermilat gammaray excess and the bulge positrons future avenues to test this scenario are discussed
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1,803.04371
Optimal Rates of Sketched-regularized Algorithms for Least-Squares Regression over Hilbert Spaces
We investigate regularized algorithms combining with projection for least-squares regression problem over a Hilbert space, covering nonparametric regression over a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. We prove convergence results with respect to variants of norms, under a capacity assumption on the hypothesis space and a regularity condition on the target function. As a result, we obtain optimal rates for regularized algorithms with randomized sketches, provided that the sketch dimension is proportional to the effective dimension up to a logarithmic factor. As a byproduct, we obtain similar results for Nystr\"{o}m regularized algorithms. Our results are the first ones with optimal, distribution-dependent rates that do not have any saturation effect for sketched/Nystr\"{o}m regularized algorithms, considering both the attainable and non-attainable cases.
stat.ML cs.LG math.FA
we investigate regularized algorithms combining with projection for leastsquares regression problem over a hilbert space covering nonparametric regression over a reproducing kernel hilbert space we prove convergence results with respect to variants of norms under a capacity assumption on the hypothesis space and a regularity condition on the target function as a result we obtain optimal rates for regularized algorithms with randomized sketches provided that the sketch dimension is proportional to the effective dimension up to a logarithmic factor as a byproduct we obtain similar results for nystrom regularized algorithms our results are the first ones with optimal distributiondependent rates that do not have any saturation effect for sketchednystrom regularized algorithms considering both the attainable and nonattainable cases
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1,803.04372
Properties of Confined Ammonium Nitrate Ionic Liquids
Ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and propylammonium nitrate ionic liquids confined between polar glass plates and exposed to a strong magnetic field demonstrate gradually slowing diffusivity, a process that can be reversed by removing the sample from the magnetic field. The process can be described well by the Avrami equation, which is typical for autocatalytic (particularly, nucleation controlled) processes. The transition can be stopped by freezing the sample. Cooling and heating investigations showed differences in the freezing and melting behavior of the sample depending on whether it had been exposed to the magnetic field. After exposure to the magnetic field, the sample demonstrated a change in the state of residual water. Generally, our findings confirm our previous suggestion that alteration of the dynamic properties of confined ammonium nitrate ionic liquids exposed to a magnetic field is related to the alteration of real physical-chemical phases.
physics.chem-ph
ethylammonium nitrate ean and propylammonium nitrate ionic liquids confined between polar glass plates and exposed to a strong magnetic field demonstrate gradually slowing diffusivity a process that can be reversed by removing the sample from the magnetic field the process can be described well by the avrami equation which is typical for autocatalytic particularly nucleation controlled processes the transition can be stopped by freezing the sample cooling and heating investigations showed differences in the freezing and melting behavior of the sample depending on whether it had been exposed to the magnetic field after exposure to the magnetic field the sample demonstrated a change in the state of residual water generally our findings confirm our previous suggestion that alteration of the dynamic properties of confined ammonium nitrate ionic liquids exposed to a magnetic field is related to the alteration of real physicalchemical phases
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1,803.04373
Multi-point nonequilibrium umbrella sampling and associated fluctuation relations
We describe a simple method of umbrella trajectory sampling for Markov chains. The method allows the estimation of large-deviation rate functions, for path-extensive dynamic observables, for an arbitrary number of models within a certain family. The general relationship between probability distributions of dynamic observables of members of this family is an extended fluctuation relation. When the dynamic observable is chosen to be entropy production, members of this family include the forward Markov chain and its time reverse, whose probability distributions are related by the expected simple fluctuation relation.
cond-mat.stat-mech
we describe a simple method of umbrella trajectory sampling for markov chains the method allows the estimation of largedeviation rate functions for pathextensive dynamic observables for an arbitrary number of models within a certain family the general relationship between probability distributions of dynamic observables of members of this family is an extended fluctuation relation when the dynamic observable is chosen to be entropy production members of this family include the forward markov chain and its time reverse whose probability distributions are related by the expected simple fluctuation relation
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1,803.04374
Spacetime is as spacetime does
Theories of quantum gravity generically presuppose or predict that the reality underlying relativistic spacetimes they are describing is significantly non-spatiotemporal. On pain of empirical incoherence, approaches to quantum gravity must establish how relativistic spacetime emerges from their non-spatiotemporal structures. We argue that in order to secure this emergence, it is sufficient to establish that only those features of relativistic spacetimes functionally relevant in producing empirical evidence must be recovered. In order to complete this task, an account must be given of how the more fundamental structures instantiate these functional roles. We illustrate the general idea in the context of causal set theory and loop quantum gravity, two prominent approaches to quantum gravity.
physics.hist-ph gr-qc
theories of quantum gravity generically presuppose or predict that the reality underlying relativistic spacetimes they are describing is significantly nonspatiotemporal on pain of empirical incoherence approaches to quantum gravity must establish how relativistic spacetime emerges from their nonspatiotemporal structures we argue that in order to secure this emergence it is sufficient to establish that only those features of relativistic spacetimes functionally relevant in producing empirical evidence must be recovered in order to complete this task an account must be given of how the more fundamental structures instantiate these functional roles we illustrate the general idea in the context of causal set theory and loop quantum gravity two prominent approaches to quantum gravity
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1,803.04375
A Feature-Rich Vietnamese Named-Entity Recognition Model
In this paper, we present a feature-based named-entity recognition (NER) model that achieves the start-of-the-art accuracy for Vietnamese language. We combine word, word-shape features, PoS, chunk, Brown-cluster-based features, and word-embedding-based features in the Conditional Random Fields (CRF) model. We also explore the effects of word segmentation, PoS tagging, and chunking results of many popular Vietnamese NLP toolkits on the accuracy of the proposed feature-based NER model. Up to now, our work is the first work that systematically performs an extrinsic evaluation of basic Vietnamese NLP toolkits on the downstream NER task. Experimental results show that while automatically-generated word segmentation is useful, PoS and chunking information generated by Vietnamese NLP tools does not show their benefits for the proposed feature-based NER model.
cs.CL
in this paper we present a featurebased namedentity recognition ner model that achieves the startoftheart accuracy for vietnamese language we combine word wordshape features pos chunk brownclusterbased features and wordembeddingbased features in the conditional random fields crf model we also explore the effects of word segmentation pos tagging and chunking results of many popular vietnamese nlp toolkits on the accuracy of the proposed featurebased ner model up to now our work is the first work that systematically performs an extrinsic evaluation of basic vietnamese nlp toolkits on the downstream ner task experimental results show that while automaticallygenerated word segmentation is useful pos and chunking information generated by vietnamese nlp tools does not show their benefits for the proposed featurebased ner model
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1,803.04376
Discriminability objective for training descriptive captions
One property that remains lacking in image captions generated by contemporary methods is discriminability: being able to tell two images apart given the caption for one of them. We propose a way to improve this aspect of caption generation. By incorporating into the captioning training objective a loss component directly related to ability (by a machine) to disambiguate image/caption matches, we obtain systems that produce much more discriminative caption, according to human evaluation. Remarkably, our approach leads to improvement in other aspects of generated captions, reflected by a battery of standard scores such as BLEU, SPICE etc. Our approach is modular and can be applied to a variety of model/loss combinations commonly proposed for image captioning.
cs.CV
one property that remains lacking in image captions generated by contemporary methods is discriminability being able to tell two images apart given the caption for one of them we propose a way to improve this aspect of caption generation by incorporating into the captioning training objective a loss component directly related to ability by a machine to disambiguate imagecaption matches we obtain systems that produce much more discriminative caption according to human evaluation remarkably our approach leads to improvement in other aspects of generated captions reflected by a battery of standard scores such as bleu spice etc our approach is modular and can be applied to a variety of modelloss combinations commonly proposed for image captioning
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1,803.04377
Analysis of Heterogeneous Cardiac Pacemaker Tissue Models and Traveling Wave Dynamics
The sinoatrial-node (SAN) is a complex heterogeneous tissue that generates a stable rhythm in healthy hearts, yet a general mechanistic explanation for when and how this tissue remains stable is lacking. Although computational and theoretical analyses could elucidate these phenomena, such methods have rarely been used in realistic (large-dimensional) gap-junction coupled heterogeneous pacemaker tissue models. In this study, we adapt a recent model of pacemaker cells (Severi et al. 2012), incorporating biophysical representations of ion channel and intracellular calcium dynamics, to capture physiological features of a heterogeneous population of pacemaker cells, in particular "center" and "peripheral" cells with distinct intrinsic frequencies and action potential morphology. Large-scale simulations of the SAN tissue, represented by a heterogeneous tissue structure of pacemaker cells, exhibit a rich repertoire of behaviors, including complete synchrony, traveling waves of activity originating from periphery to center, and transient traveling waves originating from the center. We use phase reduction methods that do not require fully simulating the large-scale model to capture these observations. Moreover, the phase reduced models accurately predict key properties of the tissue electrical dynamics, including wave frequencies when synchronization occurs, and wave propagation direction in a variety of tissue models. With the reduced phase models, we analyze the relationship between cell distributions and coupling strengths and the resulting transient dynamics. Further, the reduced phase model predicts parameter regimes of irregular electrical dynamics. Thus, we demonstrate that phase reduced oscillator models applied to realistic pacemaker tissue is a useful tool for investigating the spatial-temporal dynamics of cardiac pacemaker activity.
q-bio.CB
the sinoatrialnode san is a complex heterogeneous tissue that generates a stable rhythm in healthy hearts yet a general mechanistic explanation for when and how this tissue remains stable is lacking although computational and theoretical analyses could elucidate these phenomena such methods have rarely been used in realistic largedimensional gapjunction coupled heterogeneous pacemaker tissue models in this study we adapt a recent model of pacemaker cells severi et al 2012 incorporating biophysical representations of ion channel and intracellular calcium dynamics to capture physiological features of a heterogeneous population of pacemaker cells in particular center and peripheral cells with distinct intrinsic frequencies and action potential morphology largescale simulations of the san tissue represented by a heterogeneous tissue structure of pacemaker cells exhibit a rich repertoire of behaviors including complete synchrony traveling waves of activity originating from periphery to center and transient traveling waves originating from the center we use phase reduction methods that do not require fully simulating the largescale model to capture these observations moreover the phase reduced models accurately predict key properties of the tissue electrical dynamics including wave frequencies when synchronization occurs and wave propagation direction in a variety of tissue models with the reduced phase models we analyze the relationship between cell distributions and coupling strengths and the resulting transient dynamics further the reduced phase model predicts parameter regimes of irregular electrical dynamics thus we demonstrate that phase reduced oscillator models applied to realistic pacemaker tissue is a useful tool for investigating the spatialtemporal dynamics of cardiac pacemaker activity
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1,803.04378
Effective Implementation of GPU-based Revised Simplex algorithm applying new memory management and cycle avoidance strategies
Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) with high computational capabilities used as modern parallel platforms to deal with complex computational problems. We use this platform to solve large-scale linear programing problems by revised simplex algorithm. To implement this algorithm, we propose some new memory management strategies. In addition, to avoid cycling because of degeneracy conditions, we use a tabu rule for entering variable selection in the revised simplex algorithm. To evaluate this algorithm, we consider two sets of benchmark problems and compare the speedup factors for these problems. The comparisons demonstrate that the proposed method is highly effective and solve the problems with the maximum speedup factors 165.2 and 65.46 with respect to the sequential version and Matlab Linprog solver respectively.
math.OC cs.DC
graphics processing units gpus with high computational capabilities used as modern parallel platforms to deal with complex computational problems we use this platform to solve largescale linear programing problems by revised simplex algorithm to implement this algorithm we propose some new memory management strategies in addition to avoid cycling because of degeneracy conditions we use a tabu rule for entering variable selection in the revised simplex algorithm to evaluate this algorithm we consider two sets of benchmark problems and compare the speedup factors for these problems the comparisons demonstrate that the proposed method is highly effective and solve the problems with the maximum speedup factors 1652 and 6546 with respect to the sequential version and matlab linprog solver respectively
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1,803.04379
Synchronization of stochastic mean field networks of Hodgkin-Huxley neurons with noisy channels
In this work we are interested in a mathematical model of the collective behavior of a fully connected network of finitely many neurons, when their number and when time go to infinity. We assume that every neuron follows a stochastic version of the Hodgkin-Huxley model, and that pairs of neurons interact through both electrical and chemical synapses, the global connectivity being of mean field type. When the leak conductance is strictly positive, we prove that if the initial voltages are uniformly bounded and the electrical interaction between neurons is strong enough, then, uniformly in the number of neurons, the whole system synchronizes exponentially fast as time goes to infinity, up to some error controlled by (and vanishing with) the channels noise level. Moreover, we prove that if the random initial condition is exchangeable, on every bounded time interval the propagation of chaos property for this system holds (regardless of the interaction intensities). Combining these results, we deduce that the nonlinear McKean-Vlasov equation describing an infinite network of such neurons concentrates, as time goes to infinity, around the dynamics of a single Hodgkin-Huxley neuron with chemical neurotransmitter channels. Our results are illustrated and complemented with numerical simulations.
math.PR
in this work we are interested in a mathematical model of the collective behavior of a fully connected network of finitely many neurons when their number and when time go to infinity we assume that every neuron follows a stochastic version of the hodgkinhuxley model and that pairs of neurons interact through both electrical and chemical synapses the global connectivity being of mean field type when the leak conductance is strictly positive we prove that if the initial voltages are uniformly bounded and the electrical interaction between neurons is strong enough then uniformly in the number of neurons the whole system synchronizes exponentially fast as time goes to infinity up to some error controlled by and vanishing with the channels noise level moreover we prove that if the random initial condition is exchangeable on every bounded time interval the propagation of chaos property for this system holds regardless of the interaction intensities combining these results we deduce that the nonlinear mckeanvlasov equation describing an infinite network of such neurons concentrates as time goes to infinity around the dynamics of a single hodgkinhuxley neuron with chemical neurotransmitter channels our results are illustrated and complemented with numerical simulations
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1,803.0438
Non-analytic behavior of the Loschmidt echo in XXZ spin chains: exact results
We address the computation of the Loschmidt echo in interacting integrable spin chains after a quantum quench. We focus on the massless regime of the XXZ spin-1/2 chain and present exact results for the dynamical free energy (Loschmidt echo per site) for a special class of integrable initial states. For the first time we are able to observe and describe points of non-analyticities using exact methods, by following the Loschmidt echo up to large real times. The dynamical free energy is computed as the leading eigenvalue of an appropriate Quantum Transfer Matrix, and the non-analyticities arise from the level crossings of this matrix. Our exact results are expressed in terms of "excited-state" thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations, whose solutions involve non-trivial Riemann surfaces. By evaluating our formulas, we provide explicit numerical results for the quench from the N\'eel state, and we determine the first few non-analytic points.
cond-mat.stat-mech math-ph math.MP quant-ph
we address the computation of the loschmidt echo in interacting integrable spin chains after a quantum quench we focus on the massless regime of the xxz spin12 chain and present exact results for the dynamical free energy loschmidt echo per site for a special class of integrable initial states for the first time we are able to observe and describe points of nonanalyticities using exact methods by following the loschmidt echo up to large real times the dynamical free energy is computed as the leading eigenvalue of an appropriate quantum transfer matrix and the nonanalyticities arise from the level crossings of this matrix our exact results are expressed in terms of excitedstate thermodynamic bethe ansatz equations whose solutions involve nontrivial riemann surfaces by evaluating our formulas we provide explicit numerical results for the quench from the neel state and we determine the first few nonanalytic points
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1,803.04381
Convection Enhances Magnetic Turbulence in AM CVn Accretion Disks
We present the results of local, vertically stratified, radiation magnetohydrodynamic shearing box simulations of magnetorotational instability (MRI) turbulence for a (hydrogen poor) composition applicable to accretion disks in AM CVn type systems. Many of these accreting white dwarf systems are helium analogues of dwarf novae (DNe). We utilize frequency-integrated opacity and equation of state tables appropriate for this regime to accurately portray the relevant thermodynamics. We find bistability of thermal equilibria in the effective temperature, surface mass density plane typically associated with disk instabilities. Along this equilibrium curve (i.e. the S-curve) we find that the stress to thermal pressure ratio $\alpha$ varied with peak values of $\sim 0.15$ near the tip of the upper branch. Similar to DNe, we found enhancement of $\alpha$ near the tip of the upper branch caused by convection; this increase in $\alpha$ occurred despite our choice of zero net vertical magnetic flux. Two notable differences we find between DN and AM CVn accretion disk simulations are that AM CVn disks are capable of exhibiting persistent convection in outburst, and ideal MHD is valid throughout quiescence for AM CVns. In contrast, DNe simulations only show intermittent convection, and non-ideal MHD effects are likely important in quiescence. By combining our previous work with these new results, we also find that convective enhancement of the MRI is anticorrelated with mean molecular weight.
astro-ph.SR
we present the results of local vertically stratified radiation magnetohydrodynamic shearing box simulations of magnetorotational instability mri turbulence for a hydrogen poor composition applicable to accretion disks in am cvn type systems many of these accreting white dwarf systems are helium analogues of dwarf novae dne we utilize frequencyintegrated opacity and equation of state tables appropriate for this regime to accurately portray the relevant thermodynamics we find bistability of thermal equilibria in the effective temperature surface mass density plane typically associated with disk instabilities along this equilibrium curve ie the scurve we find that the stress to thermal pressure ratio alpha varied with peak values of sim 015 near the tip of the upper branch similar to dne we found enhancement of alpha near the tip of the upper branch caused by convection this increase in alpha occurred despite our choice of zero net vertical magnetic flux two notable differences we find between dn and am cvn accretion disk simulations are that am cvn disks are capable of exhibiting persistent convection in outburst and ideal mhd is valid throughout quiescence for am cvns in contrast dne simulations only show intermittent convection and nonideal mhd effects are likely important in quiescence by combining our previous work with these new results we also find that convective enhancement of the mri is anticorrelated with mean molecular weight
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1,803.04382
Statistics of orthogonality catastrophe events in localised disordered lattices
We address the phenomenon of statistical orthogonality catastrophe in insulating disordered systems. More in detail, we analyse the response of a system of non-interacting fermions to a local perturbation induced by an impurity. By inspecting the overlap between the pre and post-quench many-body ground states we fully characterise the emergent statistics of orthogonality events as a function of both the impurity position and the coupling strength. We consider two well-known one-dimensional models, namely the Anderson and the Aubry- Andr\'e insulators, highlighting the arising differences. Particularly, in the Aubry-Andr\'e model the highly correlated nature of the quasi periodic potential produces unexpected features in how the orthogonality catastrophe occurs. We provide a quantitative explanation of such features via a simple, effective model. We further discuss the incommensurate ratio approximation and suggest a viable experimental verification in terms of charge transfer statistics and interferometric experiments using quantum probes.
cond-mat.quant-gas quant-ph
we address the phenomenon of statistical orthogonality catastrophe in insulating disordered systems more in detail we analyse the response of a system of noninteracting fermions to a local perturbation induced by an impurity by inspecting the overlap between the pre and postquench manybody ground states we fully characterise the emergent statistics of orthogonality events as a function of both the impurity position and the coupling strength we consider two wellknown onedimensional models namely the anderson and the aubry andre insulators highlighting the arising differences particularly in the aubryandre model the highly correlated nature of the quasi periodic potential produces unexpected features in how the orthogonality catastrophe occurs we provide a quantitative explanation of such features via a simple effective model we further discuss the incommensurate ratio approximation and suggest a viable experimental verification in terms of charge transfer statistics and interferometric experiments using quantum probes
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1,803.04383
Delayed Impact of Fair Machine Learning
Fairness in machine learning has predominantly been studied in static classification settings without concern for how decisions change the underlying population over time. Conventional wisdom suggests that fairness criteria promote the long-term well-being of those groups they aim to protect. We study how static fairness criteria interact with temporal indicators of well-being, such as long-term improvement, stagnation, and decline in a variable of interest. We demonstrate that even in a one-step feedback model, common fairness criteria in general do not promote improvement over time, and may in fact cause harm in cases where an unconstrained objective would not. We completely characterize the delayed impact of three standard criteria, contrasting the regimes in which these exhibit qualitatively different behavior. In addition, we find that a natural form of measurement error broadens the regime in which fairness criteria perform favorably. Our results highlight the importance of measurement and temporal modeling in the evaluation of fairness criteria, suggesting a range of new challenges and trade-offs.
