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Lever open: Use stick to enlarge entrance. Customary at Gombe, Ta, Lop, and Goualougo. Absent at Mahale. lick Plooij LIK. Repeatedly stroke with tongue. See video. lick lips Lick away items on lips. See video. lick rock Lick rocks at few sites along shore of Lake Tanganyika or in riverbed of large rivers. More often in... |
alcohol, which might be nutritionally meaningful. Not seen at Gombe. Category. See video. lick wound Lick wound apparently to clean it, directly with tongue or touch wound and then lick fingers. Sometimes done to others, often by infants or juveniles. Reported from Gombe, Mahale and Ta. Seen in bonobos, who also lick m... |
Common resting or sleeping posture on ground. See video. lie on other Lie on others belly, etc. in play. Larger individual may lie supine on smaller play partner, immobilizing it during wrestling. Cf. step on in which smaller playmate rides on older reclining companion. Cf. press down in which larger individual stands ... |
in bed or on ground. Also, as solicitation of play, in which playmate may step on him/her. See video. lie supine and shake arms and legs Lie supine and shake arms and legs quickly and irregularly. Solo play of adolescent males, Cadmus and Primus, juvenile male, Xmas, and infant female, Xantip. Occasionally used as soli... |
posture. 3. See video. lift Raise up heavy object by hands. Seen in bonobos. See video. lift and drop Raise up heavy log or thick woody vine by hand, then drop it on ground to make loud, thumping sound. Display by young adolescent males, Primus and Orion, and adult male, Pim, as courtship, mild threat, or solicitation ... |
See respond to lion. lip flip See flip lip. lip-smack See smack lip. listen Orient head to source of sound or calls, while stopping on-going activities, such as groomimg or eating. Cf. search for conspecific. See video. locomote Includes walk, crutch, retreat, limp, stamp trot, run, gallop, somersault, pirouette, climb... |
at Mahale. L look around Look side to side or back and forth, often accompanied by straightening back and tilting head, in order to monitor surroundings. Cf. scan and search for conspecific. See video. look at water Sit or stand quadrupedally and look at waters surface, either to watch object in water, or to view refle... |
in bonobos of Wamba. See video. look between thighs Quadrupedal individual lowers head and looks at another through spread thighs to solicit play. Mother uses to capture infant as it continues to play when mother seeks to depart. Two-year-old female, Athena, looked at following observer between thighs at rear of group ... |
1984 to 1993. loser support See support subordinate. lost call See whimper-scream. lost child See search for conspecific. louse Ectoparasites of two genera, Pediculus and Pthiris, parasitizing chimpanzees. See remove lice. See Fig. 25. L Fig. 25 Louse: Louse of Pediculus schaeffi recovered from chimpanzee of M group 11... |
Resting or lying groomee lowers raised leg, apparently stimulating groomer to groom another body-part. Seen in bonobos. See video. lower rump Mother lowers rump in order to drop infant. Sometimes, almost stands bipedally but with one hand on ground. See drop infant. 7. See video. L Lui Kotale Study area of Pan paniscus... |
19 5 to present. make bed Goodall Nest. Make platform for sleep or rest, by bending branches over each other. Bed preferable to nest because major function is for sleeping, not rearing. Includes bend, transport, sit, and stand bipedal. See video. make cushion Bend or break one or few shrubs or other vegetation, then si... |
bed or cushion Make bed or cushion on ground for daytime rest, by bending over few shrubs or grasses. Mahale chimpanzees make no ground beds for overnight use, but those of Nimba sometimes spend night on ground bed probably because of lack of predators, or as mate-guarding. Also, ground beds seem to be used for overnig... |
by chimpanzee at Bossou M make night bed Goodall Night nest. Plooijs Nestbuilding. Evening bed-making is common characteristic of great apes. Durable sometimes for more than months 2. See video. make sound Produce audible sound by exerting force on external object. Includes clip leaf, drum, rap, slap, splash water, sta... |
thighs. marrow-pick See pick out bone marrow. mass excitement 121 mass excitement Nishida; Moris Booming situation; Reynolds and Reynolds Carnival; Goodalls Social excitement. Simultaneous, noisy display, when many chimpanzees gather at one place, such as new food source. massage shoulder When trouble started and screa... |