cs.LG stat.ML
fairness in machine learning has predominantly been studied in static classification settings without concern for how decisions change the underlying population over time conventional wisdom suggests that fairness criteria promote the longterm wellbeing of those groups they aim to protect we study how static fairness criteria interact with temporal indicators of wellbeing such as longterm improvement stagnation and decline in a variable of interest we demonstrate that even in a onestep feedback model common fairness criteria in general do not promote improvement over time and may in fact cause harm in cases where an unconstrained objective would not we completely characterize the delayed impact of three standard criteria contrasting the regimes in which these exhibit qualitatively different behavior in addition we find that a natural form of measurement error broadens the regime in which fairness criteria perform favorably our results highlight the importance of measurement and temporal modeling in the evaluation of fairness criteria suggesting a range of new challenges and tradeoffs
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1,803.04384
Gate-dependent vacancy diffusion in graphene
Kinetics of vacancy defect in graphene drives structural modifications leading to disorder, multi-vacancy complex and edge reconstruction. Within the first-principles calculations, we study the dynamic Jahn-Teller distortion and diffusion of a vacancy defect. Further, the intricate dependence of carrier doping is systematically investigated. The experimental observation of dynamic Jahn-Teller distortion is argued to be blocked by defect functionalization and charge doping. We demonstrate that lattice relaxation perpendicular to the graphene sheet along with the in-plane strain relaxation plays predominant roles in predicting the correct microscopic mechanism for vacancy diffusion. The importance of quantum correction to the classical barrier is discussed. The calculated activation barrier increases upon both electron and hole doping and the observed trends are explained by the differential charge density distribution and hardening of the responsible low-energy phonon modes. Electron doping essentially freezes the vacancy motion, and thus any degradation mediated by it. While tracking and analyzing the vacancy diffusion experimentally in graphene is a difficult task, the present results will motivate new experimental efforts and assist interpretation of the results.
cond-mat.mes-hall
kinetics of vacancy defect in graphene drives structural modifications leading to disorder multivacancy complex and edge reconstruction within the firstprinciples calculations we study the dynamic jahnteller distortion and diffusion of a vacancy defect further the intricate dependence of carrier doping is systematically investigated the experimental observation of dynamic jahnteller distortion is argued to be blocked by defect functionalization and charge doping we demonstrate that lattice relaxation perpendicular to the graphene sheet along with the inplane strain relaxation plays predominant roles in predicting the correct microscopic mechanism for vacancy diffusion the importance of quantum correction to the classical barrier is discussed the calculated activation barrier increases upon both electron and hole doping and the observed trends are explained by the differential charge density distribution and hardening of the responsible lowenergy phonon modes electron doping essentially freezes the vacancy motion and thus any degradation mediated by it while tracking and analyzing the vacancy diffusion experimentally in graphene is a difficult task the present results will motivate new experimental efforts and assist interpretation of the results
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1,803.04385
Auction-based approximate algorithm for Grid system scheduling under resource provider strategies
In this paper a new mathematical model is proposed for task scheduling and resource allocation in Grid systems. In this novel model, load balancing, starvation prevention and failing strategies are stated as the constraints and the solution is restricted with a predefined quality of service for users with different priorities. These strategies are defined by resource providers based on the amount of submitted jobs to Grid. To solve the proposed model, a modern approximate Auction-based algorithm is developed and it is implemented as a prototype of Grid simulator namely Multi-S-Grid. The results are illustrated on 18 different large-scale Grid systems with different random capabilities and different users. The outcomes reveal the reasonable performance of the proposed Auction-based algorithm to solve Grid system optimization models.
cs.NI
in this paper a new mathematical model is proposed for task scheduling and resource allocation in grid systems in this novel model load balancing starvation prevention and failing strategies are stated as the constraints and the solution is restricted with a predefined quality of service for users with different priorities these strategies are defined by resource providers based on the amount of submitted jobs to grid to solve the proposed model a modern approximate auctionbased algorithm is developed and it is implemented as a prototype of grid simulator namely multisgrid the results are illustrated on 18 different largescale grid systems with different random capabilities and different users the outcomes reveal the reasonable performance of the proposed auctionbased algorithm to solve grid system optimization models
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1,803.04386
Flipout: Efficient Pseudo-Independent Weight Perturbations on Mini-Batches
Stochastic neural net weights are used in a variety of contexts, including regularization, Bayesian neural nets, exploration in reinforcement learning, and evolution strategies. Unfortunately, due to the large number of weights, all the examples in a mini-batch typically share the same weight perturbation, thereby limiting the variance reduction effect of large mini-batches. We introduce flipout, an efficient method for decorrelating the gradients within a mini-batch by implicitly sampling pseudo-independent weight perturbations for each example. Empirically, flipout achieves the ideal linear variance reduction for fully connected networks, convolutional networks, and RNNs. We find significant speedups in training neural networks with multiplicative Gaussian perturbations. We show that flipout is effective at regularizing LSTMs, and outperforms previous methods. Flipout also enables us to vectorize evolution strategies: in our experiments, a single GPU with flipout can handle the same throughput as at least 40 CPU cores using existing methods, equivalent to a factor-of-4 cost reduction on Amazon Web Services.
cs.LG stat.ML
stochastic neural net weights are used in a variety of contexts including regularization bayesian neural nets exploration in reinforcement learning and evolution strategies unfortunately due to the large number of weights all the examples in a minibatch typically share the same weight perturbation thereby limiting the variance reduction effect of large minibatches we introduce flipout an efficient method for decorrelating the gradients within a minibatch by implicitly sampling pseudoindependent weight perturbations for each example empirically flipout achieves the ideal linear variance reduction for fully connected networks convolutional networks and rnns we find significant speedups in training neural networks with multiplicative gaussian perturbations we show that flipout is effective at regularizing lstms and outperforms previous methods flipout also enables us to vectorize evolution strategies in our experiments a single gpu with flipout can handle the same throughput as at least 40 cpu cores using existing methods equivalent to a factorof4 cost reduction on amazon web services
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1,803.04387
Regularity of Lagrangian flows over $RCD^*(K,N)$ spaces
The aim of this note is to provide regularity results for Regular Lagrangian flows of Sobolev vector fields over compact metric measure spaces verifying the Riemannian curvature dimension condition. We first prove, borrowing some ideas already present in the literature, that flows generated by vector fields with bounded symmetric derivative are Lipschitz, providing the natural extension of the standard Cauchy-Lipschitz theorem to this setting. Then we prove a Lusin-type regularity result in the Sobolev case (under the additional assumption that the m.m.s. is Ahlfors regular) therefore extending the already known Euclidean result.
math.MG
the aim of this note is to provide regularity results for regular lagrangian flows of sobolev vector fields over compact metric measure spaces verifying the riemannian curvature dimension condition we first prove borrowing some ideas already present in the literature that flows generated by vector fields with bounded symmetric derivative are lipschitz providing the natural extension of the standard cauchylipschitz theorem to this setting then we prove a lusintype regularity result in the sobolev case under the additional assumption that the mms is ahlfors regular therefore extending the already known euclidean result
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1,803.04388
Partitioning a graph into degenerate subgraphs
Let $G = (V, E)$ be a connected graph with maximum degree $k\geq 3$ distinct from $K_{k+1}$. Given integers $s \geq 2$ and $p_1,\ldots,p_s\geq 0$, $G$ is said to be $(p_1, \dots, p_s)$-partitionable if there exists a partition of $V$ into sets~$V_1,\ldots,V_s$ such that $G[V_i]$ is $p_i$-degenerate for $i\in\{1,\ldots,s\}$. In this paper, we prove that we can find a $(p_1, \dots, p_s)$-partition of $G$ in $O(|V| + |E|)$-time whenever $1\geq p_1, \dots, p_s \geq 0$ and $p_1 + \dots + p_s \geq k - s$. This generalizes a result of Bonamy et al. (MFCS, 2017) and can be viewed as an algorithmic extension of Brooks' theorem and several results on vertex arboricity of graphs of bounded maximum degree. We also prove that deciding whether $G$ is $(p, q)$-partitionable is $\mathbb{NP}$-complete for every $k \geq 5$ and pairs of non-negative integers $(p, q)$ such that $(p, q) \not = (1, 1)$ and $p + q = k - 3$. This resolves an open problem of Bonamy et al. (manuscript, 2017). Combined with results of Borodin, Kostochka and Toft (\emph{Discrete Mathematics}, 2000), Yang and Yuan (\emph{Discrete Mathematics}, 2006) and Wu, Yuan and Zhao (\emph{Journal of Mathematical Study}, 1996), it also settles the complexity of deciding whether a graph with bounded maximum degree can be partitioned into two subgraphs of prescribed degeneracy.
cs.DM math.CO
let g v e be a connected graph with maximum degree kgeq 3 distinct from k_k1 given integers s geq 2 and p_1ldotsp_sgeq 0 g is said to be p_1 dots p_spartitionable if there exists a partition of v into setsv_1ldotsv_s such that gv_i is p_idegenerate for iin1ldotss in this paper we prove that we can find a p_1 dots p_spartition of g in ov etime whenever 1geq p_1 dots p_s geq 0 and p_1 dots p_s geq k s this generalizes a result of bonamy et al mfcs 2017 and can be viewed as an algorithmic extension of brooks theorem and several results on vertex arboricity of graphs of bounded maximum degree we also prove that deciding whether g is p qpartitionable is mathbbnpcomplete for every k geq 5 and pairs of nonnegative integers p q such that p q not 1 1 and p q k 3 this resolves an open problem of bonamy et al manuscript 2017 combined with results of borodin kostochka and toft emphdiscrete mathematics 2000 yang and yuan emphdiscrete mathematics 2006 and wu yuan and zhao emphjournal of mathematical study 1996 it also settles the complexity of deciding whether a graph with bounded maximum degree can be partitioned into two subgraphs of prescribed degeneracy
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1,803.04389
Addressing the Free-Rider Problem in Public Transport Systems
Public transport network constitutes for an indispensable part of a city by providing mobility services to the general masses. To improve ease of access and reduce infrastructural investments, public transport authorities often adopt proof of payment system. Such a system operates by eliminating ticket controls when boarding the vehicle and subjecting the travelers to random ticket checks by affiliated personnel (controllers). Although cost efficient, such a system promotes free-riders, who deliberately decide to evade fares for the transport service. A recent survey by the association of European transport, estimates hefty income losses due to fare evasion, highlighting that free-riding is a serious problem that needs immediate attention. To this end, we highlight the attack vectors which can be exploited by free-riders by analyzing the crowdsourced data about the control-locations. Next, we propose a framework to generate randomized control-location traces by using generative adversarial networks (GANs) in order to minimize the attack vectors. Finally, we propose metrics to evaluate such a system, quantified in terms of increased risk and higher probability of being subjected to control checks across the city.
cs.CY cs.CR
public transport network constitutes for an indispensable part of a city by providing mobility services to the general masses to improve ease of access and reduce infrastructural investments public transport authorities often adopt proof of payment system such a system operates by eliminating ticket controls when boarding the vehicle and subjecting the travelers to random ticket checks by affiliated personnel controllers although cost efficient such a system promotes freeriders who deliberately decide to evade fares for the transport service a recent survey by the association of european transport estimates hefty income losses due to fare evasion highlighting that freeriding is a serious problem that needs immediate attention to this end we highlight the attack vectors which can be exploited by freeriders by analyzing the crowdsourced data about the controllocations next we propose a framework to generate randomized controllocation traces by using generative adversarial networks gans in order to minimize the attack vectors finally we propose metrics to evaluate such a system quantified in terms of increased risk and higher probability of being subjected to control checks across the city
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1,803.0439
Design of Virtualized Network Coding Functionality for Reliability Control of Communication Services over Satellite
Network coding (NC) is a novel coding technology that can be seen as a generalization of classic point-to-point coding. As with classic coding, both information theoretical and algebraic views bring different and complementary insights of NC benefits and corresponding tradeoffs. However, the multi-user nature of NC and its inherent applicability across all layers of the protocol stack, call for novel design approaches towards efficient practical implementation of this technology. In this paper, we present a possible way forward to the design of NC as a virtual network functionality offered to the communication service designer. Specifically, we propose the integration of NC and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) architectural designs. The integration is realized as a toolbox of NC design domains that the service designer can use for flow engineering. Our proposed design framework combines network protocol-driven design and system modular-driven design approaches. In particular, the adaptive choice of the network codes and its use for a specific service can then be tailored and optimized depending on the ultimate service intent and underlying (virtualized) system or network. We work out a complete use case where we design geo-network coding, an application of NC for which coding rate is optimized using databases of geo-location information towards an energy-efficient use of resources. Our numerical results highlight the benefits of both the proposed NC design framework and the specific application.
cs.NI
network coding nc is a novel coding technology that can be seen as a generalization of classic pointtopoint coding as with classic coding both information theoretical and algebraic views bring different and complementary insights of nc benefits and corresponding tradeoffs however the multiuser nature of nc and its inherent applicability across all layers of the protocol stack call for novel design approaches towards efficient practical implementation of this technology in this paper we present a possible way forward to the design of nc as a virtual network functionality offered to the communication service designer specifically we propose the integration of nc and network function virtualization nfv architectural designs the integration is realized as a toolbox of nc design domains that the service designer can use for flow engineering our proposed design framework combines network protocoldriven design and system modulardriven design approaches in particular the adaptive choice of the network codes and its use for a specific service can then be tailored and optimized depending on the ultimate service intent and underlying virtualized system or network we work out a complete use case where we design geonetwork coding an application of nc for which coding rate is optimized using databases of geolocation information towards an energyefficient use of resources our numerical results highlight the benefits of both the proposed nc design framework and the specific application
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1,803.04391
Universal kinetics for engagement of mechanosensing pathways in cell adhesion
When plated onto substrates, cell morphology and even stem cell differentiation are influenced by the stiffness of their environment. Stiffer substrates give strongly spread (eventually polarized) cells with strong focal adhesions, and stress fibers; very soft substrates give a less developed cytoskeleton, and much lower cell spreading. The kinetics of this process of cell spreading is studied extensively, and important universal relationships are established on how the cell area grows with time. Here we study the population dynamics of spreading cells, investigating the characteristic processes involved in cell response to the substrate. We show that unlike the individual cell morphology, this population dynamics does not depend on the substrate stiffness. Instead, a strong activation temperature dependence is observed. Different cell lines on different substrates all have long-time statistics controlled by the thermal activation over a single energy barrier dG=19 kcal/mol, while the early-time kinetics follows a power law $t^5$. This implies that the rate of spreading depends on an internal process of adhesion-mechanosensing complex assembly and activation: the operational complex must have 5 component proteins, and the last process in the sequence (which we believe is the activation of focal adhesion kinase) is controlled by the binding energy dG.
q-bio.SC
when plated onto substrates cell morphology and even stem cell differentiation are influenced by the stiffness of their environment stiffer substrates give strongly spread eventually polarized cells with strong focal adhesions and stress fibers very soft substrates give a less developed cytoskeleton and much lower cell spreading the kinetics of this process of cell spreading is studied extensively and important universal relationships are established on how the cell area grows with time here we study the population dynamics of spreading cells investigating the characteristic processes involved in cell response to the substrate we show that unlike the individual cell morphology this population dynamics does not depend on the substrate stiffness instead a strong activation temperature dependence is observed different cell lines on different substrates all have longtime statistics controlled by the thermal activation over a single energy barrier dg19 kcalmol while the earlytime kinetics follows a power law t5 this implies that the rate of spreading depends on an internal process of adhesionmechanosensing complex assembly and activation the operational complex must have 5 component proteins and the last process in the sequence which we believe is the activation of focal adhesion kinase is controlled by the binding energy dg
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1,803.04392
Large-scale spectral bandwidth compression by complex electro-optic temporal phase modulation
Spectral-temporal shaping of quantum light has important applications in quantum communications and photonic quantum information processing. Electro-optic temporal lenses have recently been recognized as a tool for noise-free, efficient spectral bandwidth manipulation of single-photon wavepackets. However, standard electro-optic time lenses based on single-tone modulation exhibit limited bandwidth manipulation due to material limitations on phase modulation amplitude. Here we numerically investigate the use of complex electro-optic temporal phase modulation patterns for bandwidth compression of light over multiple orders of magnitude and show the feasibility of their use in photonic interfaces for quantum network applications.
physics.optics quant-ph
spectraltemporal shaping of quantum light has important applications in quantum communications and photonic quantum information processing electrooptic temporal lenses have recently been recognized as a tool for noisefree efficient spectral bandwidth manipulation of singlephoton wavepackets however standard electrooptic time lenses based on singletone modulation exhibit limited bandwidth manipulation due to material limitations on phase modulation amplitude here we numerically investigate the use of complex electrooptic temporal phase modulation patterns for bandwidth compression of light over multiple orders of magnitude and show the feasibility of their use in photonic interfaces for quantum network applications
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1,803.04393
Lattice Calculation of Parton Distribution Function from LaMET at Physical Pion Mass with Large Nucleon Momentum
We present a lattice-QCD calculation of the unpolarized isovector parton distribution function (PDF) using ensembles at the physical pion mass with large proton boost momenta $P_z \in \{2.2,2.6,3.0\}$~GeV within the framework of large-momentum effective theory (LaMET). In contrast to our previous physical-pion PDF result, we increase the statistics significantly, double the boost momentum, increase the investment in excited-state contamination systematics, and switch to $\gamma_t$ operator to avoid mixing with scalar matrix elements. We use four source-sink separations in our analysis to control the systematics associated with excited-state contamination. The one-loop LaMET matching corresponding to the new operator is calculated and applied to our lattice data. We detail the systematics that affect PDF calculations, providing guidelines to improve the precision of future lattice PDF calculations. We find our final parton distribution to be in reasonable agreement with the PDF provided by the latest phenomenological analysis.
hep-lat hep-ex hep-ph nucl-ex nucl-th
we present a latticeqcd calculation of the unpolarized isovector parton distribution function pdf using ensembles at the physical pion mass with large proton boost momenta p_z in 222630gev within the framework of largemomentum effective theory lamet in contrast to our previous physicalpion pdf result we increase the statistics significantly double the boost momentum increase the investment in excitedstate contamination systematics and switch to gamma_t operator to avoid mixing with scalar matrix elements we use four sourcesink separations in our analysis to control the systematics associated with excitedstate contamination the oneloop lamet matching corresponding to the new operator is calculated and applied to our lattice data we detail the systematics that affect pdf calculations providing guidelines to improve the precision of future lattice pdf calculations we find our final parton distribution to be in reasonable agreement with the pdf provided by the latest phenomenological analysis
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1,803.04394
Revisiting Gluinos at LHC
We examine the experimental signature of a UV complete Supersymmetry (SUSY) theory, the $G_2$-MSSM. This model predicts that only some superpartners will be produced in possibly detectable amounts at LHC: $p p \rightarrow \tilde{g}\tilde{g}$, $p p \rightarrow \tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1 \tilde{\chi}^{\mp}_1$, and $p p \rightarrow \tilde{\chi}^{0}_2 \tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1$. We exclude spectra with $m_{\tilde{g}} \approx1.5$ TeV. While spectra with $m_{\tilde{g}} \approx1.7$ TeV and $m_{\tilde{g}} \approx1.9$ TeV are currently allowed (contrary to what is often claimed), data in hand could exclude these spectra. This is not in tension with reported exclusion limits due to the difference in decay topologies between simplified models and a UV motivated ($G_2$-MSSM) model.
hep-ph
we examine the experimental signature of a uv complete supersymmetry susy theory the g_2mssm this model predicts that only some superpartners will be produced in possibly detectable amounts at lhc p p rightarrow tildegtildeg p p rightarrow tildechipm_1 tildechimp_1 and p p rightarrow tildechi0_2 tildechipm_1 we exclude spectra with m_tildeg approx15 tev while spectra with m_tildeg approx17 tev and m_tildeg approx19 tev are currently allowed contrary to what is often claimed data in hand could exclude these spectra this is not in tension with reported exclusion limits due to the difference in decay topologies between simplified models and a uv motivated g_2mssm model
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1,803.04395
Transferable Molecular Charge Assignment Using Deep Neural Networks
We use HIP-NN, a neural network architecture that excels at predicting molecular energies, to predict atomic charges. The charge predictions are accurate over a wide range of molecules (both small and large) and for a diverse set of charge assignment schemes. To demonstrate the power of charge prediction on non-equilibrium geometries, we use HIP-NN to generate IR spectra from dynamical trajectories on a variety of molecules. The results are in good agreement with reference IR spectra produced by traditional theoretical methods. Critically, for this application, HIP-NN charge predictions are about 104 times faster than direct DFT charge calculations. Thus, ML provides a pathway to greatly increase the range of feasible simulations while retaining quantum-level accuracy. In summary, our results provide further evidence that machine learning can replicate high-level quantum calculations at a tiny fraction of the computational cost.
physics.chem-ph
we use hipnn a neural network architecture that excels at predicting molecular energies to predict atomic charges the charge predictions are accurate over a wide range of molecules both small and large and for a diverse set of charge assignment schemes to demonstrate the power of charge prediction on nonequilibrium geometries we use hipnn to generate ir spectra from dynamical trajectories on a variety of molecules the results are in good agreement with reference ir spectra produced by traditional theoretical methods critically for this application hipnn charge predictions are about 104 times faster than direct dft charge calculations thus ml provides a pathway to greatly increase the range of feasible simulations while retaining quantumlevel accuracy in summary our results provide further evidence that machine learning can replicate highlevel quantum calculations at a tiny fraction of the computational cost
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1,803.04396
Influence of a charge-gradient force on dust acoustic waves
The influence of a charge-gradient force, associated with variations of the particle charge in response to external perturbations, on the propagation of low-frequency waves in weakly coupled complex (dusty) plasmas is investigated. The magnitude of the effect is compared with that due to polarization force, studied previously in the literature. Numerical estimates are presented for the regime, where the orbital motion limited approach to particle charging is relevant.
physics.plasm-ph
the influence of a chargegradient force associated with variations of the particle charge in response to external perturbations on the propagation of lowfrequency waves in weakly coupled complex dusty plasmas is investigated the magnitude of the effect is compared with that due to polarization force studied previously in the literature numerical estimates are presented for the regime where the orbital motion limited approach to particle charging is relevant
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1,803.04397
An information-theoretic Phase I/II design for molecularly targeted agents that does not require an assumption of monotonicity
For many years Phase I and Phase II clinical trials were conducted separately, but there was a recent shift to combine these Phases. While a variety of Phase~I/II model-based designs for cytotoxic agents were proposed in the literature, methods for molecularly targeted agents (TA) are just starting to develop. The main challenge of the TA setting is the unknown dose-efficacy relation that can have either an increasing, plateau or umbrella shape. To capture these, approaches with more parameters are needed to model the dose-efficacy relationship or, alternatively, more orderings of the dose-efficacy relationship are required to account for the uncertainty in the curve shape. As a result, designs for more complex clinical trials, for example, trials looking at schedules of a combination treatment involving TA, have not been extensively studied yet. We propose a novel regimen-finding design which is based on a derived efficacy-toxicity trade-off function. Due to its special properties, an accurate regimen selection can be achieved without any parametric or monotonicity assumptions. We illustrate how this design can be applied in the context of a complex combination-schedule clinical trial. We discuss practical and ethical issues such as coherence, delayed and missing efficacy responses, safety and futility constraints.
stat.ME
for many years phase i and phase ii clinical trials were conducted separately but there was a recent shift to combine these phases while a variety of phaseiii modelbased designs for cytotoxic agents were proposed in the literature methods for molecularly targeted agents ta are just starting to develop the main challenge of the ta setting is the unknown doseefficacy relation that can have either an increasing plateau or umbrella shape to capture these approaches with more parameters are needed to model the doseefficacy relationship or alternatively more orderings of the doseefficacy relationship are required to account for the uncertainty in the curve shape as a result designs for more complex clinical trials for example trials looking at schedules of a combination treatment involving ta have not been extensively studied yet we propose a novel regimenfinding design which is based on a derived efficacytoxicity tradeoff function due to its special properties an accurate regimen selection can be achieved without any parametric or monotonicity assumptions we illustrate how this design can be applied in the context of a complex combinationschedule clinical trial we discuss practical and ethical issues such as coherence delayed and missing efficacy responses safety and futility constraints
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1,803.04398
Ultrafast quantum interferometry with energy-time entangled photons
Many quantum advantages in metrology and communication arise from interferometric phenomena. Such phenomena can occur on ultrafast time scales, particularly when energy-time entangled photons are employed. These have been relatively unexplored as their observation necessitates time resolution much shorter than conventional photon counters. Integrating nonlinear optical gating with conventional photon counters can overcome this limitation and enable subpicosecond time resolution. Here, using this technique and a Franson interferometer, we demonstrate high-visibility quantum interference with two entangled photons, where the one- and two-photon coherence times are both subpicosecond. We directly observe the spectral and temporal interference patterns, measure a visibility in the two-photon coincidence rate of $(85.3\pm0.4)\%$, and report a CHSH-Bell parameter of $2.42\pm0.02$, violating the local-hidden variable bound by 21 standard deviations. The demonstration of energy-time entanglement with ultrafast interferometry provides opportunities for examining and exploiting entanglement in previously inaccessible regimes.
quant-ph
many quantum advantages in metrology and communication arise from interferometric phenomena such phenomena can occur on ultrafast time scales particularly when energytime entangled photons are employed these have been relatively unexplored as their observation necessitates time resolution much shorter than conventional photon counters integrating nonlinear optical gating with conventional photon counters can overcome this limitation and enable subpicosecond time resolution here using this technique and a franson interferometer we demonstrate highvisibility quantum interference with two entangled photons where the one and twophoton coherence times are both subpicosecond we directly observe the spectral and temporal interference patterns measure a visibility in the twophoton coincidence rate of 853pm04 and report a chshbell parameter of 242pm002 violating the localhidden variable bound by 21 standard deviations the demonstration of energytime entanglement with ultrafast interferometry provides opportunities for examining and exploiting entanglement in previously inaccessible regimes
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1,803.04399
Spectral field mapping in plasmonic nanostructures with nanometer resolution
Plasmonic nanostructures and devices are rapidly transforming light manipulation technology by allowing to modify and enhance optical fields on sub-wavelength scales. Advances in this field rely heavily on the development of new characterization methods for the fundamental nanoscale interactions. However, the direct and quantitative mapping of transient electric and magnetic fields characterizing the plasmonic coupling has been proven elusive to date. Here we demonstrate how to directly measure the inelastic momentum transfer of surface plasmon modes via the energy-loss filtered deflection of a focused electron beam in a transmission electron microscope. By scanning the beam over the sample we obtain a spatially and spectrally resolved deflection map and we further show how this deflection is related quantitatively to the spectral component of the induced electric and magnetic fields pertaining to the mode. In some regards this technique is an extension to the established differential phase contrast into the dynamic regime.
physics.optics cond-mat.other
plasmonic nanostructures and devices are rapidly transforming light manipulation technology by allowing to modify and enhance optical fields on subwavelength scales advances in this field rely heavily on the development of new characterization methods for the fundamental nanoscale interactions however the direct and quantitative mapping of transient electric and magnetic fields characterizing the plasmonic coupling has been proven elusive to date here we demonstrate how to directly measure the inelastic momentum transfer of surface plasmon modes via the energyloss filtered deflection of a focused electron beam in a transmission electron microscope by scanning the beam over the sample we obtain a spatially and spectrally resolved deflection map and we further show how this deflection is related quantitatively to the spectral component of the induced electric and magnetic fields pertaining to the mode in some regards this technique is an extension to the established differential phase contrast into the dynamic regime
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1,803.044
Electrically tunable gauge fields in tiny-angle twisted bilayer graphene
Twisted bilayer graphene has recently attracted a lot of attention for its rich electronic properties and tunability. Here we show that for very small twist angles, $\alpha \ll 1^\circ$, the application of a perpendicular electric field is mathematically equivalent to a new kind of artificial gauge field. This identification opens the door for the generation and detection of pseudo-Landau levels in graphene platforms within robust setups which do not depend on strain engineering and therefore can be realistically harvested for technological applications. Furthermore, this new artificial gauge field leads to the development of highly localized modes associated with flat bands close to charge neutrality which form an emergent Kagome lattice in real space. Our findings indicate that for tiny angles, biased twisted bilayer graphene is a promising platform which can realize frustrated lattices of highly localized states, opening a new direction for the investigation of strongly correlated phases of matter.
cond-mat.mes-hall
twisted bilayer graphene has recently attracted a lot of attention for its rich electronic properties and tunability here we show that for very small twist angles alpha ll 1circ the application of a perpendicular electric field is mathematically equivalent to a new kind of artificial gauge field this identification opens the door for the generation and detection of pseudolandau levels in graphene platforms within robust setups which do not depend on strain engineering and therefore can be realistically harvested for technological applications furthermore this new artificial gauge field leads to the development of highly localized modes associated with flat bands close to charge neutrality which form an emergent kagome lattice in real space our findings indicate that for tiny angles biased twisted bilayer graphene is a promising platform which can realize frustrated lattices of highly localized states opening a new direction for the investigation of strongly correlated phases of matter
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1,803.04401
Contact handles, duality, and sutured Floer homology
We give an explicit construction of the Honda--Kazez--Mati\'c gluing maps in terms of contact handles. We use this to prove a duality result for turning a sutured manifold cobordism around, and to compute the trace in the sutured Floer TQFT. We also show that the decorated link cobordism maps on the hat version of link Floer homology defined by the first author via sutured manifold cobordisms and by the second author via elementary cobordisms agree.
math.GT math.SG
we give an explicit construction of the hondakazezmatic gluing maps in terms of contact handles we use this to prove a duality result for turning a sutured manifold cobordism around and to compute the trace in the sutured floer tqft we also show that the decorated link cobordism maps on the hat version of link floer homology defined by the first author via sutured manifold cobordisms and by the second author via elementary cobordisms agree
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1,803.04402
Quantum Supremacy and the Complexity of Random Circuit Sampling
A critical milestone on the path to useful quantum computers is quantum supremacy - a demonstration of a quantum computation that is prohibitively hard for classical computers. A leading near-term candidate, put forth by the Google/UCSB team, is sampling from the probability distributions of randomly chosen quantum circuits, which we call Random Circuit Sampling (RCS). In this paper we study both the hardness and verification of RCS. While RCS was defined with experimental realization in mind, we show complexity theoretic evidence of hardness that is on par with the strongest theoretical proposals for supremacy. Specifically, we show that RCS satisfies an average-case hardness condition - computing output probabilities of typical quantum circuits is as hard as computing them in the worst-case, and therefore #P-hard. Our reduction exploits the polynomial structure in the output amplitudes of random quantum circuits, enabled by the Feynman path integral. In addition, it follows from known results that RCS satisfies an anti-concentration property, making it the first supremacy proposal with both average-case hardness and anti-concentration.
quant-ph cs.CC
a critical milestone on the path to useful quantum computers is quantum supremacy a demonstration of a quantum computation that is prohibitively hard for classical computers a leading nearterm candidate put forth by the googleucsb team is sampling from the probability distributions of randomly chosen quantum circuits which we call random circuit sampling rcs in this paper we study both the hardness and verification of rcs while rcs was defined with experimental realization in mind we show complexity theoretic evidence of hardness that is on par with the strongest theoretical proposals for supremacy specifically we show that rcs satisfies an averagecase hardness condition computing output probabilities of typical quantum circuits is as hard as computing them in the worstcase and therefore phard our reduction exploits the polynomial structure in the output amplitudes of random quantum circuits enabled by the feynman path integral in addition it follows from known results that rcs satisfies an anticoncentration property making it the first supremacy proposal with both averagecase hardness and anticoncentration
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1,803.04403
The Relative Monoidal Center and Tensor Products of Monoidal Categories
This paper develops a theory of monoidal categories relative to a braided monoidal category, called augmented monoidal categories. For such categories, balanced bimodules are defined using the formalism of balanced functors. The two main constructions are a relative tensor product of monoidal categories as well as a relative version of the monoidal center, which are Morita dual constructions. A general existence statement for a relative tensor products is derived from the existence of pseudo-colimits. In examples, a category of locally finite weight modules over a quantized enveloping algebra is equivalent to the relative monoidal center of modules over its Borel part. A similar result holds for small quantum groups, without restricting to locally finite weight modules. More generally, for modules over braided bialgebras, the relative center is shown to be equivalent to the category of braided Yetter-Drinfeld modules (or crossed modules). This category corresponds to modules over the braided Drinfeld double (or double bosonization) which are locally finite for the action of the dual.
math.QA math.CT math.RT
this paper develops a theory of monoidal categories relative to a braided monoidal category called augmented monoidal categories for such categories balanced bimodules are defined using the formalism of balanced functors the two main constructions are a relative tensor product of monoidal categories as well as a relative version of the monoidal center which are morita dual constructions a general existence statement for a relative tensor products is derived from the existence of pseudocolimits in examples a category of locally finite weight modules over a quantized enveloping algebra is equivalent to the relative monoidal center of modules over its borel part a similar result holds for small quantum groups without restricting to locally finite weight modules more generally for modules over braided bialgebras the relative center is shown to be equivalent to the category of braided yetterdrinfeld modules or crossed modules this category corresponds to modules over the braided drinfeld double or double bosonization which are locally finite for the action of the dual
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1,803.04404
Spatio-temporal dynamics of shift current quantum pumping by femtosecond light pulse
Shift current---a photocurrent induced by light irradiating noncentrosymmetric materials in the absence of any bias voltage or built-in electric field---is one of the mechanisms of the so-called bulk photovoltaic effect. It has been traditionally described as a nonlinear optical response of periodic solids to continuous wave light using a perturbative formula, which is linear in the intensity of light and which involves Berry connection describing the shift in the center of mass position of the Wannier wave function associated with the transition between the valence and conduction bands. We analyze realistic two-terminal devices, where paradigmatic Rice-Mele model is sandwiched between two metallic electrodes, using recently developed time-dependent nonequilibrium Green function algorithms scaling linearly in the number of time steps and capable of treating nonperturbative effects in the amplitude of external time-dependent fields. This unveils novel features: superballistic transport, signified by time dependence of the displacement, $\sim t^\nu$ with $\nu > 1$, of the photoexcited charge carriers from the region where the femtosecond light pulse is applied toward the electrodes; and photocurrent quadratic in light intensity at subgap frequencies of light due to two-photon absorption processes that were missed in previous perturbative analyses. Furthermore, frequency dependence of the DC component of the photocurrent reveals shift currents as a realization of nonadiabatic quantum charge pumping enabled by breaking of left-right symmetry of the device structure. This demonstrates that a much wider class of systems, than the usually considered polar noncentrosymmetric bulk materials, can be exploited to generate nonzero DC component of photocurrent in response to unpolarized light and optimize shift-current-based solar cells and optoelectronic devices.
cond-mat.mes-hall quant-ph
shift currenta photocurrent induced by light irradiating noncentrosymmetric materials in the absence of any bias voltage or builtin electric fieldis one of the mechanisms of the socalled bulk photovoltaic effect it has been traditionally described as a nonlinear optical response of periodic solids to continuous wave light using a perturbative formula which is linear in the intensity of light and which involves berry connection describing the shift in the center of mass position of the wannier wave function associated with the transition between the valence and conduction bands we analyze realistic twoterminal devices where paradigmatic ricemele model is sandwiched between two metallic electrodes using recently developed timedependent nonequilibrium green function algorithms scaling linearly in the number of time steps and capable of treating nonperturbative effects in the amplitude of external timedependent fields this unveils novel features superballistic transport signified by time dependence of the displacement sim tnu with nu 1 of the photoexcited charge carriers from the region where the femtosecond light pulse is applied toward the electrodes and photocurrent quadratic in light intensity at subgap frequencies of light due to twophoton absorption processes that were missed in previous perturbative analyses furthermore frequency dependence of the dc component of the photocurrent reveals shift currents as a realization of nonadiabatic quantum charge pumping enabled by breaking of leftright symmetry of the device structure this demonstrates that a much wider class of systems than the usually considered polar noncentrosymmetric bulk materials can be exploited to generate nonzero dc component of photocurrent in response to unpolarized light and optimize shiftcurrentbased solar cells and optoelectronic devices
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1,803.04405
The Matrix Bochner Problem
A long standing question in the theory of orthogonal matrix polynomials is the matrix Bochner problem, the classification of $N \times N$ weight matrices $W(x)$ whose associated orthogonal polynomials are eigenfunctions of a second order differential operator. Based on techniques from noncommutative algebra (semiprime PI algebras of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension one), we construct a framework for the systematic study of the structure of the algebra $\mathcal D(W)$ of matrix differential operators for which the orthogonal polynomials of the weight matrix $W(x)$ are eigenfunctions. The ingredients for this algebraic setting are derived from the analytic properties of the orthogonal matrix polynomials. We use the representation theory of the algebras $\mathcal D(W)$ to resolve the matrix Bochner problem under the two natural assumptions that the sum of the sizes of the matrix algebras in the central localization of $\mathcal D(W)$ equals $N$ (fullness of $\mathcal D(W)$) and the leading coefficient of the second order differential operator multiplied by the weight $W(x)$ is positive definite. In the case of $2\times 2$ weights, it is proved that fullness is satisfied as long as $\mathcal D(W)$ is noncommutative. The two conditions are natural in that without them the problem is equivalent to much more general ones by artificially increasing the size of the matrix $W(x)$.
math.RA math.AG math.CA
a long standing question in the theory of orthogonal matrix polynomials is the matrix bochner problem the classification of n times n weight matrices wx whose associated orthogonal polynomials are eigenfunctions of a second order differential operator based on techniques from noncommutative algebra semiprime pi algebras of gelfandkirillov dimension one we construct a framework for the systematic study of the structure of the algebra mathcal dw of matrix differential operators for which the orthogonal polynomials of the weight matrix wx are eigenfunctions the ingredients for this algebraic setting are derived from the analytic properties of the orthogonal matrix polynomials we use the representation theory of the algebras mathcal dw to resolve the matrix bochner problem under the two natural assumptions that the sum of the sizes of the matrix algebras in the central localization of mathcal dw equals n fullness of mathcal dw and the leading coefficient of the second order differential operator multiplied by the weight wx is positive definite in the case of 2times 2 weights it is proved that fullness is satisfied as long as mathcal dw is noncommutative the two conditions are natural in that without them the problem is equivalent to much more general ones by artificially increasing the size of the matrix wx
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1,803.04406
Optimizing the Throughput of Particulate Streams Subject to Blocking
Filtration, flow in narrow channels and traffic flow are examples of processes subject to blocking when the channel conveying the particles becomes too crowded. If the blockage is temporary, which means that after a finite time the channel is flushed and reopened, one expects to observe a maximum throughput for a finite intensity of entering particles. We investigate this phenomenon by introducing a queueing theory inspired, circular Markov model. Particles enter a channel with intensity $\lambda$ and exit at a rate $\mu$. If $N$ particles are present at the same time in the channel, the system becomes blocked and no more particles can enter until the blockage is cleared after an exponentially distributed time with rate $\mu^*$. We obtain an exact expression for the steady state throughput (including the exiting blocked particles) for all values of $N$. For $N=2$ we show that the throughput assumes a maximum value for finite $\lambda$ if $\mu^*/\mu < 1/4$. The time-dependent throughput either monotonically approaches the steady state value, or reaches a maximum value at finite time. We demonstrate that, in the steady state, this model can be mapped to a previously introduced non-Markovian model with fixed transit and blockage times. We also examine an irreversible, non-Markovian blockage process with constant transit time exposed to an entering flux of fixed intensity for a finite time and we show that the first and second moments of the number of exiting particles are maximized for a finite intensity.
cond-mat.stat-mech
filtration flow in narrow channels and traffic flow are examples of processes subject to blocking when the channel conveying the particles becomes too crowded if the blockage is temporary which means that after a finite time the channel is flushed and reopened one expects to observe a maximum throughput for a finite intensity of entering particles we investigate this phenomenon by introducing a queueing theory inspired circular markov model particles enter a channel with intensity lambda and exit at a rate mu if n particles are present at the same time in the channel the system becomes blocked and no more particles can enter until the blockage is cleared after an exponentially distributed time with rate mu we obtain an exact expression for the steady state throughput including the exiting blocked particles for all values of n for n2 we show that the throughput assumes a maximum value for finite lambda if mumu 14 the timedependent throughput either monotonically approaches the steady state value or reaches a maximum value at finite time we demonstrate that in the steady state this model can be mapped to a previously introduced nonmarkovian model with fixed transit and blockage times we also examine an irreversible nonmarkovian blockage process with constant transit time exposed to an entering flux of fixed intensity for a finite time and we show that the first and second moments of the number of exiting particles are maximized for a finite intensity
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1,803.04407
Quantum man-in-the-middle attack on the calibration process of quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol has been proved to provide unconditionally secure key between two remote legitimate users in theory. Key distribution signals are transmitted in a quantum channel which is established by the calibration process to meet the requirement of high count rate and low error rate. All QKD security proofs implicitly assume that the quantum channel has been established securely. However, the eavesdropper may attack the calibration process to break the security assumption of QKD and provide precondition to steal information about the final key successfully. Inspired by N. Jain et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.107,110501(2011), we reveal the security risk of the calibration process of a passive-basis-choice BB84 QKD system by launching a quantum man-in-the-middle attack which intercepts all calibration signals and resends faked ones. Large temporal bit-dependent or basis-dependent detector efficiency mismatch can be induced. Then we propose a basis-dependent detector efficiency mismatch (BEM) based faked states attack on a single photon BB84 QKD to stress the threat of BEM. Moreover, the security of single photon QKD systems with BEM is studied simply and intuitively. Two effective countermeasures are suggested to remove the general security risk of the calibration process.
quant-ph
quantum key distribution qkd protocol has been proved to provide unconditionally secure key between two remote legitimate users in theory key distribution signals are transmitted in a quantum channel which is established by the calibration process to meet the requirement of high count rate and low error rate all qkd security proofs implicitly assume that the quantum channel has been established securely however the eavesdropper may attack the calibration process to break the security assumption of qkd and provide precondition to steal information about the final key successfully inspired by n jain et al phys rev lett1071105012011 we reveal the security risk of the calibration process of a passivebasischoice bb84 qkd system by launching a quantum maninthemiddle attack which intercepts all calibration signals and resends faked ones large temporal bitdependent or basisdependent detector efficiency mismatch can be induced then we propose a basisdependent detector efficiency mismatch bem based faked states attack on a single photon bb84 qkd to stress the threat of bem moreover the security of single photon qkd systems with bem is studied simply and intuitively two effective countermeasures are suggested to remove the general security risk of the calibration process
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1,803.04408
On analysis in algebras and modules
An algebraic technique adapted to the problems of the fundamental theoretical physics is presented. The exposition is an elaboration and an extension of the methods proposed in previous works by the aut
math.RA math-ph math.MP
an algebraic technique adapted to the problems of the fundamental theoretical physics is presented the exposition is an elaboration and an extension of the methods proposed in previous works by the aut
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1,803.04409
On analysis in differential algebras and modules
A short introduction to the mathematical methods and technics of differential algebras and modules adapted to the problems of mathematical and theoretical physics is presented.