Swallow leaf and chew Vernonia piths may be internal selfmedication. menstrual cycle See swelling of sexual skin. misunderstand Misconstrue others intention, e.g. flinch from accidentally dropped stick. Adolescent female, Ai, tried to escape when adult female, Xtina, approached to groom her. Ai misunderstood that Xtina... |
screaming from her to few meters away, then repeatedly glances at mother to see if she will allow suckling, or cradling. Includes whimper, scream, whimper-scream, leave to protest, run, look back, glance, and throw temper tantrum. Also in bonobos. 2. See video. M mop ant Collect Camponotus ants with hair on back of han... |
until either of them dies. By contrast, since daughter usually emigrates from natal group and never returns, mother-daughter relationship terminates abruptly around 11 years of daughters age. Moukalaba Study area of Pan troglodytes troglodytes in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. Research organized by J. Yamagiwa ... |
as synonyms: Dorso-ventral embrace, Mounting embrace or Mount-embrace. Perhaps, Kortlandts Sham copulation. Plooijs MOU, de Waals Mount. Males and females mount. Mounting occurs, especially among adult males, during high social excitement such as reunion of rival males, in which each rival male mounts adult male or fem... |
the pelvis. See video. mount, misdirected van Hooff Disoriented mounting: Thrusting towards the head, face, shoulder or any other part except the rear. See video. mouth van Hooff Gnaw: Keep month wide open without the retraction of lips and press the teeth to the back, shoulder or other body part without biting. Reassu... |
feeding other. Goodalls Beg mouth-to-mouth. Plooijs Beg with mouth. Kanos Food beg: mouth to hand and mouth to mouth. Cf. extend hand to beg. See video. move Dislodge object such as rock, heavy branch, etc. by push, pull, lift, stamp, etc. Pikas Move in bonobos. See video. M 124 muzzle-rubbing mummify Mother sometimes ... |
Republic. Research done by J.M. Fay in 1988. Ndoki Study area of Pan troglodytes troglodytes in Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo. Research organized by S. Kuroda from 1989 to 1992. neck pocket See transport in neck pocket and hold object in neck pocket. N neglect See snub. nest See bed and make bed. nest... |
Fouts from 2000 to present. night nest See make night bed. Nimba Study area of Pan troglodytes verus in Nimba Mountains Biosphere Reserve, in Guinea and Cote dIvoire. Research done intermittently from 1991 to present by Y. Sugiyama and colleagues, especially K. Koops and T. Humle. nipple contact See contact with nipple... |
at Mahale such as Cadmus, Michio, Jiddah and Totzy do so. Cf. look at water. See video. nod to water surface and mouth water Adult female, Totzy, nods to waters surface. She repeatedly takes water into mouth when face down and spits it out when face up. Rare water-contact play. See video. nod with body part in mouth Ju... |
127 nut cracking See hammer nut. nut-hammer See hammer nut. nuzzle Goodall Nuzzle: The young infant, until about 3 months old, moves its head from side to side and up and down against the mothers body when searching for the nipple Termed rooting behavior in other mammalian species. Kanos Nuzzle in bonobos. N O object p... |
at Mt. Okorobiko of Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea. Research done by C. Jones and J. Sabater Pi from 19 to 19 8. old age See senescence. open eyes Plooij Eyes open. See video. open mouth See play face and yawn. Some individuals open mouth when showing relaxed face. open mouth kiss See kiss with open mouth. open thighs Goo... |
first by Nishida et al. See kill adult male and attack concertedly. 5. See Fig. 28. Fig. 28 Ostracize: Ex-alpha male, Ntologi, spent about 8 months alone after being ostracized O P palmigrade walk See walk quadrupedal on palms. pant Goodall: various calls which are linked by audible inhalations and which may be describ... |
video. P pant-grunt Goodall: Series of soft or loud grunts functioning as a token of respect given during greeting by submissive chimpanzees and during submissive interactions A highly fearful individual may utter frenzied pant barks that may be labeled pant-screams. van Hooffs Rapid OhOh. At Mahale, pant-grunting adul... |
See video. 130 pant-hoot 131 pant-hoot Goodall: Series of long calls which are often contact calls between distant groups or calls given by chimpanzees at night, from their nests, when they are within earshot of another group give pant-hoots when they arrive at a food source, cross a ridge, or face into a new valley. A... |
and Gombe. Exact bonobo version of pant-hoot absent, but Kanos Waa call, or Okayasus Hoot may be homologous to pant-hoot. Bonobo Waa call emitted upon arrival at feeding site, during feeding and resting, and at sunset after making night beds. See video. See also videos drum, pat and pull rock to roll. pant in copulatio... |
beats from a fellow. Goodalls Startle flinch: When a chimpanzee is startled by a sudden movement nearby he/she will immediately duck his head and fling one or both arms across his/her face, or if very startled, throw both hands in the air Also, Goodalls Startle reaction; P 132 patrol Plooijs Startle. Bonobos of Wamba d... |
Infant may walk quadrupedal under adult walking or standing, perhaps for amusement. Juvenile female, Imani, once passed through between legs of human. See video. pass with body contact Pass by another and make unnecessary body contact, apparently intentionally. Two young adult males and three juvenile females at Mahale... |
Wamba. See video. patrol Nishida Scout. Goodall: Party of males moves deliberately and silently in the peripheral part of community range. Elements include sniff, stalk, stare fixedly, attack, and flee. Also from Budongo, Kanyawara, Ngogo and Ta. Bonobo males silently approach adjacent group, but only after hearing lat... |
in hands, thus removing hard outer layer of stalks of grasses, herbs and woody vines to eat pith. Peeled bark used as probe for ant-fishing. Also in bonobos. See video. peep Look through hole or slit. Cf. peer. See video. peer Look intently into another individuals face from few cm. distance, usually in quadrupedal sta... |
ectoparasites. Recorded also at Bossou. 3. See video. pelvic thrust See thrust. penile adduction See adduct penis. penile erection See erect penis. perforate Chimpanzees of Goualougo reopen termite exit/entry holes on the surface of epigeal nests after unsuccessfully attempting to open the holes by hand. Perforating tw... |
3. pick nose Remove nasal mucus with finger and usually eat it. See eat nasal mucus and sickness. See video. See also video eat nasal mucus. pick out bone marrow Marrow-pick: Put stout probe into cracked bone and extract bone marrow with it. Customary only at Ta. Present at Goualougo. Absent at Mahale. pick out nutmeat... |
hand from substrate such as ground. Cf. lift. See video. See also video search for object. pick up and release While sitting, grasp and lift objects, such as dry leaves, sand, pebbles, etc. and release in air. Solo play in infants. 8. See video. pick up discarded food Nishida and Turner Food retrieval. Pick up food lef... |
aggressively Goodall Pinch. Plooijs Pinch. Squeeze skin between thumb and index finger. Idiosyncracy of male chimp at Gombe. Absent at Mahale. Absent in bonobos. pinch clitoris Pinch clitoris of juvenile or infant female as tickling. See video. pirouette Goodall: progresses in a series of tight circles, moving on all f... |
self play. She added that, There is a facial expression connected with play, the play face, a type of locomotion that is seen only in the play context, the play walk, and a vocalization, laughing. Goodall listed as elements of each play type: locomotor play: dangle, gambol, swing, pirouette, and somersault. nest play: ... |
play bite Goodall Play bite: Contact made on the partners body with teeth. Sometimes one of the players gets a firm grip on a limb and holds on for minutes at a time Infant, Teddy, bit mothers supra-orbital region, etc. softly as play. See mouth, as play bite is mouth in play. 2. See video. play face van Hooff Relaxed ... |
lower teeth show. Status unknown in bonobos. 3. See video. play fight See wrestle. play, imaginary Solo play, apparently with imaginary companion or tool. Multiparous adult female lay supine with all limbs raised and play-panted as if playing aeroplane with infant who had been dead for few months. Adolescent male ran r... |
is more laughter Chimpanzees rarely emit play-pant during solo play. In social play, tickled or chased chimpanzee emits most play-pants. Bonobos also play-pant. See video. See also video hang with legs pitterpat. play, parallel Two or more infants play simultaneously in vicinity, but without interacting with one anothe... |
with object Goodall: Social object play. Social play that includes chasing individual who has object such as fruit, branch, stone, animal skin, etc. and simultaneously pulling object from opposing sides. At Mahale, youngster may also press leafy branch to playmate while wrestling. Ingmansons Tool use in play for bonobo... |
animal Play with animal of another species. Includes wrestle and chase-flee play. At Gombe chimpanzee youngsters play with olive baboons. At Mahale chimpanzees from older infancy to adolescence seem to solicit human observers to play with them by hit and run, somersault, lift and drop, etc. Bonobos of Wamba play with r... |