math.RA math-ph math.MP
a short introduction to the mathematical methods and technics of differential algebras and modules adapted to the problems of mathematical and theoretical physics is presented
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1,803.0441
Co-occurrence simplicial complexes in mathematics: identifying the holes of knowledge
In the last years complex networks tools contributed to provide insights on the structure of research, through the study of collaboration, citation and co-occurrence networks. The network approach focuses on pairwise relationships, often compressing multidimensional data structures and inevitably losing information. In this paper we propose for the first time a simplicial complex approach to word co-occurrences, providing a natural framework for the study of higher-order relations in the space of scientific knowledge. Using topological methods we explore the conceptual landscape of mathematical research, focusing on homological holes, regions with low connectivity in the simplicial structure. We find that homological holes are ubiquitous, which suggests that they capture some essential feature of research practice in mathematics. Holes die when a subset of their concepts appear in the same article, hence their death may be a sign of the creation of new knowledge, as we show with some examples. We find a positive relation between the dimension of a hole and the time it takes to be closed: larger holes may represent potential for important advances in the field because they separate conceptually distant areas. We also show that authors' conceptual entropy is positively related with their contribution to homological holes, suggesting that polymaths tend to be on the frontier of research.
physics.soc-ph cs.DL math.HO
in the last years complex networks tools contributed to provide insights on the structure of research through the study of collaboration citation and cooccurrence networks the network approach focuses on pairwise relationships often compressing multidimensional data structures and inevitably losing information in this paper we propose for the first time a simplicial complex approach to word cooccurrences providing a natural framework for the study of higherorder relations in the space of scientific knowledge using topological methods we explore the conceptual landscape of mathematical research focusing on homological holes regions with low connectivity in the simplicial structure we find that homological holes are ubiquitous which suggests that they capture some essential feature of research practice in mathematics holes die when a subset of their concepts appear in the same article hence their death may be a sign of the creation of new knowledge as we show with some examples we find a positive relation between the dimension of a hole and the time it takes to be closed larger holes may represent potential for important advances in the field because they separate conceptually distant areas we also show that authors conceptual entropy is positively related with their contribution to homological holes suggesting that polymaths tend to be on the frontier of research
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1,803.04411
Non-Hermitian dynamics of slowly-varying Hamiltonians
We develop a theoretical description of non-Hermitian time evolution that accounts for the break- down of the adiabatic theorem. We obtain closed-form expressions for the time-dependent state amplitudes, involving the complex eigen-energies as well as inter-band Berry connections calculated using basis sets from appropriately-chosen Schur decompositions. Using a two-level system as an example, we show that our theory accurately captures the phenomenon of "sudden transitions", where the system state abruptly jumps from one eigenstate to another.
quant-ph physics.optics
we develop a theoretical description of nonhermitian time evolution that accounts for the break down of the adiabatic theorem we obtain closedform expressions for the timedependent state amplitudes involving the complex eigenenergies as well as interband berry connections calculated using basis sets from appropriatelychosen schur decompositions using a twolevel system as an example we show that our theory accurately captures the phenomenon of sudden transitions where the system state abruptly jumps from one eigenstate to another
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1,803.04412
Quantum Standard Clocks in the Primordial Trispectrum
We calculate the primordial trispectrum of curvature perturbation in quasi-single field inflation, with general sound speeds for both the inflaton and the massive scalar. Special attention is paid to various soft limits of the trispectrum, where the shape function shows characteristic oscillatory pattern (known as the quantum primordial standard clock signal) as a function of the momentum ratio. Our calculation is greatly simplified by using the "mixed propagator" developed under a diagrammatic representation of the in-in formalism.
hep-th astro-ph.CO hep-ph
we calculate the primordial trispectrum of curvature perturbation in quasisingle field inflation with general sound speeds for both the inflaton and the massive scalar special attention is paid to various soft limits of the trispectrum where the shape function shows characteristic oscillatory pattern known as the quantum primordial standard clock signal as a function of the momentum ratio our calculation is greatly simplified by using the mixed propagator developed under a diagrammatic representation of the inin formalism
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1,803.04413
From Underlying Event Sensitive To Insensitive: Factorization and Resummation
In this paper we study the transverse energy spectrum for the Drell-Yan process. The transverse energy is measured within the central region defined by a (pseudo-) rapidity cutoff. Soft-collinear effective theory (SCET) is used to factorize the cross section and resum large logarithms of the rapidity cutoff and ratios of widely separated scales that appear in the fixed order result. We develop a framework which can smoothly interpolate between various regions of the spectrum and eventually match onto the fixed order result. This way a reliable calculation is obtained for the contribution of the initial state radiation to the measurement. By comparing our result for Drell-Yan against Pythia we obtain a simple model that describes the contribution from multiparton interactions (MPI). A model with little or no dependence on the primary process gives results in agreement with the simulation. Based on this observation we propose MPI insensitive measurements. These observables are insensitive to the MPI contributions as implemented in Pythia and we compare against the purely perturbative result obtained with the standard collinear factorization.
hep-ph
in this paper we study the transverse energy spectrum for the drellyan process the transverse energy is measured within the central region defined by a pseudo rapidity cutoff softcollinear effective theory scet is used to factorize the cross section and resum large logarithms of the rapidity cutoff and ratios of widely separated scales that appear in the fixed order result we develop a framework which can smoothly interpolate between various regions of the spectrum and eventually match onto the fixed order result this way a reliable calculation is obtained for the contribution of the initial state radiation to the measurement by comparing our result for drellyan against pythia we obtain a simple model that describes the contribution from multiparton interactions mpi a model with little or no dependence on the primary process gives results in agreement with the simulation based on this observation we propose mpi insensitive measurements these observables are insensitive to the mpi contributions as implemented in pythia and we compare against the purely perturbative result obtained with the standard collinear factorization
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1,803.04414
What spatial geometry does the (2+1)-dimensional QFT vacuum prefer?
We consider relativistic (2+1)-QFTs on a product of time with a two-space and study the vacuum free energy as a functional of the temperature and spatial geometry. We focus on free scalar and Dirac fields on arbitrary perturbations of flat space, finding that the free energy difference from flat space is finite and always \textit{negative} to leading order in the perturbation. Thus free (2+1)-QFTs appear to always energetically favor a crumpled space on all scales; at zero temperature this is a purely quantum effect. Importantly, we show that this quantum effect is non-negligible for the relativistic Dirac degrees of freedom on monolayer graphene even at room temperature, so we argue that this vacuum energy effect should be included for a proper analysis of the equilibrium configuration of graphene or similar materials.
hep-th cond-mat.mtrl-sci cond-mat.stat-mech
we consider relativistic 21qfts on a product of time with a twospace and study the vacuum free energy as a functional of the temperature and spatial geometry we focus on free scalar and dirac fields on arbitrary perturbations of flat space finding that the free energy difference from flat space is finite and always textitnegative to leading order in the perturbation thus free 21qfts appear to always energetically favor a crumpled space on all scales at zero temperature this is a purely quantum effect importantly we show that this quantum effect is nonnegligible for the relativistic dirac degrees of freedom on monolayer graphene even at room temperature so we argue that this vacuum energy effect should be included for a proper analysis of the equilibrium configuration of graphene or similar materials
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1,803.04415
Chromospheric counterparts of solar transition region unresolved fine structure loops
Low-lying loops have been discovered at the solar limb in transition region temperatures by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). They do not appear to reach coronal temperatures, and it has been suggested that they are the long-predicted unresolved fine structures (UFS). These loops are dynamic and believed to be visible during both heating and cooling phases. Making use of coordinated observations between IRIS and the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope, we study how these loops impact the solar chromosphere. We show for the first time that there is indeed a chromospheric signal of these loops, seen mostly in the form of strong Doppler shifts and a conspicuous lack of chromospheric heating. In addition, we find that several instances have a inverse Y-shaped jet just above the loop, suggesting that magnetic reconnection is driving these events. Our observations add several puzzling details to the current knowledge of these newly discovered structures; this new information must be considered in theoretical models.
astro-ph.SR
lowlying loops have been discovered at the solar limb in transition region temperatures by the interface region imaging spectrograph iris they do not appear to reach coronal temperatures and it has been suggested that they are the longpredicted unresolved fine structures ufs these loops are dynamic and believed to be visible during both heating and cooling phases making use of coordinated observations between iris and the swedish 1m solar telescope we study how these loops impact the solar chromosphere we show for the first time that there is indeed a chromospheric signal of these loops seen mostly in the form of strong doppler shifts and a conspicuous lack of chromospheric heating in addition we find that several instances have a inverse yshaped jet just above the loop suggesting that magnetic reconnection is driving these events our observations add several puzzling details to the current knowledge of these newly discovered structures this new information must be considered in theoretical models
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1,803.04416
The Hagedorn temperature of AdS5/CFT4 at finite coupling via the Quantum Spectral Curve
Building on the recently established connection between the Hagedorn temperature and integrability [Phys.Rev.Lett. 120 (2018) no.7, 071605], we show how the Quantum Spectral Curve formalism can be used to calculate the Hagedorn temperature of AdS5/CFT4 for any value of the 't Hooft coupling. We solve this finite system of finite-difference equations perturbatively at weak coupling and numerically at finite coupling. We confirm previous results at weak coupling and obtain the previously unknown three-loop Hagedorn temperature. Our finite-coupling results interpolate between weak and strong coupling and allow us to extract the first perturbative order at strong coupling. Our results indicate that the Hagedorn temperature for large 't Hooft coupling approaches that of type IIB string theory in ten-dimensional Minkowski space.
hep-th
building on the recently established connection between the hagedorn temperature and integrability physrevlett 120 2018 no7 071605 we show how the quantum spectral curve formalism can be used to calculate the hagedorn temperature of ads5cft4 for any value of the t hooft coupling we solve this finite system of finitedifference equations perturbatively at weak coupling and numerically at finite coupling we confirm previous results at weak coupling and obtain the previously unknown threeloop hagedorn temperature our finitecoupling results interpolate between weak and strong coupling and allow us to extract the first perturbative order at strong coupling our results indicate that the hagedorn temperature for large t hooft coupling approaches that of type iib string theory in tendimensional minkowski space
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1,803.04417
The Maximum Mass Solar Nebula and the early formation of planets
Current planet formation theories provide successful frameworks with which to interpret the array of new observational data in this field. However, each of the two main theories (core accretion, gravitational instability) is unable to explain some key aspects. In many planet formation calculations, it is usual to treat the initial properties of the planet forming disc (mass, radius, etc.) as free parameters. In this paper, we stress the importance of setting the formation of planet forming discs within the context of the formation of the central stars. By exploring the early stages of disc formation, we introduce the concept of the Maximum Mass Solar Nebula (MMSN), as opposed to the oft-used Minimum Mass Solar Nebula (here mmsn). It is evident that almost all protoplanetary discs start their evolution in a strongly self-gravitating state. In agreement with almost all previous work in this area, we conclude that on the scales relevant to planet formation these discs are not gravitationally unstable to gas fragmentation, but instead form strong, transient spiral arms. These spiral arms can act as efficient dust traps allowing the accumulation and subsequent fragmentation of the dust (but not the gas). This phase is likely to populate the disc with relatively large planetesimals on short timescales while the disc is still veiled by a dusty-gas envelope. Crucially, the early formation of large planetesimals overcomes the main barriers remaining within the core accretion model. A prediction of this picture is that essentially all observable protoplanetary discs are already planet hosting.
astro-ph.EP
current planet formation theories provide successful frameworks with which to interpret the array of new observational data in this field however each of the two main theories core accretion gravitational instability is unable to explain some key aspects in many planet formation calculations it is usual to treat the initial properties of the planet forming disc mass radius etc as free parameters in this paper we stress the importance of setting the formation of planet forming discs within the context of the formation of the central stars by exploring the early stages of disc formation we introduce the concept of the maximum mass solar nebula mmsn as opposed to the oftused minimum mass solar nebula here mmsn it is evident that almost all protoplanetary discs start their evolution in a strongly selfgravitating state in agreement with almost all previous work in this area we conclude that on the scales relevant to planet formation these discs are not gravitationally unstable to gas fragmentation but instead form strong transient spiral arms these spiral arms can act as efficient dust traps allowing the accumulation and subsequent fragmentation of the dust but not the gas this phase is likely to populate the disc with relatively large planetesimals on short timescales while the disc is still veiled by a dustygas envelope crucially the early formation of large planetesimals overcomes the main barriers remaining within the core accretion model a prediction of this picture is that essentially all observable protoplanetary discs are already planet hosting
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1,803.04418
Symmetry-Protected Topological Interfaces and Entanglement Sequences
Gapped interfaces (and boundaries) of two-dimensional (2D) Abelian topological phases are shown to support a remarkably rich sequence of 1D symmetry-protected topological (SPT) states. We show that such interfaces can provide a physical interpretation for the corrections to the topological entanglement entropy of a 2D state with Abelian topological order found in Ref.~\onlinecite{cano-2015}. The topological entanglement entropy decomposes as $\gamma = \gamma_a + \gamma_s$, where $\gamma_a > 0$ only depends on universal topological properties of the 2D state, while a correction $\gamma_s > 0$ signals the emergence of the 1D SPT state that is produced by interactions along the entanglement cut and provides a direct measure of the stabilizing symmetry of the resulting SPT state. A correspondence is established between the possible values of $\gamma_s$ associated with a given interface - which is named Boundary Topological Entanglement Sequence - and classes of 1D SPT states. We show that symmetry-preserving domain walls along such 1D interfaces (or boundaries) generally host localized parafermion-like excitations that are stable to local symmetry-preserving perturbations.
cond-mat.str-el hep-th
gapped interfaces and boundaries of twodimensional 2d abelian topological phases are shown to support a remarkably rich sequence of 1d symmetryprotected topological spt states we show that such interfaces can provide a physical interpretation for the corrections to the topological entanglement entropy of a 2d state with abelian topological order found in refonlinecitecano2015 the topological entanglement entropy decomposes as gamma gamma_a gamma_s where gamma_a 0 only depends on universal topological properties of the 2d state while a correction gamma_s 0 signals the emergence of the 1d spt state that is produced by interactions along the entanglement cut and provides a direct measure of the stabilizing symmetry of the resulting spt state a correspondence is established between the possible values of gamma_s associated with a given interface which is named boundary topological entanglement sequence and classes of 1d spt states we show that symmetrypreserving domain walls along such 1d interfaces or boundaries generally host localized parafermionlike excitations that are stable to local symmetrypreserving perturbations
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1,803.04419
SHINING, A Survey of Far Infrared Lines in Nearby Galaxies. I: Survey Description, Observational Trends, and Line Diagnostics
We use the Herschel/PACS spectrometer to study the global and spatially resolved far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure line emission in a sample of 52 galaxies that constitute the SHINING survey. These galaxies include star-forming, active-galactic nuclei (AGN), and luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). We find an increasing number of galaxies (and kiloparsec size regions within galaxies) with low line-to-FIR continuum ratios as a function of increasing FIR luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{FIR}}$), dust infrared color, $L_{\mathrm{FIR}}$ to molecular gas mass ratio ($L_{\mathrm{FIR}}/M_{\mathrm{mol}}$), and FIR surface brightness ($\Sigma_{\mathrm{FIR}}$). The correlations between the [CII]/FIR or [OI]/FIR ratios with $\Sigma_{\mathrm{FIR}}$ are remarkably tight ($\sim0.3$ dex scatter over almost four orders of magnitude in $\Sigma_{\mathrm{FIR}}$). We observe that galaxies with $L_{\mathrm{FIR}}/M_{\mathrm{mol}} \gtrsim 80\,L_{\odot}\,M_{\odot}^{-1}$ and $\Sigma_{\mathrm{FIR}}\gtrsim10^{11}$ $L_{\odot}$ kpc$^{-2}$ tend to have weak fine-structure line-to-FIR continuum ratios, and that LIRGs with infrared sizes $\gtrsim1$ kpc have line-to-FIR ratios comparable to those observed in typical star-forming galaxies. We analyze the physical mechanisms driving these trends in Paper II (Herrera-Camus et al. 2018). The combined analysis of the [CII], [NII], and [OIII] lines reveals that the fraction of the [CII] line emission that arises from neutral gas increases from 60% to 90% in the most active star-forming regions and that the emission originating in the ionized gas is associated with low-ionization, diffuse gas rather than with dense gas in HII regions. Finally, we report the global and spatially resolved line fluxes of the SHINING galaxies to enable the comparison and planning of future local and high-$z$ studies.
astro-ph.GA
we use the herschelpacs spectrometer to study the global and spatially resolved farinfrared fir finestructure line emission in a sample of 52 galaxies that constitute the shining survey these galaxies include starforming activegalactic nuclei agn and luminous infrared galaxies lirgs we find an increasing number of galaxies and kiloparsec size regions within galaxies with low linetofir continuum ratios as a function of increasing fir luminosity l_mathrmfir dust infrared color l_mathrmfir to molecular gas mass ratio l_mathrmfirm_mathrmmol and fir surface brightness sigma_mathrmfir the correlations between the ciifir or oifir ratios with sigma_mathrmfir are remarkably tight sim03 dex scatter over almost four orders of magnitude in sigma_mathrmfir we observe that galaxies with l_mathrmfirm_mathrmmol gtrsim 80l_odotm_odot1 and sigma_mathrmfirgtrsim1011 l_odot kpc2 tend to have weak finestructure linetofir continuum ratios and that lirgs with infrared sizes gtrsim1 kpc have linetofir ratios comparable to those observed in typical starforming galaxies we analyze the physical mechanisms driving these trends in paper ii herreracamus et al 2018 the combined analysis of the cii nii and oiii lines reveals that the fraction of the cii line emission that arises from neutral gas increases from 60 to 90 in the most active starforming regions and that the emission originating in the ionized gas is associated with lowionization diffuse gas rather than with dense gas in hii regions finally we report the global and spatially resolved line fluxes of the shining galaxies to enable the comparison and planning of future local and highz studies
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1,803.0442
Superstrings on AdS3 at k=1
We study superstring theory in three dimensional Anti-de Sitter spacetime with NS-NS flux, focusing on the case where the radius of curvature is equal to the string length. This corresponds to the critical level k=1 in the Wess-Zumino-Witten description. Previously, it was argued that a transition takes place at this special radius, from a phase dominated by black holes at larger radius to one dominated by long strings at smaller radius. We argue that the infinite tower of modes that become massless at k=1 is a signal of this transition. We propose a simple two-dimensional conformal field theory as the holographic dual to superstring theory at k=1. As evidence for our conjecture, we demonstrate that at large N our putative dual exactly reproduces the full spectrum of the long strings of the weakly coupled string theory, including states unprotected by supersymmetry.
hep-th
we study superstring theory in three dimensional antide sitter spacetime with nsns flux focusing on the case where the radius of curvature is equal to the string length this corresponds to the critical level k1 in the wesszuminowitten description previously it was argued that a transition takes place at this special radius from a phase dominated by black holes at larger radius to one dominated by long strings at smaller radius we argue that the infinite tower of modes that become massless at k1 is a signal of this transition we propose a simple twodimensional conformal field theory as the holographic dual to superstring theory at k1 as evidence for our conjecture we demonstrate that at large n our putative dual exactly reproduces the full spectrum of the long strings of the weakly coupled string theory including states unprotected by supersymmetry
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1,803.04421
The rate of Type-Ia supernovae in galaxy clusters and the delay-time distribution out to redshift 1.75
The observed delay-time distribution (DTD) of Type-Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is a valuable probe of SN Ia progenitors and physics, and of the role of SNe Ia in cosmic metal enrichment. The SN Ia rate in galaxy clusters as a function of cluster redshift is an almost-direct measure of the DTD, but current estimates have been limited out to a mean redshift z=1.1, corresponding to time delays, after cluster star-formation, of over 3.2 Gyr. We analyze data from a Hubble Space Telescope monitoring project of 12 galaxy clusters at z=1.13-1.75, where we discover 29 SNe, and present their multi-band light curves. Based on the SN photometry and the apparent host galaxies, we assess cluster membership and SN type, finding 11 cases that are likely SNe Ia in cluster galaxies and 4 more cases which are possible but not certain cluster SNe Ia. We conduct simulations to estimate the SN detection efficiency, the experiment's completeness, and the photometric errors, and perform photometry of the cluster galaxies to derive the cluster stellar masses. Separating the cluster sample into high-z and low-z bins, we obtain rest-frame SN Ia rates per unit formed stellar mass of $2.2 ^{+2.6}_{-1.3}\times 10^{-13}{\rm yr}^{-1}{\rm M}_\odot^{-1}$ at a mean redshift z=1.25, and $3.5^{+6.6}_{-2.8} \times 10^{-13}{\rm yr}^{-1}{\rm M}_\odot^{-1}$ at z=1.58. Combining our results with previous cluster SN Ia rates, we fit the DTD, now down to delays of 1.5 Gyr, with a power-law dependence, $t^\alpha$, with $\alpha=-1.30^{+0.23}_{-0.16}$. We confirm previous indications for a Hubble-time-integrated SN Ia production efficiency that is several times higher in galaxy clusters than in the field, perhaps caused by a peculiar stellar initial mass function in clusters, or by a higher incidence of binaries that will evolve into SNe Ia.
astro-ph.GA
the observed delaytime distribution dtd of typeia supernovae sne ia is a valuable probe of sn ia progenitors and physics and of the role of sne ia in cosmic metal enrichment the sn ia rate in galaxy clusters as a function of cluster redshift is an almostdirect measure of the dtd but current estimates have been limited out to a mean redshift z11 corresponding to time delays after cluster starformation of over 32 gyr we analyze data from a hubble space telescope monitoring project of 12 galaxy clusters at z113175 where we discover 29 sne and present their multiband light curves based on the sn photometry and the apparent host galaxies we assess cluster membership and sn type finding 11 cases that are likely sne ia in cluster galaxies and 4 more cases which are possible but not certain cluster sne ia we conduct simulations to estimate the sn detection efficiency the experiments completeness and the photometric errors and perform photometry of the cluster galaxies to derive the cluster stellar masses separating the cluster sample into highz and lowz bins we obtain restframe sn ia rates per unit formed stellar mass of 22 26_13times 1013rm yr1rm m_odot1 at a mean redshift z125 and 3566_28 times 1013rm yr1rm m_odot1 at z158 combining our results with previous cluster sn ia rates we fit the dtd now down to delays of 15 gyr with a powerlaw dependence talpha with alpha130023_016 we confirm previous indications for a hubbletimeintegrated sn ia production efficiency that is several times higher in galaxy clusters than in the field perhaps caused by a peculiar stellar initial mass function in clusters or by a higher incidence of binaries that will evolve into sne ia
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1,803.04422
SHINING, A Survey of Far Infrared Lines in Nearby Galaxies. II: Line-Deficit Models, AGN impact, [CII]-SFR Scaling Relations, and Mass-Metallicity Relation in (U)LIRGS
The SHINING survey (Paper I; Herrera-Camus et al. 2018) offers a great opportunity to study the properties of the ionized and neutral media of galaxies from prototypical starbursts and active galactic nuclei (AGN) to heavily obscured objects. Based on Herschel/PACS observations of the main far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure lines, in this paper we analyze the physical mechanisms behind the observed line deficits in galaxies, the apparent offset of luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) from the mass-metallicity relation, and the scaling relations between [CII] 158 $\mu$m line emission and star formation rate (SFR). Based on a toy model and the Cloudy code, we conclude that the increase in the ionization parameter with FIR surface brightness can explain the observed decrease in the line-to-FIR continuum ratio of galaxies. In the case of the [CII] line, the increase in the ionization parameter is accompanied by a reduction in the photoelectric heating efficiency and the inability of the line to track the increase in the FUV radiation field as galaxies become more compact and luminous. In the central $\sim$kiloparsec regions of AGN galaxies we observe a significant increase in the [OI] 63 $\mu$m/[CII] line ratio; the AGN impact on the line-to-FIR ratios fades on global scales. Based on extinction-insensitive metallicity measurements of LIRGs we confirm that they lie below the mass-metallicity relation, but the offset is smaller than those reported in studies that use optical-based metal abundances. Finally, we present scaling relations between [CII] emission and SFR in the context of the main-sequence of star-forming galaxies.
astro-ph.GA
the shining survey paper i herreracamus et al 2018 offers a great opportunity to study the properties of the ionized and neutral media of galaxies from prototypical starbursts and active galactic nuclei agn to heavily obscured objects based on herschelpacs observations of the main farinfrared fir finestructure lines in this paper we analyze the physical mechanisms behind the observed line deficits in galaxies the apparent offset of luminous infrared galaxies lirgs from the massmetallicity relation and the scaling relations between cii 158 mum line emission and star formation rate sfr based on a toy model and the cloudy code we conclude that the increase in the ionization parameter with fir surface brightness can explain the observed decrease in the linetofir continuum ratio of galaxies in the case of the cii line the increase in the ionization parameter is accompanied by a reduction in the photoelectric heating efficiency and the inability of the line to track the increase in the fuv radiation field as galaxies become more compact and luminous in the central simkiloparsec regions of agn galaxies we observe a significant increase in the oi 63 mumcii line ratio the agn impact on the linetofir ratios fades on global scales based on extinctioninsensitive metallicity measurements of lirgs we confirm that they lie below the massmetallicity relation but the offset is smaller than those reported in studies that use opticalbased metal abundances finally we present scaling relations between cii emission and sfr in the context of the mainsequence of starforming galaxies
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1,803.04423
Tensionless String Spectra on ${\rm AdS}_3$
The spectrum of superstrings on ${\rm AdS}_3 \times {\rm S}^3 \times \mathbb{M}_4$ with pure NS-NS flux is analysed for the background where the radius of the AdS space takes the minimal value $(k=1)$. Both for $\mathbb{M}_4={\rm S}^3 \times {\rm S}^1$ and $\mathbb{M}_4 = \mathbb{T}^4$ we show that there is a special set of physical states, coming from the bottom of the spectrally flowed continuous representations, which agree in precise detail with the single particle spectrum of a free symmetric product orbifold. For the case of ${\rm AdS}_3 \times {\rm S}^3 \times \mathbb{T}^4$ this relies on making sense of the world-sheet theory at $k=1$, for which we make a concrete proposal. We also comment on the implications of this striking result.
hep-th
the spectrum of superstrings on rm ads_3 times rm s3 times mathbbm_4 with pure nsns flux is analysed for the background where the radius of the ads space takes the minimal value k1 both for mathbbm_4rm s3 times rm s1 and mathbbm_4 mathbbt4 we show that there is a special set of physical states coming from the bottom of the spectrally flowed continuous representations which agree in precise detail with the single particle spectrum of a free symmetric product orbifold for the case of rm ads_3 times rm s3 times mathbbt4 this relies on making sense of the worldsheet theory at k1 for which we make a concrete proposal we also comment on the implications of this striking result
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1,803.04424
Evidence for Pulsar-like Emission Components in the Broadband ULX Sample
We present broadband X-ray analyses of a sample of bright ultraluminous X-ray sources with the goal of investigating the spectral similarity of this population to the known ULX pulsars, M82 X-2, NGC7793 P13 and NGC5907 ULX. We perform a phase-resolved analysis of the broadband XMM-Newton+NuSTAR dataset of NGC5907 ULX, finding that the pulsed emission from the accretion column in this source exhibits a similar spectral shape to that seen in both M82 X-2 and NGC7793 P13, and that this is responsible for the excess emission observed at the highest energies when the spectra are fit with accretion disk models. We then demonstrate that similar 'hard' excesses are seen in all the ULXs in the broadband sample. Finally, for the ULXs where the nature of the accretor is currently unknown, we test whether the hard excesses are all consistent with being produced by an accretion column similar to those present in M82 X-2, NGC7793 P13 and NGC5907 ULX. Based on the average shape of the pulsed emission, we find that in all cases a similar accretion column can successfully reproduce the observed data, consistent with the hypothesis that this ULX sample may be dominated by neutron star accretors. Compared to the known pulsar ULXs, our spectral fits for the remaining ULXs suggest that the non-pulsed emission from the accretion flow beyond the magnetosphere makes a stronger relative contribution than the component associated with the accretion column. If these sources do also contain neutron star accretors, this may help to explain the lack of detected pulsations.
astro-ph.HE
we present broadband xray analyses of a sample of bright ultraluminous xray sources with the goal of investigating the spectral similarity of this population to the known ulx pulsars m82 x2 ngc7793 p13 and ngc5907 ulx we perform a phaseresolved analysis of the broadband xmmnewtonnustar dataset of ngc5907 ulx finding that the pulsed emission from the accretion column in this source exhibits a similar spectral shape to that seen in both m82 x2 and ngc7793 p13 and that this is responsible for the excess emission observed at the highest energies when the spectra are fit with accretion disk models we then demonstrate that similar hard excesses are seen in all the ulxs in the broadband sample finally for the ulxs where the nature of the accretor is currently unknown we test whether the hard excesses are all consistent with being produced by an accretion column similar to those present in m82 x2 ngc7793 p13 and ngc5907 ulx based on the average shape of the pulsed emission we find that in all cases a similar accretion column can successfully reproduce the observed data consistent with the hypothesis that this ulx sample may be dominated by neutron star accretors compared to the known pulsar ulxs our spectral fits for the remaining ulxs suggest that the nonpulsed emission from the accretion flow beyond the magnetosphere makes a stronger relative contribution than the component associated with the accretion column if these sources do also contain neutron star accretors this may help to explain the lack of detected pulsations
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1,803.04425
Stellar and nebular diagnostics in the UV for star-forming galaxies
There is a long history of using optical emission and absorption lines to constrain the metallicity and ionization parameters of gas in galaxies. However, comparable diagnostics are less well-developed for the UV. Here, we assess the diagnostic potential of both absorption and emission features in the UV and evaluate the diagnostics against observations of local and high redshift galaxies. We use the CloudyFSPS nebular emission model of Byler et al. 2017, extended to include emission predictions in the UV, to evaluate the metallicity sensitivity of established UV stellar absorption indices, and to identify those that include a significant contribution from nebular emission. We present model UV emission line fluxes as a function of metallicity and ionization parameter, assuming both instantaneous bursts and constant SFRs. We identify combinations of strong emission lines that constrain metallicity and ionization parameter, including [CIII] 1907, CIII] 1909, OIII] 1661,1666, SiIII]1883,1892, CIV 1548,1551, NII] 1750,1752, and MgII 2796, and develop UV versions of the canonical "BPT" diagram. We quantify the relative contribution from stellar wind emission and nebular line emission to diagnostic line ratios that include the CIV 1548,1551 lines, and also develop an observationally motivated relationship for N and C enrichment that improves the performance of photoionization models. We summarize the best diagnostic choices and the associated redshift range for low-, mid-, and high-resolution rest-UV spectroscopy in preparation for the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope.
astro-ph.GA
there is a long history of using optical emission and absorption lines to constrain the metallicity and ionization parameters of gas in galaxies however comparable diagnostics are less welldeveloped for the uv here we assess the diagnostic potential of both absorption and emission features in the uv and evaluate the diagnostics against observations of local and high redshift galaxies we use the cloudyfsps nebular emission model of byler et al 2017 extended to include emission predictions in the uv to evaluate the metallicity sensitivity of established uv stellar absorption indices and to identify those that include a significant contribution from nebular emission we present model uv emission line fluxes as a function of metallicity and ionization parameter assuming both instantaneous bursts and constant sfrs we identify combinations of strong emission lines that constrain metallicity and ionization parameter including ciii 1907 ciii 1909 oiii 16611666 siiii18831892 civ 15481551 nii 17501752 and mgii 2796 and develop uv versions of the canonical bpt diagram we quantify the relative contribution from stellar wind emission and nebular line emission to diagnostic line ratios that include the civ 15481551 lines and also develop an observationally motivated relationship for n and c enrichment that improves the performance of photoionization models we summarize the best diagnostic choices and the associated redshift range for low mid and highresolution restuv spectroscopy in preparation for the launch of the james webb space telescope
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1,803.04426
Mott glass from localization and confinement
We study a system of fermions in one spatial dimension with linearly confining interactions and short-range disorder. We focus on the zero temperature properties of this system, which we characterize using bosonization and the Gaussian variational method. We compute the static compressibility and ac conductivity, and thereby demonstrate that the system is incompressible, but exhibits gapless optical conductivity. This corresponds to a "Mott-glass" state, distinct from an Anderson and a fully gapped Mott insulator, arising due to the interplay of disorder and charge confinement. We argue that this "Mott-glass" phenomenology should persist to non-zero temperatures.
cond-mat.dis-nn cond-mat.mes-hall cond-mat.str-el
we study a system of fermions in one spatial dimension with linearly confining interactions and shortrange disorder we focus on the zero temperature properties of this system which we characterize using bosonization and the gaussian variational method we compute the static compressibility and ac conductivity and thereby demonstrate that the system is incompressible but exhibits gapless optical conductivity this corresponds to a mottglass state distinct from an anderson and a fully gapped mott insulator arising due to the interplay of disorder and charge confinement we argue that this mottglass phenomenology should persist to nonzero temperatures
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1,803.04427
Particle-in-cell simulations of pair discharges in a starved magnetosphere of a Kerr black hole
We investigate the dynamics and emission of a starved magnetospheric region (gap) formed in the vicinity of a Kerr black hole horizon, using a new, fully general relativistic particle-in-cell code that implements Monte Carlo methods to compute gamma-ray emission and pair production through the interaction of pairs and gamma rays with soft photons emitted by the accretion flow. It is found that when the Thomson length for collision with disk photons exceeds the gap width, screening of the gap occurs through low-amplitude, rapid plasma oscillations that produce self-sustained pair cascades, with quasi-stationary pair and gamma-ray spectra, and with a pair multiplicity that increases in proportion to the pair production opacity. The gamma-ray spectrum emitted from the gap peaks in the TeV band, with a total luminosity that constitutes a fraction of about $10^{-5}$ of the corresponding Blandford-Znajek power. This stage is preceded by a prompt discharge phase of duration $\sim r_g/c$, during which the potential energy initially stored in the gap is released as a flare of curvature TeV photons. We speculate that the TeV emission observed in M87 may be produced by pair discharges in a spark gap.
astro-ph.HE gr-qc
we investigate the dynamics and emission of a starved magnetospheric region gap formed in the vicinity of a kerr black hole horizon using a new fully general relativistic particleincell code that implements monte carlo methods to compute gammaray emission and pair production through the interaction of pairs and gamma rays with soft photons emitted by the accretion flow it is found that when the thomson length for collision with disk photons exceeds the gap width screening of the gap occurs through lowamplitude rapid plasma oscillations that produce selfsustained pair cascades with quasistationary pair and gammaray spectra and with a pair multiplicity that increases in proportion to the pair production opacity the gammaray spectrum emitted from the gap peaks in the tev band with a total luminosity that constitutes a fraction of about 105 of the corresponding blandfordznajek power this stage is preceded by a prompt discharge phase of duration sim r_gc during which the potential energy initially stored in the gap is released as a flare of curvature tev photons we speculate that the tev emission observed in m87 may be produced by pair discharges in a spark gap
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1,803.04428
The paradox of contact angle selection on stretched soft solids
The interfacial mechanics of soft elastic networks play a central role in biological and technological contexts. Yet, effects of solid capillarity have remained controversial, primarily due to the strain-dependent surface energy. Here we derive the equations that govern the selection of contact angles of liquid drops on elastic surfaces from variational principles. It is found that the substrate's elasticity imposes a nontrivial condition that relates pinning, hysteresis and contact line mobility to the so-called Shuttleworth effect. We experimentally validate our theory for droplets on a silicone gel, revealing an enhanced contact line mobility when stretching the substrate.
cond-mat.soft
the interfacial mechanics of soft elastic networks play a central role in biological and technological contexts yet effects of solid capillarity have remained controversial primarily due to the straindependent surface energy here we derive the equations that govern the selection of contact angles of liquid drops on elastic surfaces from variational principles it is found that the substrates elasticity imposes a nontrivial condition that relates pinning hysteresis and contact line mobility to the socalled shuttleworth effect we experimentally validate our theory for droplets on a silicone gel revealing an enhanced contact line mobility when stretching the substrate
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1,803.04429
Rotation-symmetry-enforced coupling of spin and angular momentum for p-orbital bosons
Intrinsic spin angular-momentum coupling of an electron has a relativistic quantum origin with the coupling arising from charged-orbits, which does not carry over to charge-neutral atoms. Here we propose a mechanism of spontaneous generation of spin angular-momentum coupling with spinor atomic bosons loaded into $p$-orbital bands of a two-dimensional optical-lattice. This spin angular-momentum coupling originates from many-body correlations and spontaneous symmetry breaking in a superfluid, with the key ingredients attributed to spin-channel quantum fluctuations and an approximate rotation symmetry. The resultant spin angular-momentum intertwined superfluid has Dirac excitations. In presence of a chemical potential difference for adjacent sites, it provides a bosonic analogue of a symmetry-protected-topological insulator. Through a dynamical mean-field calculation, this novel superfluid is found to be a generic low-temperature phase, and it gives way to Mott localization only at strong interactions and even-integer fillings. We show the temperature to reach this order is accessible with present experiments.
cond-mat.quant-gas cond-mat.str-el physics.atom-ph
intrinsic spin angularmomentum coupling of an electron has a relativistic quantum origin with the coupling arising from chargedorbits which does not carry over to chargeneutral atoms here we propose a mechanism of spontaneous generation of spin angularmomentum coupling with spinor atomic bosons loaded into porbital bands of a twodimensional opticallattice this spin angularmomentum coupling originates from manybody correlations and spontaneous symmetry breaking in a superfluid with the key ingredients attributed to spinchannel quantum fluctuations and an approximate rotation symmetry the resultant spin angularmomentum intertwined superfluid has dirac excitations in presence of a chemical potential difference for adjacent sites it provides a bosonic analogue of a symmetryprotectedtopological insulator through a dynamical meanfield calculation this novel superfluid is found to be a generic lowtemperature phase and it gives way to mott localization only at strong interactions and eveninteger fillings we show the temperature to reach this order is accessible with present experiments
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1,803.0443
Flavourful $Z'$ portal for vector-like neutrino Dark Matter and $R_{K^{(*)}}$
We discuss a flavourful $Z'$ portal model with a coupling to fourth-family singlet Dirac neutrino dark matter. In the absence of mixing, the $Z'$ is fermiophobic, having no couplings to the three chiral families, but does couple to a fourth vector-like family. Due to mixing effects, the $Z'$ gets induced couplings to second family left-handed lepton doublets and third family left-handed quark doublets. This model can simultaneously account for the measured $B$-decay ratios $R_{K}$ and $R_{K^*}$ and for the observed relic abundance of dark matter. We identify the parameter space where this explanation is consistent with existing experimental constraints from dark matter direct and indirect detection, LHC searches, and precision measurements of flavour mixing and neutrino processes.
hep-ph
we discuss a flavourful z portal model with a coupling to fourthfamily singlet dirac neutrino dark matter in the absence of mixing the z is fermiophobic having no couplings to the three chiral families but does couple to a fourth vectorlike family due to mixing effects the z gets induced couplings to second family lefthanded lepton doublets and third family lefthanded quark doublets this model can simultaneously account for the measured bdecay ratios r_k and r_k and for the observed relic abundance of dark matter we identify the parameter space where this explanation is consistent with existing experimental constraints from dark matter direct and indirect detection lhc searches and precision measurements of flavour mixing and neutrino processes
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1,803.04431
Scalable Algorithms for Learning High-Dimensional Linear Mixed Models
Linear mixed models (LMMs) are used extensively to model dependecies of observations in linear regression and are used extensively in many application areas. Parameter estimation for LMMs can be computationally prohibitive on big data. State-of-the-art learning algorithms require computational complexity which depends at least linearly on the dimension $p$ of the covariates, and often use heuristics that do not offer theoretical guarantees. We present scalable algorithms for learning high-dimensional LMMs with sublinear computational complexity dependence on $p$. Key to our approach are novel dual estimators which use only kernel functions of the data, and fast computational techniques based on the subsampled randomized Hadamard transform. We provide theoretical guarantees for our learning algorithms, demonstrating the robustness of parameter estimation. Finally, we complement the theory with experiments on large synthetic and real data.
stat.ML cs.LG
linear mixed models lmms are used extensively to model dependecies of observations in linear regression and are used extensively in many application areas parameter estimation for lmms can be computationally prohibitive on big data stateoftheart learning algorithms require computational complexity which depends at least linearly on the dimension p of the covariates and often use heuristics that do not offer theoretical guarantees we present scalable algorithms for learning highdimensional lmms with sublinear computational complexity dependence on p key to our approach are novel dual estimators which use only kernel functions of the data and fast computational techniques based on the subsampled randomized hadamard transform we provide theoretical guarantees for our learning algorithms demonstrating the robustness of parameter estimation finally we complement the theory with experiments on large synthetic and real data
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1,803.04432
Memory Models for C/C++ Programmers
The memory model is the crux of the concurrency semantics of shared-memory systems. It defines the possible values that a read operation is allowed to return for any given set of write operations performed by a concurrent program, thereby defining the basic semantics of shared variables. It is therefore impossible to meaningfully reason about a program or any part of the programming language implementation without an unambiguous memory model. This note provides a brief introduction into the topic of memory models, explaining why it is essential for concurrent programs and covering well known memory models from sequential consistency to those of the x86 and ARM/POWER CPUs. Section 4 is fully dedicated to the C++11 memory model, explaining how it can be used to write concurrent code that is not only correct and portable, but also efficient by utilizing the relaxed memory models of modern architectures.