and sound of sand. Not reported from elsewhere. 7. See video. play with urine 139 play with urine Infant touches with hand urine passed by another chimp sitting overhead. 7. See video. play with water Solo play including splash water, look at water, stir water, move rock, nod quadrupedal etc. 7. See video. poke Nishida... |
of soliciting play. 7. See video. police Type of impartial intervention by adult males. Dominant males rush to place of commotion and run past quarreling parties, in order to stop quarrel. Boehms control role by alpha male at Gombe. Category 3. See videos. possessive behavior See herd. post-conflict behavior See aggres... |
insect Whiten et al Insect-pound: Use object to mash insect. Present at Bossou. Absent at Mahale. P 140 present with limbs flexed pound pestle Yamakoshi and Sugiyama Pestle pound: Bossou chimpanzee climbs to crown of oil palm and mashes apical growth tip of crown with mature petiole detached from oil palm. Unique to Bo... |
chimpanzees See respond to predator. pregnancy Females in last stage of pregnancy often lie prone, rest, and travel alone. Pregnant female often recognizable from large belly. Cf. travel alone after childbirth. See gestation period. P presbyopia Farsightedness from aging presumed from greater distance old chimpanzee ma... |
press Force contact with shoulder, side or hip against another. Function unclear, but may initiate social play or aggression. 7. press down Restrain another under body to immobilize partner against substrate. Common in social play, such as wrestle and sometimes aggression. Cf. immobilize. See video. press neck with low... |
mouth. Functions as reassurance and coalition formation, and sometimes during copulation. Rarely, juvenile male presses teeth against objects, such as mass of dry leaves. Absent in bonobos of Wamba. See video. probe Use vine, stem, bark, grass, twig, or stick to touch object. Goodalls Investigation probe. Infant chimpa... |
to stimulate sneeze, which discharged much nasal mucus. He showed this behavior for decade. Only one other member of M group, Maggie, female adolescent, did so. See video. probe with finger Infant inserts finger into small tree hole, etc., to investigate contents of cavity. Cf. grope. 3. See video. P 142 pull each othe... |
from rain, storm, danger, or social harassment. Also in bonobos, except for protection from rain. See video. protest When attacked, threatened, or stolen from, resolutely display dissatisfaction with bark, stare fixedly, scream, and chase to dominant attacker, especially if supporter present, then attacker may flee. Su... |
him. Plooijs Pull. Kanos and Pikas Pull for bonobos. See video. pull down Stretch arm to reach upper branch of shrub, often while standing bipedal, and pull branch downward. Then, sit and eat fruits or leaves while gripping branch with hand. Mother or playmate pulls down infant from overhead. Also in bonobos. See video... |
head of another with hands, often in grooming. Also in bonobos. 2. See video. pull leaf-pile Walk backwards quadrupedally while raking dry leaves with hands. Locomotor-object play. Cf. push leaf-pile. See video. pull object from opposing sides Tug of war. Two individuals simultaneously pull object competitively from op... |
or running, as part of charging display. Immature pulls or rakes rock as solo play while squatting. Same movement to pull up heavy wood with arms. 7. See video. pull through in courtship Nishida Stem pull-through. Pull leafy branch of shrub or clump of grass stems through hand by rapid upward movement of forearm. Then ... |
herb stem. Common food-processing technique for leaves, vine, herbs or blossoms. Leaf-stripping technique also used to make tool for fishing carpenter ants. See fish. Gombe chimpanzees use in ant dipping P 144 push and pull sponge. Seen in bonobos. Category 12. See video. See also videos eat leaf and store. pull throug... |
stout stick with foot, while holding stick with hands. Customary at Goualougo and recorded at Ndoki. Absent at Mahale. See video. P push Extend arm or foot to make forceful contact in aggression, grooming, infantile courtship, social play, and play solicitation. To groom another, push part of back, so that groomee turn... |
pushing or pulling so as to travel comfortably and secure infants security. Goodall: A mother pushes her infant ahead of her during weaning to prevent dorsal travel. Often she does this with little slaps of her hand on its rump and this is apparently perceived by the infant as playful. Whether or not playful slaps is u... |