cs.DC
the memory model is the crux of the concurrency semantics of sharedmemory systems it defines the possible values that a read operation is allowed to return for any given set of write operations performed by a concurrent program thereby defining the basic semantics of shared variables it is therefore impossible to meaningfully reason about a program or any part of the programming language implementation without an unambiguous memory model this note provides a brief introduction into the topic of memory models explaining why it is essential for concurrent programs and covering well known memory models from sequential consistency to those of the x86 and armpower cpus section 4 is fully dedicated to the c11 memory model explaining how it can be used to write concurrent code that is not only correct and portable but also efficient by utilizing the relaxed memory models of modern architectures
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1,803.04433
Tunneling-splittings from path-integral molecular dynamics using a Langevin thermostat
We report an improved method for the calculation of tunneling splittings between degenerate configurations in molecules and clusters using path-integral molecular dynamics (PIMD). Starting from an expression involving a ratio of thermodynamic density matrices at the bottom of the symmetric wells, we use thermodynamic integration with molecular dynamics simulations and a Langevin thermostat to compute the splittings stochastically. The thermodynamic integration is performed by sampling along the semiclassical instanton path, which provides an efficient reaction coordinate as well as being physically well-motivated. This approach allows us to carry out PIMD calculations of the multi-well tunnelling splitting pattern in water dimer, and to refine previous PIMD calculations for one-dimensional models and malonaldehyde. The large (acceptor) splitting in water dimer agrees to within 20% of benchmark variational results, and the smaller splittings are within 10%.
physics.chem-ph
we report an improved method for the calculation of tunneling splittings between degenerate configurations in molecules and clusters using pathintegral molecular dynamics pimd starting from an expression involving a ratio of thermodynamic density matrices at the bottom of the symmetric wells we use thermodynamic integration with molecular dynamics simulations and a langevin thermostat to compute the splittings stochastically the thermodynamic integration is performed by sampling along the semiclassical instanton path which provides an efficient reaction coordinate as well as being physically wellmotivated this approach allows us to carry out pimd calculations of the multiwell tunnelling splitting pattern in water dimer and to refine previous pimd calculations for onedimensional models and malonaldehyde the large acceptor splitting in water dimer agrees to within 20 of benchmark variational results and the smaller splittings are within 10
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1,803.04434
Escaping the Interiors of Pure Boundary-State Black Holes
We consider a class of pure black hole microstates and demonstrate that they can be made escapable by turning on certain double trace deformations in the CFT. These microstates are dual to BCFT states prepared via a Euclidean path integral starting from a boundary in Euclidean time. These states are dual to black holes in the bulk with an End-of-the-World brane; a codimension one timelike boundary of the spacetime behind the horizon. We show that by tuning the sign of the coupling of the double trace operator to the boundary conditions on the brane the deformation injects negative energy into the black hole causing a time advance for signals behind the horizon. We demonstrate how the property of escapability in the considered microstates follows immediately from the traversability of deformed wormholes. We briefly comment on reconstruction of the black hole interior and state dependence.
hep-th gr-qc
we consider a class of pure black hole microstates and demonstrate that they can be made escapable by turning on certain double trace deformations in the cft these microstates are dual to bcft states prepared via a euclidean path integral starting from a boundary in euclidean time these states are dual to black holes in the bulk with an endoftheworld brane a codimension one timelike boundary of the spacetime behind the horizon we show that by tuning the sign of the coupling of the double trace operator to the boundary conditions on the brane the deformation injects negative energy into the black hole causing a time advance for signals behind the horizon we demonstrate how the property of escapability in the considered microstates follows immediately from the traversability of deformed wormholes we briefly comment on reconstruction of the black hole interior and state dependence
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1,803.04435
Network Coding Function Virtualization
Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Network Coding (NC) have attracted much attention in recent years as key concepts for providing 5G networks with flexibility and differentiated reliability, respectively. In this paper, we present the integration of NC architectural design and NFV. In order to do so we first describe what we call a virtualization process upon our proposed architectural design of NC that should help to offer the reliability functionality to a network. The process consists of identifying the required functional entities of NC and analyzing when the functionality should be activated towards complexity/energy efficiency. The relevance of our proposed NC function virtualization is its applicability to any underlying physical network, satellite or hybrid thus enabling softwarization, and rapid innovative deployment. Finally, we validate our framework to a study case of geo-control of network reliability that is based on device's geographical location-based signal/network information.
cs.NI
network functions virtualization nfv and network coding nc have attracted much attention in recent years as key concepts for providing 5g networks with flexibility and differentiated reliability respectively in this paper we present the integration of nc architectural design and nfv in order to do so we first describe what we call a virtualization process upon our proposed architectural design of nc that should help to offer the reliability functionality to a network the process consists of identifying the required functional entities of nc and analyzing when the functionality should be activated towards complexityenergy efficiency the relevance of our proposed nc function virtualization is its applicability to any underlying physical network satellite or hybrid thus enabling softwarization and rapid innovative deployment finally we validate our framework to a study case of geocontrol of network reliability that is based on devices geographical locationbased signalnetwork information
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1,803.04436
Modelling the early time behaviour of type Ia supernovae: effects of the $^{56}$Ni distribution
Recent studies have demonstrated the diversity in type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) at early times and highlighted a need for a better understanding of the explosion physics as manifested by observations soon after explosion. To this end, we present a Monte Carlo code designed to model the light curves of radioactively driven, hydrogen-free transients from explosion to approximately maximum light. In this initial study, we have used a parametrised description of the ejecta in SNe Ia, and performed a parameter study of the effects of the $^{56}$Ni distribution on the observed colours and light curves for a fixed $^{56}$Ni mass of 0.6 $M_\odot$. For a given density profile, we find that models with $^{56}$Ni extending throughout the entirety of the ejecta are typically brighter and bluer shortly after explosion. Additionally, the shape of the density profile itself also plays an important role in determining the shape, rise time, and colours of observed light curves. We find that the multi-band light curves of at least one SNe Ia (SN 2009ig) are inconsistent with less extended $^{56}$Ni distributions, but show good agreement with models that incorporate $^{56}$Ni throughout the entire ejecta. We further demonstrate that comparisons with full $UVOIR$ colour light curves are powerful tools in discriminating various $^{56}$Ni distributions, and hence explosion models.
astro-ph.HE astro-ph.IM astro-ph.SR
recent studies have demonstrated the diversity in type ia supernovae sne ia at early times and highlighted a need for a better understanding of the explosion physics as manifested by observations soon after explosion to this end we present a monte carlo code designed to model the light curves of radioactively driven hydrogenfree transients from explosion to approximately maximum light in this initial study we have used a parametrised description of the ejecta in sne ia and performed a parameter study of the effects of the 56ni distribution on the observed colours and light curves for a fixed 56ni mass of 06 m_odot for a given density profile we find that models with 56ni extending throughout the entirety of the ejecta are typically brighter and bluer shortly after explosion additionally the shape of the density profile itself also plays an important role in determining the shape rise time and colours of observed light curves we find that the multiband light curves of at least one sne ia sn 2009ig are inconsistent with less extended 56ni distributions but show good agreement with models that incorporate 56ni throughout the entire ejecta we further demonstrate that comparisons with full uvoir colour light curves are powerful tools in discriminating various 56ni distributions and hence explosion models
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1,803.04437
Spitzer Opens New Path to Break Classic Degeneracy for Jupiter-Mass Microlensing Planet OGLE-2017-BLG-1140Lb
We analyze the combined Spitzer and ground-based data for OGLE-2017-BLG-1140 and show that the event was generated by a Jupiter-class $(m_p\simeq 1.6\,M_{\rm jup})$ planet orbiting a mid-late M dwarf $(M\simeq 0.2\,M_\odot)$ that lies $D_{LS}\simeq 1.0\,\mathrm{kpc}$ in the foreground of the microlensed, Galactic-bar, source star. The planet-host projected separation is $a_\perp \simeq 1.0\,\mathrm{au}$, i.e., well-beyond the snow line. By measuring the source proper motion ${\mathbf{\mu}}_s$ from ongoing, long-term OGLE imaging, and combining this with the lens-source relative proper motion ${\mathbf{\mu}}_\mathrm{rel}$ derived from the microlensing solution, we show that the lens proper motion ${\mathbf{\mu}}_l={\mathbf{\mu}}_\mathrm{rel} + {\mathbf{\mu}}_s$ is consistent with the lens lying in the Galactic disk, although a bulge lens is not ruled out. We show that while the Spitzer and ground-based data are comparably well fitted by planetary (i.e., binary-lens, 2L1S) models and by binary-source (1L2S) models, the combination of Spitzer and ground-based data decisively favor the planetary model. This is a new channel to resolve the 2L1S/1L2S degeneracy, which can be difficult to break in some cases.
astro-ph.EP astro-ph.SR
we analyze the combined spitzer and groundbased data for ogle2017blg1140 and show that the event was generated by a jupiterclass m_psimeq 16m_rm jup planet orbiting a midlate m dwarf msimeq 02m_odot that lies d_lssimeq 10mathrmkpc in the foreground of the microlensed galacticbar source star the planethost projected separation is a_perp simeq 10mathrmau ie wellbeyond the snow line by measuring the source proper motion mathbfmu_s from ongoing longterm ogle imaging and combining this with the lenssource relative proper motion mathbfmu_mathrmrel derived from the microlensing solution we show that the lens proper motion mathbfmu_lmathbfmu_mathrmrel mathbfmu_s is consistent with the lens lying in the galactic disk although a bulge lens is not ruled out we show that while the spitzer and groundbased data are comparably well fitted by planetary ie binarylens 2l1s models and by binarysource 1l2s models the combination of spitzer and groundbased data decisively favor the planetary model this is a new channel to resolve the 2l1s1l2s degeneracy which can be difficult to break in some cases
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1,803.04438
Decoherence in neutrino propagation through matter, and bounds from IceCube/DeepCore
We revisit neutrino oscillations in matter considering the open quantum system framework which allows to introduce possible decoherence effects generated by New Physics in a phenomenological manner. We assume that the decoherence parameters $\gamma_{ij}$ may depend on the neutrino energy, as $\gamma_{ij}=\gamma_{ij}^{0}(E/\text{GeV})^n$ $(n = 0,\pm1,\pm2) $. The case of non-uniform matter is studied in detail, both within the adiabatic approximation and in the more general non-adiabatic case. In particular, we develop a consistent formalism to study the non-adiabatic case dividing the matter profile into an arbitrary number of layers of constant densities. This formalism is then applied to explore the sensitivity of IceCube and DeepCore to this type of effects. Our study is the first atmospheric neutrino analysis where a consistent treatment of the matter effects in the three-neutrino case is performed in presence of decoherence. We show that matter effects are indeed extremely relevant in this context. We find that IceCube is able to considerably improve over current bounds in the solar sector ($\gamma_{21}$) and in the atmospheric sector ($\gamma_{31}$ and $\gamma_{32}$) for $n=0,1,2$ and, in particular, by several orders of magnitude (between 3 and 9) for the $n=1,2$ cases. For $n=0$ we find $\gamma_{32},\gamma_{31}< 4.0\cdot10^{-24} (1.3\cdot10^{-24})$ GeV and $\gamma_{21}<1.3\cdot10^{-24} (4.1\cdot10^{-24})$ GeV, for normal (inverted) mass ordering.
hep-ph hep-ex
we revisit neutrino oscillations in matter considering the open quantum system framework which allows to introduce possible decoherence effects generated by new physics in a phenomenological manner we assume that the decoherence parameters gamma_ij may depend on the neutrino energy as gamma_ijgamma_ij0etextgevn n 0pm1pm2 the case of nonuniform matter is studied in detail both within the adiabatic approximation and in the more general nonadiabatic case in particular we develop a consistent formalism to study the nonadiabatic case dividing the matter profile into an arbitrary number of layers of constant densities this formalism is then applied to explore the sensitivity of icecube and deepcore to this type of effects our study is the first atmospheric neutrino analysis where a consistent treatment of the matter effects in the threeneutrino case is performed in presence of decoherence we show that matter effects are indeed extremely relevant in this context we find that icecube is able to considerably improve over current bounds in the solar sector gamma_21 and in the atmospheric sector gamma_31 and gamma_32 for n012 and in particular by several orders of magnitude between 3 and 9 for the n12 cases for n0 we find gamma_32gamma_31 40cdot1024 13cdot1024 gev and gamma_2113cdot1024 41cdot1024 gev for normal inverted mass ordering
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1,803.04439
From Nodes to Networks: Evolving Recurrent Neural Networks
Gated recurrent networks such as those composed of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) nodes have recently been used to improve state of the art in many sequential processing tasks such as speech recognition and machine translation. However, the basic structure of the LSTM node is essentially the same as when it was first conceived 25 years ago. Recently, evolutionary and reinforcement learning mechanisms have been employed to create new variations of this structure. This paper proposes a new method, evolution of a tree-based encoding of the gated memory nodes, and shows that it makes it possible to explore new variations more effectively than other methods. The method discovers nodes with multiple recurrent paths and multiple memory cells, which lead to significant improvement in the standard language modeling benchmark task. The paper also shows how the search process can be speeded up by training an LSTM network to estimate performance of candidate structures, and by encouraging exploration of novel solutions. Thus, evolutionary design of complex neural network structures promises to improve performance of deep learning architectures beyond human ability to do so.
cs.NE cs.LG
gated recurrent networks such as those composed of long shortterm memory lstm nodes have recently been used to improve state of the art in many sequential processing tasks such as speech recognition and machine translation however the basic structure of the lstm node is essentially the same as when it was first conceived 25 years ago recently evolutionary and reinforcement learning mechanisms have been employed to create new variations of this structure this paper proposes a new method evolution of a treebased encoding of the gated memory nodes and shows that it makes it possible to explore new variations more effectively than other methods the method discovers nodes with multiple recurrent paths and multiple memory cells which lead to significant improvement in the standard language modeling benchmark task the paper also shows how the search process can be speeded up by training an lstm network to estimate performance of candidate structures and by encouraging exploration of novel solutions thus evolutionary design of complex neural network structures promises to improve performance of deep learning architectures beyond human ability to do so
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1,803.0444
Rotation of Low-Mass Stars in Upper Scorpius and Rho Ophiuchus with K2
We present an analysis of K2 light curves (LCs) for candidate members of the young Upper Sco (USco) association $\sim$8 Myr) and the neighboring Rho Oph embedded cluster ($\sim$1 Myr). We establish $\sim$1300 stars as probable members, $\sim$80\% of which are periodic. The phased LCs have a variety of shapes which can be attributed to physical causes ranging from stellar pulsation and stellar rotation to disk-related phenomena. We identify and discuss a number of observed behaviors. The periods are $\sim$0.2-30 days with a peak near 2 days and the rapid period end nearing break-up velocity. M stars in the young USco region rotate systematically faster than GK stars, a pattern also present in K2 data for the older Pleiades and Praesepe systems. At higher masses (types FGK), the well-defined period-color relationship for slowly rotating stars seen in the Pleiades and Praesepe is not yet present in USco. Circumstellar disks are present predominantly among the more slowly rotating Ms in USco, with few disks in the sub-day rotators. However, M dwarfs with disks rotate faster on average than FGK systems with disks. For four of these disked Ms, we provide direct evidence for disk-locking based on the K2 LC morphologies. Our preliminary analysis shows a relatively mass-independent spin-up by a factor of $\sim$3.5 between USco and the Pleiades, then mass-dependent spin-down between Pleiades and Praesepe.
astro-ph.SR
we present an analysis of k2 light curves lcs for candidate members of the young upper sco usco association sim8 myr and the neighboring rho oph embedded cluster sim1 myr we establish sim1300 stars as probable members sim80 of which are periodic the phased lcs have a variety of shapes which can be attributed to physical causes ranging from stellar pulsation and stellar rotation to diskrelated phenomena we identify and discuss a number of observed behaviors the periods are sim0230 days with a peak near 2 days and the rapid period end nearing breakup velocity m stars in the young usco region rotate systematically faster than gk stars a pattern also present in k2 data for the older pleiades and praesepe systems at higher masses types fgk the welldefined periodcolor relationship for slowly rotating stars seen in the pleiades and praesepe is not yet present in usco circumstellar disks are present predominantly among the more slowly rotating ms in usco with few disks in the subday rotators however m dwarfs with disks rotate faster on average than fgk systems with disks for four of these disked ms we provide direct evidence for disklocking based on the k2 lc morphologies our preliminary analysis shows a relatively massindependent spinup by a factor of sim35 between usco and the pleiades then massdependent spindown between pleiades and praesepe
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1,803.04441
The loop of formal power series with noncommutative coefficients under substitution
The set of formal power series with coefficients in an associative but noncommutative algebra becomes a loop with the substitution product. We initiate the study of this loop by describing certain Lie and Sabinin algebras related to it. Some examples of Lie algebras satisfying the standard identities of degrees $5$ and $6$ appear naturally.
math.GR
the set of formal power series with coefficients in an associative but noncommutative algebra becomes a loop with the substitution product we initiate the study of this loop by describing certain lie and sabinin algebras related to it some examples of lie algebras satisfying the standard identities of degrees 5 and 6 appear naturally
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1,803.04442
Dfuntest: A Testing Framework for Distributed Applications
New ideas in distributed systems (algorithms or protocols) are commonly tested by simulation, because experimenting with a prototype deployed on a realistic platform is cumbersome. However, a prototype not only measures performance but also verifies assumptions about the underlying system. We developed dfuntest - a testing framework for distributed applications that defines abstractions and test structure, and automates experiments on distributed platforms. Dfuntest aims to be jUnit's analogue for distributed applications; a framework that enables the programmer to write robust and flexible scenarios of experiments. Dfuntest requires minimal bindings that specify how to deploy and interact with the application. Dfuntest's abstractions allow execution of a scenario on a single machine, a cluster, a cloud, or any other distributed infrastructure, e.g. on PlanetLab. A scenario is a procedure; thus, our framework can be used both for functional tests and for performance measurements. We show how to use dfuntest to deploy our DHT prototype on 60 PlanetLab nodes and verify whether the prototype maintains a correct topology.
cs.DC cs.SE
new ideas in distributed systems algorithms or protocols are commonly tested by simulation because experimenting with a prototype deployed on a realistic platform is cumbersome however a prototype not only measures performance but also verifies assumptions about the underlying system we developed dfuntest a testing framework for distributed applications that defines abstractions and test structure and automates experiments on distributed platforms dfuntest aims to be junits analogue for distributed applications a framework that enables the programmer to write robust and flexible scenarios of experiments dfuntest requires minimal bindings that specify how to deploy and interact with the application dfuntests abstractions allow execution of a scenario on a single machine a cluster a cloud or any other distributed infrastructure eg on planetlab a scenario is a procedure thus our framework can be used both for functional tests and for performance measurements we show how to use dfuntest to deploy our dht prototype on 60 planetlab nodes and verify whether the prototype maintains a correct topology
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1,803.04443
Index pairing with Alexander-Spanier cocycles
We give a uniform construction of the higher indices of elliptic operators associated to Alexander-Spanier cocycles of either parity in terms of a pairing a la Connes between the K-theory and the cyclic cohomology of the algebra of complete symbols of pseudodifferential operators, implemented by means of a relative form of the Chern character in cyclic homology. While the formula for the lowest index of an elliptic operator D on a closed manifold M (which coincides with its Fredholm index) reproduces the Atiyah-Singer index theorem, our formula for the highest index of D (associated to a volume cocycle) yields an extension to arbitrary manifolds of any dimension of the Helton-Howe formula for the trace of multicommutators of classical Toeplitz operators on odd-dimensional spheres. In fact, the totality of higher analytic indices for an elliptic operator D amount to a representation of the Connes-Chern character of the K-homology cycle determined by D in terms of expressions which extrapolate the Helton-Howe formula below the dimension of M.
math.KT math.OA
we give a uniform construction of the higher indices of elliptic operators associated to alexanderspanier cocycles of either parity in terms of a pairing a la connes between the ktheory and the cyclic cohomology of the algebra of complete symbols of pseudodifferential operators implemented by means of a relative form of the chern character in cyclic homology while the formula for the lowest index of an elliptic operator d on a closed manifold m which coincides with its fredholm index reproduces the atiyahsinger index theorem our formula for the highest index of d associated to a volume cocycle yields an extension to arbitrary manifolds of any dimension of the heltonhowe formula for the trace of multicommutators of classical toeplitz operators on odddimensional spheres in fact the totality of higher analytic indices for an elliptic operator d amount to a representation of the conneschern character of the khomology cycle determined by d in terms of expressions which extrapolate the heltonhowe formula below the dimension of m
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1,803.04444
Formation and evolution of hybrid He-CO white dwarfs and their properties
White dwarfs (WDs) are the stellar core remnants of low mass stars. They are typically divided into three main composition groups: Oxygen Neon (ONe), Carbon Oxygen (CO) and Helium (He) WDs. The evolution of binary systems can significantly change the evolution of the binary stellar components. In particular, striping the envelope of an evolved star can give rise to a core remnant, which can later evolve into a WD with significantly different composition. Here we focus on the formation and evolution of hybrid HeCO WDs. We follow the formation and stellar evolution of such WDs for a range of initial conditions and provide their detailed structure, mass-radius relation and luminosity temperature evolution. We find that both low mass WDs (< 0.45M , typically thought to be He WDs) and intermediate-mass WDs (0.45 < MWD < 0.7, typically thought to be CO WDs) could in fact be hybrid HeCO WDs, with 5-25 (75 -95)% of their mass in He (CO). We use population synthesis calculations to infer the birth rate and properties of such WDs. We find that hybrid HeCO WD comprise the majority of young (< 2Gyr) WDs in binaries, but are more rare among older WDs in binaries. The high frequency and large He content of such WDs could have an important role in WD WD mergers, and may give rise to sub Chandrasekhar thermonuclear supernova explosions.
astro-ph.SR
white dwarfs wds are the stellar core remnants of low mass stars they are typically divided into three main composition groups oxygen neon one carbon oxygen co and helium he wds the evolution of binary systems can significantly change the evolution of the binary stellar components in particular striping the envelope of an evolved star can give rise to a core remnant which can later evolve into a wd with significantly different composition here we focus on the formation and evolution of hybrid heco wds we follow the formation and stellar evolution of such wds for a range of initial conditions and provide their detailed structure massradius relation and luminosity temperature evolution we find that both low mass wds 045m typically thought to be he wds and intermediatemass wds 045 mwd 07 typically thought to be co wds could in fact be hybrid heco wds with 525 75 95 of their mass in he co we use population synthesis calculations to infer the birth rate and properties of such wds we find that hybrid heco wd comprise the majority of young 2gyr wds in binaries but are more rare among older wds in binaries the high frequency and large he content of such wds could have an important role in wd wd mergers and may give rise to sub chandrasekhar thermonuclear supernova explosions
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1,803.04445
Manufacturing cosmic rays in the evolving dynamical states of galaxy clusters
Galaxy clusters are known to be reservoirs of Cosmic Rays (CRs), as inferred from theoretical calculations or detection of CR-derived observables. CR acceleration in clusters is mostly attributed to the dynamical activity that produces shocks. Shocks in clusters emerge out of merger or accretion, but which one is more effective in producing CRs? at which dynamical phase? and why? To this aim, we study the production or injection of CRs through shocks and its evolution in the galaxy clusters using cosmological simulations with the {\sc enzo} code. Particle acceleration model considered here is primarily the Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA) of thermal particles, but we also report a tentative study with pre-existing CRs. Defining appropriate dynamical states using the concept of virialization, we studied a sample of merging and non-merging clusters. We report that the merger shocks (with Mach number $\mathcal{M}\sim2-5$) are the most effective CR producers, while high-Mach peripheral shocks (i.e. $\mathcal{M}>5$) are mainly responsible for the brightest phase of CR injection in clusters. Clusters once merged, permanently deviate from CR and X-ray mass scaling of non-merging systems, enabling us to use it as a tool to determine the state of merger. Through a temporal and spatial evolution study, we found a strong correlation between cluster merger dynamics and CR injection. We observed that the brightest phase of X-ray and CR injection from clusters occur respectively at about 1.0 and 1.5 Gyr after every mergers, and CR injection peaks near to the cluster virial radius (i.e $r_{200}$). Delayed CR injection peaks found in this study deserve further investigation for possible impact on the evolution of CR-derived observables from galaxy clusters.
astro-ph.CO astro-ph.GA
galaxy clusters are known to be reservoirs of cosmic rays crs as inferred from theoretical calculations or detection of crderived observables cr acceleration in clusters is mostly attributed to the dynamical activity that produces shocks shocks in clusters emerge out of merger or accretion but which one is more effective in producing crs at which dynamical phase and why to this aim we study the production or injection of crs through shocks and its evolution in the galaxy clusters using cosmological simulations with the sc enzo code particle acceleration model considered here is primarily the diffusive shock acceleration dsa of thermal particles but we also report a tentative study with preexisting crs defining appropriate dynamical states using the concept of virialization we studied a sample of merging and nonmerging clusters we report that the merger shocks with mach number mathcalmsim25 are the most effective cr producers while highmach peripheral shocks ie mathcalm5 are mainly responsible for the brightest phase of cr injection in clusters clusters once merged permanently deviate from cr and xray mass scaling of nonmerging systems enabling us to use it as a tool to determine the state of merger through a temporal and spatial evolution study we found a strong correlation between cluster merger dynamics and cr injection we observed that the brightest phase of xray and cr injection from clusters occur respectively at about 10 and 15 gyr after every mergers and cr injection peaks near to the cluster virial radius ie r_200 delayed cr injection peaks found in this study deserve further investigation for possible impact on the evolution of crderived observables from galaxy clusters
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1,803.04446
Magnetic bipoles in rotating turbulence with coronal envelope
The formation of sunspots and starspots is not yet fully understood and is therefore one of the major open problems in solar and stellar physics. Magnetic flux concentrations can be produced by the negative effective magnetic pressure instability (NEMPI). This instability is strongly suppressed by rotation. However, the presence of an outer coronal envelope was previously found to strengthen the flux concentrations and make them more prominent. It also allows for the formation of bipolar regions (BRs). We want to know whether the presence of an outer coronal envelope also changes the excitation conditions and the rotational dependence of NEMPI. We use direct numerical simulations and mean-field simulations. We adopt a simple two-layer model of turbulence that mimics the jump between the convective turbulent and coronal layers below and above the surface of a star, respectively. The computational domain is Cartesian and located at a certain latitude of a rotating sphere. We investigate the effects of rotation on NEMPI by changing the Coriolis number, the latitude, and the box resolution. Rotation has a strong impact on the process of BR formation. Even rather slow rotation is found to suppress their formation. However, increasing the imposed magnetic field strength also makes the structures stronger and alleviates the rotational suppression somewhat. The presence of a coronal layer itself does not significantly alleviate the effects of rotational suppression.
astro-ph.SR
the formation of sunspots and starspots is not yet fully understood and is therefore one of the major open problems in solar and stellar physics magnetic flux concentrations can be produced by the negative effective magnetic pressure instability nempi this instability is strongly suppressed by rotation however the presence of an outer coronal envelope was previously found to strengthen the flux concentrations and make them more prominent it also allows for the formation of bipolar regions brs we want to know whether the presence of an outer coronal envelope also changes the excitation conditions and the rotational dependence of nempi we use direct numerical simulations and meanfield simulations we adopt a simple twolayer model of turbulence that mimics the jump between the convective turbulent and coronal layers below and above the surface of a star respectively the computational domain is cartesian and located at a certain latitude of a rotating sphere we investigate the effects of rotation on nempi by changing the coriolis number the latitude and the box resolution rotation has a strong impact on the process of br formation even rather slow rotation is found to suppress their formation however increasing the imposed magnetic field strength also makes the structures stronger and alleviates the rotational suppression somewhat the presence of a coronal layer itself does not significantly alleviate the effects of rotational suppression
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1,803.04447
An infinite swampland of U(1) charge spectra in 6D supergravity theories
We analyze the anomaly constraints on 6D supergravity theories with a single abelian U(1) gauge factor. For theories with charges restricted to $q = \pm1, \pm2$ and no tensor multiplets, anomaly-free models match those models that can be realized from F-theory compactifications almost perfectly. For theories with tensor multiplets or with larger charges, the F-theory constraints are less well understood. We show, however, that there is an infinite class of distinct massless charge spectra in the "swampland" of theories that satisfy all known quantum consistency conditions but do not admit a realization through F-theory or any other known approach to string compactification. We also compare the spectra of charged matter in abelian theories with those that can be realized from breaking nonabelian SU(2) and higher rank gauge symmetries.
hep-th
we analyze the anomaly constraints on 6d supergravity theories with a single abelian u1 gauge factor for theories with charges restricted to q pm1 pm2 and no tensor multiplets anomalyfree models match those models that can be realized from ftheory compactifications almost perfectly for theories with tensor multiplets or with larger charges the ftheory constraints are less well understood we show however that there is an infinite class of distinct massless charge spectra in the swampland of theories that satisfy all known quantum consistency conditions but do not admit a realization through ftheory or any other known approach to string compactification we also compare the spectra of charged matter in abelian theories with those that can be realized from breaking nonabelian su2 and higher rank gauge symmetries
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1,803.04448
Deformations of rational curves in positive characteristic
We study deformations of rational curves and their singularities in positive characteristic. We use this to prove that if a smooth and proper surface in positive characteristic $p$ is dominated by a family of rational curves such that one member has all $\delta$-invariants (resp. Jacobian numbers) strictly less than $(p-1)/2$ (resp. $p$), then the surface has negative Kodaira dimension. We also prove similar, but weaker results hold for higher dimensional varieties. Moreover, we show by example that our result is in some sense optimal. On our way, we obtain a sufficient criterion in terms of Jacobian numbers for the normalization of a curve over an imperfect field to be smooth.
math.AG
we study deformations of rational curves and their singularities in positive characteristic we use this to prove that if a smooth and proper surface in positive characteristic p is dominated by a family of rational curves such that one member has all deltainvariants resp jacobian numbers strictly less than p12 resp p then the surface has negative kodaira dimension we also prove similar but weaker results hold for higher dimensional varieties moreover we show by example that our result is in some sense optimal on our way we obtain a sufficient criterion in terms of jacobian numbers for the normalization of a curve over an imperfect field to be smooth
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1,803.04449
Multidimensional quantum entanglement with large-scale integrated optics
The ability to control multidimensional quantum systems is key for the investigation of fundamental science and for the development of advanced quantum technologies. Here we demonstrate a multidimensional integrated quantum photonic platform able to robustly generate, control and analyze high-dimensional entanglement. We realize a programmable bipartite entangled system with dimension up to $15 \times 15$ on a large-scale silicon-photonics quantum circuit. The device integrates more than 550 photonic components on a single chip, including 16 identical photon-pair sources. We verify the high precision, generality and controllability of our multidimensional technology, and further exploit these abilities to demonstrate key quantum applications experimentally unexplored before, such as quantum randomness expansion and self-testing on multidimensional states. Our work provides a prominent experimental platform for the development of multidimensional quantum technologies.
quant-ph physics.optics
the ability to control multidimensional quantum systems is key for the investigation of fundamental science and for the development of advanced quantum technologies here we demonstrate a multidimensional integrated quantum photonic platform able to robustly generate control and analyze highdimensional entanglement we realize a programmable bipartite entangled system with dimension up to 15 times 15 on a largescale siliconphotonics quantum circuit the device integrates more than 550 photonic components on a single chip including 16 identical photonpair sources we verify the high precision generality and controllability of our multidimensional technology and further exploit these abilities to demonstrate key quantum applications experimentally unexplored before such as quantum randomness expansion and selftesting on multidimensional states our work provides a prominent experimental platform for the development of multidimensional quantum technologies
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1,803.0445
Equivalence of Coniveaus
On a smooth projective variety over the complex numbers, there is the coniveau from the coniveau filtration, which is called geometric coniveau. On the same variety, there is another coniveau from the maximal sub-Hodge structure, which is called Hodge coniveau. In this paper we show they are equivalent.
math.AG
on a smooth projective variety over the complex numbers there is the coniveau from the coniveau filtration which is called geometric coniveau on the same variety there is another coniveau from the maximal subhodge structure which is called hodge coniveau in this paper we show they are equivalent
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1,803.04451
Interval-based Resource Usage Verification by Translation into Horn Clauses and an Application to Energy Consumption
Many applications require conformance with specifications that constrain the use of resources, such as execution time, energy, bandwidth, etc. We have presented a configurable framework for static resource usage verification where specifications can include lower and upper bound, data size-dependent resource usage functions. To statically check such specifications, our framework infers the same type of resource usage functions, which safely approximate the actual resource usage of the program, and compares them against the specification. We review how this framework supports several languages and compilation output formats by translating them to an intermediate representation based on Horn clauses and using the configurability of the framework to describe the resource semantics of the input language. We provide a more detailed formalization and extend the framework so that both resource usage specification and analysis/verification output can include preconditions expressing intervals for the input data sizes for which assertions are applicable, proved, or disproved. Most importantly, we also extend the classes of functions that can be checked. We provide results from an implementation within the Ciao/CiaoPP framework, and report on a tool built by instantiating this framework for the verification of energy consumption specifications for imperative/embedded programs. This paper is under consideration for publication in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP).
cs.PL cs.LO
many applications require conformance with specifications that constrain the use of resources such as execution time energy bandwidth etc we have presented a configurable framework for static resource usage verification where specifications can include lower and upper bound data sizedependent resource usage functions to statically check such specifications our framework infers the same type of resource usage functions which safely approximate the actual resource usage of the program and compares them against the specification we review how this framework supports several languages and compilation output formats by translating them to an intermediate representation based on horn clauses and using the configurability of the framework to describe the resource semantics of the input language we provide a more detailed formalization and extend the framework so that both resource usage specification and analysisverification output can include preconditions expressing intervals for the input data sizes for which assertions are applicable proved or disproved most importantly we also extend the classes of functions that can be checked we provide results from an implementation within the ciaociaopp framework and report on a tool built by instantiating this framework for the verification of energy consumption specifications for imperativeembedded programs this paper is under consideration for publication in theory and practice of logic programming tplp
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1,803.04452
(FPT-)Approximation Algorithms for the Virtual Network Embedding Problem
Many resource allocation problems in the cloud can be described as a basic Virtual Network Embedding Problem (VNEP): finding mappings of request graphs (describing the workloads) onto a substrate graph (describing the physical infrastructure). In the offline setting, the two natural objectives are profit maximization, i.e., embedding a maximal number of request graphs subject to the resource constraints, and cost minimization, i.e., embedding all requests at minimal overall cost. The VNEP can be seen as a generalization of classic routing and call admission problems, in which requests are arbitrary graphs whose communication endpoints are not fixed. Due to its applications, the problem has been studied intensively in the networking community. However, the underlying algorithmic problem is hardly understood. This paper presents the first fixed-parameter tractable approximation algorithms for the VNEP. Our algorithms are based on randomized rounding. Due to the flexible mapping options and the arbitrary request graph topologies, we show that a novel linear program formulation is required. Only using this novel formulation the computation of convex combinations of valid mappings is enabled, as the formulation needs to account for the structure of the request graphs. Accordingly, to capture the structure of request graphs, we introduce the graph-theoretic notion of extraction orders and extraction width and show that our algorithms have exponential runtime in the request graphs' maximal width. Hence, for request graphs of fixed extraction width, we obtain the first polynomial-time approximations. Studying the new notion of extraction orders we show that (i) computing extraction orders of minimal width is NP-hard and (ii) that computing decomposable LP solutions is in general NP-hard, even when restricting request graphs to planar ones.
cs.NI cs.DS
many resource allocation problems in the cloud can be described as a basic virtual network embedding problem vnep finding mappings of request graphs describing the workloads onto a substrate graph describing the physical infrastructure in the offline setting the two natural objectives are profit maximization ie embedding a maximal number of request graphs subject to the resource constraints and cost minimization ie embedding all requests at minimal overall cost the vnep can be seen as a generalization of classic routing and call admission problems in which requests are arbitrary graphs whose communication endpoints are not fixed due to its applications the problem has been studied intensively in the networking community however the underlying algorithmic problem is hardly understood this paper presents the first fixedparameter tractable approximation algorithms for the vnep our algorithms are based on randomized rounding due to the flexible mapping options and the arbitrary request graph topologies we show that a novel linear program formulation is required only using this novel formulation the computation of convex combinations of valid mappings is enabled as the formulation needs to account for the structure of the request graphs accordingly to capture the structure of request graphs we introduce the graphtheoretic notion of extraction orders and extraction width and show that our algorithms have exponential runtime in the request graphs maximal width hence for request graphs of fixed extraction width we obtain the first polynomialtime approximations studying the new notion of extraction orders we show that i computing extraction orders of minimal width is nphard and ii that computing decomposable lp solutions is in general nphard even when restricting request graphs to planar ones
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1,803.04453
A Privacy Scheme for Monitoring Devices in the Internet of Things
Sufficiently strong security and privacy mechanisms are prerequisite to amass the promising benefits of the IoT technology and to incorporate this technology into our daily lives. This paper introduces a novel approach to privacy in networks, an approach which is especially well matched with the IoT characteristics. Our general approach is based on continually changing the identifying attributes of IoT nodes. In particular, the scheme proposed in this work is based on changing the IoT nodes' IP addresses, and because the changing patterns of the IP addresses appear random to a non-intended observer, an adversary is unable to identify the source or destination of a particular transmission. Thus, packets that carry information generated by a particular node cannot be linked together. The scheme offers additional security benefits, including DoS mitigation, is relatively easy to implement, and requires no changes to the existing networking infrastructure. We discuss the details of the implementation of the scheme and evaluate its performance.
cs.NI
sufficiently strong security and privacy mechanisms are prerequisite to amass the promising benefits of the iot technology and to incorporate this technology into our daily lives this paper introduces a novel approach to privacy in networks an approach which is especially well matched with the iot characteristics our general approach is based on continually changing the identifying attributes of iot nodes in particular the scheme proposed in this work is based on changing the iot nodes ip addresses and because the changing patterns of the ip addresses appear random to a nonintended observer an adversary is unable to identify the source or destination of a particular transmission thus packets that carry information generated by a particular node cannot be linked together the scheme offers additional security benefits including dos mitigation is relatively easy to implement and requires no changes to the existing networking infrastructure we discuss the details of the implementation of the scheme and evaluate its performance
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1,803.04454
Observation of two critical points linked to the high field phase B in CeCu2Si2
We present thermal expansion and magnetostriction measurements on a CeCu2Si2 single crystal of A/S-type up to 17.9T magnetic field applied along the crystallographic a-direction (Delta L ll a ll H) and down to 0.015K temperature. We identify clear thermodynamic anomalies at the superconducting transition T_c and at two second order transitions T_A,B into ordered phases A and B. Our measurements establish for the first time the boundary of phase B at high field and low temperature. No evidence for additional high field phases above B is found up to the maximum field. We speculate based on our experimental results that i) phase B is similar to phase A of spin-density wave type and ii) the first order phase transition between A and B is caused by Fermi surface reconstruction. We furthermore identify a new quantum critical point at H_c ~ 17T, where T_B is suppresssed to zero, and a bicritical point at (0.35K, 7.0T), where phase lines T_A(H) and T_B(H) meet.
cond-mat.str-el
we present thermal expansion and magnetostriction measurements on a cecu2si2 single crystal of astype up to 179t magnetic field applied along the crystallographic adirection delta l ll a ll h and down to 0015k temperature we identify clear thermodynamic anomalies at the superconducting transition t_c and at two second order transitions t_ab into ordered phases a and b our measurements establish for the first time the boundary of phase b at high field and low temperature no evidence for additional high field phases above b is found up to the maximum field we speculate based on our experimental results that i phase b is similar to phase a of spindensity wave type and ii the first order phase transition between a and b is caused by fermi surface reconstruction we furthermore identify a new quantum critical point at h_c 17t where t_b is suppresssed to zero and a bicritical point at 035k 70t where phase lines t_ah and t_bh meet
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1,803.04455
Probing unconventional superconductivity in proximitized graphene by impurity scattering
We demonstrate how potential impurities are a very powerful tool for determining the pairing symmetry in graphene proximity-coupled to a spin-singlet superconductor. All d-wave states are characterized by subgap resonances, with spatial patterns clearly distinguishing between nodal and chiral d-wave symmetry, while s-wave states have no subgap resonances. We also find strong supergap impurity resonances associated with the normal state Dirac point. Sub- and supergap resonances only interact at very low doping levels, then causing suppression of the supergap resonances.
cond-mat.supr-con
we demonstrate how potential impurities are a very powerful tool for determining the pairing symmetry in graphene proximitycoupled to a spinsinglet superconductor all dwave states are characterized by subgap resonances with spatial patterns clearly distinguishing between nodal and chiral dwave symmetry while swave states have no subgap resonances we also find strong supergap impurity resonances associated with the normal state dirac point sub and supergap resonances only interact at very low doping levels then causing suppression of the supergap resonances
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1,803.04456
Predicting Clinical Deterioration of Outpatients Using Multimodal Data Collected by Wearables
Hospital readmission rate is high for heart failure patients. Early detection of deterioration will help doctors prevent readmissions, thus reducing health care cost and providing patients with just-in-time intervention. Wearable devices (e.g., wristbands and smart watches) provide a convenient technology for continuous outpatient monitoring. In the paper, we explore the feasibility of monitoring outpatients using Fitbit Charge HR wristbands and the potential of machine learning models to predicting clinical deterioration (readmissions and death) among outpatients discharged from the hospital. We developed and piloted a data collection system in a clinical study which involved 25 heart failure patients recently discharged from a hospital. The results from the clinical study demonstrated the feasibility of continuously monitoring outpatients using wristbands. We observed high levels of patient compliance in wearing the wristbands regularly and satisfactory yield, latency and reliability of data collection from the wristbands to a cloud-based database. Finally, we explored a set of machine learning models to predict deterioration based on the Fitbit data. Through 5-fold cross validation, K nearest neighbor achieved the highest accuracy of 0.8800 for identifying patients at risk of deterioration using the health data from the beginning of the monitoring. Machine learning models based on multimodal data (step, sleep and heart rate) significantly outperformed the traditional clinical approach based on LACE index. Moreover, our proposed weighted samples one class SVM model can reach high accuracy (0.9635) for predicting the deterioration happening in the future using data collected by a sliding window, which indicates the potential for allowing timely intervention.