Push: Shove away from another individual with one or both hands, and Goodalls Push away: When a mother pushes her child away when it approaches to suckle or ride on her; also occurs during begging when adults are pushed away. Adult male shoves away older infant from mother when its approach hinders grooming. Kanos Push... |
individual. Goodalls Finger in mouth includes both push finger into mouth and take finger in mouth. Appeases or reassures another individual, or calms excited adult male. Mother uses to stop infants threat-like vocalization. Not in bonobos, except when infants or juveniles beg for food. See video. push forward Juvenile... |
by juveniles. Adults and adolescents use to threaten other. Cf. drag dry leaves with feet and pull leaf-pile. See video. push object into Stuff leaves, leaf sponges, or some other objects into tree hole. Occurs when drinking water by leaf sponge, inspecting inside of cavity, etc. Cf. probe. See video. P 14 put rump to ... |
put dorsal Nishida and Goodall Take dorsal. When infant not on mother, she grasps infants arm and brings to her shoulder to place onto her back. Cf. scoop infant, put ventral, and solicit riding. Also in bonobos. See video. put dorsal from ventral Goodall Take dorsal. Caretaker transfers infant from belly to back with ... |
mouth in stream but without drinking. Water-contact play of juvenile chimpanzees in quadruped or lying posture. See video. put rump to rump Goodall Rump-to-rump: In response to a submissive present, the higher ranking chimp turns his rump to the other and they touch bottoms. Only seen in a few males. Very rare at Mahal... |
put dorsal from ventral. See video. P Q quadrupedal hunch See hunch quadrupedal. quadrupedal jump See hop quadrupedal on spot and leap quadrupedal. quadrupedal run See run quadrupedal. quadrupedal transport See transport quadrupedal. quadrupedal walk See walk quadrupedal on knuckles. Q 148 R rain cover See cover from r... |
by grinning adult male. In play, usually done by youngster with play face. Also, used to grasp fruit in tree, or to climb tree. Infant does without anything overhead when requesting mother to allow access to nipple or to seek rescue. Signal for help probably originated from intention movement to seek dorsal ride on mot... |
arm overhead, seeking to solicit grooming. See also solicit grooming. Also in bonobos. See video. T. Nishida et al., Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild: An Audio-Visual Encyclopedia, DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-53895-0 9, Springer 2010 149 R 150 rapid ohoh raise arm to hold branch Raise arm and grasp overhead branch or liana to... |
also video solicit grooming raise leg while lying Lie supine or sideways and raise leg, soliciting grooming of thigh, scrotum, or leg. Probably same as Goodalls ventro-ventral present: When the sitting subordinate faces the dominant, leans back, raises one foot and rotates thighs laterally. Also in bonobos. See video. ... |
dry leaves or sand toward self with one or both hands, while lying, sitting or quadrupedal. Solo play of youngsters. Used also as solicitation of play. Plooijs Rake. See also pull leaf-pile. 7. See video. See also video sway woody vegetation. rake-hunch See scratch dead leaves. rap Nishida Thump: Courtship pattern of m... |
adolescents and adult females when pant-grunting to adult males, or threatened by dominant females. Also when prohibiting youngster from approaching infant. See video. reassurance suck See suck in reassurance. reassure Response to submission or fearful expressions. Shown mostly by higher-ranking individuals. Goodalls R... |
mount, groom, rub genitals, and put rump to rump. See video. recover See retrieve infant. recruit support See solicit support. R 152 release infant to fall redirection of aggression See aggress, redirected. regulate direction Mother interferes in traveling of older infant by pulling or pushing until it changes directio... |
infant by mother: Maternal behavior preventing her infant from having access to the nipple, climbing dorsal or ventral, sharing her food or sleeping in her bed, when the infant is being weaned. Behavioral patterns include cover nipple, fend, turn around, reject-move, reject-move, shrug, push ahead, reject-sit, turn aro... |
See video. relaxed face Goodall Relaxed face. Mouth closed and eyes open in normal circumstances. Kanos Relaxed face. See video. relaxed open mouth display See play face. release infant to fall Juvenile grasping hand of infant playmate released it, and let infant fall to ground. Seen once. 9. See video. remove 153 remo... |
or other debris, to search for good drinking pool. With digging, important technique to obtain water, pick up. At least five chimpanzees at Mahale do this. Cf. dig for water. 8. See video. remove sand flea Prise open toe and toe nail with both hands and suck out sand flea eggs. 8. See video. rescue Mother or allomother... |