cs.CY
hospital readmission rate is high for heart failure patients early detection of deterioration will help doctors prevent readmissions thus reducing health care cost and providing patients with justintime intervention wearable devices eg wristbands and smart watches provide a convenient technology for continuous outpatient monitoring in the paper we explore the feasibility of monitoring outpatients using fitbit charge hr wristbands and the potential of machine learning models to predicting clinical deterioration readmissions and death among outpatients discharged from the hospital we developed and piloted a data collection system in a clinical study which involved 25 heart failure patients recently discharged from a hospital the results from the clinical study demonstrated the feasibility of continuously monitoring outpatients using wristbands we observed high levels of patient compliance in wearing the wristbands regularly and satisfactory yield latency and reliability of data collection from the wristbands to a cloudbased database finally we explored a set of machine learning models to predict deterioration based on the fitbit data through 5fold cross validation k nearest neighbor achieved the highest accuracy of 08800 for identifying patients at risk of deterioration using the health data from the beginning of the monitoring machine learning models based on multimodal data step sleep and heart rate significantly outperformed the traditional clinical approach based on lace index moreover our proposed weighted samples one class svm model can reach high accuracy 09635 for predicting the deterioration happening in the future using data collected by a sliding window which indicates the potential for allowing timely intervention
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1,803.04457
Key Technology Challenges for the Study of Exoplanets and the Search for Habitable Worlds
In support of the National Acadamies' Exoplanet Science Strategy, this whitepaper outlines key technology challenges for studying the diversity of worlds in the Galaxy and in searching for habitable planets. Observations of habitable planets outside of our solar system require technologies enabling the measurement of (1) spectral signatures of gases in their atmospheres, some of which may be of biological origin, and (2) planetary mass. Technology gaps must be closed in many areas. In some cases, performance requirements are 1-2 orders of magnitude from the current state-of-the-art. Thes technology gaps are in the areas of: starlight suppression (for reflection or emission spectroscopy; coronagraphs or starshades, contrast stability, detector sensitivity, collecting area, spectroscopic sensitivity, radial stellar motion sensitivity, and tangential stellar motion sensitivity. The technologies advancing to close these gaps are identified through the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program's (ExEP's) annual Technology Selection and Prioritization Process in collaboration with the larger exoplanet science and technology communities. Details can be found in the annual ExEP Technology Plan Appendix. Looking towards the more distant future, the size of a desired single-aperture space telescope, even when folded, may exceed current launch capabilities, suggesting the study of in-space assembly approaches. Additionally, mid-infrared spectral observations of candidate habitable worlds may be needed to rule out false positives observed at shorter wavelengths and add supportive evidence. Consequently, single aperture telescopes may prove impractically large and space interferometry may be needed, as identified in NASA's 30 year roadmap Enduring Quests, Daring Visions
astro-ph.IM astro-ph.EP
in support of the national acadamies exoplanet science strategy this whitepaper outlines key technology challenges for studying the diversity of worlds in the galaxy and in searching for habitable planets observations of habitable planets outside of our solar system require technologies enabling the measurement of 1 spectral signatures of gases in their atmospheres some of which may be of biological origin and 2 planetary mass technology gaps must be closed in many areas in some cases performance requirements are 12 orders of magnitude from the current stateoftheart thes technology gaps are in the areas of starlight suppression for reflection or emission spectroscopy coronagraphs or starshades contrast stability detector sensitivity collecting area spectroscopic sensitivity radial stellar motion sensitivity and tangential stellar motion sensitivity the technologies advancing to close these gaps are identified through the nasa exoplanet exploration programs exeps annual technology selection and prioritization process in collaboration with the larger exoplanet science and technology communities details can be found in the annual exep technology plan appendix looking towards the more distant future the size of a desired singleaperture space telescope even when folded may exceed current launch capabilities suggesting the study of inspace assembly approaches additionally midinfrared spectral observations of candidate habitable worlds may be needed to rule out false positives observed at shorter wavelengths and add supportive evidence consequently single aperture telescopes may prove impractically large and space interferometry may be needed as identified in nasas 30 year roadmap enduring quests daring visions
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1,803.04458
Almost ideal nodal-loop semimetal in monoclinic CuTeO$_3$ material
Nodal-loop semimetals are materials in which the conduction and valence bands cross on a one-dimensional loop in the reciprocal space. For the nodal-loop character to manifest in physical properties, it is desired that the loop is close to the Fermi level, relatively flat in energy, simple in its shape, and not coexisting with other extraneous bands. Here, based on the first-principles calculations, we show that the monoclinic CuTeO$_3$ is a realistic nodal-loop semimetal that satisfies all these requirements. The material features only a single nodal loop around the Fermi level, protected by either of the two independent symmetries: the $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry and the glide mirror symmetry. The size of the loop can be effectively tuned by strain, and the loop can even be annihilated under stain, making a topological phase transition to a trivial insulator phase. Including the spin-orbit coupling opens a tiny gap at the loop, and the system becomes a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ topological semimetal with a nontrivial bulk $\mathbb{Z}_2$ invariant but no global bandgap. The corresponding topological surface states have been identified. We also construct a low-energy effective model to describe the nodal loop and the effect of spin-orbit coupling.
cond-mat.mtrl-sci
nodalloop semimetals are materials in which the conduction and valence bands cross on a onedimensional loop in the reciprocal space for the nodalloop character to manifest in physical properties it is desired that the loop is close to the fermi level relatively flat in energy simple in its shape and not coexisting with other extraneous bands here based on the firstprinciples calculations we show that the monoclinic cuteo_3 is a realistic nodalloop semimetal that satisfies all these requirements the material features only a single nodal loop around the fermi level protected by either of the two independent symmetries the mathcalpt symmetry and the glide mirror symmetry the size of the loop can be effectively tuned by strain and the loop can even be annihilated under stain making a topological phase transition to a trivial insulator phase including the spinorbit coupling opens a tiny gap at the loop and the system becomes a mathbbz_2 topological semimetal with a nontrivial bulk mathbbz_2 invariant but no global bandgap the corresponding topological surface states have been identified we also construct a lowenergy effective model to describe the nodal loop and the effect of spinorbit coupling
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1,803.04459
Extended Affinity Propagation: Global Discovery and Local Insights
We propose a new clustering algorithm, Extended Affinity Propagation, based on pairwise similarities. Extended Affinity Propagation is developed by modifying Affinity Propagation such that the desirable features of Affinity Propagation, e.g., exemplars, reasonable computational complexity and no need to specify number of clusters, are preserved while the shortcomings, e.g., the lack of global structure discovery, that limit the applicability of Affinity Propagation are overcome. Extended Affinity Propagation succeeds not only in achieving this goal but can also provide various additional insights into the internal structure of the individual clusters, e.g., refined confidence values, relative cluster densities and local cluster strength in different regions of a cluster, which are valuable for an analyst. We briefly discuss how these insights can help in easily tuning the hyperparameters. We also illustrate these desirable features and the performance of Extended Affinity Propagation on various synthetic and real world datasets.
cs.LG cs.AI cs.CV cs.SI
we propose a new clustering algorithm extended affinity propagation based on pairwise similarities extended affinity propagation is developed by modifying affinity propagation such that the desirable features of affinity propagation eg exemplars reasonable computational complexity and no need to specify number of clusters are preserved while the shortcomings eg the lack of global structure discovery that limit the applicability of affinity propagation are overcome extended affinity propagation succeeds not only in achieving this goal but can also provide various additional insights into the internal structure of the individual clusters eg refined confidence values relative cluster densities and local cluster strength in different regions of a cluster which are valuable for an analyst we briefly discuss how these insights can help in easily tuning the hyperparameters we also illustrate these desirable features and the performance of extended affinity propagation on various synthetic and real world datasets
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1,803.0446
Dissimilarity-based representation for radiomics applications
Radiomics is a term which refers to the analysis of the large amount of quantitative tumor features extracted from medical images to find useful predictive, diagnostic or prognostic information. Many recent studies have proved that radiomics can offer a lot of useful information that physicians cannot extract from the medical images and can be associated with other information like gene or protein data. However, most of the classification studies in radiomics report the use of feature selection methods without identifying the machine learning challenges behind radiomics. In this paper, we first show that the radiomics problem should be viewed as an high dimensional, low sample size, multi view learning problem, then we compare different solutions proposed in multi view learning for classifying radiomics data. Our experiments, conducted on several real world multi view datasets, show that the intermediate integration methods work significantly better than filter and embedded feature selection methods commonly used in radiomics.
cs.CV
radiomics is a term which refers to the analysis of the large amount of quantitative tumor features extracted from medical images to find useful predictive diagnostic or prognostic information many recent studies have proved that radiomics can offer a lot of useful information that physicians cannot extract from the medical images and can be associated with other information like gene or protein data however most of the classification studies in radiomics report the use of feature selection methods without identifying the machine learning challenges behind radiomics in this paper we first show that the radiomics problem should be viewed as an high dimensional low sample size multi view learning problem then we compare different solutions proposed in multi view learning for classifying radiomics data our experiments conducted on several real world multi view datasets show that the intermediate integration methods work significantly better than filter and embedded feature selection methods commonly used in radiomics
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1,803.04461
Chemical Abundances of Main-Sequence, Turn-off, Subgiant and red giant Stars from APOGEE spectra I: Signatures of Diffusion in the Open Cluster M67
Detailed chemical abundance distributions for fourteen elements are derived for eight high-probability stellar members of the solar metallicity old open cluster M67 with an age of $\sim$4 Gyr. The eight stars consist of four pairs, with each pair occupying a distinct phase of stellar evolution: two G-dwarfs, two turnoff stars, two G-subgiants, and two red clump K-giants. The abundance analysis uses near-IR high-resolution spectra ($\lambda$1.5 -- 1.7$\mu$m) from the APOGEE survey and derives abundances for C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, and Fe. Our derived stellar parameters and metallicity for 2M08510076+113115 suggest that this star is a solar-twin, exhibiting abundance differences relative to the Sun of $\leq$ 0.04 dex for all elements. Chemical homogeneity is found within each class of stars ($\sim$0.02 dex), while significant abundance variations ($\sim$0.05 -- 0.20 dex) are found across the different evolutionary phases; the turnoff stars typically have the lowest abundances, while the red clump tend to have the largest. Non-LTE corrections to the LTE-derived abundances are unlikely to explain the differences. A detailed comparison of the derived Fe, Mg, Si, and Ca abundances with recently published surface abundances from stellar models that include chemical diffusion, provides a good match between the observed and predicted abundances as a function of stellar mass. Such agreement would indicate the detection of chemical diffusion processes in the stellar members of M67.
astro-ph.SR
detailed chemical abundance distributions for fourteen elements are derived for eight highprobability stellar members of the solar metallicity old open cluster m67 with an age of sim4 gyr the eight stars consist of four pairs with each pair occupying a distinct phase of stellar evolution two gdwarfs two turnoff stars two gsubgiants and two red clump kgiants the abundance analysis uses nearir highresolution spectra lambda15 17mum from the apogee survey and derives abundances for c n o na mg al si k ca ti v cr mn and fe our derived stellar parameters and metallicity for 2m08510076113115 suggest that this star is a solartwin exhibiting abundance differences relative to the sun of leq 004 dex for all elements chemical homogeneity is found within each class of stars sim002 dex while significant abundance variations sim005 020 dex are found across the different evolutionary phases the turnoff stars typically have the lowest abundances while the red clump tend to have the largest nonlte corrections to the ltederived abundances are unlikely to explain the differences a detailed comparison of the derived fe mg si and ca abundances with recently published surface abundances from stellar models that include chemical diffusion provides a good match between the observed and predicted abundances as a function of stellar mass such agreement would indicate the detection of chemical diffusion processes in the stellar members of m67
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1,803.04462
On simulation of local fluxes in molecular junctions
We present a pedagogical review of current density simulation in molecular junction models indicating its advantages and deficiencies in analysis of local junction transport characteristics. In particular, we argue that current density is a universal tool which provides more information than traditionally simulated bond currents, especially when discussing inelastic processes. However, current density simulations are sensitive to choice of basis and electronic structure method. We note that discussing local current conservation in junctions one has to account for source term caused by open character of the system and intra-molecular interactions. Our considerations are illustrated with numerical simulations of a benzenedithiol molecular junction.
cond-mat.mes-hall
we present a pedagogical review of current density simulation in molecular junction models indicating its advantages and deficiencies in analysis of local junction transport characteristics in particular we argue that current density is a universal tool which provides more information than traditionally simulated bond currents especially when discussing inelastic processes however current density simulations are sensitive to choice of basis and electronic structure method we note that discussing local current conservation in junctions one has to account for source term caused by open character of the system and intramolecular interactions our considerations are illustrated with numerical simulations of a benzenedithiol molecular junction
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1,803.04463
On a family of $\alpha'$-corrected solutions of the Heterotic Superstring effective action
We compute explicitly the first-order in $\alpha'$ corrections to a family of solutions of the Heterotic Superstring effective action that describes fundamental strings with momentum along themselves, parallel to solitonic 5-branes with Kaluza-Klein monopoles (Gibbons-Hawking metrics) in their transverse space. These solutions correspond to 4-charge extremal black holes in 4 dimensions upon dimensional reduction on $\mathrm{T}^{6}$. We show that some of the $\alpha'$ corrections can be cancelled by introducing solitonic $\mathrm{SU}(2)\times \mathrm{SU}(2)$ Yang-Mills fields, and that this family of $\alpha'$-corrected solutions is invariant under $\alpha'$-corrected T-duality transformations. We study in detail the mechanism that allows us to compute explicitly these $\alpha'$ corrections for the ansatz considered here, based on a generalization of the 't Hooft ansatz to hyperK\"ahler spaces.
hep-th
we compute explicitly the firstorder in alpha corrections to a family of solutions of the heterotic superstring effective action that describes fundamental strings with momentum along themselves parallel to solitonic 5branes with kaluzaklein monopoles gibbonshawking metrics in their transverse space these solutions correspond to 4charge extremal black holes in 4 dimensions upon dimensional reduction on mathrmt6 we show that some of the alpha corrections can be cancelled by introducing solitonic mathrmsu2times mathrmsu2 yangmills fields and that this family of alphacorrected solutions is invariant under alphacorrected tduality transformations we study in detail the mechanism that allows us to compute explicitly these alpha corrections for the ansatz considered here based on a generalization of the t hooft ansatz to hyperkahler spaces
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1,803.04464
False Discovery Rate Control via Debiased Lasso
We consider the problem of variable selection in high-dimensional statistical models where the goal is to report a set of variables, out of many predictors $X_1, \dotsc, X_p$, that are relevant to a response of interest. For linear high-dimensional model, where the number of parameters exceeds the number of samples $(p>n)$, we propose a procedure for variables selection and prove that it controls the "directional" false discovery rate (FDR) below a pre-assigned significance level $q\in [0,1]$. We further analyze the statistical power of our framework and show that for designs with subgaussian rows and a common precision matrix $\Omega\in\mathbb{R}^{p\times p}$, if the minimum nonzero parameter $\theta_{\min}$ satisfies $$\sqrt{n} \theta_{\min} - \sigma \sqrt{2(\max_{i\in [p]}\Omega_{ii})\log\left(\frac{2p}{qs_0}\right)} \to \infty\,,$$ then this procedure achieves asymptotic power one. Our framework is built upon the debiasing approach and assumes the standard condition $s_0 = o(\sqrt{n}/(\log p)^2)$, where $s_0$ indicates the number of true positives among the $p$ features. Notably, this framework achieves exact directional FDR control without any assumption on the amplitude of unknown regression parameters, and does not require any knowledge of the distribution of covariates or the noise level. We test our method in synthetic and real data experiments to assess its performance and to corroborate our theoretical results.
stat.ME cs.IT cs.LG math.IT math.ST stat.ML stat.TH
we consider the problem of variable selection in highdimensional statistical models where the goal is to report a set of variables out of many predictors x_1 dotsc x_p that are relevant to a response of interest for linear highdimensional model where the number of parameters exceeds the number of samples pn we propose a procedure for variables selection and prove that it controls the directional false discovery rate fdr below a preassigned significance level qin 01 we further analyze the statistical power of our framework and show that for designs with subgaussian rows and a common precision matrix omegainmathbbrptimes p if the minimum nonzero parameter theta_min satisfies sqrtn theta_min sigma sqrt2max_iin pomega_iilogleftfrac2pqs_0right to infty then this procedure achieves asymptotic power one our framework is built upon the debiasing approach and assumes the standard condition s_0 osqrtnlog p2 where s_0 indicates the number of true positives among the p features notably this framework achieves exact directional fdr control without any assumption on the amplitude of unknown regression parameters and does not require any knowledge of the distribution of covariates or the noise level we test our method in synthetic and real data experiments to assess its performance and to corroborate our theoretical results
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1,803.04465
PotentialNet for Molecular Property Prediction
The arc of drug discovery entails a multiparameter optimization problem spanning vast length scales. They key parameters range from solubility (angstroms) to protein-ligand binding (nanometers) to in vivo toxicity (meters). Through feature learning---instead of feature engineering---deep neural networks promise to outperform both traditional physics-based and knowledge-based machine learning models for predicting molecular properties pertinent to drug discovery. To this end, we present the PotentialNet family of graph convolutions. These models are specifically designed for and achieve state-of-the-art performance for protein-ligand binding affinity. We further validate these deep neural networks by setting new standards of performance in several ligand-based tasks. In parallel, we introduce a new metric, the Regression Enrichment Factor $EF_\chi^{(R)}$, to measure the early enrichment of computational models for chemical data. Finally, we introduce a cross-validation strategy based on structural homology clustering that can more accurately measure model generalizability, which crucially distinguishes the aims of machine learning for drug discovery from standard machine learning tasks.
cs.LG
the arc of drug discovery entails a multiparameter optimization problem spanning vast length scales they key parameters range from solubility angstroms to proteinligand binding nanometers to in vivo toxicity meters through feature learninginstead of feature engineeringdeep neural networks promise to outperform both traditional physicsbased and knowledgebased machine learning models for predicting molecular properties pertinent to drug discovery to this end we present the potentialnet family of graph convolutions these models are specifically designed for and achieve stateoftheart performance for proteinligand binding affinity we further validate these deep neural networks by setting new standards of performance in several ligandbased tasks in parallel we introduce a new metric the regression enrichment factor ef_chir to measure the early enrichment of computational models for chemical data finally we introduce a crossvalidation strategy based on structural homology clustering that can more accurately measure model generalizability which crucially distinguishes the aims of machine learning for drug discovery from standard machine learning tasks
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1,803.04466
Cycle Traversability for Claw-free Graphs and Polyhedral Maps
Let $G$ be a graph, and $v\in V(G)$ and $S\subseteq V(G)\backslash v$ of size at least $k$. An important result on graph connectivity due to Perfect states that, if $v$ and $S$ are $k$-linked, then a $(k-1)$-link between a vertex $v$ and $S$ can be extended to a $k$-link between $v$ and $S$ such that the endvertices of the $(k-1)$-link are also the endvertices of the $k$-link. We begin by proving a generalization of Perfect's result by showing that, if two disjoint sets $S_1$ and $S_2$ are $k$-linked, then a $t$-link ($t< k$) between two disjoint sets $S_1$ and $S_2$ can be extended to a $k$-link between $S_1$ and $S_2$ such that the endvertices of the $t$-link are preserved in the $k$-link. Next, we are able to use these results to show that a 3-connected claw-free graph always has a cycle passing through any given five vertices but avoiding any other one specified vertex. We also show that this result is sharp by exhibiting an infinite family of 3-connected claw-free graphs in which there is no cycle containing a certain set of six vertices but avoiding a seventh specified vertex. A direct corollary of our main result shows that, a 3-connected claw-free graph has a topological wheel minor $W_k$ with $k\le 5$ if and only if it has a vertex of degree at least $k$. Finally, we also show that a graph polyhedrally embedded in a surface always has a cycle passing through any given three vertices but avoiding any other specified vertex. The result is best possible in the sense that the polyhedral embedding assumption is necessary, and there are infinitely many graphs polyhedrally embedded in any surface having no cycle containing a certain set of four vertices but avoiding a fifth specified vertex.
math.CO
let g be a graph and vin vg and ssubseteq vgbackslash v of size at least k an important result on graph connectivity due to perfect states that if v and s are klinked then a k1link between a vertex v and s can be extended to a klink between v and s such that the endvertices of the k1link are also the endvertices of the klink we begin by proving a generalization of perfects result by showing that if two disjoint sets s_1 and s_2 are klinked then a tlink t k between two disjoint sets s_1 and s_2 can be extended to a klink between s_1 and s_2 such that the endvertices of the tlink are preserved in the klink next we are able to use these results to show that a 3connected clawfree graph always has a cycle passing through any given five vertices but avoiding any other one specified vertex we also show that this result is sharp by exhibiting an infinite family of 3connected clawfree graphs in which there is no cycle containing a certain set of six vertices but avoiding a seventh specified vertex a direct corollary of our main result shows that a 3connected clawfree graph has a topological wheel minor w_k with kle 5 if and only if it has a vertex of degree at least k finally we also show that a graph polyhedrally embedded in a surface always has a cycle passing through any given three vertices but avoiding any other specified vertex the result is best possible in the sense that the polyhedral embedding assumption is necessary and there are infinitely many graphs polyhedrally embedded in any surface having no cycle containing a certain set of four vertices but avoiding a fifth specified vertex
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