not eat old carcass, but rarely eat fresh one, which they had not killed. Responses to fresh adult leopard carcass included inspect, watch, sniff, slap, hit, bite, groom, lift and drop, drag, pull, throw at. See also eat carcass. 8. See video. respond to dead chimpanzee Mother carries dead infant for weeks to months. O... |
See video. See Fig. 31. R Fig. 31 Respond to leopard: Adult male Bakali slapped leopard cub respond to lion React to lions roaring at night by emitting fear calls then pant-hoot. Also, chimpanzees shifted daytime range to higher altitudes. Chimpanzees escaped to tree canopy and emitted wraa calls when chased by lions i... |
are objects of bushmeat trade. At Mahale at least six chimpanzees were taken by lions, but no record of predation by leopard. At Ta several chimpanzees killed by leopard. No record of predation on chimpanzees by bird of prey at Mahale. See respond to lion and respond to leopard. rest Goodall Rest. Relax and remain immo... |
dominants response to challenging subordinate. Cf. protest. See video. retreat Walk backwards quadrupedally. Subordinate pant-grunts to dominant, and occasionally walks backwards fearfully in front of him. Adult male walks backwards, facing estrous or semi-estrous female, to confirm her following him. Also in bonobos. ... |
in bonobos of Wamba. See Fig. 32. R Fig. 32 Return infant: Adolescent female, Wakilufya, returned infant to its mother reunite Individuals meeting after separation show friendly or aggressive behavior. reverse 157 reverse Turn and travel in opposite direction. See video. ride bipedal Infant stands bipedal on mothers ba... |
play in dry season at Mahale. 8. See video. ride dorsal Infant approaches, puts hands on mothers buttocks, and climbs up to ride on her back, or occasionally, another individual. Goodall discriminates three infant dorsal positions: Jockey, Lying and Quadrupedal. Kanos Dorsal travel for bonobos. See video. ride jockey G... |
Kanos Dorsal travel: quadrupedal style for bonobos. See videos. ride supine Infant travels by lying supine on mothers back, occasionally and briefly. 8. See video. ride ventral Goodall Ventral ride: The infant is transported as he clings to the mothers belly, gripping hair between flexed fingers and toes.There are R 15... |
in threat. Also at onset of charging display. Seen also during leap bipedal. Plooijs Rock. See video. rock side to side Goodall Rock: Slight or vigorous side to side movements of the body when the chimp is sitting.Rocking occurs when a male is working up to a charging display. At Mahale, rocking prelude to charging dis... |
rough and tumble play See play, rough and tumble. rub dorsum Lean against vertical tree trunk and rub wet shoulders or back against it, often holding arms upward, after heavy rain. May lie supine on rock, ground, grass, horizontal bough, or day-bed to rub against surface. Recorded at Gombe. Also in bonobos of Wamba. 5.... |
rub genitals to substrate Female rubs genitals against substrate such as ground or tree trunk. 9. See video. rub hand or foot Corp et al. Hand-rubbing. Rub hand or foot against branch of tree, stalk of shrub, rock, or ground when eating juicy fruit of lemon or sticky fruit such as Saba. After touching feces or other di... |
because body-part put to part of the environment, not tool to body. At Mahale, only one adult female did this, after eating seeds of Parkia filicoidea several times before 1990s. Became common in 1998; by 2004, 29 chimps of M group did so when eating juicy fruit of lemon or sticky fruit of Saba comorensis and Voacanga ... |
to rump See put rump to rump. rump turn See present with limbs extended. R 1 0 rush to embrace run Rapid locomotory gait with which body momentarily off ground in each stride cycle. See video. run away See flee. run bipedal Goodall Bipedal run. Chimpanzees run on feet only during charging display. Adult male, Masudi, o... |
See play with sand. sand flea Jigger. Common ectoparasite that often burrows under toenails and lays eggs, annoying human, chimpanzee and baboon. See also remove sand flea and medicate self. scan Look in all directions seeking something. Lost juvenile often does so seeking mother after climbing tree. Adults do when loo... |
Odzala, but not elsewhere. Cf. eat algae. See video. 1 1 S 1 2 scratch self scoop infant Goodall: When the mother is about to travel and the infant is on the ground near her rump she reaches back and pushes the child up onto her back with a backward and upward movement, using the palm of her hand and fingers. Cf. put d... |
Scratch. Plooijs Scratch. Seen as Self-scratch in bonobos. See videos. scratch aggressively Scratch another to inflict wound. Goodalls Aggressive scratch: A chimpanzee may scratch another during a fight. Probably also in bonobos. S scratch dry leaves Scratch or rake with one or both hands dead leaves piled on ground, a... |
self directly: ---during social grooming the groomee often scratches a body part that is then groomed by the partner. Occurs when frustrated and uneasy. Plooijs Self-scratch. Kanos Self-scratch for bonobos. See video. scratch self directly 1 3 scratch self directly See scratch self. scratch self signalling Goodall Dist... |
scratch. Scratch vigorously skin of anothers back or arm at beginning or middle of grooming bout, usually with one hand, making audible sound. Absent at Gombe as tradition but seen in one male and two females in 2001. Bonobos of Wamba occasionally scratch another with first and second fingers in grooming. Category. See... |
and whimper-scream. Kano divided bonobo scream calls into Scream and Screech. See video. See also video monitor mother. scream, food Adult male, Fanana, screams when eating prized food, such as ripe fruit of lemon, Saba or Garcinia, especially at beginning of feeding bout. Absent in Goodall. Bonobos Food peep or Food g... |
for unweaned infant. Mature male looks for estrous female. Behavior includes: scan, walk, run, climb, grin, listen, whimper, whimper-scream, scream, pant-hoot, sniff, look back, etc. Absent in bonobos of Wamba. 5. See video. search for object Search for object, such as food, rock to throw, sleeping tree, etc. Includes:... |
suck self. self-tickle 1 5 self-tickle See tickle self with object. semen Whitish rubbery liquid containing sperm ejected by penis. See ejaculate. See Fig. 33. Fig. 33 Semen: Semen drips from females bottom after copulation Semliki Study area of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii within Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Ugand... |
branch Fig. 34 Sexual skin: Sexual skin often bitten by adult males, so deforming shape shake arm, abduct Sit and shake horizontally-held arm towards another, in mild threat, often accompanied by cough bark. Cf. raise arm quickly and hit toward. 5. See video. shake arm, adduct Sit or stand bipedal and shake horizontall... |
of arms. Threatening gesture. Infants and young juveniles do as solo play. 7. See video. shake body See shiver. shake branch Goodall Branch shake: A branch is shaken with quick jerky movements of the arm, slight or vigorous. The chimp may be sitting or shake branch up and down with feet 1 7 standing. Plooijs Branch. Ni... |
long object. Kanos Branch-shaking and Ingmansons Branch waving for bonobos of Wamba. Hohmann and Fruths Branch shake for bonobos of Lomako. See video. shake branch up and down with feet Stand on horizontal branch, woody vine, or fallen log on ground, and shake it up and down with one or both feet, in threat display or ... |
quadrupedal. 9. See video. shake face with object in mouth Hold object such as leaf-sponge in mouth and vigorously shake face side to side in stream. Done as solo play by adolescent male, Cadmus, only. See video. shake hand See shake arm, abduct or shake arm, adduct. shake hand side to side quickly Shake hand from side... |
irregularly shakes long dry grass, both vertically and horizontally, as threat to human observer. Category 9. See video. shake object up and down Stand and shake up and down bush or dead tree by hand, in threat or social play. See video. shake off While seated or standing, forcefully shake off play partner from body co... |
sometimes panting. Rare at Mahale. Function as reassurance? Cf. fumble penis. See video. shake rock up and down with feet Stand quadrupedal on rock and bounce up and down on it with feet. Solo play pattern of water-contact. 8. See video. S shake rump Mother shakes lower back from side to side, causing infant to descend... |
food. Most common between mothers and infants. Meat is most common food to be shared among adults. Meat sharing among unrelated adults occurs at Gombe, Mahale, Ta, and Ngogo. Fruit sharing occurs at Gombe, Mahale, Budongo, Bossou, Ngogo and Ta. Large fruits such as Treculia africana and papaya often shared. Sugar cane ... |
show display, charging in aggression. Cf. display as contest. S 170 sit prone shrub-bend See bend shrub. shrug Goodall: Mother raises one shoulder slightly and lowers the other. Signals the infant to climb off its dorsal position. Gesture occurs during weaning and is a sign of rejection. Plooijs Shrug. Common at Mahale... |
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